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Intertidal Belt~Forming Species on the Rocky Coasts of Northern Chile

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Intertidal Belt~Forming Species on the Rocky Coasts of Northern Chile P ..lLf'EB;S AND PRoCE"IDDINGS OI<' THE RoYAL S-oCJE'l'Y OF TASMANIA, Vou:_rr.rg 9:-5 INTERTIDAL BELT~FORMING SPECIES ON THE ROCKY COASTS OF NORTHERN CHILE By ERIC R. GUILER Department of Zoology, University of Tasmanict. C\'Vith 22 Text FigU!"('f) and 2 rlate·d ABSTRACT Murphy ( 1926, 1936J gives further oceanographic The zonation at four places in data as do Sverdrup, Johnson and !',leming (1942). is described. The general Mann (195·1) describes the biogeographical throughout the Chilean is of Chile, especially !,he northern parts. Koe- form with the important exception of and 0951) give information on the where chilensis replaces algae .in the ecological of the Peruvian coast which littoral The physical environment is des- has a direct bearing on the present study, and cribed in some detail and the major intertidal Petersen (1949) a small amount of ecological features of Chile are compared with those of information in study of the River Zuraumilla eastern Australia and South-West Africa to which in Peru, However none of these works makes any they bear a close resemblance. attempt to in detail the ecology of any one area or to compare the ecology of two different (l) INTRODUCTION places. dealing with the intertidal ecology During the summer of 1955 I was permitted to of the coast o.f Chile has been an oceanographic expedition to the <Guiler, 1959). The north of The expedition was by contribution describes the zonation at L"'U"''l"V the Corporacion de Fomento in with Arica. These results are the Ec;tacion de Biologia Marina of other and with the physical of Chile, The expedition was transported on features of the Chilean coast as a whole i.s given. the Chilean corvette Pa.pwZo and short stays were The relation of the fauna and flora oJ this coast made at four of the northern ports. to that of the Australian and South African coasts is shown. The present does not include The climate of the coast of Chile to the north details of the distribution Chilean fauna of Coquimbo becomes very dry and, ultimately, in and flora. the provinces of Tarapaca and Atacama, results General observations on the in the desert coast of northern Chile. These'·"""'.''·' of Chile are made .Ekman , are the only human settlements on this and that the southern of the tropical-subtropical i'G is nearly impossible, on account of inaccessibility, fauna of the west coast of South America is very to make examination of the shore at places other close to the .Equator at either Punta (lat. than the I have noted earlier (Guiler, 1959! 6° S.) or the Gulf of Guayaquil (3° SJ. that the are very fond of sea:rood and goes on to that it is difficult to decide on their of animals and plants is restricted location of southern limit of the warm tem- to the of the seaports by the same geo- perate fauna and suggests that there not be graphical as limit the collection of scientific two independent comJponen materiaL Thus, some degree of human interference and the cold with the zonal organisms is to be expected, particu­ is probable that in larly with those species which are edible. fauna and that the transition zone is at. or near The places visited and deseribed in this paper Chiloe Island Oat. 43° S.J since the cold water are Coquimbo (Lat. 29" 59' S.), Antofagasta (Lat. with a summer surface of 8" C. com- 23 ° 40' S.) (Lat. 20" 15' S.l, and Arica mences thereabouts. Ekman out that \Lat. 18° I do not propose to detail the the of cold water and the Cur- zonation and physical environment at these ports rent are the factors for keeping the in this but will do this in a later contribution. sea off the west coast South America at a I have these ports together for the pur- low temperature" pose of describing the zonation because the zonal Oceanographic surveys have been made off the pattern is so similar and also on account of the Chilean coast, Sverdrup (1931) , Gunther (1936), great amount of repetitive information that would and Deacon (1937) describing the results of the3e be necessary if a description of each area were surveys, Deacon's work being concerned with only made the topic of a separate paper. Only the the extreme south of the continent. Schott 0935) belt forming species are considered, the other gives much oceanographic and general information ecologically significant species forming the topic on the western coast of South America, while of another paper. R.S.;J 33 34 INTERTIDAL BKLT-F'ORMJNG SPECIES ON THE ROCKY COASTS OP NORTHEHN CHILE (2) NOMENCLATURE