Optical Disks
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Emergence of the Compact Disc Hans B
IEEE A Communications Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page BEF MaGS HISTORY OF COMMUNICATIONS EDITED BY MISCHA SCHWARTZ INTRODUCTION BY EDITOR The article following on the history of the development of the development process, but of the pitfalls and difficulties encoun- CD, written especially for this column by one of the engineers tered and eventually overcome before the system could be who participated in the development effort, should be of interest deemed successful. As another reviewer noted, “ I also appreciat- to all readers of this magazine. As one of the reviewers of the ed the depiction of the human elements that are invariably part article noted, “CDs and successor optical discs are so much a of these projects,” in this case the initial naming of the project or part of our lives, it is fascinating to read about their genesis.” As the reasons for the choice of the final dimensions of the CD. The he goes on to note, “As an engineer, it is equally fascinating and ability of two major companies, Philips and Sony, from two dif- insightful to see how technologies which now seem so obvious ferent parts of the world, to collaborate and come up with such a and inevitable were once open to debate.” I venture to guess that successful product is another fascinating lesson taught by this this is true of almost all technologies, whether large systems or particular history. I suggest you read on to see all of this for your- devices within systems. This is what makes reading about the his- self. -
CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, and DVD-ROM Drives) Are the Hardware Devices That Read Computer Data from Disks
A Brief History of CD/DVD The first disc that could be written and read by optical means (using light as a medium) was developed by James T. Russell. In the late 1960s, Russell created a system that recorded, stored, and played audio/video data using light rather than the traditional contact methods, which could easily damage the disks during playback. Russell developed a photosensitive disc that stored data as 1 micron-wide dots of light and dark. The dots were read by a laser, converted to an electrical signal, and then to audio or visual display for playback. Russell's own company manufactured the first disc player in 1980, although the technology never reached the marketplace until Philips and Sony developed the technology. In late 1982, Philips and Sony released the first of the compact disc (CD) formats, which they then called CD-DA (digital audio). In the years since, format has followed format as the original companies and other industry members developed more adaptations of the original specifications. Digital Versatile disc (DVD) had its beginning in 1994, when two formats, Super disc (SD) and Multimedia CD (MMCD) were introduced. Promoters of the competing technologies failed to reach an agreement on a single standard until 1996, when DVD was selected as a convergence format. DVD has, in the few years since, grown to include variations that do anything that CD does, and more efficiently. Standardization and compatibility issues aside, DVD is well-placed to supplant CD. Magnetic vs Optical Media Optical media are storage media that hold information in digital form and that are written and read by a laser; these media include all the various CD and DVD variations, as well as optical jukeboxes and autochangers. -
REFERENCE GUIDE for OPTICAL MEDIA Terence O’Kelly Content Links
REFERENCE GUIDE FOR OPTICAL MEDIA Terence O’Kelly Content Links 1. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) a. Digital audio b. CD-R recording c. CD-RW d. DVD and Recordable DVD 2. Introduction to the Reference Guide A. Memorex history A. Differences between analogue and digital recordings B. Binary number system C. Digital audio 3. Compact Disc and how it works A. Book Standards B. Error correction—CIRC 4. CD-R A. Recording dyes B. Music CD-R C. Reflective surface D. Capacity E. Speed ratings a. CLV and Z-CLV b. CAV and P-CAV c. Comparison of speeds vs. time savings 5. CD-RW A. Stability B. Speed ratings 6. Mini-Disc A. Magneto-optical recording C. ATRAC compression D. Hi-MD 7. DVD A. DVD Numbering B. Recordable DVD C. DVD Capacities 8. Recordable DVD Formats A. DVD-R a. Data addresses b. Land Pre-pits B. DVD-RW C. DVD-RAM a. Data addresses b. Cartridge types D. DVD+R a. Data addresses b. ADIP E. DVD+RW 9. Recording onto DVD discs A. VR Recording onto DVD--+VR and –VR B. CPRM C. Capacities of recordable DVD discs a. Capacities in terms of time b. Set-top recorder time chart D. Double-Layer Discs E. Recording Speeds 10. Blue Laser Recording A. High Definition Video B. Blu-ray versus HD DVD C. Laser wavelengths a. Numerical aperture b. Comparison of High Definition Proposals 11. Life-time Expectations of Optical Media 12. Care and Handling of Optical Media 2 FAQs about Optical Media There is a great deal of misinformation, hype, and misunderstanding in the field of optical media. -
Measure the Distance Between Tracks of CD and DVD the Aim of Work
