<<

Department of Physics and Astronomy

University of Heidelberg

Master thesis

in Physics

submitted by

Minjae Kim

born in Seoul, South Korea

2015 Preparation of the CARMENES target list

This Master thesis has been carried out by Minjae Kim

at the

Landessternwarte Königstuhl

Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg

under the supervision of

Prof. Dr. Andreas Quirrenbach

&

Dr. José A. Caballero

(Centro de Astrobiología, Madrid, Spain) Vorbereitung des CARMENES Zielliste

Zusammenfassung

Kontext: CARMENES ist eine Technologie der nächsten Generation, die durch ein Konsortium aus zahlreichen spanischen und deutschen Instituten aufgebaut wird, um eine von 300 Sternen der M-Klasse durchzuführen mit dem Ziel, Exo-Erden durch Radialgeschwindigkeitsvermessungen zu entdecken. Ziele: Das Hauptziel dieser Masterarbeit besteht darin, Ziellisten für die CARMENES Commisioningvorzu- bereiten und das internationale Konsortium zu unterstützen. Das erste Ziel ist der Entwurf von Cards auf CARMENES GTO Websites für alle Alpha in CARMENCITA. Das zweite Ziel ist der Entwurf der definitiven Finding Charts, die sich in der Star Cards für alle Alpha Stars in CARMENCITA wiederfinden wird. Das dritte Ziel ist die Schätzung von zukünftigen Koordinaten für alle 2200 Sternen in CARMENCITA für die CARMENES-Commisioning. Das letzte Ziel liegt in der Feststellung von unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Applikationen und Untersuchungen innerhalb von CARMENCITA zur Unterstützung der CARMENES-Studie. Methoden: Hauptsächlich werden zwei virtual observatory softwares verwendet (Aladin und TOPCAT). Zusätzlich wird Python verwendet zur automatischen Erstellung fehlerfreier Star Cards, sowie zur Berech- nung mit dem Ziel der Schätzung von zukünftigen Koordinaten und der Erstellung von Entwürfen (auch anhand von GNU Octave). MS Office dient zur Erstellung von Finding Charts Templates. IRAF wird verwendet bei der Suche nach engen Doppelsternsystemen mit fotografischen Tafeln aus SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey. Die gesamte Arbeit ist auf CARMENCITA basiert. Ergebnisse: Sowohl 353 Star Cards als auch Finding Charts von allen Alpha Stars in CARMENCITA sind erfolgreich auf unseren CARMENES GTO Websites aktualisiert worden. Schätzungen von zukünftigen Koordinaten während der CARMENES Erhebung (2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0) für vollständige 2200 CARMENCITA Sterne und weitere mehrere wissenschaftliche Anwendungen in CARMENCITA werden in dieser Masterarbeit erforscht. Fazit: Diese Arbeit erlaubt die Entwicklung einer Vorbereitung von den CARMENES Ziellisten.

Stichwörter: Astronomische Datenbank — Sterne: M-Zwergsterne: CARMENES, CARMENCITA — Sterne: Finding Charts — Sterne: Star-cards

Preparation of the CARMENES target list

Abstract

Context: CARMENES is a next-generation instrument being built by a consortium of German and Spanish institutions to carry out a survey of 300 M-type stars with the goal of detecting exoearths by measurements. Aims: The main goal of this MSc thesis is to prepare target lists for CARMENES commissioning and to help the international consortium. The first aim at this thesis is preparation of star cards in CARMENES GTO webpages for all of alpha stars in CARMENCITA. The second aim is definitive finding charts which will be in star cards for all of alpha stars in CARMENCITA. The third aim is the estimation future coordinates for whole 2200 stars in CARMENCITA for CARMENES commissioning. The fourth aim is lots of scientific applications and investigation in CARMENCITA to help CARMENES survey. Methods: It will be mainly used two virtual observatory software (Aladin and TOPCAT) for overall works. Python will be used for generating star-cards automatically without errors, lots of calculation in estimating future coordinates and making plots (with GNU Octave also). MS Office will be used for making finding charts templates. IRAF will be used for searching very close binaries with photographic plates from SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey. Whole works are based on CARMENCITA. Results: Both 353 star cards and finding charts of all of alpha stars in CARMENCITA are successfully updated on our CARMENES GTO webpages. Estimation future coordinates when CARMENES survey (2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0) for whole 2200 CARMENCITA stars and lots of other scientific applications in CARMENCITA are investigated in this MSc thesis. Conclusions: These works allow us to develop a preparation of the CARMENES target list.

Keywords: Astronomical data bases — Stars: M-dwarf Stars: CARMENES, CARMENCITA — Stars: finding charts — Stars: star-cards

3 Contents

1 Introduction 6 1.1 The search for ...... 6 1.2 M dwarfs...... 6 1.3 CARMENES...... 7 1.4 CARMENCITA...... 9 1.4.1 Data...... 11 1.4.2 Star class in CARMENCITA...... 11 1.5 Objectives...... 11

2 Analysis 14 2.1 Star cards, HTML table with Python...... 14 2.1.1 HTML table...... 14 2.1.2 Python...... 14 2.2 Past, present and future coordinates...... 14 2.2.1 Past coordinates and ...... 15 2.2.2 Present coordinates with WISE data...... 16 2.2.3 Future coordinates prediction...... 21 2.3 Finding charts...... 22 2.3.1 Acquisition and guiding camera (A&G)...... 22 2.3.2 Photometric systems and RR band...... 24 2.3.3 Retrieving SuperCOSMOS digitisations in R band data...... 27 2.3.4 How to make the finding charts...... 29 2.3.5 Fibre contamination...... 33 2.4 Scientific application in CARMENCITA...... 34 2.4.1 Finding close binaries in IRAF...... 34 2.4.2 Scientific application in CARMENCITA...... 36

