Market Survey cum Detailed Project Report
on
Turmeric & Ginger Cultivation and Processing
[NPCS/5242/23749] OP: BCCACA RP:OS-1
Prepared By: NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES AN ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED COMPANY 106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Mall St., Delhi – 110 007 (India) Tel: 91-11-23843955, 23845886, 23845654, +918800733955 Mobile: +919097075054 Fax: 91-11-23845886 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Website: www.niir.org www.entrepreneurindia.co
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Copyright and Disclaimers
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...... 9 What is E-Waste? ...... 10
Waste Collection Target...... 11
Overcoming Challenges ...... 11
Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment ...... 12 WEEE Categories ...... 13
WEEE Composition by Weight ...... 15
Classification of E-Waste ...... 17 Composition of E-Waste ...... 17
Components of E-Waste ...... 17
Possible Hazardous Substances Present in E- Waste...... 20 Component Possible Hazardous Content ...... 20
Possible Hazardous Substances in Components ...... 21
General Facts on E-Waste ...... 27 Economics ...... 27
Valuable Materials ...... 27
Hazardous Material ...... 27
Development of a National E-Waste Strategy ...... 28 Effects on Environment and Health the Human ...... 29 Awareness ...... 30
BIS Specifications ...... 32 Market Study and Assessment ...... 33 India’s E-waste growing at 30% annually ...... 34
Market Overview ...... 39
Global Market Scenario ...... 42
Segment Overview ...... 43
Statistics of Export and Import ...... 45 Export: All Countries ...... 45
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Aluminium Waste and Scrap ...... 45
Import: All Countries ...... 50
WEEE Management in India ...... 58 E-Waste Situation in India ...... 60 Case Study ...... 61
E-Waste Generation in India ...... 63
Computer Recycling ...... 65
Recycling Directives ...... 65
WEE Policy...... 67 E-Waste Regulations in India ...... 67
Regulatory Regime for E-Waste ...... 69 The Hazardous Wastes ...... 69
Storage Areas ...... 74
Dismantling & Segregation of Dismantled Parts ...... 76
Recycling ...... 76
Treatment & Disposal ...... 77
Residues Treatment ...... 79
International Legislation ...... 81 International Legislations for WEEE Handling and Management ...... 81
Recycling of E-Waste ...... 85 Step-by Step Process of E-waste Recycling ...... 86
E-Cycle Components Re-Use ...... 87
Recycling of E-Waste Under Controlled Conditions ...... 89 Dismantling and Sorting ...... 89
Mechanical Shredding and Separation ...... 89
Metallurgical Processes ...... 90
Hydrometallurgical Processes ...... 91
Process Flow Sheet Diagram ...... 92
Materials Recycled ...... 95
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PCB Recycling ...... 95
Working Principles ...... 95
Input Material ...... 99
Do’s and Don’ts in E-Waste Recycling Unit ...... 101 DO’S ...... 101
Don’ts: ...... 101
Pcb Circuit Board Recycling Plant & Machinery Details ...... 102 Application and Performance ...... 102
The Equipment Advantages ...... 102
Description of Equipment’s ...... 103
Suppliers of Plant and Machinery ...... 109 Complete Plant & Machinery Suppliers ...... 109
Waste Wire Recycling Unit ...... 112
CRT Cutting Machine ...... 114
Waste PCB Recycle Equipment ...... 115
Extruder ...... 117
Misc. Material Handling Equipment ...... 120
Laboratory Equipment ...... 123
Pollution Control Device ...... 126
Supplier of Raw Material ...... 128 E-Waste Local Suppliers ...... 128
Photographs/Images for Reference ...... 131 Product Photographs ...... 132
Machinery Photographs ...... 132
Raw Material Photographs ...... 137 Plant Layout...... 140 Financial Analysis of the Project ...... 141
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PROJECT FINANCIALS
Annexure
• Assumptions for Profitability workings ...... 1
• Plant Economics ...... 2
• Production Schedule ...... 3
• Land & Building… ...... 4
• Plant & Machinery ...... 5
• Other Fixed Assets ...... 6
• Working Capital Requirement Per Month ...... 7
• Overheads Required Per Month and Per Annum ...... 8
• Salary and Wages...... 9
• Turnover Per Annum...... 10
• Share Capital… ...... 11
Continued on Next Page
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Annexure 1 :: Cost of Project and Means of Finance Annexure 2 :: Profitability and Net Cash Accruals Revenue/Income/Realisation Expenses/Cost of Products/Services/Items Gross Profit Financial Charges Total Cost of Sales Net Profit After Taxes Net Cash Accruals
• Annexure 3 :: Assessment of Working Capital requirements Current Assets Gross Working Capital Current Liabilities Net Working Capital Working Note for Calculation of Work-in-process
• Annexure 4 :: Sources and Disposition of Funds
• Annexure 5 :: Projected Balance Sheets ROI (Average of Fixed Assets) RONW (Average of Share Capital) ROI (Average of Total Assets)
• Annexure 6 :: Profitability Ratios D.S.C.R Earnings Per Share (EPS) Debt Equity Ratio
• Annexure 7 :: Break-Even Analysis Variable Cost & Expenses Semi-Variable/Semi-Fixed Expenses Profit Volume Ratio (PVR) Fixed Expenses / Cost B.E.P
• Annexure 8 to 11 :: Sensitivity Analysis-Price/Volume Resultant N.P.B.T Resultant D.S.C.R Resultant PV Ratio Resultant DER Resultant ROI Resultant BEP Continued on Next Page
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• Annexure 12 :: Shareholding Pattern and Stake Status Equity Capital Preference Share Capital
• Annexure 13 :: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks Determined Capacity P.A of Products/Services Achievable Efficiency/Yield % of Products/Services/Items Net Usable Load/Capacity of Products/Services/Items Expected Sales/ Revenue/ Income of Products/ Services/ Items
• Annexure 14 :: Product wise Domestic Sales Realisation • Annexure 15 :: Total Raw Material Cost • Annexure 16 :: Raw Material Cost per unit • Annexure 17 :: Total Lab & ETP Chemical Cost • Annexure 18 :: Consumables, Store etc. • Annexure 19 :: Packing Material Cost • Annexure 20 :: Packing Material Cost Per Unit
• Annexure 21 :: Employees Expenses • Annexure 22 :: Fuel Expenses • Annexure 23 :: Power/Electricity Expenses
• Annexure 24 :: Royalty & Other Charges • Annexure 25 :: Repairs & Maintenance Expenses • Annexure 26 :: Other Manufacturing Expenses • Annexure 27 :: Administration Expenses • Annexure 28 :: Selling Expenses
• Annexure 29 :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (Total) • Annexure 30 :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (P & M) • Annexure 31 :: Depreciation Charges - as per IT Act WDV (Total) • Annexure 32 :: Depreciation Charges - as per IT Act WDV (P & M)
• Annexure 33 :: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans • Annexure 34 :: Tax on Profits • Annexure 35 :: Projected Pay-Back Period and IRR
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Introduction
Electronic wastes, "e-waste", "e-scrap", or "Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment" ("WEEE") is a description of surplus, obsolete, broken or discarded electrical or electronic devices. Technically, electronic "waste" is the component which is dumped or disposed or discarded rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently coming led (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" broadly to all surplus electronics.
Electronic Waste – or e-waste – is the term used to describe old, end-of-life electronic appliances such as computers, laptops, TVs, DVD players, mobile phones, mp3 players etc. which have been disposed of by their original users. While there is no generally accepted definition of e-waste, in most cases, e-waste comprises of relatively expensive and essentially durable products used for data processing, telecommunications or entertainment in private households and businesses.
The perception of e-waste is often restricted to a narrower sense, comprising mainly of end-of-life information- & telecommunication equipment and consumer electronics. However, technically, electronic waste is only a subset of WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
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What is E-Waste?
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The rising levels of e-waste generation in India have been a matter of concern in recent years. With more than 100 crore mobile phones in circulation, nearly 25 per cent end up in e-waste annually.―India has surely emerged as the second largest mobile market with 1.03 billion subscribers, but also the fifth largest producer of e- waste in the world, discarding roughly 18.5 lakh metric tonnes of electronic waste each year, with telecom equipment alone accounting for 12 per cent of the e-waste‘‘.
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has notified e-waste management rules, 2016, in which producers are for the first time covered under extended producers ‘responsibility (EPR).
Waste Collection Target
The rules prescribe a waste collection target of 30 per cent waste generated under EPR (extended producer responsibility) for the first two years, progressively going up to 70 per cent in the seventh year of the rule. The rules prescribe stringent financial penalties for non-compliance. However, the study said the unorganised sector in India is estimated to handle around 95 per cent of the e-waste produced in the country. Given the huge user base and vast reach of telecom in India, it is practically difficult and expensive for the handset manufacturers to achieve the targets prescribed in the rules from first year.
Overcoming Challenges
E-Waste recycling is a challenge due to its inhomogeneous nature. There are a variety of particle size distribution, shapes and materials with an increased pressure for recovery.
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Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment
According to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) any appliance using an electric power supply that has reached its end- of-life would come under WEEE. This can be defining all appliances running on electricity that have no function anymore as e-waste and use WEEE and e-waste synonymously.
WEEE has been identified as one of the fastest growing sources of waste and is estimated to be increasing by 16-28 per cent every five years. Within each sector a complex set of heterogeneous secondary wastes is created. Although treatment requirements are complicated, the sources from any one sector possess many common characteristics. However, there exist huge variations in the nature of electronic wastes between sectors, and treatment regimens appropriate for one cannot be readily transferred to another.
A range of techniques is currently applied for retrieving components and materials from WEEE. The essential features of these systems generally conform to a scheme of: sorting/disassembly; size reduction; separation. The first step is achieved almost exclusively by manual intervention. This is expensive, but most observers see a continuing reliance on it, at least in the short term. The second step includes a variety of impaction and shredding methods that are relatively well advanced. Although superficially they may appear somewhat crude in conception, the techniques in Step 2, in conjunction with the diverse and relatively sophisticated separation methods in Step 3, can achieve significant recovery of materials.
The WEEE Directive is impacting companies and authorities in two ways. Firstly, it applies constraints on how they operate in terms of provision and disposal of equipment, thereby increasing direct costs. The longer term benefits in reduction of environmental impact, and hence cost, should not be ignored, however.
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Secondly, the need to establish widespread recovery methodologies will provide the opportunity to enhance and to build business operations that generate profit from recycling of WEEE. There is also a lack of definition around the specific details of the treatment requirements of WEEE. For example, there is uncertainty about exactly at what stage of the recycling process printed circuit boards (PCBs) and LCDs will need to be removed from the waste stream.
The lack of specific and detailed information of this type has hampered investment in recycling facilities. Similarly, there is no definition of the exact number of different types of WEEE skips that will be filled at Civic Amenity sites or DCFs. The WEEE Directive defines ten individual categories of WEEE, yet current proposals suggest that there may perhaps be no more than five and possibly as few as three actual segregated streams that are in reality collected.
WEEE Categories
1. Large household appliances
2. Small household appliances
3. IT and telecommunications equipments - Consumer equipments - Lighting equipments - Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial tools) - Toys, leisure and sports equipment - Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products) - Monitoring and control instruments - Automatic dispensers - PCB (printed circuit board)
The top states in order of highest contribution to WEEE include Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya
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Pradesh and Punjab. The city wise ranking of largest WEEE generators is Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur.
An estimated 30,000 computers become obsolete every year from the IT industry in Bangalore alone. The reason - an extremely high obsolescence rate of 30% per year. Almost 50% of the PC's sold in India are products from the secondary market and are re- assembled on old components. The remaining market share is covered by multinational manufacturers (30%) and Indian brands (20%). Three categories of WEEE account for almost 90% of the generation: Large Household appliances: 42.1 percentages. Information and Communications Technology equipment:33.9 percentage Consumer Electronics: 13.7%.
Electrical and electronic equipment are made up of a multitude of components, some containing toxic substances which can have an adverse impact on human health and the environment if not handled properly. Often, these hazards arise due to the improper recycling and disposal processes used. Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) have high content of carcinogens such as lead, barium, phosphor and other heavy metals. When disposed carefully in a controlled environment, they do not pose any serious health or environmental risk. However, breaking, recycling or disposing CRTs in an uncontrolled environment without the necessary safety precautions can result in harmful side effects for the workers and release toxins into the soil, air and groundwater.
Another dangerous process is the recycling of components containing hazardous compounds such as halogenated chlorides and bromides used as flame- retardants in plastics, which form persistent dioxins and furans on combustion at low temperatures (600-800°C) Copper, which is present in printed circuit boards and cables, acts a catalyst for dioxin formation when flame-retardants are incinerated. The PVC sheathing of wires is highly corrosive when burnt and also induces the formation of dioxins.
A study on burning printed wiring boards in India showed alarming concentrations of dioxins in the surroundings of open burning places reaching 30 times the Swiss guidance level. Land filling e-waste, one of the most widely used methods of disposal, is prone to hazards because of leachate which often contains heavy water resources. Even state-of- the-art landfills which are sealed to the long- term. Older landfill sites and uncontrolled
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dumps pose a much greater danger of releasing hazardous emissions.
Mercury, Cadmium and Lead are among the most toxic leachates. Mercury, for example, will leach when certain electronic devices such as circuit breakers are destroyed. Lead has been found to leach from broken lead-containing glass, such as the cone glass of cathode ray tubes from TVs and monitors. When brominated flame retarded plastics or plastics containing cadmium are land filled, both PBDE and cadmium may leach into soil and groundwater. In addition, landfills are also prone to uncontrolled fires which can release toxic fumes.
Humans toss millions of cell phones each year in favor of newer technology— and all those discarded phones may be taking a toll on the environment. Electronic scrap accounts for 70% of the overall toxic waste currently found in landfills. A cell phone‘s shelf life is only about 24 months for the average user. This means that newer cell phone models are constantly put up on the market to replace older ones. This is as a result of the rapid progression of technology in the mobile industry.
Most cell phones contain precious metals and plastics that can be recycled to save energy and resources that would otherwise be required to mine or manufacture. When placed in a landfill, these materials can pollute the air and contaminate soil and drinking water.Cell phone coatings are typically made of lead, which is a toxic chemical that can result in adverse health effects when exposed to it in high levels.
The circuit board on cell phones can be made of copper, gold, lead, zinc, beryllium, tantalum, coltan, and other raw materials that would require significant resources to mine and manufacture. This is why it is important to recycle old cell phones and source these increasingly scarce materials whenever possible.
WEEE Composition by Weight
The main components of WEEE, in terms of weight, are iron and steel followed by plastics as can be seen, iron and steel are the most common materials found in electrical and electronic equipment and account for almost half of the total weight of WEEE. Plastics are
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the second largest component by weight representing approximately 21% of WEEE. Non- ferrous metals including precious metals represent approximately 13% of the total weight of WEEE and glass around 5%.
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Classification of E-Waste
E-waste encompasses ever growing range of obsolete electronic devices such as computers, servers, main frames, monitors, TVs & display devices, telecommunication devices such as cellular phones & pagers, calculators, audio and video devices, printers, scanners, copiers and fax machines besides refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and microwave ovens, e-waste also covers recording devices such as DVDs, CDs, floppies, tapes, printing cartridges, military electronic waste, automobile catalytic converters, electronic components such as chips, processors, mother boards, printed circuit boards, industrial electronics such as sensors, alarms, sirens, security devices, automobile electronic devices. Composition of E-Waste
Composition of e-waste is very diverse and differs in products across different categories. It contains more than 1000 different substances, which fall under ―hazardous‖ and ―non-hazardous‖ categories. Broadly, it consists of ferrous and non- ferrous metals, plastics, glass, wood & plywood, printed circuit boards, concrete and ceramics, rubber and other items. Iron and steel constitute about 50% of the e-waste followed by plastics (21%), non-ferrous metals (13%) and other constituents. Non- ferrous metals consist of metals like copper, aluminium and precious metals ex. silver, gold, platinum, palladium etc. The presence of elements like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and hexavalent chromium and flame-retardants beyond threshold quantities in e-waste classifies them as hazardous waste.
Components of E-Waste
E-waste has been categorized into three main categories, Viz. Large Household Appliances, IT and Telecom and Consumer Equipment. Refrigerator and Washing Machine represent large household appliances, Personal Computer, Monitor and Laptop represent IT and Telecom, while Television represents Consumer Equipment. Each of these E-waste items has been classified with respect to twenty-six common components, which could be found in them. These components form the ―Building Blocks‖ of each item and therefore they are readily ―identifiable‖ and ―removable‖.
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These components are metal, motor/compressor, cooling, plastic, insulation, glass, LCD, rubber, wiring/electrical, concrete, transformer, magnetron, textile, circuit board, fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamp, heating element, thermostat, BFR- containing plastic, batteries, CFC/HCFC/HFC/HC, external electric cables, refractory ceramic fibers, radioactive substances and electrolyte capacitors (over L/D 25 mm).
