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120 Mm Recordable Optical Disc Compatible with CD and DVD 27 Special Issue New Thin Film Multilayered Systems for Recordable Optical Disc Memory Compatible with CD and DVD Development of CD-Rc: 120 mm Recordable Optical Disc Compatible with CD and DVD Based on a Newly Developed Research Report Inorganic Thin Film Multilayered Optical Memory Yasuhiko Takeda, Tatsuo Fukano, Naohiko Kato, Akihiro Takeichi, Tomoyoshi Motohiro Abstract We have developed a new recordable optical consisting of substrate/GeS2/ZnS-SiO2/Ge-doped disc, named CD-Rc, which can be recorded with Sn-Bi fabricated by successive sputter-deposition. commercially available CD-R drives equipped The three-layered system shows moderate with 780 nm-laser diodes, and played with DVD- wavelength-dependence of reflectance from the ROM drives equipped with 650 nm-laser diodes visible to near-infrared ranges. We optimized the as well as with CD-ROM drives. By theoretical thickness of each layer to attain a reflectance high analysis we have found an appropriate shape of enough to enable playing at both 780 nm and 650 the pre-groove on the substrate to realize a system nm. This feature contrasts with the inability of a for tracking of the optical pickup which works commercially available CD-R to be played by a well when a CD-Rc is inserted into any of the DVD-ROM drive, because of very low above-mentioned drives. The recording material reflectance at 650 nm. used in the CD-Rc is a three-layered system Optical disc, Recordable optical disc, Compact disc, Digital versatile disc, GeS , Keywords 2 Eutectic alloy, Sputter deposition, Wavelength, Reflectance, Diffraction R&D Review of Toyota CRDL Vol. 38 No. 3 28 recording material: a three-layered system consisting 1. Introduction of substrate/GeS2/ZnS-SiO2/Sn-Bi:Ge fabricated by Development of optical discs to attain higher successive sputter-deposition.14-16) The recording recording density has been remarkable in connection mechanism utilized in the system is based on a redox with the widespread use of digital video-recording reaction between GeS2 and Sn-Bi:Ge (Ge-doped Sn- systems as well as personal computers. One of the 57wt.%Bi) triggered by the temperature rise caused methods to increase recording density is to shorten by absorption of a recording laser. Both coloration the wavelength of the light incident onto the optical in the GeS2 layer and decrease in the reflectance of discs. After the Compact Disc (CD) system with a the Sn-Bi:Ge layer resulting from the reaction recording capacity of approximately 600 MB using a contribute to the decrease in the reflectance of the 780-nm laser diode came into general use, the system. The ZnS-SiO2 layer is inserted for Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) system was developed, suppression of unexpected reactions between the attaining a recording capacity of approximately 4 GeS2 layer and the Sn-Bi:Ge layer. Ge is doped in GB higher than that of a CD. To realize this higher Sn-Bi for improvement of durability. We have recording capacity, the DVD system utilizes a 650 succeeded in recording and playing image data on nm-laser diode. Recently a new optical disc system optical discs adopting the newly developed three- using a 405 nm-laser diode was proposed, in order to layered system with commercially available CD-R attain a much higher recording capacity of drives.14) 1-4) approximately 25 GB. The substrate/GeS2/ZnS-SiO2/Sn-Bi:Ge system Recordable optical discs, on which users can shows moderate wavelength-dependence of record data but cannot erase it, are often used for reflectance from the visible to near-infrared ranges. small-scale distribution, image data storage, and Therefore, it is a candidate for an optical recording archival use. CD-R,5) which is the recordable-type material which can be recorded and played at disc of the CD family, employs an organic dye as the various wavelengths in a wide range. In this study, recording material. Because optical properties of the we attempt to realize a new optical disc which can organic dye are highly dependent on wavelength, the be recorded with CD-R drives equipped with 780 reflectance of a CD-R at 650 nm or 405 nm is very nm-laser diodes, and can be played with DVD-ROM low. Therefore, a CD-R cannot be played with a drives equipped with 650 nm-laser diodes as well as DVD-ROM drive equipped with a 650 nm-laser CD-ROM drives. By theoretical analysis we found diode or, it will not be able to be played using a 405 an appropriate shape of the pre-groove formed on nm-laser diode. This is a serious inconvenience, the substrate to realize a system for tracking of the especially for archival use. DVD-R, which is the optical pickup that works well when the optical disc recordable-type disc of the