3 Results and discussion 38 3.1 Star cards...... 38 3.2 Estimating coordinate...... 40 3.2.1 WISE coordinates estimate as a current ...... 40 3.2.2 Future coordinate in CARMENES survey...... 54 3.3 Finding charts...... 54 3.3.1 Finding charts...... 54 3.3.2 Fibre contamination...... 57 3.4 Scientific application in CARMENCITA...... 58 3.4.1 Finding close binaries in IRAF...... 58 3.4.2 CARMENCITA classification about multiple systems...... 63 3.4.3 CARMENCITA with wide binaries...... 64 3.4.4 Spectral type and frequency of companions to our M dwarfs...... 64 3.4.5 Multiple star systems in CARMENCITA...... 69 3.4.6 Change of CARMENCITA database number...... 69

4 Conclusions and future work 70

5 Acknowledgment 72

References 73

I Appendix 75

List of Figures 75

List of Tables 76

A M Spectral type stars with exoplanets 78

B HTML sample tables for star cards 81

4 C How to make HTML table samples with Python 86

D Astronomical sky survey 88

E Estimated coordinate in Epoch of 2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0. 90

F Wide binaries in CARMENCITA. 131

G CARMENCITA stars with M primaries not in CARMENCITA. 138

5 1 Introduction 1.1 The search for exoplanets Since exoplanets are much fainter than the mother star exoplanets that , they are extremely difficult to detect directly. In addition, direct imaging works best for that orbit stars which are nearest to the , and it is particularly sensitive to young and massive planets with only survey. For those reasons, at the present time, there are few indirect methods that have yielded success; therefore, indirect observations are much more commonly used when searching exoplanets. One of the most successful technique for detecting exoplanets so far is the radial velocity method which measures variations in the radial velocity of the star with respect to the . Variations in the radial velocity of the star can be easily detected through displacements in the star’s spectral lines due to the Doppler effect. The first around a solar-like star was b, discovered by Mayor & Queloz in 1995 with radial velocity techniques after Doppler monitoring. Around 440 planets have been discovered by the radial velocity with Doppler effect method. Discovery rate increased from a few per to between 50 and 100 per year more recently. The radial velocity semi-amplitude K∗ of a star signal can be expressed in units of [cm/s] with the in units of M⊕ in the following Equation (1) (Fischer et al. 2014[11]):

−1  −2/3  −1/3 8.95cms Mp sin i M∗ + Mp P K∗ = √ (1) 1 − e2 M⊕ M yr

If the mass of the star M∗ is known, the observed parameters, velocity semi-amplitude K∗, P, eccentricity e, and orientation angle ω can be used to calculate the minimum mass of the planet Mp sin i. As the Equation (1) demonstrates, an important aspect of equation is that for a given planetary mass, there are two possibilities that the planetary signal increment. It is clear that the radial velocity amplitude can be increased by decreasing and shortening orbital distances. In addition, since the mother star and their planet interactions are mediated by their , the more massive planets are more easily detected in stellar velocity amplitudes. Next promising technique for detecting exoplanets is the method, which is ba- sically measuring a periodic decrease in the flux received from the host star, as a consequence of the exoplanet transiting in front of the host star. There are other prospective techniques that have detected exoplanets using pulsation timing, micro-lensing, and . With Pulsation timing method, we can predict the change in distance between the signal source and the by using the arrival times of signals emitted periodically by the source. Micro-lensing method is the result of the gravitational bending of from the distant source. This technique is critically sensitive to all kinds of stars and planets, even to very low-mass planets. Unlike other methods, with micro-lensing method, planets in other can be detected. With astrometry methods, the space-based mission will search millions of planets, but prior to the launch of GAIA, no planet detected by astrometry have been confirmed. M spectral type stars with exoplanets, which are updated with recent discoveries (2015)1, are discovered with only radial velocity and primary transit are listed in Table 39 and 40 of Appendix A. Both tables are ordered in ascending order of α2000 ( in J2000).

1.2 M dwarfs M spectral type of stars are commonly distributed in the Universe. That is why they can provide important statistical information about star formation and other galactic structures. About 65% of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighbourhood are classified as M stars nearest within 10 . The Table 1 describes the number density RECONS2 has made of the nearest 100 stellar systems within 10 parsecs. M dwarfs form like the Sun, but they are the smallest of the stars, weighing in at huge ranges around 7.5 to 50 percent solar . The smallest stars mean that they burn at a lower temperature, so they are far dimmer than Sun-like stars. The largest M spectral type dwarfs such as HD 179930 have only about 10% of the solar (Chabrier et al. 1996[7]). In general, their lower temperature suggests that they burn at a far slower rate through nuclear fusion of into helium by the proton-proton chain mechanism than other stars. Their limited radiance extends their lifespan, which is far longer than sun-like stars. Consequently, these diminutive stars, i.e., M spectral type of stars, mostly emit very little light. Therefore, these stars - this largest population of stars in the - hide in the shadows, and it is impossible to observe them without the help of tools from the Earth.