University of Technology Department Laser & Optoelectronics Engineering Laser Eng Branch Laser application Lab. Experiment (9) Measure the Distance Between Tracks of CD and DVD The aim of work: 1-measure the distance between tracks of CD and DVD. 2-study the different between the CD & DVD. Instruments:- Laser He-Ne, CD & DVD, screen, ruler, holders Theory:- The Compact Disc was invented by Sony and Philips in 1981 in order to serve as a high-quality compact audio storage device which allowed for direct access to digital sound tracks. It was officially launched in October 1982. In 1984, the Compact Disc's specifications were extended (with the publication of the Yellow Book) so that it could store digital data. A CD (Compact Disc) is an optical disc 12cm in diameter and 1.2mm thick (its thickness may vary from 1.1 to 1.5 mm) for storing digital information: up to 650 MB of computer data (equivalent to 300,000 typed pages) or 74 minutes of audio data. A circular hole 15mm in diameter is used to centre it on the CD player's surface. A CD is built from a plastic (polycarbonate) substrate and a fine, reflective metallic film (24-carat gold or a silver alloy). The reflective layer is then covered with an anti-UV acrylic finish, creating a protective surface for data. Finally, an additional layer may be added so that data can be written on the other side of the CD as well. The reflective layer contains tiny bumps. When the laser passes over the polycarbonate substrate, light is reflected off the reflective surface, but when the laser reaches a bump, that's what allows it to encode information. -
Cld-S370/Cld-S304 Cld-S270/Cld-S104
/ Illlillqlfl ll_'ll_llll. CD CDV LD PLAYER CLD-S370/CLD-S304 CLD-S270/CLD-S104 DIGITAL AUDIO IASERD/SC CLD-S370/CLD-S304 • This player is not suitable fo_ commercial use. • LD-ROM, CD-ROM and CD graphic discs cannot be played with this player. Thank you for buying this Pioneer product. Please read through these operating instructions so you CLD-S270 will know how to operate your model properly. After you have finished reading the instructions, put them away in a safe place for future reference. In some countries or regions, the shape of the power plug and power outlet may sometimes differ from that shown in the explanatory drawings. However, the method of connecting and operating the unit is the same. CLD-S104 WARNING: TO PREVENT FIRE OR SHOCK HAZARD, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS APPLIANCE TO RAIN OR MOISTURE. ....,,_ IMPORTANT NOTICE [For U.S. and Canadian models] The serial number for this equipment is located on the rear CONTENTS panel. Please write this serial number on your enclosed warranty card and keep it in a secure area. This is for your security. BEFORE OPERATING THE PLAYER [For Canadian model] PRECAUTIONS ............................................................ 4 ACCESSORIES ............................................................. 5 CAUTION: TO PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT REMOTE CONTROL OPERATIONS ............................ 5 USE THIS (POLARIZED) PLUG WITH AN EXTENSION TYPES OF DISCS THAT CAN BE CORD, RECEPTACLE OR OTHER OUTLET UNLESS THE PLAYED WITH THIS UNIT ........................................... 6 BLADES CAN BE FULLY INSERTED TO PREVENT BLADE CARE OF DISCS .......................................................... 7 EXPOSURE. CONNECTIONS ........................................................... 8 NAMES AND FUNCTIONS ........................................ 10 ATTENTION: POUR PREVENIR LES CHOCS BASIC OPERATION ELECTRIQUES NE PAS UTILISER CE-I-rE FICHE POLARISEE AVEC UN PROLONGATEUR, UNE PRISE DE COURANT TO PLAY AN LD, CDV OR CD .................................. -
DAT330 – Principles of Digital Audio Cogswell Polytechnical College Spring 2009
DAT330 – Principles of Digital Audio Cogswell Polytechnical College Spring 2009 Week 6 – Class Notes Optical Disc Media: CD and DVD Optical Disc Media Design of Optical Media Most optical storage systems store data across the surface of a flat disc. This allows random access of data, as well as ease of manufacturing replication. Because the data is written and read via optical means, there is no physical contact between the media and the pickup. This ensures long media and pickup life and minimizes damage through head crashes or other failures. In addition, a protective layer can be used to protect the data from damages or contamination. Also, multiple data layers can be places within one substrate. Nonetheless, stored data must undergo both modulation and error correction. Data can be stored either along a spiral or concentric tracks. Most optical disc pickups shine a laser on the medium, and the reflected light is detected by a sensor and decoded to recover the carried data. The medium must have two states so that the change between them varies with the reflected light. Data can be represented as a phase change, polarization change, or change in the intensity of reflected light. The resulting variations picked up from the media can be converted into a varying electrical signal for data recovery. Laser beams, having a short wavelength, allow for high information data density and a high SNR needed for a high bit rate. Optical media must be supported by a sophisticated servo system to provide positioning, tracking, focusing of the pickup, and accurate rotation. -
