DOCSLIB.ORG

A Stronger Halogen Bond Involving at – Investigation of Halogen-Bonded Adducts of Ati

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Stronger Halogen Bond Involving at – Investigation of Halogen-Bonded Adducts of Ati Towards a stronger halogen bond involving At – Investigation of halogen-bonded adducts of AtI and Bu3PO Lu Liu, Ning Guo, Julie Champion, Jérôme Graton, Gilles Montavon, Nicolas Galland, Rémi Maurice SUBATECH laboratory, Nantes, France [email protected] July 11th, 2019 1. Astatine Background Astatine << astatos (αστατος) Radioelement 2. No long-lived isotope (T1/2 ≤ 8.1h) Motivations Rarest naturally-occurring element Difficult to study Production of its isotopes limited by a cyclotron 3. Available at ultra-trace concentrations Methodology No spectroscopic tool applicable At-211: a promising candidate for nuclear medicine 4. Results Production At-211 in Nantes: E=28 MeV 4 209 211 2He + 83Bi → 85At + 2n 5. Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Conclusions Segrè are recognized that discovered and isolated astatine & at the University of California, Berkeley in 1940. 2 Perspectives 1. Halogen bonds involving At Background σ-hole Halogen bond: 2. Motivations 1 Halogen bond strength: the basicity scale with diiodine (pKBI2) 퐾 c p퐾 = log 퐾 B + I2 ՞ B ⋯ I − I BI2 c Et S 4 2 Bu SO Halogen bonds involving astatine 2 2 3. Ph3PS 3 Methodology (BuO)3PO 2 (EXP) Me(EtO) PO 2 Et2O BAtI ? K 1 Me6Ph log 4. 0 PrCOOEt Results log KBAtI = 1.56(22) pKBI2 MePh r2 = 0.86312 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 pKBI2 5. 푲퐁퐀퐭퐈 Objective : 퐀퐭퐈 + 퐁ഥ 퐁 ⋯ 퐀퐭퐈 Conclusions Stronger halogen-bond acceptors for AtI & 1. Laurence, C. et al. J. Chem. - A Eur. J. 2011, 17 (37), 10431. Perspectives 2. N. Guo et al., Nat. Chem., 2018, 10 (4), 1–7. 3 1. Background Methodology 5 Bu PO Et S 3 2 (expected) 4 Bu SO Lewis base: tri-n-butylphosphine oxide (Bu3PO) 2 Ph PS 3 2. 3 (BuO) PO Nucleophilic region 3 Motivations BAtI 2 K Me(EtO) PO log K =4.29 expected 2 BAtI Et2O o log 1 Me6Ph PrCOOEt 0 log K = 1.56(22) pK BAtI BI2 3. MePh r2 = 0.86312 1 Methodology pKBI2=2.75 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Method: liquid/liquid competition pKBI2 Principle: change of distribution coefficient of astatine (D)change of astatine speciation 4. Results Information of the stoichiometry and the D equilibrium constant 5. Conclusions [L] & Perspectives 1. Laurence, C. et al. J. Chem. - A Eur. J. 2011, 17 (37), 10431. 4 1. Experimental protocol Background Organic phase: Cyclohexane with changing concentration of Bu3PO 2. Aqueous phase: 0.05M HClO4, [NaI]fixed = 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.07M, 0.1M and 0.2 M and At-211 Motivations 2 h shaking Cyclohexane 3. with Bu3PO Methodology 0.05 M HClO4 with NaI and At- 211 푉aq × 퐴org 퐷 = 푉 × 퐴 Change of Bu3PO concentration org aq 4. Results 5. Conclusions & 5 Perspectives 1. Experimental protocol Background Organic phase: Cyclohexane with changing concentration of Bu3PO 2. Aqueous phase: 0.05M HClO4, [NaI]fixed = 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.07M, 0.1M and 0.2 M and At-211 Motivations pH=1.35±0.1, E=0.55±0.05 vs. NHE - AtI2 3. Methodology 퐁퐮ퟑ퐏퐎 퐀퐭퐈 4. Results Pourbaix diagram of astatine in non- - 4 complexing aqueous medium 1-3 Speciation of At(+Ι) in function of [I ] 퐀퐭퐈 − 퐀퐭퐈ퟐ Only AtI is possible to interact with Bu3PO in the organic phase 퐈− 5. 