1The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia, www.exoplanet.eu 2http://www.recons.org/TOP100.posted.htm

6 Table 1: Number density of the nearest 100 Stellar Systems.

Nearest 100 stellar system stars White Planet Total OBAFGKMLT dwarf 11 2 1 6 18 98 1 8 8 153

Theoretically speaking, M spectral type stars that have a smaller mass than 0.35 M transport energy from their core to the surface chiefly by convection. Since opacity of the interior, which has a high density compared to the temperature, consequently energy from their core to surface by radiation is decreased. The M dwarfs above this mass, have a region around their core where convection does not occur.[24] M spectral type of stellar objects are composed of dwarfs, giants, super giants and even brown dwarfs, though most abundant of M spectral type stellar objects are M dwarfs. On main sequence stars, the gravity pushes inward until the hydrogen nuclear fusion starts in their core. But sometimes some stars can never reach this crucial stage which means that clouds are collapsed of gas and dust do not being stars instead. These stellar objects are known as brown dwarfs. Their mass range from 13 to 80 times than the mass of the Jupiter3. M dwarfs are main sequence stars whose spectra display bands of TiO and other molecules such as CaH, VO, FeH, and CrH (Kirkpatrick et al. 1991[17]). Vanadium monoxide bands is present in late type of M spectral stars. Typical characteristics of M spectral type of stars are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Typical characteristics of M spectral type dwarfs (Reid & Hawley et al. 2005[22]).

SpT Teff Radius Mass Luminosity logg −2 −1 [K] [R/R ] [M/M ] [L/L ] [g · cm · s ] M0V 3800 0.62 0.60 7.2 4.65 M1V 3600 0.49 0.49 3.5 4.75 M2V 3400 0.44 0.44 2.3 4.8 M3V 3250 0.39 0.36 1.5 4.8 M4V 3100 0.36 0.20 0.55 4.9 M5V 2800 0.20 0.14 0.22 5.0 M6V 2600 0.15 0.10 0.09 5.1 M7V 2500 0.12 ∼ 0.09 0.05 5.2 M8V 2400 0.11 ∼ 0.08 0.03 5.2 M9V 2300 0.08 ∼ 0.075 0.015 5.4

1.3 CARMENES CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exo- with Near-infrared and opti- cal Échelle Spectrographs) is a next-generation radial velocity survey by a consortium of eleven Spanish and German institutions that carries out Doppler survey about exoplanet targeting 300 M dwarfs at the 3.5m tele- scope at Calar Alto (Spain) between 2015 to 2018. The scientific goal of CARMENES survey project is to find low-mass exoplanets orbiting in the habitable zone (HZ) of their host star. The project will be carried out throughout ± 600 nights. Habitable zone is defined as the orbital region around the host star within which planetary-mass objects with sufficient atmospheric pressure can maintain liquid water at its surface. As the Eqn. (1) demonstrates, for a given planetary minimum mass, the semi-radial velocity amplitude of planetary signals increase by decreasing the mass of their mother star. Undoubtedly, searching exoplanets around low-mass stars is an appropriate selection to meet for the range of terrestrial planets. The relationship between the stellar mass and the orbital distance from the host star to the planet is shown in Fig. 1 (Quirrenbach et al. 2010[25]) with accessible regions

3 1M ∼ 332,946 M⊕, 1MJup ∼ 317.83 M⊕

7 Figure 1: The habitable zone (shaded portions). Left vertical axis indicates mass of the star, right vertical axis indicates spectral type of star and horizontal axis indicates orbital separation. The tidal locking distance is expressed as dashed −1 lines. Red solid lines indicates 5M⊕ of radial velocity precision (1 and 3 m s ) and black solid lines indicates 10M⊕ of −1 radial velocity precision (1 and 3 m s ) with 2 σi RV accuracy for planetary mass. The accessible regions are to the left of the lines. Shaded portions indicate the habitable zone. Around above region of habitable zone, there are 3 small dots, Venus, the Earth and the Mars from the left to the right.

function of mass and radial velocity precision. Left vertical axis indicates mass of the star (unit in , M ), right vertical axis indicates spectral type of star (aspect of M spectral type of stars) and horizontal axis indicates orbital separation (unit of AU). The tidal locking distance is expressed as dashed lines and each solid line illustrates the limitation of the detection, at the significance of twice the individual measurement error, −1 σi. Red solid lines indicates 5M⊕ of radial velocity precision (1 and 3 m s ) and black solid lines indicates −1 10M⊕ of radial velocity precision (1 and 3 m s ) with 2 σi Radial velocity accuracy for planetary mass. The accessible regions are to the left of the lines. Shaded portions indicate the habitable zone. Around above region of habitable zone, there are 3 small dots, Venus, the Earth and the Mars from the left to the right. Looking at Fig. 1, it is a very reasonable choice for CAMRENES survey that the radial velocity precision of 1 m s−1 is required. The CARMENES instrument is composed of two separate Échelle spectrographs which is covering the visible and the near infrared wavelength simultaneously. One is equipped with a 4k × 4k pixel CCD for the range 0.55 - 1.05 µm, and another with two 2k × 2k pixel HgCdTe detectors for the range of 0.95 - 1.7 µm (Quirrenbach et al. 2010[25]). The efficiency of CARMENES has been optimised in this range; therefore, the wavelength range around 1.0 µm is the most important wavelength region for performing radial velocity survey for mid-M and late-M spectral types of stars. For CARMENES, the scientific requirement of spectral resolution of R ∼ 82,000 has been adopted. Two spec- trographs are fed by fibres from the Cassegrain focus of the telescope and housed in vacuum tanks providing the temperature-stabilised circumstances to enable better than 1 m/s radial velocity precision. The CARMENES survey can provide sufficient statistical information and observation results to assess the general distribution of exoplanets orbiting M spectral type of dwarfs, and especially the relation between their frequency and host stellar masses, and orbital parameters. With these invaluable results, it is evident that we can demonstrate the overall planetary formation in the low-mass star regime. The CARMENES survey will also provide valuable constraints on η⊕ which is the abundance of Earth-analogue planets in the habitable zone, and which still has a large uncertainty, on M dwarfs (Quirrenbach et al. 2014[27]). The CARMENES target stars 300 M dwarfs are composed of three sub-samples which will be selected by in- tensive monitoring from CARMENCITA. They are classified by the mass of the target star and their rotational velocity (vsini). Classification of standard in CARMENES sub-samples are shown in Table 3 below. The rela- tion between their spectral type and J magnitude of CARMENES sub-samples is illustrated in Fig. 2. Sub-sample 1 (S1) is aimed at covering the late spectral type that can only be studied by CARMENES. Sub-

8 sample 2 (S2) with CARMENES survey is very efficient with Infrared observation and it makes a cross-check with results of other surveys possible. Sub-sample 3 (S3) is relatively brighter targets, therefore it will be best

Table 3: CARMENES sub-samples.