DVD family, involves a has been recorded with CD-R drives and played with similar inconvenience, because DVD-R also DVD-ROM drives as well as CD-ROM drives. employs an organic dye.6) Then we fabricated optical disc samples using One of the methods to get rid of the above- substrates having the pre-grooves of the obtained mentioned inconvenience of recordable optical discs shape, in order to examine their performance. We employing organic dyes is the use of inorganic also examined how the optical disc performance recording materials whose wavelength-dependences depended on the thickness of each layer, so as to of optical properties are rather low. Many inorganic find the optimal thickness. recording materials have been proposed for 2. Optimization of the pre-groove shape recordable optical discs utilizing phase change,7) melting and hole formation,8) dissolution of 2. 1 Tracking signals compounds,9, 10) alloying or mixing of two materials,11, 12) A pre-groove is spirally formed on a substrate for structure change of island films,13) etc., triggered by a recordable optical disc. When an optical disc is intense laser irradiation. recorded or played, an optical pickup tracks along We have recently developed a new optical the center of the pre-groove by monitoring its R&D Review of Toyota CRDL Vol. 38 No. 3 29 location. Several kinds of signals are used for the IPP[a] = { ( Ia[u] + Ia[r] ) - ( Ib[u] + Ib[r] ) }∆y = 100nm location monitoring for the tracking. Among them, / { 2 ( Ia[u] + Ib[u] ) }∆y = 0 , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (5) "radial contrast (RC)" and "radial push-pull signal 0.09 > IPP[a] > 0.04, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (6) (PP)" are the most important. When an optical disc where subscript "∆y = 100nm" ("∆y = 0") means the is inserted into a drive, the pickup seeks the pre- value with the center of the incident laser beam groove and moves to be located beneath the pre- located at 100 nm (0 nm) from the pre-groove groove, as shown in Fig. 1. RC is a signal for center, and "[r]" means the value at a recorded area. determining whether the pickup is located beneath Ia[r], Ib[r] are too complicated for exact calculation, the pre-groove or beneath the land. After finding the because they are affected by the shape of the pre-groove, the pickup tracks along the center of the recording pit. Therefore, Ia[r], Ib[r] were assumed to pre-groove. PP is the signal for detecting the be 0.1 times as large as Ia[u], Ib[u], respectively, displacement of the pickup from the center of the because the groove reflectance at a recorded area pre-groove. (Rg[r]) of an optical disc using the three-layered The configuration of the optical pickup is system was found to be approximately equal to 0.1 14) schematically illustrated in Fig. 2, where Ia and Ib times Rg[u] (See Fig. 8). Under this assumption, denote the signal intensities from the two the requirement for IPP[s] shown in Eq. (6) is photodetectors. Groove reflectance at an unrecorded equivalent to the following expressions: area (Rg[u]) of the recordable-type CD is defined as IPP[u] = ( Ia[u] + Ib[u] )∆y = 100 nm / ( Ia[u] + Ib[u] )∆y = 0 , 5, 17) follows and subjected to the following requirement : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (7) Rg[u] = ( Ia[u] + Ib[u] )groove , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (1) 0.164 > IPP[u] > 0.073. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (8) Rg[u] > 65 % , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (2) We calculated IRC and IPP[u] to find an appropriate where subscript "groove" means the value with the pre-groove shape which satisfies the requirements laser beam being incident onto the center of the expressed by Eqs. (4) and (8). We also calculated groove, and "[u]" means the value at an unrecorded the dependence of Rg[u] on the pre-groove shape. area. Land reflectance at an unrecorded area (Rl[u]) When the values from a CD-ROM drive were is defined in a similar manner. The intensity of RC calculated, a wavelength of 780 nm and a numerical (IRC) of the recordable-type CD is defined as follows aparture (NA) of the objective lens of 0.45 were and subjected to the following requirement: used. As for DVD-ROM drives, a wavelength of 18, 19) IRC = 2 ( Rl[u] - Rg[u] ) / ( Rl[u] + Rg[u] ), • • • • • • • • • (3) 650 nm and an NA of 0.35-0.4 were used. IRC > 0.05. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (4) 2. 2 Modeling The intensity of PP (IPP) is derived from the The structure of the cross section of the optical distortion of the beam pattern of the light reflected disc using the three-layered system was modeled as from the optical disc. IPP is defined as follows and subjected to the following requirement: Fig.
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