The kinds of components, which are found in Refrigerator, Washing Machine, Personal Computers (PC) and TVs, are described in table 1. The observations from the analysis of table are given below:
1. Radioactive substances, refractory ceramic fibers, electrolyte capacitors (over L/D 25 mm), textile and magnetron are not present in any item. 2. Plastic, circuit board and external electric cables are present in majority of items. BFR containing plastic is present in refrigerator, laptop and television. 3. Refrigerators are unique items because of presence of CFC/HCFC/HFC/HC, cooling, insulation, incandescent lamp and compressor. 4. Heating element is found in washing machine, while thermostat is found in both refrigerator and washing machine. 5. Fluorescent lamp is found only in laptop 6. Metal and motor are found in majority of items except refrigerator 7. Transformer is not found in washing machine and refrigerator 8. CRT is found in personal computer and TV, while LCD is found in PC and TV 9. Batteries are found in PC and laptop 10. Concrete is found in washing machine 11. Rubber is found in refrigerator and washing machine 12. Wiring/Electrical is found in all the items
Large household appliance (refrigerator) may consist of electric motor, a circuit board, a transformer, capacitor, thermal insulation, switches, wiring, plastic casing that contain flame-retardants etc. A typical washing machine may consist of the metal casing, concrete ballast, inner and outer drums, a motor, a pump, washing cycle controller unit, switches and other components. The latest trends in these appliances is the phase out of the use of ODS and improvement of energy efficiency.
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Old washing machines are likely to contain large capacitors, while in relatively new machines, variable speed motors are controlled from the circuit board. IT and Telecom equipment sector is observing a trend of ―micro miniaturization‖, while CRTs are being replaced by LCD screens. However, it shows that E-waste from these items can be dismantled into relatively small number of common components for further treatments. The composition and hazard content of each of these components is being described in following section to establish the overall hazardousness of each item of E- waste.
Table 1: Components in WEEE (By category)
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Possible Hazardous Substances Present in E- Waste Component Possible Hazardous Content
Metal Motor\Compressor Cooling ODS Plastic Phthalate plasticize, BFR
Insulation ODS in foam, asbestos, refractory ceramic fiber Glass CRT Lead, Antimony, Mercury, Phosphors LCD Mercury
Rubber Phthalate plasticizer, BFR Wiring/Electrical Phthalate plasticizer, Lead, BFR Concrete Transformer
Circuit Board Lead, Beryllium, Antimony, BFR
Fluorescent Lamp Mercury, Phosphorus, Flame Retardants Incandescent Lamp Heating Element Thermostat Mercury BFR – containing plastic BFRs
Batteries Lead, Lithium, Cadmium, Mercury
CFC, HCFC, HFC, HC Ozone depleting substances External electric cables BFRs, plasticizers Electrolyte Capacitors (over L/D 25mm)
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Possible Hazardous Substances in Components
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Glycol, other Unknown Substances
The substances within the above mentioned components, which cause most concern, are the heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium. Halogenated substances (e.g. CFCs), polychlorinated biphenyls, plastics and circuit boards that contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs), can give rise to dioxins and furans during incineration. Other materials and substances that can be present are arsenic, asbestos, nickel and copper. These substances may act as a catalyst to increase the formation of dioxins during incineration. The description about some of these substances where uncertainty exists regarding their―level of concern‖ based on literature review are given below.
(1) Plastics Containing Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)
Two families of BFRs have been used in EEE. The first is polybrominated dipheny1 ethers (PBDPEs), which includes DBPE (decabromodipheny1 oxide), and PBPE (pentabromodiphenyl oxide). In the electronics industry, BDPE is the dominant PBDPE BFR and is used primarily in computer housings. The second family of BFRs is the phenolics, which includes TBBPA (tetrabromo-bisphenol A). TBBPA (also referred to as TBBA) is used primarily in printed circuit boards.
(2) Insulation
Materials of concern in these components are ODS (Ozone depleting substance) in insulation foams, asbestos and refractory ceramic fiber.
(3) Asbestos
Asbestos has been used in older appliances such as coffee pots, toasters and irons. Asbestos was also a component of some heaters and other item that benefit from the heat resistant properties of the material. Modern appliances do not contain asbestos. However, if a heating appliance is very old, the chances of finding asbestos are high.
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(4) Refractory Ceramic Fibers (RCFs)
Respirable RCFs are classified as category 2 carcinogens, which takes into account observation from recent studies involving laboratory animals that suggest these fibers may have potential to cause lung cancer or mesothelioma in humans. This classification, which became effective in January 1999, does not represent a ban on use. However, it does mean that any work with RCF is subject to stringent controls.
(5) Liquid Crystal Display (LCDs)
LCD consists of liquid crystals, which are embedded between thin layers of glass and electrical elements. A cellular phone display can contain about 0.5 mg of liquid crystals, a notebook display about half a gram. The LCD, first used predominately in notebook and laptop computers, is now moving into the desktop computer market. Most LCDs have a lamp. For small LCDs, the main consideration for the dismantler will be whether or not there is a lamp present. Liquid crystals come under suspicion of being a health hazard. About 50,000 liquid crystal substances are known, but only about 500 are key components for LCD technology. Examples are MBBA (4-methoxybenzylidene-4- butylaniline) and 5CB (4-penty1-4- cyanobipheny1). Currently there appear to be no toxicological tests results on liquid crystal materials.
(6) Components Containing Plasticisers/ Stabilizers
The concerns here include the use of phthalate plasticizers and lead stabilizers in plastics and rubbers. For example, dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexy1 phthalate are considered ―Toxic for Reproduction‖ at concentrations >=0.5%.
(7) Circuit Boards
While most boards are typically 70% nonmetallic, they also contain about 16% copper, 4% solder and 2% nickel along with iron, silver, gold, palladium and tantalum. Approximately 90% of the intrinsic value of most scarp boards is in the gold and palladium content. Consequently, traditional reprocessing of circuit boards has concentrated on the recovery of metals values.
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(8) Flame Retardants
The circuit board laminate consists of a glass fibre reinforced epoxy and is likely to contain flame retardant substances at a level of about 15%. The main flame retardant material used in circuit boards is tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA). TBBPA is claimed to have a lower dioxin generation potential than PBDE (pentabromodiphenylether).
(9) Lead
The typical Pb/Sn solder content in scrap of printed circuit boards ranges between 4-6%, consequently lead represents 2-3% of the weight of the original board. The concerns about lead in circuit appear to relate to the possibility of lead leaching from circuit boards disposed of in landfills.
(10) Mercury
It is estimated that 22% of the yearly world consumption of mercury is used in electrical and electronic equipment (ex. in fluorescent lamps). Its use in EEE has declined significantly in recent years. It has been used in thermostats, (position) sensors, relays and switches (ex. on printed circuit boards and in measuring equipment), batteries and discharge lamps. Furthermore, it is used in medical equipment, data transmission, telecommunications, and mobile phones. The estimated concentration level of mercury in computers is 0.002%.
(11) Beryllium
Copper beryllium alloys are used in electronic connectors where a capability for repeated connection and disconnection is desired, and thus where solder is not used to make a permanent joint. Such connectors are often gold plated, so that copper oxide is not created on their surfaces, and does not form a non-electrically conductive barrier between the two connectors. A second use of beryllium in the electronics industry is as beryllium oxide, or beryllia.
Beryllia transmits heat very efficiently, and is used in heat sinks. These sinks project heat- generating devices by rapidly distributing their heat to a much larger volume and surface area, where it can be further safely discharged into a moving air stream.
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Beryllia heat sinks have been used in specific designed parts, which are attached to a heat source, and have also been built into specific microelectronic devices as integral parts of the substrates of those devices. Beryllium oxide (BeO) or beryllia is found in some power transistors, transistor and valve bases, and some resistors.
(12) Capacitors
Capacitors containing hazardous substances have been classified into two type i.e. electrolytic capacitors and capacitors containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls.
Electrolyte Capacitors: -
Aluminum capacitors are small and cheap for their capacity and can be found in sizes from <1 uF to over 1 farad. They are commonly available up to 450 volts working voltage, with some up to at least 600 volts, much higher than other types of electrolytic capacitors. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors use a layer of aluminum oxide grown on aluminum foil. The aluminum foil forms one electrode the rest is a non- aqueous electrolyte in thin paper separator, and another foil layer for the cathode.
The original electrolyte formula usually comprised a glycol or amine, in which a conductive salt (e.g. sodium borate) is dissolved, plus a trace (1-2%) of water. Many variations on this have been used over the years, although glycol is still often used. Given the table below evaluate the typical contents of a 100μF 10V aluminum capacitor.
Contents of a 100μF 10V aluminum capacitor Part Contents (g) Contents (%)
Aluminum foils 0.17 16%
Paper and electrolyte 0.18 17%
Capsule (aluminum) 0.35 33%
Copper wire 0.12 11%
Rubber lid 0.23 22%
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The capacitor is rendered hazardous if an accompanying threshold concentration is more than 25%. Thus, with electrolyte accounting for <17% of a typical capacitor, the glycol content would not render the capacitor hazardous.
Capacitors Containing Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs):-
PCBs were extensively used in electrical equipment such as capacitors and transformers. Their use in open applications was widely banned in 1972 in Europe and they have not been used in the manufacture of new equipment since 1986. Capacitors containing PCBs fall into two categories, according to size.
Small capacitors were used in fluorescent/other discharge lamps and also with fractional horsepower motors used in domestic and light-industrial electrical equipment. Large capacitors were used for power factor correction and similar duties.
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General Facts on E-Waste
Economics
The rapidly growing quantities of e-waste make for some astonishing facts. The annual amount of e-waste generated from end-of-life electrical and electronic products (WEEE) is estimated to be a two digit amount, in million tons! And this is predicted to double in the coming decades. Valuable Materials
Electronic appliances are composed of hundreds of different materials that can be both toxic but also of high value. Gold, silver, copper, platinum etc. are valuable materials which recyclers recover from e-waste. Hazardous Material
Electrical and Electronic Equipments (EEE) are made of a multitude of components which contain toxic/hazardous substances, e.g. carcinogens such as lead and arsenic. The recycling processes and disposal of these components, while being a lucrative business proposition for some, poses serious health risks and environment dangers.
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Development of a National E-Waste Strategy
A national framework is required as a basis for the implementation and more importantly for the replication of Clean e-Waste Channels. This framework is developed in a joint effort of all relevant stakeholders. The cooperation platform, led by the Ministry of Environment (MoEF), is the National e-Waste Strategy Group which is subdivided into five committees that work in the following crosscutting areas:
Policy & Legislation: Building up a legal framework to support the national e- waste strategy.
Data & Baseline: Studying the present e-waste recycling system in India, assessing the e- waste quantities in Indian cities and establishing relationships to the informal recycling sectors.
Skills & Technologies: Transferring expert knowledge in e-waste management and recycling technologies to India.
Industry Participation &E-Waste Management: Establishing a national e- waste management strategy to be accepted by the relevant stakeholders. This includes a stakeholder agreement on the applied e-waste management concept (responsibilities, financing, control and regulation of Clean e-waste Channels).
Awareness & Campaigning: Increasing the public awareness for the e-waste problem in India, especially in the large cities.
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Effects on Environment and Health the Human
Disposal of e-wastes is a particular problem faced in many regions across the globe. Computer wastes that are land filled produces contaminated leachates. Which eventually pollute the groundwater? Acids and sludge obtained from melting computer chips, if disposed on the ground causes acidification of soil. Incineration of e-wastes can emit toxic fumes and gases, thereby polluting the surrounding air. Improperly monitored landfills can cause environmental hazards. Mercury will leach when certain electronic devices, such as circuit breakers are destroyed.
In addition, uncontrolled fires may arise at landfills and this could be a frequent occurrence in many countries. When exposed to fire, metals and other chemical substances, such as the extremely toxic dioxins and furans (TCDD- tetrachloro - dibenzo - dioxin. PCDDs - polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. PBDDs- polybrominateddibenzo-dioxin and PCDFs - polychlorinated dibenzo furans) from halogenated flame retardant products and PCB containing condensers can be emitted.
The most dangerous form of burning e-waste is the open-air burning of plastics in order to recover copper and other metals. The toxic fall-out from open-air burning affects the local environment and broader global air currents, depositing highly toxic byproducts in many places throughout the world. The health effects of certain constituents in e-wastes. If these electronic items are discarded with other household garbage, the toxics pose E-Waste Management a threat to both health and vital components of the ecosystem.
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Awareness
Consumer study by Nokia shows that less than 10 % of people have recycled their old mobile phones. Most of the unused phones are still at home, making the recycling potential huge. The lack of awareness that recycling is even possible and knowledge on existing recycling programs and locations are the main obstacles for consumers.
It has been shown that products containing relatively high amounts of precious metals, such as mobile phones, separate collection and treatment, even including higher costs for logistics, will bring higher environmental and economic value. For the products containing about 250 ppm gold and 150 ppm palladium separate collection is always more eco- efficient that mixing these products with the ones containing smaller amounts of precious metals.
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An assumption for the calculation is that collection amounts are big enough, few tonnes rather than few hundred kilograms. With the use of proper recycling technologies, 100 % of the materials in mobile phone can be recycled and recovered as material or energy, and nothing is wasted.
Mobile phones, personal computing devices and televisions are the ‗most dangerous ‘electronic waste, or e-waste, generated in India, which is emerging as one of the world‘s top producers of these discarded products.
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BIS Specifications
IS 14534: 2016 Plastics - Guidelines for the Recovery and Recycling of Plastics Waste (First Revision).
IS/IEC 62326: Part 20: 2016 Printed Boards Part 20 Printed Circuit Boards for High- Brightness LEDs.
IS 16584: 2017 Guidelines for End-of-Life Information Provided by Manufacturers and Recyclers and for Recyclable and for Recyclability Rate Calculation of Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
IS/ISO 11650: 1999 Performance of Refrigerant Recovery and /or Recycling Equipment.
For further detail, please contact...
M/S. BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, 9, MANAK BHAVAN, B.S. ZAFAR MARG, NEW DELHI - 110 002 Tel.: (091) (11) 23230131, 23233375, 23239402. Fax: 011-23234062, 23239399 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.bis.org.in
Note: The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian Standard Act - 1986 and the Rules and Regulation made there under. The Standard Mark on products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection, testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the producer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by B.I.S. for conformity to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards.
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Market Study and Assessment
E-Waste or Electronic Waste broadly describes loosely discarded, surplus, broken, obsolete, electrical and electronic devices. E-Waste is an area of immediate and long-term concern as its unregulated accumulation and recycling can lead to major environmental degradation which will pose a major threat to human health. Revolution of IT, new and innovative technologies and globalization of economy have made new electronic products available and affordable. But on the other hand, it has also led to unrestrained resource consumption and E-Waste generation.
Developed countries such as US as well as developing countries such as India face the problem of E-Waste. Rapid growth of technology, up gradation of technical innovations and high Obsolescence rate have led to one of the fastest growing waste streams consisting of old electrical and electronic equipment products. E-Waste comprises of whole range of electronic and electrical items such as computers and printers, mobiles, i-pods, refrigerators, washing machines etc. Minimization of waste, development of cleaner products, environmentally sustainable recycling and disposal of waste, e-waste policy initiatives and adoption of scientific methods of recycling and disposal of E-Waste are the mains issues which need to be addressed to mitigate the effects of E-Waste.
According to E-Waste Market in India 2015-2019 research, the need to prevent biological hazards is one of the major trends upcoming in this market. Newer methods of preventing biological hazards have emerged over the years. Growing need to reduce toxins discharged from unattended e-waste has triggered more investment in the market. High obsolescence rates of technologies have triggered increased demand for efficient e-waste management in India. Average discard/replacement rates have increased with a corresponding increase in buying power, advances in technology, growth in the IT industry, and increased awareness among the country's younger populace.
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Electronic waste (e-waste) typically includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs, headphones, television sets, air conditioners and refrigerators. According to the Global E-Waste Monitor 2017, India generates about 2 million tonnes (MT) of e-waste annually and ranks fifth among e-waste producing countries, after the US, China, Japan and Germany. In 2016-17, India treated only 0.036 MT of its e-waste. About 95 per cent of India‘s e-waste is recycled in the informal sector and in a crude manner. Only 20 per cent of global e- waste is recycled.
E-waste is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 30 per cent in the country. ASSOCHAM, one of the apex trade associations of India, estimated that e-waste generation was 1.8 MT per annum in 2016 and would reach 5.2 MT per annum by 2020
Further, the lack of effective e-waste disposal mechanisms is hindering market growth. The presence of various toxic substances in e-waste invites the frown of environmentalists, which could lead to filing of PILs. This could significantly affect market growth in the future. Unmanaged e-waste allows the seepage of several toxic substances that could cause immense harm to our overall ecosystem. Prominent Vendors in Indian E-Waste market are: A2Z E-Waste Management Ltd., Ramky E-Waste Recycling, E-Coli Waste Management Ltd., E-Parisara Pvt. Ltd., Unique Echo Recycle, Greenscape Eco Management Pvt. Ltd., Greentek Raman Pvt. Ltd., Intarvo Formulae Recyclers Services Pvt., TIC Group India Pvt. Ltd., E-Waste Recyclers India and Bharat Oil and Waste Management Ltd.
India’s E-waste growing at 30% annually
India is emerging as one of the world's major electronic waste generators, posing grave concerns to public health and environment alike.Industry body Assocham, said India‘s ‗production‘ of e-waste is likely to increase by nearly three times, from the existing 18 lakh metric tons (MT) to 52 lakh MT) per annum by 2020 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 30%.An Assocham-cKinetics study pointed out that global volume of e- waste generated is expected to reach from93.5 MT in 2016 to 130 MT in 2018 at a CAGR of 17.6 percent during the period
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The study on ‗Electronic Waste Management in India,‘ conducted to mark World Environment Day, said as Indians become richer and spend more on electronic items and appliances, computer equipment accounts for almost 70% of e-waste material, followed by telecommunication equipment (12%), electrical equipment (8%) and medical equipment (7%). Other equipment, including household e-crap account for the remaining 4%.