SS Mass range Spctral type range

S1 100 stars with M < 0.25M M4 and later S2 100 stars with 0.25M < M < 0.30M M3 - M4 S3 100 stars with 0.30M < M < 0.60M M0 - M2

suited as a poor weather sample. Taken together, studying all three samples will provide a comprehensive view of the planet population around low-mass stars (Quirrenbach et al. 2014[27]). These classification of sub-sample in CARMENCITA is for the guaranteed time observations in CARMENES. In the summer of 2015, there was the CARMENES front-end commissioning at the Calar Alto observatory. And between 2015 October to November, there will be the first light of NIR and VIS channel spectrographs commissioning start at the Calar Alto observatory. The instrument acceptance at the Calar Alto observatory and science survey will be started in 2016 January.

Figure 2: CARMENES sub-samples, colors represent: S1 (Red), S2 (Green), S3 (Blue).

1.4 CARMENCITA To carry out a proper selection and characterisation of the targets, the CARMENCITA (CARMENes Cool star Information and daTa Archive) database is needed. The CARMENCITA database is a comprehensive stel- lar characterisation and compiles data as input catalogues for CARMENES. The main source of the catalogue information comes from the Palomar/Michigan State University (PMSU) Survey of nearby stars (Reid et al. 1995, Hawley et al. 1996) and this catalogue was cross-matched with the 2MASS point source catalogue (Cutri et al. 2003). This sample was completed with new known late-type stars which have been discovered by the Research Consortium on Nearby Stars (RECONS). A few additional late-type stars are added (Bochanski et al. 2005; Irwin et al. 2011), the spectroscopic M dwarf catalogue from the (West et al.

9 Figure 3: Covering the different classes for each spectral type in J mag. colours represent: Alpha (blue), Beta (green) and Gamma (yellow).

2011), the new proper motion stars published (Boyd et al. 2011) and the Dwarf Archive maintained by Gelino, Kirkpatrick and Burgasser (http://dwarfarchives.org) were also checked for additional potential sample stars. Finally, some catalogues (Lepine & Gaidos et al.2011) are being merged into the CARMENCITA data base. Our observations allow us to identify high-activity, low- and low-gravity stars, single and double-lined spectroscopic binaries and especially fast rotators, which should be discarded from any target list for exoplanet searches (Quirrenbach et al. 2012[26]; Caballero et al. 2013[6]). To prepare CARMENCITA with the best targets, CARMENECITA collected systematically these 8 whole pub- lished M dwarfs in the literature that fulfilled two simple criteria. Firstly, stars can be observable from Calar Alto with target δ > −23 deg (air mass should be < 2.0 at their culmination). Secondly, stars are selected according to their spectral type and brightness. They need to be confirmed as dwarf stars with an accurate spectral type determination from spectroscopic data between M0.0 V and M9.5 V (Klutsch, A. et al. 2012[18]). Specifically, no target fainter than J = 11.5 mag is in our catalogue, which is described below in Table 4 & Fig. 3. Both show that J magnitude range for each class, Y axis in Fig. 3 and a second, third and fourth column in Table 4, based on their spectral type in our CARMENCITA.

Table 4: CARMENCITA classification.

Spectral J magnitude range type Alpha Beta Gamma M0 V < 7.0 7.0 - 7.3 7.3 < 8.5 M1 V < 7.5 7.5 - 7.8 7.8 < 9.0 M2 V < 8.0 8.0 - 8.3 8.3 < 9.5 M3 V < 8.5 8.5 - 8.8 8.8 < 10.0 M4 V < 9.0 9.0 - 9.3 9.3 < 10.5 M5 V < 9.5 9.5 - 9.8 9.8 < 11.0 M6 V < 10.0 10.0 - 10.3 10.3 < 11.5 M7 V < 10.5 10.5 - 10.8 10.8 < 11.5 M8 V < 11.0 11.0 - 11.3 11.3 < 11.5 M9 V < 11.5

10 1.4.1 Data CARMENCITA is the input catalogue of candidate stars to be observed in the CARMENES project and will be based on data of M dwarfs ever built so far. This database contains information about hundreds of parameters for M spectral type dwarfs. In particular, for each star, CARMENCITA tabulates (Quirrenbach et al. 2014[27]):

- CARMENES identifier, with the format Karmn Jhhmms±ddmX (X is direction = E, W, N, S). - Component letter in multiple system, if not single (A, B, C, Aa, Ab, etc.). - Discovery or given name, with a strict order of priority (e.g., Barnard’s star, V374 Peg, HD 220140 B, BD+57 2735, Wolf 1051, Ross 271, GJ 1292, LP 704–015 A, G 273–093, StKM 1–2065, NLTT 56083, LSPM J2146+3813, etc.). - Gliese-Jahreiss number. - Spectral type. - Equatorial coordinates α and δ. - Proper motions µα cos δ and µδ. - π and heliocentric d distance. - Radial velocity Vr. - Galacto-centric space velocities U V W. - Photometry in the FUV, NUV, u, BT, B, g, VT, r, i, J, H, Ks, W1, W2, W3 and W 4 bands from GALEX, SDSS DR9, Tycho-2, UCAC4, CMC14, 2MASS and WISE. - Multiplicity type and Washington Double Star discovery code, angular separation ρ, wide/close companion name and basic parameters of primary. (Spectral type, J, metallicity) - Pseudo-equivalent width of the Hα line pEW (Hα). - Identifier, count rate and hardness ratios in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. - Rotational velocity v sin i. - Photometric period P . - Some selected spectral indices. - Flaring flag. - Hyperlink to our science preparation data. (low- and high-resolution spectroscopy and imaging) - Origin. - And so on.