mar, the barnaele belt has bare rock above it In the earlier paper describing the intertidal which is covered a short distance above the ecology of Chile I used the nomenclature put. barnacles by guano deposits. The guano supports forward bY Stephenson and Stephenson (1949) little plant life. This may in part be due to without any comment, but since this scheme has over-richness in nitrogen or to mechanical trampl­ not been previously used in South America it ing by the birds. The e1Iect of either of these seems desirable to have some discussion on the factors will certainly be carried on to the bare applicability of the scheme to Chilean coasts in rock below so that the lichens which might be general. expected to occur do not develop. Admittedly, the Guano Island is a specialised habitat, The Supr<JLliitoral Fringe but it is possible that of the roek:> with guano, always present on the coast, acts The lin:tits of the Supralittoral Fringe furnish as an inhibitor to growth of lichens. It; is notice­ one of the major problems encountered in Chilean able on the desert coast in the north of Chile intertidal ecology. It has been suggested by the that there are no lichens whatsoever but the Stephensons that the upper limit of the Midlittoral, roeks are all liberally smeared with guano. therefore the lower limit of the Supralittoral fringe, is the top of the barnacle belt. Further, following It was pointed out in an earlier paper (Guiler, the Stephensons, the Supralittoral fringe is char­ 1959) that a lichen belt did not develon on the acterised by the presence of littorinid molluscs rocks at Montemar on account of their low height of one or more species, by Ligias, and by black above sea level, i.e., an these rocks are in a bare encrusting Myxophyceae and lichens. Lewis 0955J supralittoral fringe. points out that the upper limit of the midlittoral The Midlittoral will vary locally, depending on the species, or in England-the genus, of barnacle found in that This zone is easily recognised by the barnacle particular locality. However, he goes on to point belt at its upper limit and by either algal turf out that, although the British Isles are of consider­ or mussels at the lower limit. It should be noted able local complexity, he does not advocate any that an entirely false impression of the zonation alteration from the top of the barnacles as the can be gained from an examination of the shore demarcation line of the top of the Midlittoral. during the spring or early summer than when Prof. and Mrs. Stephenson, in a footnote to Lewis' seasonal growths of algae of the genera Scyto­ paper point out that the barnacles, despite their siphon, Iridaea. and Porphyra cover considerable drawbacks, are the best indicators available. They areas of the shore, both in the horizontal and go further and point out that there is not expected vertical planes, Indeed, Porphyra extends into the to be a common level around a country, and, Supralittoral fringe in early summer at Montemar. therefore the world, at which the barnacle belt All of the Midlittoral can be considered as a cut0 out. The work of Burrows et al, (1954) on Balanoid zone, since it is populated over most of Fair Isle shows that no constant level for any one its vertical range by barnacles of one species or zone can possibly exist. another. In all places the dominant species on At Montemar, near Valparai::;o, there is a Litto­ the upper part of the zone are barnacles and rina belt which lie:; within the top portion of the there is usually a very numerous barnacle popu­ barnacle belt, that is to say, the Littorina belt lation on the mussels found in the lower part of forms a strip within the barnacle belt. By nature the zone. However, in places where there is an of the arguments expressed above, this means algal turf, few barnacles are found. The important that the Littorina belt is part of the Midlittoral. point is that all of this belt is exposed at low water. Above this, there is a region of bare rock which is devoid of any apparent Myxophyceae and lichens. The Infralittoral Fringe In certain other localities where there are cliffs, Throughout all of the Chilean coast the Infra­ as on the coast adjacent to Montemar, there is littoral fringe .is nearly always dominated and a belt of lichens developed at very considerable can be recognised by the presence of one or both heights, about 20 metres, above the water level of the two large algae Durvillea and Lessonia. A but separated from the Midlittoral by a broad belt notable exception to this is at Antofagasta, where of bare rocks. This belt of lichens is usually very these algae are replaced by the ascidian, Pyura.
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