A mere 1.5% of India's total e-waste gets recycled due to poor infrastructure, legislation and framework which leads to a waste of diminishing natural resources, irreparable damage of environment and health of the people working in industry. Over 95% of e-waste generated is managed by the unorganised sector and scrap dealers in this market, dismantle the disposed products instead of recycling it.
In India, about 4-5 lakh child labourers in the age group of 10-15 years are observed to be engaged in various e-waste activities, without adequate protection and safeguards in various yards and recycling workshops, said D S Rawat, Secretary- General Assocham. The chamber advocated the need for effective legislation to prevent entry of child labourers into the e-waste collection, segregation and distribution.
E-waste typically includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), printed circuit board (PCB), mobile phones and chargers, compact discs, headphones, white goods such as liquid crystal displays (LCD)/ plasma televisions, air conditioners, refrigerators etc. E-waste workers in India suffer from breathing problems, such as asthma and bronchitis. Many workers are children, who are unaware of the hazards and by the time they reach 35 to 40 years of age, they are incapable of working, points out the study. About 2/3s of e-waste workers in India suffer from respiratory ailments like breathing difficulties, irritation, coughing, choking, and tremors problems due to improper safeguards and dismantling workshops. The recovery of metals like gold, platinum, copper and lead uses caustic soda and concentrated acids.
Computers, televisions and mobile phones are most dangerous because they have high levels of lead, mercury and cadmium and they have short life-spans, so are discarded more. The main sources of electronic waste in India are the government, public and private (industrial) sectors, which account for almost 75% of total waste generation.
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The contribution of individual households is relatively small at about 16 per cent; the rest being contributed by manufacturers. Though individual households are not large contributors to waste generated by computers, they consume large quantities of consumer durables and are, therefore, potential creators of waste.
E-waste accounts for approximately 40 percent of the lead and 70 percent of heavy metals found in landfills. These pollutants lead to ground water and air pollution and soil acidification. High and prolonged exposure to these chemicals/ pollutants emitted during unsafe e-waste recycling leads to damage of nervous systems, blood systems, kidneys and brain development, respiratory disorders, skin disorders, bronchitis, lung cancer, heart, liver, and spleen damage, the study added.
Decreasing Life Span of Electronic Devices Would Drive the E-Waste Management Market
The rapid technology advancement and frequent innovations in the product has been leading to rapid surge in the sale of electronics products. Especially mobile devices, televisions and computer devices are experiencing fast growth across the world. With increasing purchasing power and rising trend of disposable income, the sale of these electronics devices is increasing continuously. In addition, the new product launches with updated features and additional services are attracting the customers to upgrade their old products with new products. This has reduced the life span of these devices to about 3-4 years. Thus, this is adding more and more e-waste at a tremendous rate. The ongoing sale of electronics products especially in emerging countries would provide lucrative environment for e-waste management in the coming years.
High Rate of Obsolescence would add the E-waste in Tremendous Volume
The nature of electronics devices is such that they get obsolete or need repair from time to time is a major cause for the generation of e-waste. The cost of replacing an electronic device is lesser than those getting repaired. Therefore, it has been observed that there is a growing tendency to purchase a new product rather than repairing those. This increased obsolescence rate is leading to huge generation of e- waste currently.
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Low Awareness in Developed Regions Would Slow the E-Waste Management Activities
Presently, people in most part of the world, are not aware of the problems caused by e- waste. They still do not know about the effects of such kind of waste on the environment, resulting in a low number of recycling activities almost all over the world. This is further augmented by the absence of strict regulatory frameworks in many countries. But the situation is changing slowly across the globe, primarily due to the increasing number of initiatives by various organizations coupled with formation of strict regulatory frameworks. This is ultimately leading to increased activities for managing e-waste, which would create conducive environment for e- waste management in the coming years.
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The electronic waste sector will create 4.5 lakh direct jobs by 2025 and another lakh jobs in the allied sectors of transportation and manufacturing, International Finance Corporation (IFC).
The IFC, which has been working in the e-waste sector since 2012, said under a programme launched by it in 2017, over 4,000 metric tons of e-waste has been collected from citizens and corporations and recycled responsibly under the program.
The e-waste sector has significant potential to contribute to the country's economy andgenerate employment. The electrical and electronics industry has been cooperating with the government and has shown considerable initiative for handling e- waste responsibly.
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Market Overview
The Indian waste management market is witnessing a healthy growth rate, owing to the high population density and increased industrial activity, which is generating high amounts of wastes, both hazardous and non-hazardous.
Circular economy concept is relatively new to India. However, the concept is gaining prominence. The Indian waste management industry offers huge potential, as only 30% of the 75% recyclable waste is being recycled currently. Shortage of proper policies for collection, disposal, and recycling and the lack of efficient infrastructure are few of the many reasons leading to poor waste management in the country.
Many startups are coming up with innovative ideas to manage wastes, as well as convert them into valuable resources. However, India requires a fair amount of knowledge to tackle the challenges plaguing this industry.
Furthermore, most of the e-waste management companies are partnering with major players, such as Bisleri, Pepsi, Cipla, IDFC bank, Sun Pharma, and Google.
State and City wise Electronics Waste generation in India
In India, among top ten cities, Mumbai ranks first in generating e-waste followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. The 65 cities generate more than 60% of the total generated ewaste, whereas, 10 states generate 70% of the total e-waste. The pie Fig.1 is indicating the state wise generation of ewaste whereas Fig.2 shows the city wise generation of e- waste.
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Fig 1 State wise E-waste Generation in India (Tonnes/year)
City wise E-waste Generation in India (Tonnes/year)
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Authorized dismantlers/ recyclers, registered with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
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Global Market Scenario
Global E-Waste Management Market is expected to garner $49.4 billion by 2020, registering a CAGR of 23.5% during the forecast period 2014 - 2020. It is one of the fastest growing waste streams in emerging as well as developed regions. The reduced life spans of electrical, electronic and consumer electronic devices are generating large E-Waste, which is growing rapidly every year. The growth of E-Waste market is supplemented by the growing need for upgrading to the latest technologies. A desire towards the adoption of new technologically advanced devices leads to generation of millions of tons of E-Waste across various regions. According to the United Nations initiative to estimate E-Waste production, the world produced approximately 50 million tons of E-Waste in 2012, on an average 15 of lbs per person across the globe. In 2012, UN also stated that, UK produced, 1.3 million tons of electronic waste. China generated 11.1 million tons of E-Waste, which was followed by United States that accounted for 10 million tons in 2012.
To reduce the E-Waste generated across the world, E-Waste management initiatives are being taken by the government agencies of various regions. Market players are taking measures to recycle the E-Waste in order to reduce the pollution and environmental hazards caused by it. In June 2014, Dell, a leading computer manufacturer, launched its first computer made of plastics obtained from recycled electronics. The company has started selling its first computer ―the OptiPlex 3030‖ which is made up of old electronics using closed loop recycling process. Recently, Dell has also started using recycled plastics in its other desktops and monitors. Millions of refrigerators, TV sets and cell phones are replaced with newer versions due to user‘s growing inclination towards technologically advanced gadgets. In 2010, US discarded about 258 million units of computers, cell phones, TV sets and monitors. North America is a leader in exporting E-waste to the developing countries such as China and Japan. This exported E-Waste is then recycled in developing regions which generates revenue for the market.
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Segment Overview
The world E-Waste market is segmented by E-waste source and type. Presently, a market trend is observed in North America that highlights the fact that majority of E-Waste is trashed to developing countries, rather than recycling or reusing the same by the producing country.
Developing countries lead in recycling the E-Waste, as majority of E-Waste is exported to emerging countries by developed countries. Amongst all sources of E- Waste such as IT and telecommunications and consumer electronics, refrigerator sets from household appliances are discarded in highest number as compared to other appliances. The decrease in the life cycle of electronic products viz. computers, laptops, cell phones is generating large amount of electronic waste in North American region. Moreover, the region wise study of global market is conducted to closely examine the effects of E-Waste in every country. The regions analyzed are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and LAMEA. North America generates the largest revenue for the global market.
The key players operating in the global e-waste management market are Electronic Recyclers International, Inc. (ERI) (U.S.), Aurubis AG (Germany), Sims Metal Management Limited (U.S.), Umicore (Belgium), Boliden AB (Sweden), Global Electric Electronic Processing Inc. (Canada), TRIPLE M METAL LP (Canada), Tetronics (International) Limited (U.K.), Enviro-Hub Holdings Ltd. (Singapore), and Stena Metall AB (Sweden) among others.
Global e-waste management market size
Globally, 44.70 million metric tonnes (6.1 kilogram per inhabitant) of e-waste was generated in 2016 which is expected to grow 52.20 million metric tonnes by 2021. The major factors contributing to this growth are rising adoption of smart technologies, growing disposable income in emerging economies, inclination towards smart and luxurious life, and higher replacement rate of older e-devices with new advanced ones. Moreover, out of this total e-waste, only 20% of E-waste was documented and recycled properly. The fate of other 80% of E-waste was unknown. This indicates lack of proper disposable or recycling facilities in many countries.
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Statistics of Export and Import Export: All Countries Aluminium Waste and Scrap
S.No. Country Values in Rs. Lacs Quntity in thousands 2018-2019 2019-2020 %Growth 2018- 2019- %Growth (Apr-Jan(P)) 2019 2020 (Apr- Jan(P)) 1. AUSTRALIA 0.50 2. AUSTRIA 3.62 3. BANGLADESH PR 0.15 0.06 4. BHUTAN 10.47 0.02 5. CANADA 17.59 6. CHINA P RP 20.97 0.23 7. ETHIOPIA 1.55 8. GERMANY 63.82 9. HONG KONG 16.01 10. IRAN 0.02 11. ISRAEL 25.35 12. JAPAN 0.13 13. KENYA 1.35 14. KOREA RP 6,542.50 4,954.36 15. MAURITIUS 0.02 16. MYANMAR 0.01 17. NEPAL 4.34 7.76 18. NIGERIA 0.56 19. PAKISTAN IR 15.27 20. PHILIPPINES 2.19 0.40 21. QATAR 0.11 22. SAUDI ARAB 0.07 23. SERBIA 0.02 0.02 24. SINGAPORE 0.67 25. SPAIN 0.59 26. SRI LANKA DSR 0.01 0.12 27. SWITZERLAND 0.17 28. SYRIA 0.31 29. THAILAND 1.09 30. TURKEY 0.10 31. UGANDA 0.02 32. U ARAB EMTS 50.93 0.04 33. U K 374.78 1.81 34. U S A 21.06 560.06 35. VIETNAM SOC 0.08 REP Total 7,149.77 5,551.53 India's Total 230,772,619.38 186,069,677.58 %Share 0.0031 0.0030
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Parts and Accessories Other Material Printed Circuit Boards
S.No. Country Values in Rs. Lacs Quntity in thousands 2018-2019 2019-2020 %Growth 2018- 2019- %Growth (Apr-Jan(P)) 2019 2020 (Apr- Jan(P)) 1. ANGOLA 1.64 0.01 2. ARGENTINA 0.12 0.00 3. AUSTRALIA 82.63 19.21 0.25 0.06 4. AUSTRIA 1.46 1.53 0.04 0.02 5. BAHARAIN IS 0.26 0.35 0.00 0.00 6. BANGLADESH PR 0.97 0.07 7. BELGIUM 1,250.23 1,194.26 8.79 4.68 8. BHUTAN 5.25 4.27 0.28 0.23 9. BOSNIA-HRZGOVIN 0.10 0.00 10. BOTSWANA 0.02 0.23 0.01 0.20 11. BRAZIL 41.85 1.15 12. CANADA 180.16 87.86 0.29 0.21 13. CHILE 0.07 0.08 0.00 0.00 14. TAIWAN 186.81 208.60 9.55 14.52 15. CHINA P RP 460.38 497.87 17.78 13.15 16. CYPRUS 0.01 0.00 17. CZECH REPUBLIC 1.44 3.04 0.02 0.05 18. DENMARK 0.55 0.91 0.00 0.00 19. EGYPT A RP 0.83 0.03 20. FINLAND 0.71 1.11 0.01 0.01 21. FRANCE 89.42 518.86 3.52 42.46 22. GABON 1.18 0.00 23. GERMANY 354.84 441.09 2.65 17.65 24. GREECE 0.16 0.00 25. GUINEA 0.36 0.01 26. HONG KONG 1,181.06 1,177.92 20.33 17.15 27. HUNGARY 3.41 2.34 0.15 0.08 28. INDONESIA 7.84 3.98 0.11 0.05 29. IRAQ 6.23 0.38 30. IRELAND 33.20 34.04 0.93 0.02 31. ISRAEL 17.57 171.83 6.05 9.73 32. ITALY 94.57 119.20 15.72 18.85 33. JAPAN 246.60 109.12 2.37 1.21 34. JORDAN 0.37 0.15 0.70 0.85 35. KENYA 7.07 0.02 36. KOREA RP 89.14 26.51 0.31 1.50 37. KUWAIT 0.02 0.00 38. LATVIA 0.44 0.00 39. LITHUANIA 1.76 0.88 0.03 0.00 40. MADAGASCAR 1.05 0.02 41. MALAWI 0.13 0.00 42. MALAYSIA 1,179.38 1,289.74 15.20 36.85 43. MALDIVES 1.20 0.14 0.02 0.00 44. MAURITIUS 0.14 0.00 0.00 45. MEXICO 12.31 0.48 0.05 0.00 46. MOLDOVA 0.00