For every parameter, value, error, unit and reference are tabulated. Only the most accurate and reliable ones from all parameter values in the literature or our own observation are listed. New parameters such as claimed presence of exoplanet candidates, membership in moving groups or close young clusters, hyperlinks to public archival data, and basic astrophysical parameters derived as homogeneously as possible such as Teff , log g, [F e/H], M, L, R, i, etc. will be included soon in columns to CARMENCITA and further columns will be added continuously. Especially, one of the aims of this thesis, expected positions for different future time: CARMENES survey (2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0), with using new more accurate proper motions in CARME- NENCITA will be added in CARMENCITA is described in section 2.2. Apart from that, the CARMENCITA website offers ASCII text files and XML files which are useful in the Virtual Observatory (VO). In what follows, Fig. 4. is the basic sort of CARMENCITA stars with password protected web server described in CARMENES project. Currently, this catalogue is private, but this will be announced in the future as the CARMENES legacy project.

1.4.2 Star class in CARMENCITA As mentioned in the previous section, depending on the spectral type of the stars, one of the parameters - J magnitude - is used in the CARMENCITA classification. Table 5 describes that stars of the CARMENCITA database have been classified to four classes: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. This division into classes made to establish when conducting the observations.

1.5 Objectives This thesis is developed in response to preparation of the CARMENES target list, in the first place, proper selection from list contained the over 2100 M dwarfs observable from Calar Alto is the most important science preparation for observations. In this manner, one of the main preparation of the CARMENES target list will be described in this thesis. This thesis has been organised in the following way:

11 Figure 4: Basic sort of data in CARMENCITA stars as password protected web server.

Table 5: CARMENES Spectral type classification.

Class Characteristic Numbers Alpha highest priority stars 353 Beta second priority stars 217 Gamma back-up weak stars 1260 Delta binary stars (companions located < 5 00) 334 Total 2164

Firstly, star cards in CARMENES Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO), which are individual target star web pages for each Alpha stars, as Simbad4 or The extrasolar planets Encyclopaedia5 will be described. Star cards show all the information in CARMENCITA of the CARMENES project in a significantly comprehensive way. Since these star cards are in the form of web pages, Python will be used to prepare for generating HTML table automatically. Also Python allows to work with less error. Secondly, since the definitive finding charts are one of the main preparations for observation, overall things about the definitive finding charts are dealt with in this thesis. The finding chart should be provided any time there are uncertainties about the identity of the target, crowded fields or very faint sources to identify the target during acquisition. Thirdly, for preparation of the definitive finding charts, more accurate current position coordinates for the CARMENES commissioning running at Calar Alto observatory are needed. For simplicity, WISE epoch will be used as the current epoch in finding charts. Therefore, those things will lead us to prepare that estimated current coordinates for each CARMENES target stars, which will be described in this thesis. To check reli- ability, it is necessary to cross-match the estimation of current position and real WISE (or AllWISE) epoch. These cross-matching error rates should be small and accepted for other estimation of any future coordinates, especially CARMENES survey (2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0). Fourthly, there will be other scientific applications of CARMENCITA which will be helpful for preparation of the CARMENES target list. Especially some useful works for M dwarf metallicity calibration will be dealt with.

4http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ 5http://exoplanet.eu/

12 Taken as a whole, all these works are for the CARMENES commissioning and CARMENES survey, therefore our greatest concern to point out is CARMENES commissioning. CARMENES commissioning periods are allo- cated at Calar Alto Observatory (CAHA)6 and the night time allocation will be very flexible. Rough schedules for CARMENES commissioning are listed in Table 6 below. In Jan 2016, All of instrument acceptance will be in Calar Alto Observatory, therefore first CARMENES science survey will be started soon.

Table 6: CARMENES commissioning runs at Calar Alto.

Date System Code

Apr-May 2015 Front-end and fibres (re-integration, installation) COM#0.1-FE Jun 2015 Front-end and fibres (re-integration, installation) COM#0.2-FE Jul-Aug 2015 Front-end and fibres (re-integration, installation) COM#0.3-FE Oct 2015 VIS channel COM#1 Nov 2015 VIS+NIR COM#2 Dec 2015 VIS+NIR COM#3

6http://www.caha.es/

13 2 Analysis 2.1 Star cards, HTML table with Python The CARMENES Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) website contains target lists of CARMENES which is expressed as star cards webpages. As mentioned before, Star cards web-page is composed of minimal infor- mation. However, it contains information of alpha stars in CARMENCITA for CARMENES commissioning in a significantly comprehensive way. In particular, for each star, star cards tabulates:

- Key data Karmn name, Name, Spectral type, J mag, Equatorial coordinates, Rotational velocity v sin i, Sub-sample number and the definitive finding chart are contained. - Astrometry Astrometry Equatorial coordinates, Galactic coordinates, Proper motions, Radial velocity, Distance, Galactocentric space velocities and Böttlinger diagram are illustrated. - Photometry Photometry in the FUV, NUV, u, BT, B, g, VT, r, i, J, H, Ks, W1, W2, W3 and W 4 bands from GALEX, SDSS DR9, Tycho-2, UCAC4, CMC14, 2MASS, WISE and Spectral energy distribution are illustrated. - Wide multiplicity Wide multiplicity, Multiplicity type, companion, angular separation ρ, wide/close companion name and Spctral type of primary star and Coloured Aladin image with companion are illustrated. - Activity Pseudo-equivalent width of the Hα line pEW (Hα), Rotational velocity v sin i, Photo- metric period P, Flaring flag and Hα profile in high resolution spectrum. - Science preparation data low resolution and high resolution spectroscopy and imaging and Low-resolution spectrum. - Miscellanea Miscellanea Gliese-Jahreiss number, Planets existence, their origin, Star’s class in CARMENCITA and Something relevant to this star will be illustrated.