1. J. Champion et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 2010, 114 (1), 576–582. Conclusions 2. J. Champion et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 2013, 117 (9), 1983–1990. & 3. D. C. Sergentu et al., Chem. - A Eur. J., 2016, 22 (9), 2964–2971. Perspectives 4. N. Guo et al., Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed., 2016, 55 (49), 15369–15372. 5 1. Model of experimental results Background Take the example of [I-]=0.1M Model 퐾 2. − − AtI + I ՞ AtI2 Motivations 3 10 퐷1 - -1 AtI ՞ AtI [I ] = 0.1 mol L 2 퐷2 10 B ՞ Bഥ 3. 퐾BAtI 101 AtI + Bഥ BAtI Methodology 퐁ഥ 퐀퐭퐈 0 10 퐁퐀퐭퐈 D -1 10 4. Results -2 퐀퐭퐈 10 − 퐀퐭퐈ퟐ 퐈− 10-3 퐁 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 5. Conclusions [Bu PO] / mol.L-1 3 & 6 Perspectives 1. Model of experimental results Background Take the example of [I-]=0.1M Model 퐾 2. − − AtI + I ՞ AtI2 Motivations 3 10 퐷1 AtI ՞ AtI [I-] = 0.1 mol L-1 2 퐷2 10 B ՞ Bഥ 3. 퐾BAtI 101 AtI + Bഥ BAtI Methodology 퐁ഥ 퐾 퐀퐭퐈 0 ഥ B2AtI 10 AtI + 2B B2AtI 퐁퐀퐭퐈 D 퐁 퐀퐭퐈 -1 ퟐ 10 4. Results -2 퐀퐭퐈 10 − 퐀퐭퐈ퟐ 퐈− 10-3 퐁 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 5. -1 Conclusions [Bu3PO] / mol L & 6 Perspectives 1. Model of experimental results Background Take the example of [I-]=0.1M Model 퐾 2. − − AtI + I ՞ AtI2 Motivations 3 10 퐷1 AtI ՞ AtI [I-] = 0.1 mol L-1 2 퐷2 10 B ՞ Bഥ 3. 퐾BAtI 101 AtI + Bഥ BAtI Methodology 퐁ഥ 퐾 퐀퐭퐈 0 ഥ B2AtI 10 AtI + 2B B2AtI 퐁퐀퐭퐈 D 퐁 퐀퐭퐈 -1 ퟐ 10 4. Results -2 퐀퐭퐈 10 − 퐀퐭퐈ퟐ 퐈− 10-3 퐁 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 5. -1 Conclusions [Bu3PO] / mol L & 6 Perspectives 1. Model of experimental results Background Take the example of [I-]=0.1M Model 퐾 2. − − AtI + I ՞ AtI2 Motivations 3 10 퐷1 - -1 AtI ՞ AtI [I ] = 0.1 mol L 퐷2 102 B ՞ Bഥ 3. 퐾BAtI 101 AtI + Bഥ BAtI Methodology 퐁ഥ 퐾B2AtI 퐀퐭퐈 0 ഥ 10 AtI + 2B B2AtI 퐁퐀퐭퐈 D 퐷3 퐁ퟐ퐀퐭퐈 -1 10 BAtI ՞ BAtI 4. 퐷4 Results -2 B2AtI ՞ B2AtI 퐀퐭퐈 10 − 퐀퐭퐈ퟐ − -3 퐈 퐁 10 퐁퐀퐭퐈 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 5. 퐁 퐀퐭퐈 -1 ퟐ Conclusions [Bu3PO] / mol.L & 6 Perspectives 1. Model of experimental results Background Take the example of [I-]=0.1M Model 퐾 2. − − AtI + I ՞ AtI2 Motivations 3 10 퐷1 - -1 AtI ՞ AtI [I ] = 0.1 mol L 퐷2 102 B ՞ Bഥ 3. 퐾BAtI 101 AtI + Bഥ BAtI Methodology 퐁ഥ 퐾B2AtI 퐀퐭퐈 0 ഥ 10 AtI + 2B B2AtI 퐁퐀퐭퐈 D 퐷3 퐁ퟐ퐀퐭퐈 -1 10 BAtI ՞ BAtI 4. 퐷4 Results -2 B2AtI ՞ B2AtI 퐀퐭퐈 10 − 퐀퐭퐈ퟐ 퐈− 10-3 퐁 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 퐁퐀퐭퐈 10 10 10 10 10 10 log KBAtI = 4.16±0.34 5. 퐁ퟐ퐀퐭퐈 Conclusions [Bu PO] / mol.L-1 3 log KB2AtI = 8.02±0.66 & 6 Perspectives 1. 1:1 complex: a stronger halogen bond Background 퐾 ഥ BAtI log K = 4.16±0.34 퐈퐀퐭 ⋯ 퐁 ？ AtI + B BAtI BAtI 2. 179.5° 5 Motivations Et S 2 Bu3PO 4 Bu SO 2 2.606 Å log KBAtI Ph3PS 3 (BuO) PO Experimental 4.16±0.34 3 BAtI BAtI 2 Me(EtO)2PO K 1 K Et O 3. dhf-SVPD-2c 4.54 2 log log 1 Methodology PrCOOEt Me Ph m-aug-cc-pVDZ-PP 1 4.37 6 0 log KBAtI = 1.56(22) pKBI2 MePh r2 = 0.86312 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 pKBI2 Good agreement with theoretical calculations 4. The most stable conformer of BAtI Results Follow the tendency of previous study Nearly directional interaction in the calculated structure 퐈퐀퐭 ⋯ 퐁 A stronger halogen bond involving astatine than we found before 5. Conclusions 1. Two-component B3LYP calculations in conjunction with dhf-SVPD-2c and aug-cc-pVDZ-PP (AVDZ) basis set. By Nicolas Galland (CEISAM) & 2. Calculated structures at the B3LYP/pVDZ level of theory for the most stable conformer specie corresponding to the interaction between AtI and Bu3PO. Perspectives By Nicolas Galland (CEISAM) 7 1. 