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47. MOZAMBIQUE 12.20 1.44 48. NEPAL 17.03 9.59 0.67 0.56 49. NETHERLAND 116.49 125.05 5.31 1.50 50. NETHERLANDANTIL 0.06 0.00 51. NEW ZEALAND 5.95 17.40 0.02 0.01 52. NIGERIA 892.03 1.93 234.21 0.01 53. NORWAY 15.36 0.89 0.01 0.01 54. OMAN 1.02 0.06 0.02 0.03 55. PAPUA N GNA 1.34 0.12 56. PERU 0.05 0.00 57. PHILIPPINES 6.17 9.52 0.53 0.03 58. POLAND 8.52 24.75 0.22 0.11 59. PORTUGAL 1.04 0.00 60. PUERTO RICO 0.17 0.00 61. QATAR 18.46 1.73 0.18 0.05 62. ROMANIA 2.04 0.00 63. RUSSIA 1.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 64. RWANDA 6.16 0.04 65. SAUDI ARAB 20.11 33.93 0.25 0.31 66. SERBIA 1.35 0.07 67. SEYCHELLES 0.10 0.21 0.00 0.00 68. SINGAPORE 1,533.23 1,250.43 62.93 9.28 69. SLOVENIA 0.27 0.49 0.01 0.01 70. SOUTH AFRICA 0.67 3.65 0.01 0.02 71. SPAIN 164.13 92.61 32.88 7.06 72. SRI LANKA DSR 8.41 20.29 0.03 0.87 73. SUDAN 0.07 0.02 74. SWEDEN 2.64 17.54 0.03 0.10 75. SWITZERLAND 13.72 98.36 0.08 0.94 76. TANZANIA REP 0.51 0.43 0.01 0.03 77. THAILAND 44.87 26.79 0.11 0.07 78. TOGO 0.39 0.00 79. TRINIDAD 0.09 0.05 80. TURKEY 5.49 1.11 0.06 0.05 81. U ARAB EMTS 138.10 876.83 13.24 266.70 82. U K 74.94 57.89 2.94 0.33 83. UKRAINE 10.22 0.11 0.01 0.00 84. U S A 1,980.44 1,717.79 20.48 21.58 85. VIETNAM SOC REP 5.98 8.73 0.12 0.05 86. YEMEN REPUBLC 0.34 0.06 87. CONGO D. REP. 0.06 0.09 0.00 0.00 88. ZAMBIA 0.61 0.28 0.00 0.00 89. ZIMBABWE 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 Total 10,594.82 10,378.26 India's Total 230,772,619 186,069,677 .38 .58 %Share 0.0046 0.0056
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Ferrous Waste and Scrap; Re-melting Scrap Ingots
S.No. Country Values in Rs. Lacs Quntity in thousands 2018-2019 2019-2020 %Growth 2018- 2019- %Growth (Apr-Jan(P)) 2019 2020 (Apr- Jan(P)) 1. AFGHANISTAN TIS 0.07 2. ALGERIA 24.10 12.99 3. ANGOLA 3.14 4. AUSTRALIA 2.48 5. BAHARAIN IS 3.40 6. BANGLADESH PR 37.17 22.26 7. BELGIUM 302.07 10.01 8. BHUTAN 388.28 813.16 9. BRAZIL 244.44 397.38 10. BURKINA FASO 8.65 11. BELARUS 4.40 12. CAMEROON 0.02 13. CANADA 8.15 14. TAIWAN 39.37 27.50 15. CHINA P RP 0.71 12.04 16. DENMARK 0.14 0.01 17. DJIBOUTI 0.10 18. EGYPT A RP 26.53 19. ETHIOPIA 11.83 1.96 20. FRANCE 135.23 84.36 21. GAMBIA 0.17 22. GERMANY 364.05 183.95 23. GHANA 21.61 5.00 24. HONG KONG 38.20 25. INDONESIA 1.10 26. IRAN 9.00 27. IRAQ 0.24 28. ITALY 0.03 29. JAPAN 11.46 1.24 30. KENYA 4.46 31. KOREA RP 92.37 46.76 32. KUWAIT 69.51 33. LIBERIA 16.14 34. MALAYSIA 53.34 75.14 35. MALDIVES 2.02 36. MAURITANIA 18.99 37. MAURITIUS 1.60 0.33 38. MOROCCO 1.16 39. MOZAMBIQUE 1.60 40. NEPAL 101.04 27.78 41 NETHERLAND 71.51 24.75 42. NIGERIA 17.52 19.45 43. OMAN 55.54 64.96 44. PHILIPPINES 86.26 45. QATAR 0.16 46. SAUDI ARAB 27.31 25.26
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47. SENEGAL 26.24 2.46 48. SINGAPORE 143.77 176.58 49. SOUTH AFRICA 0.50 50. SRI LANKA DSR 5.19 1.72 51. SUDAN 5.89 15.75 52. SWEDEN 3,298.60 3,249.26 53. SWITZERLAND 0.15 54. SYRIA 2.14 55. TANZANIA REP 84.06 60.67 56. THAILAND 243.42 32.98 57. TOGO 0.64 58. TUNISIA 0.02 59. UGANDA 3.27 10.77 60. U ARAB EMTS 64.57 224.34 61. U K 14.37 2.76 62. UKRAINE 136.21 63. U S A 216.35 143.12 64. CONGO D. REP. 6.17 65. ZAMBIA 6.21 9.15 Total 6,485.36 5,864.91 India's Total 230,772,619. 186,069,677. 38 58 %Share 0.0028 0.0032
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Import: All Countries
Aluminium Waste and Scrap
S.No. Country Values in Rs. Lacs Quntity in thousands 2018-2019 2019-2020 %Growth 2018- 2019- %Growth (Apr-Jan(P)) 2019 2020 (Apr- Jan(P)) 1. ALBANIA 149.60 2. ANGOLA 1,192.21 1,513.00 3. ANTIGUA 21.38 4. ARGENTINA 53.38 153.67 5. ARMENIA 105.01 6. AUSTRALIA 109,933.62 67,484.50 7. AUSTRIA 132.16 219.54 8. ARUBA 63.71 9. BAHAMAS 41.17 17.10 10. BAHARAIN IS 13,356.72 8,909.65 11. BANGLADESH PR 6,727.87 662.41 12. BELGIUM 17,606.75 15,947.94 13. MAYOTTE 19.45 14. BENIN 4,322.48 1,527.31 15. BOLIVIA 174.85 140.87 16. BOTSWANA 36.84 80.53 17. BRAZIL 1,899.85 1,238.87 18. BULGARIA 2,724.70 2,219.59 19. BELARUS 54.90 20. CAMEROON 55.44 21. CANADA 15,761.32 19,109.50 22. CAPE VERDE IS 322.51 200.26 23. C AFRI REP 23.58 24. CHILE 8,383.23 5,416.11 25. TAIWAN 2,045.70 1,824.11 26. CHINA P RP 1,348.19 274.17 27. COLOMBIA 4,346.32 4,303.71 28. COMOROS 13.73 29. CONGO P REP 1,615.41 969.03 30. COSTA RICA 134.47 189.08 31. CROATIA 3.34 0.60 32. CUBA 26.74 33. CYPRUS 2,610.88 1,974.97 34. CZECH REPUBLIC 3.74 12.66 35. DENMARK 5,882.62 3,384.28 36. DOMINIC REP 2,898.54 2,745.93 37. DOMINICA 102.48 38. ECUADOR 743.02 830.89 39. EGYPT A RP 73.62 40. EL SALVADOR 374.59 399.05 41. ESTONIA 464.06 247.46 42. EQUTL GUINEA 243.54 38.84 43. FINLAND 12,737.64 7,708.47 44. FIJI IS 1.46 9.45
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45. FRANCE 10,829.17 6,007.16 46. GABON 321.83 224.88 47. GAMBIA 1,490.21 837.89 48. GEORGIA 2,202.37 673.79 49. GERMANY 33,522.45 20,589.24 50. GHANA 11,058.83 4,479.93 51. GREECE 3,880.57 4,482.55 52. GRENADA 65.53 37.42 53. GUATEMALA 1,153.85 781.66 54. GUINEA 4,709.81 2,281.18 55. GUINEA BISSAU 26.06 56. GUYANA 26.49 15.05 57. HAITI 519.31 413.02 58. HONDURAS 623.08 794.88 59. HONG KONG 42,299.18 29,223.31 60. HUNGARY 26.68 0.81 61. INDONESIA 76.09 45.09 62. IRAQ 49.20 63. IRELAND 798.28 714.24 64. ISRAEL 26,674.47 13,768.24 65. ITALY 9,688.61 8,146.25 66. COTE D' IVOIRE 2,687.52 1,451.62 67. JAMAICA 709.15 426.73 68. JAPAN 3,172.03 6,032.69 69. JORDAN 9,442.22 5,694.78 70. KENYA 5,464.66 1,682.46 71. KOREA RP 379.40 1,042.69 72. KUWAIT 32,617.50 24,770.21 73. LATVIA 110.29 292.93 74. LEBANON 14,562.66 7,969.16 75. LIBERIA 1,999.22 970.66 76. LIBYA 2,995.40 2,054.56 77. LITHUANIA 51.31 2.05 78. MALAYSIA 28,465.50 24,210.38 79. MALDIVES 458.21 364.66 80. MALI 22.01 81. MALTA 91.11 303.67 82. MARTINIQUE 20.59 83. MAURITANIA 1,832.31 1,424.60 84. MAURITIUS 1,858.60 1,040.94 85. MYANMAR 1,306.83 458.23 86. MEXICO 3,259.89 2,319.21 87. MOROCCO 7,208.39 2,487.13 88. MOZAMBIQUE 3,868.47 2,027.59 89. NAMIBIA 58.84 344.70 90. NEPAL 19.57 14.92 91. NETHERLAND 77,034.69 51,937.81 92. NETHERLANDANTIL 347.76 199.23 93. NEW ZEALAND 19,580.24 15,424.22 94. NICARAGUA 92.82 45.53 95. NIGERIA 15,071.75 5,181.38 96. NORWAY 8,517.90 8,848.61 97. OMAN 8,610.74 4,736.27 98. PAKISTAN IR 354.10
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99. PANAMA REPUBLIC 657.07 987.92 100. PARAGUAY 1,095.40 1,031.64 101. PERU 1,154.95 690.31 102. PHILIPPINES 9,815.80 3,600.23 103. POLAND 3,568.88 3,737.05 104. PORTUGAL 799.03 1,774.38 105. PUERTO RICO 1,764.30 2,925.74 106. QATAR 23,824.66 13,939.64 107. REUNION 734.24 659.79 108. ROMANIA 2.63 109. RWANDA 479.59 270.13 110. SAUDI ARAB 177,936.27 112,682.94 111. SENEGAL 7,093.48 3,598.62 112. SEYCHELLES 264.93 121.80 113. SIERRA LEONE 1,360.12 1,027.02 114. SINGAPORE 68,066.74 49,122.76 115. SLOVENIA 32.97 118.38 116. SOMALIA 13.39 108.60 117. SOUTH AFRICA 45,661.32 31,864.40 118. SPAIN 10,126.40 7,412.52 119. SRI LANKA DSR 1,136.34 292.17 120. ST LUCIA 39.86 31.66 121. SUDAN 1,345.13 673.75 122. SURINAME 245.33 72.64 123. SWAZILAND 147.39 124. SWEDEN 5,562.94 4,849.27 125. SWITZERLAND 522.02 540.61 126. TANZANIA REP 6,017.46 1,067.02 127. THAILAND 7,638.21 4,032.74 128. TOGO 10,572.25 5,454.42 129. TRINIDAD 606.46 427.81 130. TUNISIA 256.51 80.53 131. TURKEY 24.43 132. U ARAB EMTS 189,833.34 114,783.97 133. U K 191,401.90 123,194.94 134. UKRAINE 17.20 135. U S A 329,574.89 272,876.92 136. URUGUAY 293.37 96.01 137. VENEZUELA 3,696.57 2,299.88 138. VIETNAM SOC REP 452.81 323.08 139. CONGO D. REP. 1,822.33 1,009.40 140. ZAMBIA 278.90 32.34 141. UNSPECIFIED 35.60 Total 1,726,810.3 1,185,152.4 2 5 India's Total 359,467,461 284,035,860 .19 .36 %Share 0.4804 0.4173
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Parts and Accessories Other Material Printed Circuit Boards
S. Country Values in Rs. Lacs Quntity in thousands No. 2018-2019 2019-2020 % 2018- 2019- % Growth (Apr-Jan(P)) Growth 2019 2020 (Apr- Jan(P)) 1. AUSTRALIA 41.97 37.29 0.03 0.02 2. AUSTRIA 1.36 3.08 0.01 0.01 3. BELGIUM 34.55 39.92 0.09 0.03 4. BRAZIL 5.29 0.04 5. CANADA 1,144.55 1,310.18 0.99 1.16 6. CHILE 6.49 227.42 0.01 30.12 7. TAIWAN 12,647.82 14,082.60 1,337.95 939.05 8. CHINA P RP 45,166.47 25,429.80 2,886.40 1,267.35 9. CZECH REPUBLIC 41.80 10.53 0.90 0.95 10. DENMARK 14.57 4.06 0.02 0.01 11. FINLAND 0.08 0.05 12. FRANCE 63.12 121.13 0.95 0.23 13. GERMANY 599.60 397.05 50.44 3.14 14. GUINEA 6.14 0.00 15. HONG KONG 25,362.88 24,288.64 1,112.71 1,249.77 16. HUNGARY 128.07 19.64 0.47 0.03 17. INDONESIA 27.39 6.70 2.00 0.02 18. IRELAND 765.87 849.30 27.92 44.99 19. ISRAEL 220.33 220.85 1.19 3.50 20. ITALY 5.10 8.83 0.01 0.11 21. JAPAN 123.06 166.85 0.33 1.73 22. KOREA RP 3,197.06 2,638.26 75.83 97.78 23. LUXEMBOURG 13.55 0.01 24. MALAYSIA 1,334.54 3,770.42 15.85 411.39 25. MAURITIUS 1.92 0.02 26. MEXICO 938.00 720.82 14.13 1.27 27. NETHERLAND 148.92 285.30 0.70 2.46 28. NEW ZEALAND 0.66 0.00 29. NORWAY 7.22 1.58 0.00 0.00 30. PHILIPPINES 1,165.04 1,198.00 35.84 59.60 31. POLAND 6.73 19.97 0.02 0.01 32. PORTUGAL 3.62 2.18 0.00 0.01 33. QATAR 15.44 0.03 34. ROMANIA 3.06 20.50 0.00 1.45 35. RUSSIA 8.84 17.83 0.00 0.01 36. SAUDI ARAB 0.02 0.00 37. SINGAPORE 21,150.20 22,929.45 575.54 834.79 38. SLOVENIA 17.26 0.05 39. SOUTH AFRICA 18.77 0.01 40. SPAIN 1.70 10.37 0.01 0.06 41. SWEDEN 0.43 0.01 42. SWITZERLAND 202.91 101.32 0.76 1.28 43. THAILAND 119.52 459.74 0.27 7.84 44. U ARAB EMTS 101.24 136.28 5.77 1.24 45. U K 1,591.44 709.79 63.88 17.98 46. U S A 10,235.76 7,343.93 74.35 38.27 47. VIETNAM SOC REP 68.78 98.21 3.11 4.96
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48. UNSPECIFIED 0.13 0 Total 126,695.20 107,751.88 India's Total 359,467,461.19 284,035,860.36 %Share 0.0352 0.0379
Ferrous Waste and Scrap; Re-melting Scrap Ingots
S.No. Country Values in Rs. Lacs Quntity in thousands 2018-2019 2019-2020 %Growth 2018- 2019- %Gro (Apr-Jan(P)) 2019 2020 wth (Apr- Jan(P)) 1. AFGHANISTAN TIS 16.70 2. ALBANIA 174.20 3. ANGOLA 468.07 397.73 4. ARGENTINA 11.67 104.69 5. ARMENIA 191.68 477.18 6. AUSTRALIA 76,301.90 58,868.68 7. AUSTRIA 1,936.43 1,662.41 8. BAHAMAS 221.17 3.01 9. BAHARAIN IS 22,425.53 14,246.19 10. BANGLADESH PR 12,575.92 13,957.04 11. BARBADOS 69.83 23.29 12. BELIZE 21.16 61.78 13. BELGIUM 53,218.53 68,218.99 14. MAYOTTE 70.75 176.67 15. BENIN 9,130.35 2,727.54 16. BOLIVIA 110.70 72.08 17. BOTSWANA 0.64 22.72 18. BRAZIL 15,726.56 26,444.21 19. BRUNEI 146.46 20. BULGARIA 5,889.52 6,563.09 21. CAMEROON 225.62 259.11 22. CANADA 77,744.53 77,957.63 23. CAPE VERDE IS 779.19 779.46 24. C AFRI REP 38.34 25. CHILE 13,533.30 11,806.90 26. TAIWAN 6,811.38 4,361.57 27. CHINA P RP 1,750.91 204.99 28. COLOMBIA 2,306.24 2,956.53 29. COMOROS 391.20 313.56 30. CONGO P REP 11,737.68 5,390.28 31. COSTA RICA 795.18 1,588.65 32. CROATIA 14.32 17.71
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33 CYPRUS 487.68 923.03 34 CZECH REPUBLIC 158.97 149.38 35 DENMARK 7,455.44 5,883.07 36 DJIBOUTI 26.26 37 DOMINIC REP 848.12 1,567.92 38 DOMINICA 15.51 39 ECUADOR 1,194.09 1,631.51 40 EGYPT A RP 1,957.04 2,048.26 41 EL SALVADOR 96.95 15.71 42 ESTONIA 2,929.31 1,774.79 43 EQUTL GUINEA 2,337.54 5,013.30 44 FINLAND 3,948.44 6,043.61 45 FIJI IS 152.76 141.77 46 FRANCE 10,565.57 3,586.01 47 FR GUIANA 55.45 61.23 48 GABON 272.79 436.93 49 GAMBIA 3,114.09 2,428.47 50 GEORGIA 369.22 2,288.24 51 GERMANY 56,770.23 62,609.46 52 GHANA 6,926.64 3,880.26 53 GREECE 7,105.50 6,764.17 54 GRENADA 37.06 6.27 55 GUATEMALA 146.16 176.72 56 GUINEA 10,232.02 7,623.40 57 GUINEA BISSAU 547.14 281.32 58 GUYANA 199.12 554.28 59 HAITI 654.04 479.92 60 HONDURAS 7,540.27 8,579.96 61 HONG KONG 33,339.24 20,092.03 62 HUNGARY 49.05 57.85 63 INDONESIA 20,806.14 19,162.09 64 IRAN 98.16 65 IRELAND 1,819.15 2,837.02 66 ISRAEL 8,409.03 7,315.68 67 ITALY 13,378.16 23,032.37 68 VATICAN CITY 65.34 69 COTE D' IVOIRE 664.04 160.06 70 JAMAICA 129.81 178.62 71 JAPAN 14,954.06 20,381.58 72 JORDAN 3,003.17 2,242.88 73 KENYA 1,420.09 697.75 74 KOREA RP 56,723.31 45,565.65 75 KUWAIT 39,443.01 19,716.96 76 LATVIA 7,621.89 5,726.97 77 LEBANON 2,347.89 2,815.01 78 LIBERIA 2,410.51 1,783.79 79 LIBYA 2,220.17 996.71 80 LITHUANIA 1,449.76 537.71 81 MADAGASCAR 26.67 82 MALAWI 219.27 78.6 83 MALAYSIA 98,516.37 72,052.63 84 MALDIVES 2,112.93 2,294.71 85 MALTA 219.06 164.65 86 MARTINIQUE 178.3 56.65 87 MAURITANIA 2,813.07 1,564.93 88 MAURITIUS 656.36 1,414.32
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89 MYANMAR 434.03 586.61 90 MEXICO 16,614.32 16,404.98 91 MONTSERRAT 32.85 92 MOROCCO 3,953.18 3,796.18 93 MOZAMBIQUE 13,769.84 9,846.27 94 NAMIBIA 2,502.29 2,530.65 95 NEPAL 3,698.71 838.38 96 NETHERLAND 119,229.46 105,161.59 97 NETHERLANDANTIL 171.51 285.86 98 NEW ZEALAND 18,799.76 19,957.63 99 NICARAGUA 409.15 100 NIGERIA 825.78 655.92 101 NORWAY 7,088.44 7,712.76 102 OMAN 18,944.50 11,886.29 103 PANAMA REPUBLIC 922.65 2,153.14 104 PAPUA N GNA 6.13 175.13 105 PARAGUAY 8,357.10 10,048.51 106 PERU 2,695.94 1,978.63 107 PHILIPPINES 17,816.89 9,862.24 108 POLAND 9,367.01 16,591.88 109 PORTUGAL 325.12 526.03 110 PUERTO RICO 281.63 440.67 111 QATAR 6,963.72 6,222.78 112 REUNION 6,916.29 7,416.98 113 ROMANIA 837.64 1,265.69 114 RUSSIA 4,003.82 10,228.64 115 SAUDI ARAB 26,050.77 23,820.92 116 SENEGAL 19,969.30 10,803.03 117 SEYCHELLES 839.35 815.7 118 SIERRA LEONE 4,352.24 5,327.33 119 SINGAPORE 205,965.88 137,037.31 120 SLOVENIA 571.57 963.62 121 SOMALIA 48.14 13.09 122 SOUTH AFRICA 105,766.66 83,641.44 123 SPAIN 6,110.84 8,490.02 124 SRI LANKA DSR 7,422.85 1,969.12 125 ST LUCIA 107.09 58.21 126 SUDAN 79.82 114.66 127 SURINAME 563.76 439.58 128 SWEDEN 25,235.53 27,106.07 129 SWITZERLAND 1,245.66 2,118.25 130 TANZANIA REP 7,199.15 775.4 131 THAILAND 76,741.28 54,390.68 132 TOGO 34,799.89 20,265.83 133 TONGA 27.11 134 TRINIDAD 3,496.53 2,122.99 135 TUNISIA 626.63 1,106.10 136 TURKEY 39,178.61 26,445.76 137 U ARAB EMTS 402,936.08 273,959.15 138 U K 257,795.60 185,007.82 139 UKRAINE 0.95 0.95 140 U S A 283,429.70 284,358.57
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141 URUGUAY 914.61 619.48 142 VENEZUELA 1,093.71 4,471.38 143 VIETNAM SOC REP 32,958.39 25,910.36 144 YEMEN REPUBLC 322.88 145 CONGO D. REP. 832.87 158.69 146 ZAMBIA 171.53 147 UNSPECIFIED 104.36 356.92 Total 2,566,947.51 2,105,834.42 India's Total 359,467,461.19 284,035,860.36 %Share 0.7141 0.7414
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WEEE Management in India
E-waste is recognized as a major challenge in the waste management policies of the Government of India (GOI). The ‗Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of E- waste' published by GOI in April 2008 is the first step in response to this challenge. The National Environment Policy (NEP), 2006 of the GOI emphasizes the need for recovery and reuse of any material thereby reducing the waste destined for final disposal. NEP also encourages legal recognition of the informal sector and their access to institutional finance and relevant technologies.
