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Session 7 BOSON RESONANCES Gerson Goldhaber

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Session 7 BOSON RESONANCES Gerson Goldhaber 103 Session 7 BOSON RESONANCES Gerson Goldhaber, Rapporteur I. Introduction 2. New techniques I understand it was Fermi who once said: "With The phenomenal experimental progress we have one event one can obtain a cross section, with two witnessed over the past six years since the K'--the events one can obtain an angular distribution, and first boson resonance--was discovered by Alvarez with three events one can obtain polarization. " What and co-workers has been primarily accomplished with is becoming obvious at this Conference, however, is bubble chambers. One feature that has become rather that with four events one cannot obtain a resonance ! clear at this Conference is that the discovery and study of boson resonances is no longer the private 2 2 1. There are X and X domain of the bubble chamber physicists. There is an increasing number of counter and spark chamber The best exchange I have heard at this Conference experiments which have entered the field. While we was in a discussion between Dr. Lovelace and Dr. may still want to reserve judgment on some of these Moorhouse. Lovelace said that he had computed that results, and give these new techniques a chance to in a "best fit" which Moorhouse had obtained to some prove themselves, it is clear that some of the data data the likelihood that this fit be correct was 10~l6o. are very good and all are very promising. To this Moorhouse replied that Lovelace will be happy to learn that a check he made on one of 3. Outline Lovelace's "best fits" came out much better: the likelihood for it to be a correct fit was 10"24. This In my talk here I will not attempt to provide you illustrates an important point. Both these gentlemen with a complete encyclopedic knowledge about all have actually made excellent fits to large amounts of the resonances and their properties, I will rather data and have obtained very interesting and reliable attempt to give you an overall global look at them. results. The point is, however, that one has to be The details can then be filled in by looking at the very careful in interpreting X2 probabilities in a tables which Rosenfeld and co-workers are supply­ literal sense. ing at this Conference. To enable you to keep the overall picture in mind I will use the well-known The statements and calculations made by the octet or nonet assignments of the boson resonances, experimentalists are, of course, perfectly correct. and discuss the resonances in the framework of this On careful study of the paper one will find one or grouping. Some of the assignments to these octets more of the phrases are very well established (Sections II to IV). Others a. "The errors are statistical only, " are tentative or in some cases completely specula­ b. "Here noninterfering background has been tive. I will, however, use the suggestive grouping assumed, " for the particles in those cases as well (Sections VI c. "Background is assumed negligible, " to VIII). Finally, those effects for which no hint of d. "Higher partial waves have been neglected, " etc. an SU(3) grouping is available as yet I will group phenomenologically (Sections IX to XII). To be concrete, let me now consider the problem of spin parity determination for the boson resonances More specifically, the subjects I will discuss in decaying into three particles in the final state. One this talk are: can plot the best angular or mass distribution recom­ II The Pseudoscalar Nonet mended in the very excellent work by Zemach and III The Vector Nonet compare the various choices with the experimental IV The Jp = 2+ Nonet data. Once the assumptions, both theoretical and V Comments on the Quark-Antiquark Model experimental, are made the X2 determination is VI A Possible 1+ Axial Vector Nonet (Specula­ perfectly straightforward. One proceeds to compute tive !) X2/(X )» where X2 is the measured quantity and VII Where Are the Scalar Mesons? ^ (X2) corresponds to the number of degrees of free­ VIII Evidence for two C = -1 Mesons (J = 1+ or 2") dom, constraints, etc. IX Nonstrange Resonances in the 1650-MeV Mass Region Consider the hypothetical case in which this X Mis sing-Mass Spectrometer Experiments and gives 36/30 for spin 1" and 60/30 for spin 1 + . The Evidence for Higher-Mass Bosons experimentalist may just quote these numbers or he XI The Question of More Complex Quark Struc­ may look up the corresponding X2 