1:2 complex: what it is ? Background 퐾B2AtI AtI + 2Bഥ B AtI log KB2AtI = 8.02±0.66 퐁 ⋯ 퐀퐭퐈 ⋯ 퐁 ? 2 2. Motivations 3. Methodology 4. Results 1 MEP of a) BAtI and b) AtI The most stable conformer of B2AtI Formation of a halogen bond deactivated the electrophilic site of iodine atom 5. 2 2 hydrogen bonds between two Bu3PO molecules in B2AtI 퐈퐀퐭 ⋯ ퟐ퐁 Conclusions 1. Molecular electrostatic potential calculated at the B3LYP/AVDZ level of theory. By Nicolas Galland (CEISAM) & 2. Calculated structures at the B3LYP/pVDZ level of theory for the most stable conformer specie corresponding to the interaction between AtI and Bu3PO. Perspectives By Nicolas Galland (CEISAM) 8 1. Conclusions and perspectives Background Conclusions 2. Motivations Two equilibria between AtI and Bu3PO were evidenced 퐾BAtI AtI + Bഥ BAtI, log KBAtI = 4.16±0.34 → A stronger halogen bond involving astatine 3. 퐾 ഥ B2AtI Methodology AtI + 2B B2AtI, log KB2AtI = 8.02±0.66 → First 1:2 complex between AtI and Lewis base but only one halogen bond involved in Perspectives 4. Results Stronger halogen bond acceptors for AtI Possibility to form B ⋯ AtI ⋯ B complex with Lewis base Interaction between AtX and Lewis bases with X = Br or Cl 5. Conclusions & 9 Perspectives Nicolas Galland Ning Guo Rémi Maurice Gilles Montavon Thanks for your attention! Julie Champion Jérôme Graton.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ASTATINE Element Symbol: at Atomic Number: 85
    ASTATINE Element Symbol: At Atomic Number: 85 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI LINDA ABBLITT www.raci.org.au ASTATINE Element symbol: At Atomic number: 85 Astatine is a highly radioactive chemical element. It is chemically similar to the other halogens above it in Group 17 of the periodic table. It is the heaviest known halogen. As chemists would expect, Astatine acts more like a metal than iodine, the element just above it in the table. Astatine is produced by radioactive decay in nature, but due to its short half-life it is found only in minute amounts. It is currently the rarest naturally occurring element, with less than 30 grams estimated to be contained in the entire Earth’s crust. This amounts to less than one teaspoon of the element. Isaac Asimov in a 1957 essay on large numbers, scientific notation and the size of the atom, wrote that in “all of North and South America to a depth of ten miles”, the number of astatine-215 atoms at any time is “only a trillion”. Guinness Book of Records lists it as the rarest element. It is found near thorium and uranium in the Earth’s crust. Astatine would be expected to be a nearly black solid, which, when heated, sublimes into a dark, purplish vapor (darker than iodine) Astatine (after Greek astatos meaning unstable) was first synthesized in 1940 by Dale R Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie an Emilio Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles in a cyclotron.