E-waste contains valuable constituents such as precious and strategic metals like gold and copper etc., thereby making it economically viable to recycle and recover such metals. The processes involved in the dismantling of e-waste and the extraction of valuable materials pose environmental and health threats and hazards, since such recycling activities are carried out by SMEs in the informal sector. These units have little or no control of their activities and use highly hazardous and polluting techniques for processing the e-waste.
The challenges of managing e-waste in India are very different from those in other countries, developed or developing. While there can be several shared lessons, the complexity of the e-waste issue in India, given its vast geographical and cultural diversity and economic disparities, makes WEEE management challenges in India quite unique. A few of these are:
• Rapidly increasing e-waste volumes, both domestically generated as well as through imports. Imports are often disguised as second-hand computer donations towards bridging the digital divide or simply as metal scrap.
• No accurate estimates of the quantity of e-waste generated and recycled.
• Low level of awareness amongst manufacturers and consumers of the hazards of incorrect e-waste disposal.
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• Widespread e-waste recycling in the informal sector using rudimentary techniques such as acid leaching and open air burning resulting in severe environmental damage
• E-waste workers have little or no knowledge of toxins in e-waste and are exposed to serious health hazards.
• Inefficient recycling processes result in substantial losses of material value.
• Cherry-picking‘ by recyclers who recover precious metals and improperly dispose of the rest.
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E-Waste Situation in India
Electronic waste, abbreviated as e-waste, consists of discarded old computers, TVs, refrigerators, radios – basically any electrical or electronic appliance that has reached its end-of-life. While e-waste contains both valuable materials such as gold, palladium, silver and copper, it also contains harmful substances like lead, cadmium and mercury. In the absence of suitable techniques and protective measures, recycling e-waste can result in toxic emissions to the air, water and soil and pose a serious health and environmental hazard.
In India, e-waste is mostly generated in large cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. In these cities a complex e-waste handling infra-structure has developed mainly based on a long tradition of waste recycling. This is mainly operated by a very entrepreneurial informal sector. Rag pickers and waste dealers found it easy to adapt to the new waste stream, resulting in a large number of new businesses focusing on the re-use of components or extraction of secondary raw materials. So far, the e-waste recycling system is purely market driven.
Some of the recycling processes are extremely harmful and have negative impacts on workers health and the environment. A study on the burning of printed wiring boards that was conducted 2004 showed an alarming concentration of dioxins in the surrounding areas in which open burning was practiced. These toxins cause an increased risk of cancer if inhaled by workers and local residents or by entering the food chain via crops from the surrounding fields.
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Case Study
E-waste in India is becoming a big concern as the rate of new technology increases within the country. According to a recent study, e-waste from old computers will jump to an alarming 500 per cent by 2020 if it continues to grow at the current rate as well as mobile phones reaching up to 18 times higher than in 2007. These statistics are just a part of the growing awareness to urgently address the problem of e-waste in developing countries like India where the correct management is not yet properly regulated.
A survey conducted by the CPCB in 2005 revealed that about 1.47 lakh million tonnes of e-waste per annum were being generated in the country. They found that up to 70% of this total was being imported to major states such as Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab because they are all areas of dense population. All of this e-waste is then distributed between either China or received and dispatched within the country at places like Karashi, Madras, and Ahmedabad. Large e-waste centres are in Delhi, Meerut, Ferozabad, Chennai, Bangalore and Mumbai, with 25,000 recyclers working in Delhi alone. This is because these places, especially India, are third world; meaning it is cheaper to have e-waste managed in these countries than anywhere else and people are more desperate.
To properly dispose of India‘s e-waste, Lenovo has partnered with Sims Recycling Solutions India to create new E-Waste Management and Handling Rules that provide drop-off centres and environmentally sound management. Along with this they have constructed an e-waste processing facility to receive and recycle customer returned equipment. As of now they are in the process of constructing two more, which will be provided in the future to improve this work. Sims India also provides a total of 76 collection points throughout India known as ‗drop-off centers‘ as well as Pick-up Service in over 1700 locations.
Products consisting of Computers, Mobile Phones, Monitors, Keyboards, Video Cameras, Stereos, Photocopiers, Televisions, Microwave Ovens, Washing Machines, VCRs, Dishwashers, Fax Machines, DigitalCameras etc are normally termed as Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) or e product. In recent past development and dependence on use of e products has increased significantly. After use and end of life in exponential
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growth of rising amounts of wastes termed as waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or alternately as e-waste. E-waste is a highly complex waste stream which contains both very scarce and valuable as well as very toxic components. As per UN survey of 2009 every year 20 to 50 million tons of ewaste are generated worldwide. By 2020 e- waste from old computers in South Africa and China will grow by 200-400% and by 500% in India whereas for mobiles it will be 7 times higher in China and 18 higher in India compared to 2007.
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E-Waste Generation in India
- There are 10 states that contribute to 70% of the total E-Waste generated in the country. - 65 cities generate more than 60% of the total E-Waste in India.
- Among the top ten cities generating E-Waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat&Nagpur. - Main source of electronic waste in India are the government, public and private (Industrial) sectors – 70% - Contribution of individual house hold – 15%
- Rest being contributed by manufacturers.
Out of total E-Waste volume in India – Television - 68% Desktop, Server - 27% Imports - 2% Mobile - 1%
CRT Recycling Rate:
CRTs are not made of steel; they are a complex mixture of lead, barium, and silica. The CRT typically represents 42% of the TV or monitor's weight.
Legitimate recycling companies may differ in the percentage of glass they repair or recycle. Some consolidate CRT glass from other companies, and have Rates over 75%. Others accept only repairable CRTs and TVs, or handle large volumes of cables and mainframes, and may have a rate below 25%. Over 70% of the weight of material in CRTs/Monitors/TVs is recovered and sent to re-processors for recycling. This includes the barium and lead glass fractions and the plastic ack panels.
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The CRT Recycling Process:
• Material is usually delivered palletised, although loose units can be accepted by arrangement.
• Plastic back panels are removed and sent directly from the facility to be
shredded and recycled into ‗wood like material ‘.
• Cables are removed together with the power supply unit, electronic guns and metal castings, which are sent for recycling.
• The new 'clean' CRT unit is fed into the state of the art splitting machine which cuts along 'the frit' line using laser guided cutting blades to separate the two types of glass. The shadow mask is removed and sent for recycling.
• The 'phosphor' coating on the panel glass is removed by vacuum suction into a filter unit and the two glass fractions are now separated ready for recycling.
• This is a high volume system which effectively allows over 70% material recoveries for recycling in compliance with the WEEE Directive target for CRT's.
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Computer Recycling
This includes all PC equipment such as Monitors, LCD Screens, PC Towers and Desktop Processors as well as ancillary equipment such as Keyboards, Mice and UPS equipment. The Computer Recycling solution ensures all equipment is stripped down and maximum recovery is achieved. All shipments are weighed in and separated into different material types giving a full material breakdown for fractions such as Plastics, Ferrous, Non Ferrous Metals, Circuit Boards and Batteries. This breakdown from the Computer Recycling process is part of the EMS system. Computer Recycling also include data destruction and wiping of hard drives through to full asset management.
Recycling Directives
The Electronics Recycling operates to the WEEE directive for efficient electronics disposal. The WEEE Directive aims to reduce the quantity of waste from electrical and electronic equipment and increase its re-use, recovery and recycling. The Directive affects producers, distributors and recyclers of electrical and electronic equipment. The primary target is domestic waste and is categorized as follows:
• Large household appliances.
• Small household appliances.
• IT and Telecoms equipment.
• Consumer equipment.
• Lighting equipment.
• Electrical Electronic tools.
• Toys, leisure and sports equipment.
• Medical services.
• Monitoring & control equipment.
• Automatic dispensers.
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Telecoms Recycling
The Electronics Recycling is a full Telecoms Recycling solution. All kinds of electronics and telecommunications equipment can be processed.
The Electronics Recycling handles a diverse range of electronics equipment for secure disposal, re-sale and recycling including:
• Main frames
• Networking equipment
• Surplus stock
• Cabling
Average weight and life span of different equipment required for the estimations of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment are shown in below table. Average life span was assumed based on the responses of consumers Mangalore, whereas average weight was obtained from the previous studies carried out by Toxics link.
Average Weight & Life Span of Electronic Equipment Type of Electronic
Equipment Average Weight Average useful life span (kgs) (Years)
Television 24.0 10
Personal computer (PC) 27.2 5
Refrigerator 30.0 10
Cell Phone 0.12 3
Washing Machine 27.0 12
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WEE Policy
The Government of India has reiterated its commitment to Waste Minimization and Control of Hazardous Wastes, both nationally and internationally.
The Basel Convention on the control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Disposal was signed by India on 15th March 1990 ratified and acceded to in 1992. A ratification of this convention obliges India to address the problem of transboundary movement and disposal of dangerous hazardous wastes through international cooperation. However, the convention agreement does not restrict the import of such wastes from countries that have not ratified the Basel Convention. It is through the orders of the Hon. Supreme Court that the import of such wastes is now banned in the country.
The legal basis therefore is regulated in the ―Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules (1989/2000 amended)‖. This document also controls the import of hazardous waste from any part of the world into India. However, import of such waste may be allowed for processing or reuse as raw material. There is no specific legislation pertaining to the management of e-waste so far.
E-Waste Regulations in India
The environmentally sound management of waste is a significant challenge for India. The Regulations / Rules and Acts for waste control are primarily listed as
- The Environmental Protection Act 1986
- The Environmental Protection Rules 1986
- The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules
- The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules
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- Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended 1988
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1971 amendment 2003 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, Amended 1987 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982
- The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
- The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control Rules) 2000
- The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008
- The Plastics (Manufacture, Usage and Waste Management) Rules, 2009
- The E-Waste (Management and Handling Rules) 2011
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Regulatory Regime for E-Waste
In India, there are no specific environmental laws or Guidelines for e-waste. None of the existing environmental laws have any direct reference to electronic waste or refer to its handling as hazardous in nature. However, several provisions of these laws may apply to various aspects of electronic wastes. Since e-waste or its constituents fall under the category of ‗hazardous‖ and ―non-hazardous waste‖, they shall be covered under the purview of ―The Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2003‖. Respective definitions, their meaning and interpretation under the rule is given below.
The Hazardous Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2003
The Hazardous Waste (Management and handling) Rule, 2003, defines “hazardous waste” as any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when on contact with other wastes or substances, and shall include:
• Waste substances that are generated in the 36 processes indicated in column 2 of Schedule I and consist of wholly or partly of the waste substances referred to in column 3 of same schedule.
• Waste substances that consist wholly or partly of substances indicated in five risks class (A, B, C, D, E) mentioned in Schedule 2, unless the concentration of substances is less than the limit indicated in the same Schedule.
• Waste substances that are indicated in Lists A and B of Schedule 3 (Part A) applicable only in cases of import and export of hazardous wastes in accordance with rules 12, 13 and 14 if they possess any of the hazardous characteristics listed in Part B of schedule 3.
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“Disposal” means deposit, treatment, recycling and recovery of any hazardous wastes. Important features of Schedule 1, 2 and 3, which may cover E-waste are given below.
Schedule 1
Although, there is no direct reference of electronic waste in any column of Schedule 1 (which defines hazardous waste generated through different industrial processes), the ―disposal process‖ of e-waste could be characterized as hazardous processes. The indicative list of these processes is given below.
• Secondary production and/ or use of Zinc
• Secondary production of copper
• Secondary production of lead
• Production and/ or use of cadmium and arsenic and their compounds
• Production of primary and secondary aluminum
• Production of iron and steel including other ferrous alloys (electric furnaces, steel rolling and finishing mills, coke oven and by product plan)
• Production or industrial use of materials made with organosilicon compounds
• Electronic industry
• Waste treatment processes, e.g. incineration, distillation, separation and concentration techniques
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As per these regulations, once a waste product is classified as hazardous according to industrial process listed in Schedule 1, it is exempted from the concentration limit requirement set by Schedule 2 of Act, and is considered hazardous irrespective of its concentrations.
Schedule 2
The Schedule 2 of the Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules 2003, lists waste substances which should be considered hazardous unless their concentration is less than the limit indicated in the said Schedule. The various classes of substances listed in this Schedule relevant to E-waste are covered in Class A, B, C, D and E are given below. E- waste or its fractions coming broadly under Class A and B are given below.
Class A: Concentration Limit: >= 50 mg/kg
The indicative waste list, which could be part of E-waste or its fractions under this class are given below:
• Antimony and antimony compounds
• Beryllium and beryllium compounds
• Cadmium and cadmium compounds
• Chromium (VI) compounds
• Mercury and mercury compounds
• Halogenated compounds of aromatic rings, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, polychloroteriphenyls and their derivatives
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• Halogenated aromatic compounds
Class B: Concentration Limit: >= 5,000 mg/kg
The indicative waste list, which could be part of E-waste or its fractions under this class are given below:
• Cobalt compounds • Copper compounds • Lead and lead compounds • Nickel compounds • Inorganic tin compounds • Vanadium compounds • Tungsten compounds • Silver compounds • Halogenated aliphatic compounds • Phenol and phenolic compounds • Chlorine • Bromine • Halogen-containing compounds, which produce acidic vapors on contact with humid air or water
Schedule 3
List of Hazardous Waste to be applicable only for imports and exports are mentioned in schedule 3. It define hazardous waste as ―Wastes listed in lists ‗A ‘ and ‗B ‘ of part A of schedule 3 applicable only in case(s)of export/import of hazardous wastes in accordance with rule 12, 13, and 14 only if they possess any of the hazardous characteristics in part B of said schedule‖.
This clause defines hazardous waste for the purpose of import and export. It has divided hazardous waste into two parts, A and B. Part A of the schedule deals with two lists of waste to be applicable only for imports and exports purpose. Export and import of items listed in List A and B of part are permitted only as raw materials for recycling or reuse.
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Electronic Waste and Related Items listed in part A, Lists of wastes applicable for Import and Export
Following are the electronic items being mentioned in list A:
A1180 ―Electrical and electronic assemblies or scraps containing components such as accumulators and other batteries included on list B, mercury-switches, glass from cathode ray tubes and other activated glass and PCB-capacitors, or contaminated with schedule 2 constituents (e.g. cadmium, mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyl) to an extent that they exhibit hazard characteristics indicated in part B of this schedule‖.
A1090 Ashes from the incineration of insulated copper wire. A1150 Precious metal ash from incineration of PCBs not included on list ‗B‘ A2010 Glass waste from cathode ray tubes and other activated glass. A3180 Wastes, substances and articles containing, consisting of or contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and including any other poly brominated analogues of these compounds, at a concentration level of 50 mg/kg or more.
Following are electronic items placed on list B B1110:
1. Electronic assemblies consisting only of metals or alloys
2. Waste Electrical and electronic assemblies scrap (including printed circuit board, electronic components and wires) destined for direct reuse and not for recycling or final disposal.
3. Waste electrical and electronic assemblies scrap (including printed circuit boards) not containing components such as accumulators and other batteries included on list A, mercury switches, glass from cathode ray tubes and other activated glass and PCB- capacitors, or not contaminated with constituents such as cadmium, mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyl) or from which these have been removed, to an extent that they do not possess any of the constituents mentioned in Schedule 2 to the extent of concentration limits specified therein.
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4. Electrical and electronic assemblies (including printed circuit boards, electronic components and wires) destined for direct reuse and not for recycling or final disposal.
Storage Areas
(1) The storage areas for string the e-waste in a facility can be located within the facility - on-site storage or located at a place outside the facility – offsite storage including the warehouses. Such storage areas should be covered areas for storage of e-waste till such time that the waste is recycled or treated. The storages could also be the warehouses hired for this purpose.