probability in a tures handbook. The corresponding probabilities are 0.2 XII More Strange Bosons and 0.001. It is clearly true that the first value is preferred over the second ! All of this is perfectly correct. What is not correct is if we now infer that II. The Pseudoscalar Nonet one spin is preferred over the other with astronomi­ cal odds ! Because the probability obtained refers to Let me start with the pseudoscalar 0" nonet, the probability that the spin is 1" and that all which I have sketched in Fig. 7-1. If we accept the assumptions made are correct. And similarly for quark picture^--and as we have heard from Gell-Mann 1+. Just looking at these two numbers tells us noth­ it certainly is a convenient mathematical description, ing about the relative probabilities if one of the even if there are no physical quarks--this corre­ assumptions is slightly off. sponds to the ^SQ qq state with charge conjugation 104 Session 7 belonging to the octet, the n, and the unitary sin­ glet,the n!. Although this nonet has been considered as well established, there are some questions which have been raised and amplified at this Conference. i. The X° and 5^ particles The first indication that we must take a closer look at the n' = X°(959) assignment came from the mis sing-mass spectrometer work by Kienzle et al. at CERN. 2 They studied the reaction 7r~p->p + (MM)" (See Fig. 7-2. ) Although one may want to reserve judgment on a measurement by a completely new technique the indication of the peak at 963 ± 5 MeV which Kienzle et al. called the 6" looks reasonably good. What is most convincing, however, is that confirmation for this work has come from another mis sine-mass spectrometer experiment by Oostens et al. ,3 who studied the reaction p + p-*d +(MM)+, and measured the momentum of the recoil deuteron, at 0° in the laboratory system. Here again they observe what appears to be a significant peak at essentially the same mass value 966 ±8 MeV. (See Fig. 7-3. ) The observation of 6+ with deuteron MUB-13907 formation in the final state determines that 1(5) = 1. Furthermore an indication of such a bump occurring Fig. 7-1. The energy-level diagram for near the end of the mass spectrum was observed the pseudoscalar nonet. earlier by Turkot et al. 4 at Brookhaven, as shown in Fig. 7-4. We have to accept, then, that there is rather good evidence for a very narrow (T< 5 MeV) 1=1 particle at mass around 964 MeV. C = +1. Here we have the isotriplet, TT; the isosin- Recently, in a study of TT"p -* Tr"*Tr°p at 1.7 BeV/c, glet, n;and the two K isodoublets--making a total of Allen et al. have observed a small and narrow peak eight--that form the octet, and finally the n' corre­ sponding to the ninth particle. In the 0" octet the masses fit the Gell-Mann-Okubo mass formula fairly well (in the mass-squared form), and there is only a very small amount of mixing between the isosinglet MUB 13436 Fig. 7-2. The first evidence for the 6~ Fig. 7-3. The corroborative evidence for particle. the 5 + particle (called X+). Session 7 105 in the TT "TT mass distribution at 965 MeV. This is observed for large A2 values, A2 > 0.5 (GeV/c)2, and may correspond to the 8. The authors quote similar effects in other work in the literature. On the other hand, the work of Jacobs, who studied a substantial sample of events in the same reactions at somewhat higher incident momenta, 2.1 to 2.7 GeV/c, does not show such an effect for A^>0,4 (GeV/c)2. The question is, now, what is going on here? Is the X° actually a member of a triplet or are there two distinct particles here? Two bubble chamber groups at Indiana (Martin et al.^) and LRL-Berkeley (Barbaro-Galtieri and Rittenberg ) looking at the K"d interactions, have examined this question. They have done this by comparing the rates for the two reactions For an I = 0 X particle only the first reaction will go, for an I = 1 X° particle the second reaction will occur in the ratio of 2 to 1 relative to the first reac­ tion. The results are the following: Martin et al. found that, in a sample they looked at, whereas the predicted number of X " events (in all decay modes) would have been 19 ±6, they observed only 5±4 above background. This result is consistent with a null signal. The LRL Group has found a similar result Fig. 7-4. An indication for the 6+ particle where their data also happened to predict 19 ±6 events. from earlier work. The LRL workers see no events at all on a zero back- Fig. 7-5. The data of Rittenberg on the K"p interaction from 2.1 to 2.7 BeV/c.
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