Most of the parameters are tabulated into values, errors, unit and their references. Main objective of Star card is to prepare CARMENES GTO commissioning, therefore, mainly alpha stars, which are the best candidate targets in CARMENCITA, are listed in CARMENES GTO web pages. CARMENES GTO website offers mainly M dwarfs star cards of alpha stars of CARMENCITA, astro-photometric fields in clusters for astro-photometric calibration purposes and some of very bright stars are also listed. All of this information is expressed on web pages; therefore, using HTML is the most effective idea for our purposes. Sample of representative templates star card is illustrated in Fig. 57 - 63 of Appendix B.

2.1.1 HTML table Hyper Text Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the mark-up language mostly used in web pages. It is possible with HTML to describe a structure of a website semantically with cues for presentation, making it a mark-up language, rather than a programming language. Especially, the HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into rows and columns of cells. As a conclusion, using HTML is an effective way to show their information in the website. The HTML tables are created using the

tag in which the tag is used to create table rows and
tag is used to create data cells. HTML table pseudo code samples for CARMENES star cards expressed in HTML test-website is described Fig. 63 - 70 in Appendix B.

2.1.2 Python Python is the one of the most popular and widely used high-level programming languages. Python allows scholars to work more quickly and integrate systems more effectively. In particular, it is easy to manage and significantly faster than other programming languages and friendly to users. For this reason, using Python is a faster and more effective way to create HTML tables accurately in a smaller period of time. Moreover, using python means that the likelihood to have errors is small. How to make HMTL table samples in a website using Python is described in Appendix C.

2.2 Past, present and future coordinates For creating the best suited finding charts for more accurate observations in CARMENES, which is one of main objectives of this thesis, the more exact expected positions is needed. For more accurate expected positions of

14 stars in finding charts, proper motion will be a clue, since proper motion is the key for the connection between the past, the present and the future. Using the proper motion of stars allows us to estimate current positions as well as future positions. However, for simplicity, the WISE coordinate will be used in finding charts as a current epoch for CARMENES commissioning. For more accurate future coordinates, the validity of future coordinate estimation should be demonstrated. Since those WISE are already released as a public, there is a possibility to check the validity of estimated calculation that compare the estimated WISE coordinate and the real released WISE coordinate. TOPCAT offers us to cross-match tools between these data. After checking the validity for each stars as a current epoch, and if the estimated WISE calculation data is in an acceptable range with respect to the public WISE data, it is possible to extend to future coordinate with same ways for 2016.0, 2016.5 or 2018.0. It is possible to come up with a much more successful observation; thus, it is worth taking this step.

2.2.1 Past coordinates and proper motion In 1718, Edmund Halley recognised that some stars were not fixed in their own position and they seemed to move in the sky. Halley detected Sirius in Canis Major and Arctures in Boötes as the first stars to have proper motion. Proper motion is the rate of angular drift across our line of sight, symbolised with the Greek letter µ, and expressed commonly in seconds of arc per year [arcsec/yr] or minutes of arc per century [arcmin/100yrs], where 3600 arcseconds equal one degree. Instead, since most proper motions are much less than arcsec per year, we now express proper motion in terms of milliarcseconds per year [mas/yr]. Proper motions are cumulative, which means that the effect of proper motions build up over time. The longer the time passes, the greater the apparent angular motion is. If we consider a star with a proper motion of 0.1 arcsec/year, in 10 , this star will have moved 1 arcsec. Since the smaller angle our eye can discern a few arcminutes with only great care, it can take longer for them to noticeably change the shape of their movements. Proper motion is measured by taking photographs in 20 to 50 years apart in order to compare and calculate how much a star has moved in the picture with respect to other background stars, usually Galaxies or quasars, over that time period. For more reliable results and measurement, we need more decades between successive photographs. The star with the largest proper motion was discovered by E. E. Barnard in 1916 at Yerkes Observatory. This star, now called Barnard’s star, is a 9.5 magnitude star located in the , which has the largest known proper motion of 10.31 [arcsec/yr]. These stellar motions are important tools for studying the structure of our galaxy, the Milky Way or other stellar structures. Sometimes, people use the units of [mas/a], not [mas/yr]. The symbol "a" is for "annus" (year in Latin), the unit of time that is exactly 365.25 d (86400 s). Although there is no universally accepted symbol for the year, ISO 80000-3:2006 (International Organisation for Standardisation; Quantities and units), NIST SP811 (National Institute of Standards and Technology; Special Publication 811), and the International Astronomical Union (tt http://193.49.4.189/Units.234.0.html) recognise and recommend the use of the symbol "a" for a year. In English, the deprecated abbreviation "yr" is still frequently used. In other languages, year is written año in Spain, Jahr in Germany, année in France and anno in Italy. The symbol "a" is widely used in other scientific disciplines. In CARMENES, unit of [mas/a] is adopted, therefore [mas/a] will be used in this thesis, as well.