(2) Appropriate containers should be used for storing different e-waste items separately and there should be no mixing of different kinds of e-waste
(3) The purpose of the weatherproof covering for storage at treatment sites is to minimize the contamination of clean surface and rain waters, to facilitate the reuse of those whole appliances and components intended for recycling and to assist in the containment of hazardous materials and fluids. The areas that are likely to require weatherproof covering will therefore include the storage areas and the treatment areas for the treating hazardous or fluid containing e-waste or whole appliances or components intended for recycling. The type of weatherproof covering required will depend of the types and quantities of waste and the storage and treatment activities undertaken. Weatherproof covering may in some circumstances simply involve a lid or cover over a container but in others it may involve the construction of a roofed building.
(4) Impermeable surfaces should be provide for appropriate areas. ―Impermeable surface‖ means a surface or pavement constructed and maintained to a standard sufficient to prevent the transmission of liquids beyond the pavement surface. The impermeable surface should be associated with a sealed drainage system and may be needed even where weatherproof covering is used. This
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means a drainage system with impermeable components which does not leak and which will ensure that no liquid will run off the pavement other than via the system and all liquids entering the system are collected in a sealed sump.
(5) Appropriate spillage collection facilities should be provided. The spillage collection facilities include the impermeable pavement and sealed drainage system as the primary means of containment. However, spill kits to deal with spillages of oils, fuel and acids should be provided and used as appropriate.
(6) Appropriate sites must provide appropriate storage for disassembled spare parts. Some spare parts (e.g. motors and compressors) will contain oil and/or other fluids. Such parts must be appropriately segregated and stored in containers that are secured such that oil and other fluids cannot escape from them. These containers must be stored on an area with an impermeable surface and a sealed drainage system.
(7) Other components and residues arising from the treatment of e-waste will need to be contained following their removal for disposal or recovery. Where they contain hazardous substances they should be stored on impermeable surfaces and in appropriate containers or bays with weatherproof covering. Containers should be clearly labeled to identify their contents and must be secure so that liquids, including rainwater, cannot enter them. Components should be segregated having regard to their eventual destinations and the compatibility of the component types. All batteries should be handled and stored having regard to the potential fire risk associated with them.
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Dismantling & Segregation of Dismantled Parts
Dismantling and segregation of e-wate are the first steps towards recycling of the e-waste. These are cost effective and labour intensive activities that are mostly carried out in the informal sector, which needs to be brought into the mainstream recycling activity. Such activities may be retained with the existing dismantling units to become a feeder system for the Integrated Facility or provisions could be made in the integrated facility for setting up a shed for dismantling and segregation. Dismantling of e-waste may be carried out manually or mechanically depending upon the scale of operations and the e-waste being handled. Manual Dismantling should only involve the used electronic and electrical equipments where there is no likelihood for being in contact with hazardous substances. An integrated facility should provide a mechanical dismantling facility to dismantle e- waste containing hazardous substances.
Recycling
(1) Recycling of e-waste comprises of various stages with options of technologies available for recycling the various components of e-waste.
(2) The integrated e-waste recycling facility should opt for the Best Available Technologies (BAT) and provide the state of the art facility complying with all the environmental norms in the terms of emissions, effluents, noise waste treatment and disposal etc.
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Treatment & Disposal
(1) Provisions should be made of equipment for the treatment of water, including rainwater, in compliance with health and environmental regulations. However, it should be remembered that as a matter of best practice, operators of treatment facilities should take appropriate steps to minimize the contamination of clean waters. All liquid runoff from an impermeable pavement used for the treatment of hazardous e-waste and hazardous components will be regarded as being contaminated, unless it can be shown otherwise (irrespective of whether there happens to be any activity on the pavement at the time.)
(2) On most sites, two systems for the management of water will be necessary, for clean water and for contaminated water. Clean water can be dealt with by surface water drains that should carry only uncontaminated water from roofs to a water course or soak away. The treatment of contaminated water to the necessary standard will require a sealed drainage system, as defined above. It may be necessary to obtain consent if water is to be discharged.
(3) Impermeable surfaces should be providing for appropriate areas. ―Impermeable surface‖ means a surface or pavement constructed and maintained to a standard sufficient to prevent the transmission of liquids beyond the pavement surface. The impermeable surface should be associated with a sealed drainage system and may be needed even where weatherproof covering is used. This means a drainage system with impermeable components which does not leak and which will ensure that no liquid will run off the pavement other than via the system and all liquids entering the system are collected in a sealed sump.
(4) The activity of treating e-waste itself carries a risk of pollution that must be managed. All treatment activities must take place within an area provided with an impermeable surface. The type of impermeable surface required is likely to depend on a number of factors, including:
• type and quantity of e-waste being processed
• whether it contains hazardous substances and fluids
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• type and volume of other materials dealt with
• type and level of activity undertaken on the surface
• length of time the surface is meant to be in service
• level of maintenance
Whether a surface is in fact impermeable will depend on how it is constructed and the use it is put to. A surface will not be impermeable and therefore will be unacceptable if, it has slabs or paving not properly joined or sealed, it is composed solely of hard standing made up of crushed or broken bricks or other types of aggregate and spillages or surface water will not be contained within the system.
(5) Spillage collection facilities include the impermeable pavement and sealed drainage system as the primary means of containment. However, spill kits to deal with spillages of oils, fuel and acids should be provided and used as appropriate.
(6) Records to be maintained on the treated waste to ensure that e-waste entering a treatment facility and components and materials leaving each site (together with their destinations).
(7) Operators of treatment facilities need to be aware that there will be a data- reporting requirement placed on them. The emphasis will be on obligated producers to report compliance, and in this context they should engage ATFs that provide treatment compliance services to ensure they can show adequate verification of treatment for the e-waste for which they have responsibility.
Procedures for compliance with the existing regulations and Guidelines
1. Existing Indian Guidelines/ best practices/ requirements for establishment and operation of storage, treatment, and disposal facilities for hazardous wastes may be adequate for establishing and operating Integrated E-waste Management Facility (IEWMF). This will minimize interventions in existing regulatory institutional mechanism related to pollution prevention, abatement
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and control.
2. Permission needs to be given to Secured Land filling and incineration solely for e waste
Residues Treatment
Plastic containing flame-retardants can be burnt in common hazardous waste incineration facilities. But monitoring and control of plastic burning at these facilities is a big environmental health and safety issue. Therefore, plastic, which cannot be recycled and is hazardous in nature, is recommended to be land filled in nearby TSDF/SLF.
CFCs shall be handled as per the Montreal Protocol.
The provisions for disposal of CFCs laid out in the Montreal Protocol
1. Used Oil needs to be disposed out as per Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2003.
2. Capacitors containing PCB‘s can be incinerated in common hazardous waste
incineration facilities.
3. Existing Lead recycling facilities from batteries fall under the existing environmental regulations for air, water, noise, land and soil pollution and generation of hazardous waste. In case lead recovery is very low, they can be temporarily stored at e-waste dismantling facility and later disposed in TSDF.
4. Mercury recovery facilities using distillation process in India fall under the existing environmental regulations for air, water, noise, land and soil pollution and generation of hazardous waste. In case mercury recovery from e-waste is very low, they can be temporarily stored at e-waste dismantling facility and later disposed in TSDF.
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5. There is a need for collection and transportation system for e-waste. This will also ensure availability of e-waste to IEWMF. An organization consisting of industries or industry association at national and local level can be made responsible for collection and transportation of e-waste. Such type of organizations is functional in e-waste management system outside India. They act as important link between e-waste generator and dismantler. But in the absence of such organization, the e-waste treatment facility operator will integrate backward with generators, which will have higher cost implications.
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International Legislation
International Legislations for WEEE Handling and Management
The Basel Convention: Basel Convention on the Control for the Trans boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, in force since 1992, is the only global environment agreement on waste and now comprises almost 165 national governments (April 2005). The global agreement regulates trade in hazardous wastes, including WEEE; it seeks to ensure that they are disposed of safely and that the generation of such wastes is minimized. An Amendment to the Convention, commonly known as the Basel Ban, which calls for prohibiting the export of hazardous waste from OECD to non-OECD countries, is still to come into force. India ratified the convention in 1990; however, the Basel Ban has still to be accepted.
The European Union (EU) has enacted two Directives, the first on product recycling (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, WEEE) and the second limiting the use of certain substances (Restriction on the use of Hazardous Substances, RoHS). By August 2005, these Directives will be implemented in the national laws of each EU Member State.
The purpose of WEEE directive is, as a first priority, the prevention of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), and in addition, the reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce the disposal of waste. When putting a product on the market a producer must provide a guarantee that, the management of all WEEE will be financed. Producer responsibility will include meeting labelling requirements, providing information to end-users and treatment facilities, ensuring the availability of collection infrastructure, submitting sales and recovery data, and financing WEEE costs.
The purpose of RoHS directive is to restrict the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment and to contribute to the protection of human health and the environmentally sound recovery and disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment.
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The Swiss Ordinance on the Return, the taking back and the Disposal of Electrical and Electronic equipment (ORDEE) entered into force on 1 July 1998 and was worldwide the first legal regulation on WEEE. Under the ORDEE, retailers, manufacturers and importers are required to take back, at no charge, appliances of the kind that they normally stock. Consumers, for their part, are obliged to return end-of-life appliances and are not allowed to dispose of them via household waste or bulky item collections.
Collection and disposal, financed on a private-sector basis, is managed by the Swiss Foundation for the Disposal of Wastes (S.EN.S) and the Swiss Association for Information, Communication and Organisational Technology (SWICO). The purchase price of all appliances covered by the ORDEE includes a prepaid disposal charge based on voluntary sectoral agreements. Equipment can thus be returned free of charge. German Electrical and Electronic Equipment Act - ElektroG Act - entered into force in March 2005 and is governing the Sale, Return and Environmentally Sound Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and implements the EU directives on WEEE and RoHS.
The goal of this act is to prevent waste from electrical and electronic equipment, to reduce waste volumes through reuse, provisions for collection, recovery and recycling quotas and to reduce the content of hazardous substances in equipment.
Based on the whole of Germany, at least 4kg WEEE per kilogram and year is to be collected from private households. A ban on the use of certain hazardous substances in the production of new electrical and electronic equipment aims to prevent damage to the environment and health right from the outset and to prevent disposal problems arising at all. With this legal regulation producers are compelled to incorporate the entire life of their products into their calculations.
The European Union introduced regulations to influence electronic scrap collection and management by implementing the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive in 2002. Those regulations intend to increase financing for the collection of surplus electronics by holding manufacturers responsible for disposal of their products at the end- of-life.
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Surplus electronics have extremely high cost differentials. A single repairable laptop can be worth hundreds of dollars, while an imploded CRT (cathode ray tube) is extremely difficult and expensive to recycle. This has created a difficult free market economy, which unintentionally rewards collectors who do not sort the equipment.
Large quantities of used electronics are typically sold to countries with very high repair capability, and high raw material demand, resulting in high accumulations of "residue" in poor areas without strong environmental laws. China, Malaysia, India, and Africa have extremely high demand for the valuable portion of surplus electronics, but have little environmental remediation or regulatory infrastructure to manage residues and wastes from those coming led loads.
Political organizations such as Greenpeace contend that the residue problems are so bad that the exports of all used electronics should be banned. Organizations such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) tend to support repair and recycling trade.
Massachusetts was the first state in the U.S. to make it illegal to dispose of CRTs in April 2000. California implemented a broader waste ban, with advance recovery fee funding, two years later. The California Electronic Waste Recycling Act placed a fee on covered electronics sold in California that helped create an infrastructure. California went from only a handful of recyclers to over 60 within the state and over 600 collection sites.
Electronic waste processing systems have matured in recent years following increased regulatory, public, and commercial scrutiny, and a commensurate increase in entrepreneurial interest. Part of this evolution has involved greater diversion of electronic waste from energy intensive, down-cycling processes (e.g. conventional recycling) where equipment is reverted to a raw material form. This diversion is achieved through reuse and refurbishing.
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The environmental and social benefits of reuse are several: diminished demand for new products and their commensurate requirement for virgin raw materials (with their own environmental externalities not factored into the cost of the raw materials) and larger quantities of pure water and electricity for associated manufacturing, less packaging per unit, availability of technology to wider swaths of society due to greater affordability of products, and diminished use of landfills e-waste processing usually first involves dismantling the equipment into various parts — metal frames, power supplies, circuit boards, and plastics — which are separated, often by hand.
Alternatively, material is shredded, and sophisticated expensive equipment separates the various metal and plastic fractions, which then are sold to various smelters and or plastics recyclers.
A typical electronic waste recycling plant as found in some industrialized countries combines the best of dismantling for component recovery with increased capacity to process large amounts of electronic waste in a cost effective-manner. Material is fed into a hopper, which travels up a conveyor and is dropped into the mechanical separator, which is followed by a number of screening and granulating machines. The entire recycling machinery is enclosed and employs a dust collection system
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Recycling of E-Waste
• Treatment Options of E-Waste
- Land filling.
- Incineration.
• Technologies in India
- E-waste trade value chain.
- Environmentally Sound E-waste Treatment Technology.
- CRT treatment technology.
• Technology Currently Used in India
- Decontamination.
- Dismantling.
- Pulverization/ Hammering.
- Shredding.
- Density separation using water
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Step-by Step Process of E-waste Recycling
The e-waste recycling process is highly labor intensive and goes through several steps. Below is the step-by-step process of how e-waste is recycled.
Picking Shed
When the e-waste items arrive at the recycling plants, the first step involves sorting all the manually. Batteries are removed for quality check.items
Disassembly
After sorting by hand, the second step involves a serious labor intensive process of manual dismantling. The e-waste items are taken apart to retrieve all the parts and then categorized into core materials and components. The dismantled items are then separated into various categories into parts that can be re-used or still continue the recycling processes.
First size reduction process
Here, items that cannot be dismantled efficiently are shredded together with the other dismantled parts to pieces less than 2 inches in diameter. It is done in preparation for further categorization of the finer e-waste pieces.
Second size reduction process
The finer e-waste particles are then evenly spread out through an automated shaking process on a conveyor belt. The well spread out e-waste pieces are then broken down further. At this stage, any dust is extracted and discarded in a way that does not degrade the environmentally.
Over-band Magnet
At this step, over-band magnet is used to remove all the magnetic materials including steel and iron from the e-waste debris.
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Non-metallic and metallic components separation
The sixth step is the separation of metals and non-metallic components. Copper, aluminum, and brass are separated from the debris to only leave behind non- metallic materials. The metals are either sold as raw materials or re-used for fresh manufacture.
Water Separation
As the last step, plastic content is separated from glass by use of water. One separated, all the materials retrieved can then be resold as raw materials for re-use. The products sold include plastic, glass, copper, iron, steel, shredded circuit boards, and valuable metal mix.
E-Cycle Components Re-Use
1. Plastic: All the plastic materials retrieved are sent to recyclers who use them to manufacture items such as fence posts, plastic sleepers, plastic trays, vineyard stakes, and equipment holders or insulators among other plastic products.
2. Metal: Scrap metals materials retrieved are sent to recyclers to manufacture new steel and other metallic materials.
3. Glass is retrieved from the Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) mostly found in televisions and computer monitors. Extracting glass for recycling from CRTs is a more complicated task since CRTs are composed of several hazardous materials. Lead is the most dangerous and can adversely harm human health and the environment. Tubes in big CRT monitors can contain high levels of lead of up to 4 kilograms. Other toxic metals such as barium and phosphor are also contained in CRT tubes. To achieve the best environmentally friendly glass extraction, the following steps ensure a specialized CRT recycling:
• Manual separation of the CRT from the television or monitor body
• Size reduction process where the CRT is shredded into smaller pieces. Dust is eliminated and disposed in an environmentally friendly way.
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• All metals are removal through over-band magnets, where ferrous and non- ferrous components are eliminated from the glass materials.
• A washing line is then used to clear oxides and phosphors from the glass
• Glass sorting is the final step whereby leaded glass is separated from non- leaded glass. The extracts can then be used for making new screens.
4. Mercury: Mercury containing devices are sent to mercury recycling facilities that uses a specialized technology for elimination for use in dental amalgams and metric instruments, and for fluorescent lighting. Other components such as glass and plastics are re-used for manufacture of their respective products.
5. Printed Circuit Boards: Circuit boards are sent to specialized and accredited companies where they are smelted to recover non-renewable resources such as silver, tin, gold, palladium, copper and other valuable metals.
6. Hard Drives: Hard drives are shredded in whole and processed into aluminum ingots for use in automotive industry.
7. Ink and Toner Cartridges: Ink and toner cartridges are taken back to respective manufacturing industries for recycling. They are remanufactured while those that can‘t are separated into metal and plastic for re-use as raw materials.
8. Batteries: Batteries are taken to specialized recyclers where they are hulled to take out plastic. The metals are smelted is specialized conditions to recover nickel, steel, cadmium and cobalt that are re-used for new battery production and fabrication of stainless steel.Batteries are taken to specialized recyclers where they are hulled to take out plastic. The metals are smelted is specialized conditions to recover nickel, steel, cadmium and cobalt that are re-used for new battery production and fabrication of stainless steel.
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Recycling of E-Waste Under Controlled Conditions
The recycling of e-waste under controlled conditions generally engages two types of facilities according to the nature of the methods involved. In the first one the e waste is dismantled and mechanically processed so that materials can be separated and further recovered. In the second type of facilities, metallurgical processes are used to recover metals, and various other processes to recover plastics and other materials. Dismantling and Sorting
The first step in the recycling process is dismantling, which allows the recovery of whole homogenous parts that may be reusable, valuable or recyclable, e.g. whole components, metal, plastic or glass parts, and hazardous components that require further special treatment, e.g. mercury containing components, batteries, CRT-glass and LCDs.