    [Show full text]
  • DK Eyewitness Books: the Elements
    EYEWITNESS ELEMENTS Written by ADRIAN DINGLE US_001_Half_title.indd 1 23/01/18 11:17 am Stalactites made of deposits of calcium carbonate Flakes of pure gold refined in a laboratory DK Delhi Senior editor Rupa Rao Project art editor Pooja Pipil Editor Charvi Arora Art editors Mansi Agrawal, Priyanka Bansal Jacket designer Juhi Sheth Jackets editorial coordinator Priyanka Sharma Senior DTP designer Harish Aggarwal DTP designers Pawan Kumar, Syed Md Farhan, Vikram Singh Managing jackets editor Saloni Singh Pre-production manager Balwant Singh Production manager Pankaj Sharma Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Managing art editor Govind Mittal DK London Senior editor Ashwin Khurana Senior art editor Spencer Holbrook Picture researcher Liz Moore Pure iodine stored US Editor Jill Hamilton in a glass sphere US Executive editor Lori Cates Hand Jacket designer Surabhi Wadhwa-Gandhi Jacket editor Claire Gell Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT Producer, pre-production Andy Hilliard Senior producer Angela Graef Managing editor Francesca Baines Managing art editor Philip Letsu The Eiffel Publisher Andrew Macintyre Tower, Paris, Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler Art director Karen Self France, made Design director Phil Ormerod of wrought iron Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Written by Adrian Dingle Consultant: John Gillespie, M. Sc. First American Edition, 2018 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2018 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a division of Penguin Random House LLC 18 19 20 21 22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–310003–June/2018 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced Copper wire into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Un-American Activities Committee, Which Would Abuse Every Gay Man with a Decent Job As a Potential Commie Spy)
    “FAR RIGHT” IS SHORT FOR “FAR RIGHTEOUSNESS”: UNAMERICANISM AS A THREAT POSTURE And yet — in fact you need only draw a single thread at any point you choose out of the fabric of life and the run will make a pathway across the whole, and down that wider pathway each of the other threads will become successively visible, one by one. — Heimito von Doderer, DIE DÂIMONEN 1908 November 14: Emperor Kuang-hsü of China died. After the dust settled he would be succeeded by Hsüan-T’ung (Pu- yi), aged two years, under regency. In the presence of Kaiser Wilhelm at a dinner in Donaueschingen, Count Dietrich Hülsen-Haeseler, head of the German Imperial Military Cabinet, collapsed and died. On a farm in Wisconsin near Grand Chute (which is near Appleton), Joseph Raymond McCarthy was born into an Irish Catholic family. As a cradle Catholic, one might suppose that one of the things little Joe would learn early on was that his Savior had warned him not to build his life around resisting evil. Matthew 5:39: “Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.” Well, no, little Joe would not learn that. MCCARTHYISM HDT WHAT? INDEX UNAMERICANISM UNAMERICANISM 1917 June 15: Móric, Count Esterházy de Galantha replaced István, Count Tisza de Borosjenö et Szeged as Prime Minister of Hungary. Siegfried Sassoon sends a letter to his commanding officer with several copies to writers, journalists and politicians. He claims that the war was being deliberately prolonged by those who could stop it.