EFM) for Greater Storage Density, and Cross-Interleave Reed-Solomon Code (CIRS) for Error Correction
OpticalOptical StorageStorage TechnologyTechnology The Compact Disc HistoryHistory ofof thethe CompactCompact DiscDisc CD-V 光碟片 Video CD DVD-RAM 000000100001000000010000000000100004.7GB DVD A-E CD-MO Land Pit Land Pit Land CD-ROM 接物鏡 瞄準鏡 雷射二極體 光柵 CD-R DVD-RAM 2.6GB CD-I CD-RW CD-DA 偏光板 Photo CD 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 FamilyFamily ofof thethe CompactCompact DiscDisc Compact Disc Family CD-Audio CD-ROM CD-Recordable (Red Book) (Yellow Book) (Orange Book) CD-i CD-ROM XA CD-MO CD-WO CD-RW (Green Book) (Yellow Book) (Part I) (Part II) (Part III) MODE 2 CD-i Bridge Enhanced Music CD (Blue Book) Video CD Photo CD (White Book) CompactCompact DiscDisc OverviewOverview z An audio disc stores a stereo signal comprised of two 16- bit data words sampled at 44.1 KHz; thus 1.41 million bits per second of audio data are output from the player. z Error correction, synchronization, and modulation are required, which triple the number of bits stored on a disc. z The channel bit rate, the rate at which data is read from the disc, is 4.3218 Mbps. z A disc containing an hour of music holds about 15.5 billion channel bits. z Apart from modulation and error correction overhead, a CD-DA disc holds a maximum of 6.3 billion bits, or 783 million bytes of user information. CompactCompact DiscDisc OverviewOverview z Information is contained in pits impressed into the disc’s plastic substrate. 00000100010000000100000000010000 Land Pit Land Pit Land CompactCompact DiscDisc OverviewOverview z Pits are encoded with eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM) for greater storage density, and Cross-Interleave Reed-Solomon code (CIRS) for error correction. -
CD Rewritable Recorder
D00808300A CD Rewritable Recorder OWNER’S MANUAL CAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE COVER (OR BACK). NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS Ü INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL. The lightning flash with arrowhead symbol, within an equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user to the presence of uninsulated “dangerous voltage” within the product’s enclosure ÿ that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock to persons. The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended to alert the user to the pres- ence of important operating and maintenance (servicing) instructions in the literature Ÿ accompanying the appliance. This appliance has a serial number located on the rear panel. Please record WARNING: TO PREVENT FIRE OR SHOCK the model number and serial number and retain them for your records. HAZARD, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS Model number Serial number APPLIANCE TO RAIN OR MOISTURE. IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS 1 Read these instructions. 12 Use only with the cart, stand, tripod, bracket, or 2 Keep these instructions. table specified by the manufacturer or sold with the apparatus. When a cart is used, use caution 3 Heed all warnings. when moving the cart/apparatus combination to 4 Follow all instructions. avoid injury from tip-over. 5 Do not use this apparatus near water. 6 Clean only with dry cloth. 7 Do not block any ventilation openings. Install in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 8 Do not install near any heat sources such as radi- ators, heat registers, stoves, or other apparatus (including amplifiers) that produce heat. -
Classic Mac Repair Notes
Classic Mac Tech Docs, v2.0: No warranties expressed or implied. Use at your own risk! Classic Mac Repair Notes 1.0 Introduction With each passing day, more classic Macs act their age by dying. Fortunately, most fail- ures are relatively easy to correct, so if you’re willing to put in a little effort, you can save many of them from the landfill. And you don’t have to be a super-tech, either. You can perform most of these repairs with simple, inexpensive tools. As with any product, compact Macs suffer from a few design flaws that make certain fail- ures more likely than others. Fortunately, all of these have been well documented by now, and so have their solutions. We’ll focus mainly on those well known defects that are responsible for the majority of the problems you’re probably going to encounter. Although these notes are mainly for the 128K, 512K and Plus, many of the general troubleshooting tips also apply to the SE, SE/30 and Classic/Classic II. Except for minor variations, the analog board for the Plus described here is the same as that used in earlier models. Also, the horizontal and video circuits are virtually identical to those used in the SE and SE/30 (but the vertical and power supply circuits are completely different). 2.0 Preliminaries 2.1 Safety Obviously, it’s very dangerous to work on the innards of any line-powered electronic equipment if the unit is still plugged in. So, before you do anything, UNPLUG IT. Don’t rely on the on/off switch -- actually remove the power cord. -