Following separation, mercury containing components are normally sent to specialized mercury recovery facilities or authorized hazardous waste incinerators with modern flue gas cleaning systems. Batteries are normally sent for processing to recover cadmium, nickel, mercury and lead; the former three through heating of the batteries in a furnace, leading to evaporation of the metals that later can be collected through condensation, and lead by smelting the whole batteries or parts of them in a metallurgical process.
Mechanical Shredding and Separation
Further liberation and size reduction of the recyclable materials, e.g. PC- boards, is usually achieved shredding or crushing process. After the size reduction, the materials are sorted into defined output fractions based on their specific physical characteristics, such as weight, size, shape, density, and electrical and magnetic characteristics.
Typical sorting processes used are screening, magnetic separation of ferrous parts,separation (electric conductivity) of non-ferrous metals (e.g. copper and aluminium), and density or gravity separation (water or airflow tables, heavy media floating, sifting) of
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plastics.
The sorting is supported by screening as well as further size reduction steps. Final output streams are usually components taken out as a whole (for reuse or further treatment), a magnetic fraction (going to steel plants), an aluminium fraction (going to aluminium smelters), a copper fraction (going to copper smelters), and in some cases various plastic fractions. Usually a waste fraction is also generated at this stage, which among others consists of a mixture of plastics, glass, wood and rubber. This fraction is called ―the shredder light fraction‖, is sent for further processing, incineration or land filling.
Metallurgical Processes
Further upgrading and refining of the metal containing fractions are performed by metallurgical processes. Both pyrometallurgical processes, in which the metals aremelted, and hydrometallurgical processes, in which the metals are dissolved, areused.
Pyrometallurgical Processing:
Pyro metallurgical processing in copper smelters followed by electrolytic refining has become the dominant method to recover non-ferrous metals, including precious metals as well as other valuable metals.In the process, the crushed scraps are burned in a furnace or in a molten bath to remove plastics. At the same time metals such as iron, lead and zinc are converted into oxides that will become fixed within a silica based slag.
The melt that mainly contains copper (but also silver, gold, palladium, nickel, selenium, tellurium and zinc) is further refined in a converter and an anode furnace where it is cast into anodes with copper content exceeding 99%. The remaining 0.9% contains the other recoverable metals, including the precious metals. The metals in the anodes are then typically refined and recovered by electrolysis in acidic solution.
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Hydrometallurgical Processes
Hydrometallurgical processes are normally used for the final refining of the metals, following the pyro metallurgical processes, but are used as an alternative to the pyro metallurgical processes.
The main steps in the hydrometallurgical processing consist of a series of acid or caustic leaches of solid material, which normally requires a small grain size to increase the metal yield.
Leaching solvents are commonly solutions of cyanide, thiourea, thiosulfate, and sodium hydroxide and acids such as aqua regia, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid. From the solutions, the metals of interest are then isolated and concentrated via processes such as solvent extraction, precipitation, cementation, adsorption, ion exchange, filtration and distillation.
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Process Flow Sheet Diagram
E- Waste(PCB)
Dismantling and Sorting Reusable Parts, Hazardous Materials
Size Reduction (Shredding and Grinding)
Vibrating Screens
Magnetic Separation
Ferrous Metals e.g. Mild Steel
Eddy Current Separation
Non-ferrous Metals, e.g. Aluminium Density Separation
Plastics
Residues, ―Shredder Light Fraction‖
Incineration or Land Filling
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Materials Recycled
PCB Recycling
Recycling of electronic circuits in general and Printed Circuit Boards, in particular, are very important for the protection of environment. It is also a good source of rare and costly metals in trace amount and proper recycling of PCBs can help recover these elements with minimum environment cost. There are three main stages of PCBs recycling mainly pre- treatment, physical separation and chemical separation. In pre-treatment stage, crude separation is made and toxic parts as well as parts that can be disassembled are removed. After this process, the physical separation process starts where metallic and non-metallic materials are separated after proper size reduction by appropriate technologies. Metallic and Non-metallic materials are sent for further management. Most of the time chemical separation is used to recover materials.
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) can be found in any piece of electrical or electronic equipment: nearly all electronic items, including calculators and remote control units, contain large circuit boards; an increasing number of white goods, as washing machines contains circuit boards for example in electronic timers. About 70% in PCBs from computers and TV set and 20% in those from mobile phones are found. PCBs typically contain lead, copper, nickel, iron, tin, palladium, zinc, silver, aluminum, mild steel and gold. Waste PCBs has around 30% metal and 70% non- metals.
Working Principles
As the raw materials of your is computer PCB boards with electronic components through crushing and separating, consist of this whole system: automate shredder+ vertical crusher +magnetic conveyor +eddy current separator + fineness crusher + fineness analyzer + airflow separator +gravity separator (big particle metals) + high voltage electrostatic separator machine (smaller particle metals).
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The materials through shredder shredding to 20-40 mm , then conveying to the vertical crusher machine 8-10 mm , falls down to the magnetic conveyor sort the Fe, the other metals and PCB materials feeding into the eddy current separator, the big particle aluminum/copper /alloy steels /bolts sorts out.
The Product:
The plant produces the following final product through the processing of the said e-waste.
1. Mixed plastic dana
2. Mixed metal
3. Copper Wire Scrap
4. Monitors (CRT) reconditioned
5. Broken Glass
The System for recycling of WEEE Scrap is capable of processing the following types of input material:
Computer Scrap Containing:
- Main Frame Computers
- Personal Computers
- Keyboards, Monitors without the glass tubes
- Printers
- Faxes etc.
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Small Home Appliances Containing:
- Videos
- TV sets without the glass tube
- Record Players
- CD Players
- Hair Dryers
- Toasters
- Vacuum Cleaners
- Radios
- Coffee Makers
- Irons
- Micro Wave Ovens etc.
Handheld Tools:
- Drilling Machines
- Grinding Machines Etc.
Electrical Scrap:
- Contactors
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- Relays
- Main Breakers
- Fuses
- Contact Bars
- Switches
- Instruments Etc.
Electronic and Telegraphic Scrap:
- Electro Mechanical
- Switchboards/Relays
- Computerized Switchboards
- Printed Circuit Boards etc.
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Input Material
The input material seems to vary strongly according to what is found on the e- waste market. It consist of complete EEE appliances or is purchased in bulk already partially dismantled and sorted from functioning parts or more valuable fractions. At the time of the visit, there were some large industrial electronic appliances (probably servers), a few personal computer units, and a pile of about one metric tonne of electronic scraps consisting of printed circuit boards (PCB) with all constituent (capacitors, connectors, batteries, wire etc.), old telephones, scrap iron, plastic, and a lot of dust and unidentified small fractions.
Products of the dismantling and sorting process are scrap iron, fractions with gold (connector, PCB, etc.), electrical wires, e-waste scrap of lower value, etc. Process wastes were not well identified but consist probably of plastic, tiny fractions and dust from the electronic scrap and dismantling work, capacitors, non-functioning batteries, etc. A good part of them are probably evacuated with the metal scraps.
There is no pollution of the e-waste of their hazardous fractions. Batteries are tested and sell if they are still functioning. Non-functioning batteries, capacitors, barium getter, etc. are resold as metal scraps to the next step of the recycling chain.
Metals
• Valuable metals are used as component materials for the circuit board, LCD module, and camera module.
• During the smelting process, valuable metals such as gold, silver, and copper can be retrieved from these electronic parts.
• The metals that are retrieved can be used for new electronic parts or can be sold separately on their own.
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Plastics
• Plastic materials are used for structural components such as the case and cover.
• The plastic materials that have been collected are recycled as energy resources after going through a heat recovery process. Alternatively, they can be used as a form of recycled plastic once they have been broken down and processed.
• Recycled plastic can be used to produce products such as traffic cones, plastic fencing, and car bumpers.
Batteries
• It is important to collect batteries separately, given the variety of batteries that are used. Li-Ion batteries are frequently used in mobile phones.
• Cobalt can be collected once the batteries have been pretreated to avoid the risk of explosion during the recycling process.
• It is possible to sell the cobalt that is collected or use it as a raw material for products such as padlocks and speakers.
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DDoo’’ss aanndd DDoonn’’ttss iinn EE--WWaassttee RReeccyycclliinngg UUnniitt DO’S
• All electrical and electronic products are required to be handed over only to the Authorized recycler.
• The product should be handed over only to authorized recycler for disposal.
• Keep the product in isolated area, after it becomes non-functional /un- repairable so as to prevent its accidental breakage.
Don’ts:
• The product should not be opened by the User himself / herself, but only by authorised service personnel.
• The product is not meant for re-sale any unauthorised agencies/scrap dealer/kabariwalahs.
• The product is not meant for mixing into household waste stream.
• Do not keep any replaced spare part(s) from the pro duct in exposed area.
• Do Not Dispose Off The E-WASTE In Landfills
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Pcb Circuit Board Recycling Plant & Machinery Details
Application and Performance
The waste electronic circuit boards recycling line recover precious metals efficiently from e- scrap discharged by electronic manufacturers domestically and abroad. The e-scrap includes waste PCB, leftover bits and pieces, electronic components, electronic equipment, etc.
It aims to extract and recover metal and non-metallic from the waste PCB through the process of crushing, pulverize and air separation. It eradicates the traditional way of incineration and chemical agents dousing and tremendously reduces environmental pollution, and it contributes greatly to human health and ecological balance. It has the advantages of saving space, same separation efficiency but low cost, automatic processing, stable performance, easy operation, convenient maintenance and recovery rate. The equipment is suitable for Computer circuit boards, lap computer circuit boards, LED mobile phone PCB, washing machine PCB, induction cooker PCB, air conditioner PCB, leftover material, scrap circuit board, copper clad laminate, etc.
The Equipment Advantages
1. Sound Proof
2. No need water
3. No dust pollution
4. High rate of metal recovery
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5. Savingpower, savinglabor
6. Nowaste, metal and non-metallic 97% of full recycling.
Description of Equipment’s
Three intellectual properties of the machinery, there is no dust pollution or water pollution or noise or poisoned air. The machinery easy operation, meanwhile the whole system machinery assembled with the dust catching system, there is no any pollution.
SX800 belt conveyor
Power 2.2kw output 1,000-1,500 kg/h Size 6,000*800*2,500mm Qty 3 Pcs
Unit price US$1500 /set
SX1400 double shaft shredder Power 55kw*2pcs blades qty 30 Pcs Cutting plate 400*40mm blades materials 55SiCr
Chamber 1200*788mm, input size:1, 600*1200mm
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Dimension: 4,700*2,000*2,700mm
SX1000 climbing conveyor
Power 7.5kw output 1,000-1,500 kg/h Size:7,000*800*2,800 mm
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SX1250 vertical crusher
Power 45kw
Blades 24 Pcs raw materials Mn13Cr12
Input size:350*300 mm Dimension: Φ1250*2,500 mm
SX500 suspend magnetic
Motor 0.75 kw, Size: φ230*2PCS*650 mm
Gause 5,800; weight :300 kg
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SX600 Eddy current separator Motor 0.37kw *2 PCS+4kw Diameter of roller 300 mm width of belt 450mm Rotary speed:0-3,000 RPM Size 1,885×1,450×1,150 mm Output 800-1000 kg/h
Weight 1,500 kg
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SX1000 vibration screen
Power :0.37kw*2sets
Size :2000*1000*4000mm Qty:1 PCS
SX160 screw conveyor
Power 1.1kw size φ160*4000mm
QTY 2 PCS
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Suppliers of Plant and Machinery
Complete Plant & Machinery Suppliers
Henan Province Sanxing Machinery Co., Ltd. Address: West Gang, Xushui Town Zhongyuan Region, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-0371-67842763 Mobile Phone: 18790292668 Fax: 86-0371-67842730 Website: http://english.hnsxhb.com, http://english.hnsxjx.cn, http://www.hnssxjx.com
MSS Optical Sorters 300 Oceanside Drive Nashville, TN 37204 Phone: 615-781-2669 Fax: 615-781-2923 Email: [email protected]
Xinxiang Zhongyuan Machinery Co., Ltd. Content person: Kyle Duan Address: No. Sizhuangding Industrial Zone, Xinxiang, Henan, China Mobile: 86-152 2599 2512 Tel: 86-373-3801977 Fax: 86-373-3801977 Email: [email protected] Website: www.soarheavy.com
CP Manufacturing, Inc. Address: 6795 Calle de Linea, San Diego, CA 92154 Hans Ouellet: VP Sales & Marketing Email: [email protected] Office: 619-477-3175
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Mobile: 619-806-9505
John Inman: Sales Manager Email: [email protected] Office: 619-336-7208 Main Tel: 619-477-3175 Toll-Free (US): 800-462-5311 Fax: 619-477-2215 Email: [email protected]
Green Machine Address: 5 Gigante Drive, Hampstead, NH 03841, Ph.: (603) 329-7337 Toll Free: 877-448-4443 Fax: 603-329-7458 E-mail address: [email protected]
Sales Office: Equipment Sales / Sales Engineering / Parts & Services Address: 11 East Genesee Street, Baldwinsville, NY 13027, E-mail address: [email protected]
Hunan Vary Technology Co., Ltd. Address: No.11, Panpan Road, National Economic & Technological Development Zone, Changsha - 410100, Hunan, China Phone No.: 86-731-82791063
Zhengzhou Zhengyang Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd. Address: South No. 03, 4/F, Henan Communication Industry Park, Economic Development Zone, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-371-86058620, 13283840926 Mobile Phone: 13283840926 Fax: 86-371-86058620 Website: http://www.zzzyjx.cn, http://www.zyfoodmachine.com http://www.zygreenmachine.com
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FAB INDIA Address: Plot no.3/4, Khodiyar Estate, I/S.Shakriba Estate, Phase-IV, Vatva GIDC, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Telephone: 91-079-40301472 Mobile Phone: 9725012744 Website: http://www.wastetyreplant.com, http://www.pyrolysisplant.in/ http://www.tyrepyrolysisplants.com/
Henan Sriple Environmental Protection Machinery Co., Ltd Address: South Sec., Chenfeng Ave., Economic and Technical Development Zone, Shangqiu, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-370-3167908 Mobile Phone: 8615237060523 Fax: 86-370-3167908 Website: http://www.sriplemachine.cn
Hunan Vary Tech Co., Ltd. Address: No. 11, Panpan Road, Changsha Economy and Technology Development Zone, Changsha, Hunan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-731-82790115 Mobile Phone: 18674824280 Fax: 86-731-82796318 Website: http://www.vary.net.cn, http://www.globalsources.com/vary.com
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Waste Wire Recycling Unit
Zhengzhou Amisy Trading Co., Ltd. Address: Room A510 of SOKEYUFA Building NO.26 Jingliu Road, ZHENGZHOU, Henan Province, CHINA, 450000 Email: [email protected] Telephone: +86-371-65866393 /65903478 Fax: 0086-371-65903401 Website: www.amisymachinery.com
Zhengzhou Shuliy Machinery Co., Ltd. Address: Room 914, Floor 9, No. 1394, East Hanghai Road, Economic-Technological Development Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 0086-371-86660712 Mobile Phone: 0086-15238618565 Fax: 0086-371-86660713 Website: http://www.shuliy.com, http://www.zzshuli.cn Website: http://www.shuliy.cn
Zhengzhou Yanyang Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Address: 200m South of Crossing of East Hanghai Rd. And Zhongzhou Road, Guancheng District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-371-66833161 Mobile Phone: 0086 13673632889 Fax: 86-371-66833323 Website: http://www.yanyangmachine.com, http://yanyangjx.en.alibaba.com/
Henan Province Sanxing Machinery Co., Ltd. Address: West Gang, Xushui Town Zhongyuan Region, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-0371-67842763 Mobile Phone: 18790292668