    [Show full text]
  • Ernest O. Lawrence Papers, Ca
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf0g5001n2 Online items available Ernest O. Lawrence Papers, ca. 1920-1968 Processed by The Bancroft Library staff The Bancroft Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-6481 Fax: (510) 642-7589 Email: [email protected] URL: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ © 1997 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Ernest O. Lawrence Papers, ca. BANC MSS 72/117 c; BANC FILM 2248 1 1920-1968 Ernest O. Lawrence Papers, ca. 1920-1968 Collection number: BANC MSS 72/117 c; BANC FILM 2248 The Bancroft Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-6481 Fax: (510) 642-7589 Email: [email protected] URL: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ Finding Aid Author(s): Processed by The Bancroft Library staff Finding Aid Encoded By: GenX © 2016 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Collection Summary Collection Title: Ernest O. Lawrence papers Date (inclusive): ca. 1920-1968 Collection Number: BANC MSS 72/117 c; BANC FILM 2248 Creator: Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 1901-1958. Extent: Number of containers: 48 cartons, 12 oversize foldersNumber of microfilm reels: 7960.6 linear feet12 digital objects (13 images) Repository: The Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-6481 Fax: (510) 642-7589 Email: [email protected] URL: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ Abstract: Included are the personal papers of Ernest Lawrence, administrative records for the University of California Radiation Laboratory, the Joseph C. Hamilton papers dealing with the Crocker Radiation Laboratory, and some papers of Lawrence's close associate, Donald Cooksey.
    [Show full text]
  • UCRL-H050 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Radiation Laboratory
    UCRL-H050 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Radiation Laboratory Berkeley, California Contract No. W-7405-eng-48 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS I. BIBLIOGRAPHY II. LIST OF ACCELERATOR INSTALLATIONS Gerald A. Behman January 1, 1958 Printed for the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither the United States, nor the Com­ mission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission: A. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, com­ pleteness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe pri­ vately owned rights; or B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process dis­ closed in this report. As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" includes any employee or contractor of the Commission to the extent that such employee or contractor prepares, handles or distributes, or provides access to, an information pursuant to his employment or contract with the Commission. Printed in USA. Price $3.00. Available from the Office of Technical Services U. S. Department of Commerce Washington 25, D. C. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Course Monograph
    CRESP Short Course Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry and Fuel Cycle Separations Vanderbilt University School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nashville, TN December 16‐18, 2008 COURSE MONOGRAPH Speakers Affiliations Acknowledgements ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: Raymond G. Wymer, Chair, Vanderbilt University David S. Kosson, Vice‐Chair, Vanderbilt University Cynthia Atkins‐Duffin, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory David DePaoli, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Kathryn Higley, Oregon State University Terry Todd, Idaho National Laboratory SPEAKERS: Cynthia Atkins‐Duffin, Lawrence Livermore Robert Jubin, Oak Ridge National Laboratory National Laboratory David S. Kosson, Vanderbilt University Allan Croff, ORNL, ret., and USNRC Jack Law, Idaho National Laboratory David DePaoli, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Frank L. Parker, Vanderbilt University B. John Garrick, NWTRB Chairman Robert Sindelar, Savannah River National Mark Gilbertson, Department of Energy Laboratory Mike Goff, Idaho National Laboratory Lawrence Tavlarides, Syracuse University Clarence Hardy, Nuclear Fuel Australia, Ltd John Vienna, Pacific Northwest National Kathryn Higley, Oregon State University Laboratory Gordon Jarvinen, Los Alamos National Laboratory Raymond G. Wymer, Chair, Vanderbilt University STAFF: Lisa Bliss, Assistant Director CRESP III Randi Hall, Administrative Assistant Kevin Brown, Senior Research Scientist This course is based on work supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, under Cooperative Agreement Number DE‐FC01‐06EW07053 entitled ‘The Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation III’ awarded to Vanderbilt University. The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Energy or Vanderbilt University. This course is also partially supported by Nuclear Education Grant Program from the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromium Is a Chemical Element Which Has the Symbol Cr and Atomic Number 24
    Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word "chrōma" (τρώμα), meaning colour, because many of its compounds are intensely coloured. Chromium oxide was used by the Chinese in the Qin dynasty over 2,000 years ago to coat metal weapons found with the Terracotta Army. Chromium was discovered as an element after it came to the attention of the western world in the red crystalline mineral crocoite (lead(II) chromate), discovered in 1761 and initially used as a pigment. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated chromium metal from this mineral in 1797. Since Vauquelin's first production of metallic chromium, small amounts of native (free) chromium metal have been discovered in rare minerals, but these are not used commercially. Instead, nearly all chromium is commercially extracted from the single commercially viable ore chromite, which is iron chromium oxide (FeCr2O4). Chromite is also now the chief source of chromium for chromium pigments. Chromium metal and ferrochromium alloy are commercially produced from chromite by silicothermic oraluminothermic reactions, or by roasting and leaching processes. Chromium metal has proven of high value due to its high corrosion resistance and hardness. A major development was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding metallic chromium to formstainless steel. This application, along with chrome plating (electroplating with chromium) currently comprise 85% of the commercial use for the element, with applications for chromium compounds forming the remainder.
    [Show full text]
  • J a M E S M a R S H A
    SECOND EDITION JAMES MARSHALL A SEARCHFUR THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLESOF THE UNIVERSE A SEARCH FOR THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLESOF THE UNIVERSE SECOND EDITION JAMES Lm MARSHALL Cover Images. Funeral mask of Tutankhamen; portrait. of Lavoisier and his wife, by Jacques-Louis David; Marie Curie; Carl Scheele; John Dalton, courtesy of Corbis Images. Roman coin courtesy of Raymond V. Schoder/Corbis Images. Cross-cut sections of crystals in minerals courtesy of Getty Images. Copyright O 2002 by Pearson Custom Publishing Copyright O 1998 by Simon & Schuster Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, must be arranged with the individual copyright holders noted. Prinked in the United States of America 709876543 Plmse visit our zucb site nt zorozu.pcnrso~rciisto~~~.co~a ISBN 0-536-67797-2 PEARSON CUSTOM PUBLISHING 75 Arlingttrn Strect, Suitc 300. Boston, MA 02116 A Pcnruon Educnticrn Company Photo Credits I F'igure 1 : Catastrophe! The Mindenberg ..., United Press Syndicate, Kansas City MO; 1 Figure 2: Robert Boyle, Photograph courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC; 3 Figure3: Honto erecttrs, as appears
    [Show full text]
  • Master of Missing Elements
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275701920 Master of Missing Elements Article in American Scientist · September 2014 DOI: 10.1511/2014.110.358 CITATION READS 1 93 1 author: Eric Robert Scerri University of California, Los Angeles 299 PUBLICATIONS 1,736 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: A Tale of Seven Scientists and A New Philosophy of Science View project Celebrating 150 years of Mendeleev's discovery and other chemistry blogs View project All content following this page was uploaded by Eric Robert Scerri on 07 November 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. A reprint from American Scientist the magazine of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society This reprint is provided for personal and noncommercial use. For any other use, please send a request to Permissions, American Scientist, P.O. Box 13975, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, U.S.A., or by electronic mail to [email protected]. ©Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society and other rightsholders Master of Missing Elements Henry Moseley’s discoveries sorted out the periodic table and transformed how scientists look for new forms of the most basic substances. Eric R. Scerri ust over 100 years ago, a young Henry Moseley seemed destined molecules) might be capable of diffract- English physicist named Henry to leave his mark on science. He was ing x-rays. This prediction was almost Moseley gave new life to the pe- born in the county of Dorset in Eng- immediately confirmed by indepen- riodic table of the elements, and land in 1887, into a family with an ex- dent researchers, who found that the Jhelped resolve a number of prob- traordinary scientific pedigree.
    [Show full text]