Floppy Disk - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 22
Line printer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 5 Line printer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The line printer is a form of high speed impact printer in which one line of type is printed at a time. They are mostly associated with the early days of computing, but the technology is still in use. Print speeds of 600 to 1200 lines-per-minute (approximately 10 to 20 pages per minute) were common. Contents 1 Designs 1.1 Drum printer 1.2 Chain (train) printer 1.2.1 Band printer 1.3 Bar printer 1.4 Comb printer 2 Paper (forms) handling IBM 1403 line printer, the classic line printer of 3 Origins the mainframe era. 4 Current applications 5 See also 6 References Designs Four principal designs existed: Drum printers Chain (train) printers Bar printers Comb printers Drum printer In a typical drum printer design, a fixed font character set is engraved onto the periphery of a number of print wheels, the number matching the number of columns (letters in a line) the printer could print. The wheels, joined to form a large drum (cylinder), spin at high speed and paper and an inked ribbon is stepped (moved) past the print position. As the desired character for each column passes the print position, a hammer strikes the paper from the rear and presses the paper against the ribbon and the drum, causing the desired character to be recorded on the continuous paper. Because the drum carrying the letterforms Drum Printer (characters) remains in constant motion, the strike-and-retreat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_printer 2010-12-03 Line printer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 5 action of the hammers had to be very fast. -
Future Trends in Optical Recording
Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 2, 51-57, April1988 51 Future trends in optical recording G. E. Thomas The text of the article below is largely taken from the invited paper that the author presented at the International Symposium on Optical Memory 1987, held in Tokyo from the 16th to the 18th of September 1987. In this article he describes the most important trends that can be rec- ognized today in the field of optical recording. Besides the well-known audio Compact Disc ('CD'), the Laser Vision disc and the Digital Optical Recording ('DOR') disc for data storage, there will be new applications in the future, especially if erasable optical recording becomes a practical reality. Introduetion It is undoubtedly only a coincidence that the sym- posium for which this material was originally put to- gether coincided with the fifteenth anniversary of the first public demonstration of optical recording, in September 1972 at Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven. To resurrect a cliché, it will be clear to all who have been involved in optical recording [1] that the field has been characterized during its brief history by turbulent and, at times, explosive growth. Indus- trially, the field of optical recording is a curious mix- ture of extremely. successful consumer applications, motor arm optical disc such as the video disc and - in particular - the Com- pact Disc, and professional data-storage applications in which the major breakthrough in the market is Fig. I. An optical recording system consists of three main compo- avidly predicted but still awaited. The word 'curious' nents: the optical disc, the arm and the motor. -
CDR765BK Dual Tray Audio Compact Disc Recorder
Audio Compact Disc Recorder CDR765BK Dual Tray Audio Compact Disc Recorder • Record your own digital audio compact discs (CD-R) which can then be played back on any standard CD player • No second source CD player needed • 2-disc simultaneous playback including 2-disc Recordable shuffle/program playback ReWritable • Double speed (2x) recording cuts record time in half • Easy to use with CD-Sync autostart recording and both automatic and manual track numbering • Digital and analog inputs and outputs for easy connection to almost any player or music production source • Separate output for CDR 1 and CD 2 • Full-featured CD player functions including: repeat one/all, shuffle, search reverse, and search forward • Audio* CD-Recordable and audio* CD-Rewritable (reusable) discs are supported by the CDR765BK *The CDR765BK is designed to use CD-R and CD-RW discs optimized for audio recording and bearing these logos. Discs produced for CD-R and CD-RW computer drives are not suitable. CD- RW discs will play only on CD-RW compatible players and recorders. • 2 independent high quality audio CD players featuring 1-bit A to D converter technology Record your own digital audio CDs! Audio Compact Disc Recorder CDR765BK General Digital Audio Recorder/Player offering high quality digital reproduction of CDs and home recording of both digital (CD) and analog sources. CD-Recordable Recording onto special blank compact discs (audio CD-R discs), it is possible to compile an archive of highest quality digital recordings, for playback on conventional CD players, as well as on the CDR765BK. Once Recording Functions (tray 1 only) recorded, CD-R discs are then “fixed” for life.