2.2.1.1 New CARMENCITA is released CARMENCITA has many columns as an information of stars, as well as, proper motion of each star in CARMENCITA is prepared. Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) team finished measuring very accurate proper motions for ∼ 472 stars in CARMENCITA; thus, new proper motions in CARMENCITA was updated in June 2015. The proper motion of 472 stars have been cal- culated using scripts developed with Python using the Virtual Observatory tool Aladin. What they do with these scripts is to get all the information of the stars and select the coordinates in several epochs that have been studied by different missions (GSC2.3, ALLWISE, USNO-A2, CMC14, CMC15, 2MASS, SDSS-DR9 ). Following the star in different epochs, the UCM team appreciated a line in right ascension and declination and the proper motion in right ascension and declination are the slopes. These results are meaningful, because most of them have high N (number of catalogues used in each cases) and ∆ t (difference of time in years between the newest and the oldest catalogue used in each case). It is highlighted that these results will be the most accurate values until the publication of the GAIA’s results (A detailed description is provided in a MSc thesis[12] by Iván Gallardo in 2015). This work allow us to develop a complete list of very precise kinematic data about the stars that belong to CARMENCITA. Fig. 5 describes comparison between new CARMENCITA and previous CARMENCITA, which indicates how different two data are. Blue cross marks indicate that new released CAR- MENCITA and red ’X’ shapes indicate previous CARMENCITA. Although variances between the two proper motions is quite smaller than proper motion values (∆ µRA = 1.822 [mas/a], ∆ µDE = 0.051 [mas/a] from Table 7), it is necessary to compare both proper motions of CAMENCITA data in the aspect of results to estimate

15 coordinates in future time which will be described in detail in section 2.2.3.

Table 7: Comparison that averages of proper motion in CARMENCITA.

Proper motion Averages of previous Averages of new Component PM in CARMENCITA PM in CARMENCITA

µRA(µα cos δ) ± 310.12 [mas/a] ± 311.15 [mas/a] µDE(µδ) ± 291.53 [mas/a] ± 291.09 [mas/a]

Figure 5: Comparison between new proper motion and previous proper motion in CARMENCITA. Blue cross marks indicate new released CARMENCITA and red ’X’ shpaes indicate previous CARMENCITA.

2.2.2 Present coordinates with WISE data Since almost WISE data is took in 2010-2011, the current coordinate and the WISE released coordinate will not be too much differentiated, though the year 2015 is assumed as the current epoch. In this manner, for simplicity, it is a quite reasonable choice to use the WISE epoch as the current coordinate in definitive finding charts for CARMENES commissioning, except for few of high proper motion stars in CARMENCITA. Not only

16 WISE survey is one of the most recent surveys, but WISE survey also has one of the most ample results. WISE (Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) provides an all-sky survey from 3.4 to 22 µm with with hundreds of thousand times more sensitivity than the previous survey does. WISE has mapped the sky in infrared light, allowing to search for asteroids and comets, the nearest and coolest stars, the origins of stellar and planetary systems, and the most luminous galaxies in the Universe (A detailed descriptions are provided in WISE website, http://WISE.ssl.berkeley.edu/mission.html). The mission was planned to create the infrared images of the 99 percent of the sky, with at least eight images made of each position in the sky in order to increase accuracy. The AllWISE Source catalogue contains accurate positions, apparent motion measurements, four-band fluxes and flux variability statistics for over 747 million objects detected on the coadded Atlas Images. AllWISE makes use of the data from WISE.

2.2.2.1 How to estimate the WISE coordinate The most important aim of these studies that estimate the coordinate is to determine cross-matching with the actual released WISE coordinate data. In addition, this cross-matching is the aim of checking their validity for future coordinate estimation. In order to estimate WISE coordinates, it is necessary some given data in CARMENCITA, which are:

· Celestial coordinates : RA J2000 [hh:mm:ss] & DEC J2000 [dd:mm:ss] · Proper motion : µRA(µα cos δ)& µDE(µδ) [mas/yr]

To understand which values we need to compute current (or future) coordinates, it is needed to think on sphere with great circle arc in following Fig. 6.

Figure 6: S is the previous position and T is the position later, then ST indicates the proper motion µ of the star (from Smart & Green 1979 ).

Star’s movements are expressed as angular changes per year in the right ascension (α) and declination (δ) of the star. If the stellar objects move from coordinates S (α, δ) to coordinates T (α1, δ1) in a year, with apparent angles measured in unit of arcseconds, thus differences of apparent angle per year because of annual proper motion are expressed as µα = α1 − α and µδ = δ1 − δ. In other words, ST indicates the proper motion µ of the star. It is trivial that UT parallel to the equator is small circle arc, same with STsin φ, where φ is the position angles PST. Then UT = U PTˆ sinPT, where U PTˆ is the movement in right ascension. However, PT ◦ ◦ = 90 − δ1, thus UT = U PTˆ sin(90 − δ1). In this manner, µα cos δ1 = µ sin φ. Since µ is really small, writing δ1 for δ, it can be expressed the right ascension component of proper motion, µα cos δ = µ sin φ. Which means that the difference of µα, which must be multiplied by cos δ to become a component of the proper motion µ. If we multiply sec δ on both side, finally it is the movement in right ascension: µα = µ sin φ sec δ. Similarly, SU = δ1 - δ, which means that it is the movement in declination: µDE = µδ.[30] In short, cos δ is the key point of this section, the differences in the right ascension direction must be corrected for the change in scale of right ascension with declination. The factor in cos δ explains for the radius from the axis of the sphere to its surface varies. Therefore, the component of velocity parallel to the equator correspond- ing to a given angular change of the object’s location in µα is smaller in the further north (or south) than equator. If the star is close to the celestial equator, cos δ is close to 1, in that case right ascension component