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Fax: 86-0371-67842730 Website: http://english.hnsxhb.com, http://english.hnsxjx.cn, Website: http://www.hnssxjx.com Zhengzhou Furui Mechanical Equipment Co., Ltd. Address: Room 0923, 9/F, Eastyuan No. 3 Building, Xinyuan Center Garden, Tongtai&Jinshui Road Crossing, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-371-66883995 Mobile Phone: 15890690051 Fax: 86-371-66883995 Website: http://www.cnchinafree.cn
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CRT Cutting Machine
Tech Max Mr. V. Srinivas Reddy (CEO) Address: Plot No. 75, I. D. A., Uppal, Lane, Beside Sri Krishna Pharmaceutics Langa - 500 039, Maharashtra, India Mobile: +(91)-9885324866
Jiangxi Mingxin Metallurgy Equipment Co., Ltd. Address: Wenfang Village, Qinjiang Town, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China Telephone: 86- 0797-5712838 Mobile Phone: 18607971528 Fax: 86-0797-5790996 Website: http://www.genming.com
Loyalty Equipment-Making (Sichuan) Co., Ltd. Address: Guangming Village, Tianpeng Town, Pengzhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-28-83871176 Fax: 86-28-83871175 Website: http://www.lemakingsc.cn, http://www.le.sh.cn
Jinan Sanyou CNC Equipment Co., Ltd. Address: Jixiang Industrial Park, Zaoyuan St. Office, Zhangqiu, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (Mainland) Telephone: 0086-531-68850149 Mobile Phone: 0086-18954135530 Website: http://www.jnsanyou.com/eng, Website: http://www.sanyoucnc.com.cn
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Waste PCB Recycle Equipment
Zhengzhou Zhengyang Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd. Address: South No. 03, 4/F, Henan Communication Industry Park, Economic Development Zone, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-371-86058620, 13283840926 Mobile Phone: 13283840926 Fax: 86-371-86058620 Website: http://www.zzzyjx.cn, http://www.zyfoodmachine.com, Website: http://www.zygreenmachine.com
Henan Mart Industry Co., Ltd. Address: No. 2311, 23/F, Bldg. 2, No. 99-1, Jingsan Road, Jinshui Dist., Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-371-86053820 Mobile Phone: 86-15838304405 Fax: 86-371-86053955 Website: http://www.hnmart.com
Henan Faith Industry & Commerce Co., Ltd. Address: Room 712, Building 6, No. 22, Zhengliu Street, Jinshui Dist., Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-371-65733233,13783679364 Mobile Phone: 13783679364 Fax: 86-371-65733233 Website: http://ffaith-group.cn
Zhengzhou Yanyang Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Address: 200m South of Crossing of East Hanghai Rd. And Zhongzhou Road, Guancheng District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-371-66833161 Mobile Phone: 0086 13673632889 Fax: 86-371-66833323 Website: http://www.yanyangmachine.com,
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Website: http://yanyangjx.en.alibaba.com/
Zhengzhou Bizoe Imp. & Exp. Trading Co., Ltd Address: East Room, 2nd Floor, Unit 7, Building 22, No. 2, East Hanghai Road, Guancheng District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-371-66738663 Mobile Phone: 18625529771 Fax: 86-371-66738663 Website: http://www.bizoe-machinery.com.cn
Zhengzhou Dahua Mining Machinery Co., Ltd. Address: SanshiLipu, East of Zhengshang Road, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 0086-371-67849618 Mobile Phone: 0086-15036078775 Fax: 0086-371-67849628 Website: http://www.chinazzdh.com/ Website: http://www.dahuamm.com/
Henan Kowloon Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Address: West Sanshilipu, Xushui Town, Zhongyuan Dist., Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-371-86621708 Mobile Phone: 13676947329 Fax: 86-371-67859596 Website: http://www.hnjljx.cn
Zhengzhou Kerry Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd. Address: Floor 24, ZhongyuanGuangfa Financial Building, Bldg. 10, Business Outer Ring Road, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (Mainland) Telephone: 86-0371-53792556 Mobile Phone: 13838192707 Fax: 86-0371-55697278 Website: http://www.zzxk.en.alibaba.com
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Extruder
Micro Powder Tech Mr. S. C. Jain (Proprietor) Address: Plot No. 48, Sector-24, Industrial Estate, Faridabad - 121005, Haryana, India Mobile: +(91)-9811116490, +(91)-9810460909 Telephone: +(91)-(129)-2238125, +(91)-(129)-4023335 Fax: +(91)-(129)-4023335 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: http://www.micropowdertech.in/
Hindustan Plastic and Machine Corporation Mr. Amit Kalra Address: No. 5, Category II, DSIDC, Industrial Area, Nangloi New Delhi, Delhi 110041, India E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Telephone: +(91)-(11)-25471114 Mobile: 09891061200 Fax +(91)-(11)-25286319 Website: http://www.plastic-machine-manufacturer.com/
Sunsai Pharma Equipments Private Limited Mr. Meghan Bhatte (CEO) Address: Plot No.1, Survey No. 77, Near Laxmi Industrial Estate, Sativali Road, Valiv, Vasai East District Thane - 401208, Maharashtra, India Mobile: +(91)-9323122393, +(91)-7208076050, +(91)-9320006052 +(91)-9029090937 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.sunsaipharmaequipments.com/
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Shree Sai Extrusion Technik Pvt. Ltd. Sudhir Jaiswal (Managing Director) Address: Plot No. 75- 77, Sector D- 2, Industrial Area, Sanwer Road, Indore - 452015, Madhya Pradesh, India Mobile: +(91)-9827010234, +(91)-9826910234 Telephone: +(91)-(731)-2971234 Fax: +(91)-(731)-2971234 Website: http://www.shreesaiextrusiontechnik.com/
Flytech Engineering Address: No:1/10, Porur-Kundrathur Main Road, Periyapanicherry, Gerugambakkam Post, Chennai - 600 128, CONTACT: G.Sekar: 98400 74640 Office: 99400 74640 Land Line: 91 44 2382 1969 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.ftextruder.com/
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Maintenance Equipment
Capital Engineering Corporation Address: A-7, Ambey Garden, Samaypur Extensive Industrial Area, Libaspur (IBP Petrol Pump), New Delhi - 110 033, India Phone: +(91)-(11)-55703153/55703154/27881824 Fax: +(91)-(11)-27881823 Website: http://www.spindlesindia.com/
Bhagwansons Address: Gill Road Opp. I.T.I., Ludhiana - 141 003, India Phone: +(91)-(161)-2490593/2504417 Fax: +(91)-(161)-2490761 Website: http://www.bhagwansons.com/grinding-machine-cg75.html
Goodluck Steel Tube Ltd Address: 24, Additional Sihani Gate Scheme, SubziMandi Corner, Ghaziabad - 201 001, India Phone: +(91)-(120)-2790753/2790889/2790754/2791077 Fax: +(91)-(120)-2791427 Website: http://www.goodluckinternational.com/
Torque Master Tools Private Limited Address: 323, Industrial Area, Phase-1, Panchkula - 134 113, India Phone: +(91)-(172)-2569094/2569096 Fax: +(91)-(172)-5011521 Website: http://www.torquemasterindia.com/
Kalson Hydromatic Machine Tools Address: D 1, Industrial Sector A 3, Tronica City, Ghaziabad - 110 053, India Phone: +(91)-(11)-22560068 Website: http://www.kalsonindia.com/
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Misc. Material Handling Equipment
Weber Construction Equipment Pvt. Ltd. Address: J - 16, Ground Floor, Nandanvan Tower - 4, Opposite AaganParti Plot, Jodhpur Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, Gujarat - 380 015, India Phone: +(91)-(79)-65444070 Fax: +(91)-(79)-22874070 Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9825024070/9879014070 Website: http://www.constructionmachineindia.com/
AvityAgrotech& Industries Address: No. 490 - 491, C - 1, Chandan Complex, Gidc, Makarpura, Vadodara - 390 010, India Phone: +(91)-(265)-3924926/3924927 Fax: +(91)-(265)-2649151 Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9924395588/9925095588 Website: http://www.avityagrotech.com/aspirators.html
Advance Equipment Co. Address: Plot No. A 380, Road No. 28, Wagle Industrial Estate, Thane - 400 604, India Phone: +(91)-(22)-25820202 Fax: +(91)-(22)-25402954 Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9820692230 Website: http://www.advanceequipments.com/material-handling.html
Padmatech Engineering Systems Address: Plot No. 219, Sector No.10, P. C. N. T. D. A Bhosari, Pune - 411 026, India Phone: +(91)-(20)-30688584 Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9822552882/9881009639 Website: http://www.padmatech.net/
Impex Tools
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Address: 415/1b, Kasarwadi, Manimangal Society Building C, Office No. 2. Mumbai Pune Road, Pune - 411 034, India Phone: +(91)-(20)-27147281 Fax: +(91)-(20)-26445762 Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9371066611/9860147989 Website: http://www.impextoolsin
Crane Engineering Works Address: No. 3, Guru Gobind Singh Industrial Estate, Goregaon East, Mumbai - 400 063, Maharashtra, India Phone: +(91)-(22)-26854030 Preferred Number: 08376807113 Website: http://www.craneengg.net/
Isha Engineering & Co. Address: S. F. No. 490/1, Kurumbampalayam, Sathy Road, Coimbatore - 641107, Tamil Nadu, India Phone: +(91)-(422)-2667526 Website: http://www.ishaengineering.org/
S. L. Engineering Address: No. 7, Muthiyal Reddy Street, Alandur, Chennai - 600 016, Tamil Nadu, India Phone: +(91)-(44)-22316802, Preferred Number: 09953352802 Website: http://www.slengineering.co.in/
Hgr Industrial Surplus Address: 20001 Euclid Ave., Euclid - 44117, Ohio, United States Phone: 1-216-4864567
Empire Machinery Address: 1725 S. Country Club Drive, Mesa - 85210, Arizona, United States Phone: 1-480-6334491
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Fax: 1-480-6334626
Qingdao Hengjun Machinery & Electrical Co., Ltd Address: 6a T2, Pacific Centre, 35 West Donghai Road, Qingdao - 266071, Shandong, China Phone: 86-532-85025772 Fax: 86-532-85025770
Xinye Packaging Machinery Factory Address: No. 104 Main Roadside, Yongguang, Shangwang, Ruian - 325200, Zhejiang, China Phone: 86-577-65132286 Fax: 86-577-65132727
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Laboratory Equipment
Apothecaries Sundries Mfg. Co. Address: ASCO House, I-30 (a) Kirti Nagar, New Delhi - 110 015, India Phone: +(91)-(11)-25420779/25420783/25410008/25429634 Fax: +(91)-(11)-25429633/25410007 Website: http://www.ascoindia.com/
Rajco Scientific and Engineering Products Address: 15/17, Ist Floor, Ashok Nagar, Behind Tilak Nagar, Police Station, New Delhi - 110 018, India Phone: +(91)-(11)-25130328/25595857/25529384/9810293322 Fax: +(91)-(11)-2510329/25529384 Website: http://www.rajcoscientific.com/
SGM Lab Solutions Ms. Shivangi Gupta Address: BA- 15, Mangolpuri Industrial Area, Phase- 2, New Delhi - 110 034, India Mobile: +(91)-9717387700 Telephone : +(91)-(11)-48481414/ 48481415 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.laboratory-equipments.in/
IndeeconEquipments& Instrument Company Mr. Ajay Mane (Proprietor) Address: C. E. N. No. 121, 10, Bharat Mata Seva Society, 90 Feet Road, K. D. Compound, Gandhi Nagar, Charkop, Kandivali (W) Mumbai - 400067, Maharashtra, India Mobile: +(91)-9820417914, +(91)-8983331239 Telephone: +(91)-(22)-32513905 Website: http://www.indeecon.in/
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Rands Instruments Company Mr. Roche Daniel (CEO) Address: C-24, SSIO Complex, Vanagaram Road, Athipet, Ambattur, Industrial Estate Chennai - 600058, Tamil Nadu, India Mobile: +(91)-9840550699, Telephone: +(91)-(44)-26531492, +(91)-(44)-32550082 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.laboratoryequipmentmanufacturer.com/
Mech Lab Equipments India Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Ananda Subramanian (Director) Address: No. 103/2, SubbanaickenPudhur Road, Back Side of KaruppanarayanKoil, Chinnavedampatti P. O. Coimbatore - 641049, Tamil Nadu, India Mobile: +(91)-9443736743, +(91)-9443252533 Telephone: +(91)-(422)-2929042 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: http://www.mechlabequipments.in/
K- Pas Instronic Engineers India Private Limited Mr. AnnaduraiThangavel / R PunnuSamy (Director) Address: New No. 37, Old No. 5 E, Muthuramalingam Street, Ekkatuthangal Chennai - 600032, Tamil Nadu, India Mobile: +(91)-9840952699, +(91)-9840962657, +(91)-9840952677 Telephone: +(91)-(44)-22252621, +(91)-(44)-22252624 Fax: +(91)-(44)-22252624 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: http://www.kpas.co.in/
Sabar Scientific Mr. Harish Bhise (CEO) Address: No. I - 148 - B, Phase - 2, G. I. D. C. Estate, Vatva, Ahmedabad - 382445, Gujarat, India Mobile: +(91)-9825023602, +(91)-9898111923 Telephone: +(91)-(79)-65421385, +(91)-(79)-65469767
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Website: http://www.sabarscientific.net/ Swastik Scientific Company Mr. Nayan Thakkar (Manager) Address: 133, GopalNiwas, Room No. 2, 2nd Floor, Princess Street, Mumbai - 400002, Maharashtra, India Mobile: +(91)-9323784081, +(91)-9323702617 Telephone: +(91)-(22)-22016286, +(91)-(22)-66382558 Fax: +(91)-(22)-22016286, +(91)-(22)-25584880 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: http://www.swastikscientificcompany.com/
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Pollution Control Device
HitechEnviro Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Hitesh Mittal (Director) Address: A-1, Ground Floor, Kaushambi, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh- 201010, Netaji Subhash Place, New Delhi - 201010, Delhi, India Mobile: +(91)-9910223192, +(91)-8826498589 Telephone: +(91)-(120)-4294461, +(91)-(120)-4294463 Fax: +(91)-(11)-48944913 Website: http://www.hitechenviro.com/
Eros Envirotech Private Ltd Ashish Somani (Director) Address: Number 109- 110, Savitri Complex-1, Dada Motors Building, KalsiNager, G. T. Road, Ludhiana - 141003, Punjab, India Mobile: +(91)-9814610638, +(91)-9814101638 Telephone: +(91)-(161)-2542109, +(91)-(161)-2542110 Website: http://www.erosenv.in/
Eroz Environ Engineer Private Limited Anil K. Verma (Managing Director) Address: 6, South Model Gram, Ludhiana - 141002, Punjab, India Mobile: +(91)-9855460000 Telephone: +(91)-(164)-2430051, +(91)-(164)-2430052 Website: http://www.erozenviron.com/
Hindustan Engineers G. SenthilKumaran (CEO) Address: No. 324 A, Anbu Valarmathi Nagar, Vadaperumpakkam, Opposite To Ambedkar Statue, Vadaperumbakkam, Chennai - 600060, Tamil Nadu, India Mobile: +(91)-9884480707, +(91)-9500071919 Telephone: +(91)-(44)-25941188 Website: http://www.dustcollectormanufacturers.co.in/
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Aravali Thermal & Environmental Engineers Arvind Singh (Proprietor) Address: Plot No. 1623, HSIIDC Industrial Area, Rai District Sonepat, Sonipat - 131029, Haryana, India Mobile: +(91)-8527477005, +(91)-8527477006 Website: http://www.aravalithermal.co.in/
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Supplier of Raw Material
E-Waste Local Suppliers
Corporate Office: S.C.O 904, NAC Mani Majra, Chandigarh, U.T., India. Telephone: 91-9805097961, 91-9316112645 Works & Admin.: Tirlokpur Road,VillageJohron, Kala Amb, District Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India. Telephone: 91-1702-238244, 91-1702-238245, 91-1702-238246, 91-1702-238247, 91-1702-238321 Telefax: 91-1702-238245 Fax: 91-1702-238247 Website: http://www.hmsteelsltd.com/
BRP INFOTECH PVT. LTD Registered Address:R-24 Rita Block Aneja Complex Shakarpur New Delhi-110092 Email ID: [email protected], [email protected] Tel: +91-011- 42448823 Mobile: +91-9911740897 Branch Office: B-11 D.S.I.D.C Complex,F.I.Epatparganj Industrial Area, City - New Delhi-110092 Email Id: [email protected], [email protected] Phone No: +91-011-42420976 Website: http://www.brpinfotech.com/
AEVA Infosolutions Pvt. Ltd. aDDRESS: Plot No. 13, IInd Floor, FIE, Patpar Ganj Industrial Area, Delhi-110092 INDIA Phone No.: +91- 8130103438/8471044032 011-42333508 Email Id: [email protected] OR [email protected] Website: www.aevainfosolutions.com
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CK & Co Nithyanandam Manickam (Proprietor) Address: No. 5/65G, Raja Rajan Nagar, AllagapuramPudur, Salem - 636016, Tamil Nadu, India Contact:+91-9025633990, +91-9362115762 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.ckandcosalem.com/
Universal E-waste Recycling Pvt. Ltd Address: G1-117(B),RIICO INDUSTRIAL AREA KHUSHKHERA, BHIWADI ALWAR RJ 301019 INDIA Tel: 0124-4375804 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.universalewasterecycling.com/
MTC BUSINESS PVT LTD Address: Survey No. 15, Zak Ind. Estate,Nr. Bapasitaram Weighbridge,Village: Zak, Ta-Dehagam Dist. Gandhinagar.(Gujarat) Tel: 02712-247447 E-mail: [email protected]
GURGAON - HARYANA MTC BUSINESS PVT LTD Address: Khasra No.33, KhirkiDhaula Village,Near Manesar Toll,Gurgaon, Haryana- 122009 Tel: 0124-6459916 Mobile: +91 9560993472 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.mtcgroup.in/
Scrap Buyer Address: A1 Scrap Buyers Hyderabad Telangana India Cell: +91 9948928871, +91 9666461136
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Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.scrapbuyer.in E SCRAP INDIA Address: New Delhi, Chennai Mobile Phone: +91- 9873344848 Telephone: 011- 23220008 Email: us: [email protected] Website: http://www.escrapindia.com/
3R RecycleR Address: Plot No- 266, Sector-8,IMT Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana-122050 Phone: +91 9810000115 Toll Free: 1800-102-8632 E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.3rrecycler.com
Zebronics India Pvt. Ltd Address: 201, Basant Complex, Second floor, 38,Veer savarkar block, Shakarpur, New delhi-110092 011-42654642/ 9311963393 Email: [email protected] Website: https://zebronics.com/
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Photographs/Images for Reference
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Product Photographs Machinery Photographs
Shredder
Overhead Magnet
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Extruder
Waste PCB Recycling Equipment
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CRT Cutting System
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RRaaww MMaatteerriiaall PPhhoottooggrraapphhss
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Plant Layout
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Financial Analysis of the Project
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