17 of proper motion (µα cos δ) is almost same with the movements of stars in right ascension (µα). In conclusion, right ascension component of proper motion (µα cos δ) is different from the movements of stars in right ascension (µα) depends on cos δ. In order to estimate location of stars properly, it should be projected the spherical sky onto a flat plane at the position of the image. In addition, it is the task about estimation for current (or future) coordinates, thus it is necessary to consider stars movements during movements of star in scale of right ascension. This declination- corrected µα indicates that how much stars’ locations are changed in scale of right ascension. As mentioned before, µα = µ sin φ sec δ, but µ sin φ is same with µα cos δ, thus µα = µα cos δ sec δ. In conclu- sion, to get µα, right ascension component of proper motion (µα cos δ) which is given in CARMENCITA will be multiplied by sec δ (or divided by cos δ). Calculation is simple, semi-automatic ways, that adds star’s celestial coordinates given in CARMENCITA and variance of its movement in right ascension µα cos δ sec δ in 12 years. But it is important to be cautious. In the survey, the release date is mostly not the same as the epoch of observation. In the case of WISE, most observation is taken roughly between 2009.9 and 2011.1, with an average epoch around 2010.5, though theWISE All-Sky Data is released around 2012.2 (AllWISE is released around 2013.9). That would make multiplying the movement in right ascension µα cos δ sec δ by 10.5 instead of 12.2, but the epochs of observation of 2MASS were also very variable, roughly between 1997.2 and 2001.2, with an average epoch around 1999.2. Thus, the error in WISE is nearly compensated by the error in 2MASS. Using 12 years for interval Epoch of observation between the 2MASS data (J2000) and WISE data (J2000) is also reasonable. Meanwhile, since we need more accurate estimation, multiplying the movement in right ascension µα cos δ sec δ by 11.3 will be used in this thesis. To calculate those coordinates, both coordinate data should be converted into a decimal degree. Converting from HMS/DMS unit into a decimal degree is described as a code in python in Fig. 7 below.

Figure 7: How to convert from HMS/DMS unit to decimal degree in Python.

It is simple to calculate that summation both converted data RA J2000 & 11.3·µα cos δ · sec δ in decimal degree and DE J2000 & 11.3·µδ in decimal degree. And the final result data in decimal degree should be converted

18 into HMS/DMS dimension again in order to use in astronomical tools like virtual observatory easily, and to introduce in CARMENCITA. Additionally, Fig. 8 below, describes it as a code used in python from decimal degree into HMS/DMS dimension. All of calculation will be proceeded via Python.

Figure 8: How to convert from decimal degree to HMS/DMS unit in Python.

Following paragraphs describe brief steps that show how to estimate WISE coordinate as a current epoch.

1) Convert 2MASS star’s coordinate from HMS/DMS into a decimal degree. 2) Also convert proper motion from arcsecond into a decimal degree. 3) Movement in right ascension : µα cos δ · sec δ & µδ by 11.3. 4) Add two data between 1) and 3). 5) Convert again 4) results from a decimal degree into HMS/DMS degree to compare between cal- culation and the real WISE data via cross matching in TOPCAT.

In short, the coordinates will be estimated by following formulae:

- RA in 2012 [degree] = RA J2000 [degree] + 11.3 * µα [degree] - DE in 2012 [degree] = DE J2000 [degree] + 11.3 * µδ [degree]

2.2.2.2 Cross-matching in TOPCAT Having performed a calculation for estimated current position of WISE, cross-matching with the actual released WISE (or AllWISE) data is needed to check its valid- ity. A variety of virtual observatory services and tools exists through various virtual observatory projects across the globe. However, in this section, TOPCAT will be used. TOPCAT, Tool for OPerations on

19 Catalogues And Tables, is an interactive astronomical tool with graphical viewer and editor for tabular data. It offers a variety of ways to view and analyse the data, including a browser for the cell data, view- ers for information about table and column meta-data, tools for joining tables using flexible matching algo- rithms, and extensive 2 dimension and 3 dimension visualisation facilities (Detailed information are provided in http://www.star.bris.ac.uk/ mbt/topcat/sun253.pdf). For the aspect of cross-matching, there are three sub-menus in cross-matching: creating new table by matching rows in two existing tables, query remote databases using SQL-like language and sky cross-match against the remote table from CDS VizieR and SIMBAD services to identify similar rows within a single table according to their cell contents. Especially, the third one, Upload CDS cross-match in TOPCAT will be used in this thesis. This cross-matching menu in TOPCAT contains all VizieR tables and SIMBAD. One positive thing about it is that it is pretty flexible and fast. In CDS upload cross-match window, user chooses the table from the list of known large tables, or enters VizieR ID by hand, and then the basic metadata (description, row count, coverage) is displayed. User selects local input table, with RA and Dec columns and the type of match required which is the most important one in this thesis. It works well up to around between a million and ten million rows, depending on the details. The cross-matching code in TOPCAT is quite well tested, and reports of actual bugs are rare. Two minor bugs were reported, but these were fairly harmless since what was wrong was obvious from the output table. No other cross-matching bug has been reported in recent years. Having performed a cross-match with accessing remote databases of WISE or AllWISE, we can investigate graphical results in TOPCAT to interpret results effectively. How to cross-match in TOPCAT is shown in Fig. 9 below.

Figure 9: Cross-match in TOPCAT.

Since TOPCAT can read ASCII text files, comma separated value files (CSV), XML files, and so on with the right structure, exact checking for structure of the file is needed. There will also be possibilities that cause errors for misleading target stars, which means in this section that the cross-match tool in TOPCAT associate the right 2MASS counterpart of CARMENCITA M dwarf to a different WISE source. A simple photometry comparison such as J mag, H mag, Ks mag, W1 mag, W2 mag, W3 mag and W4 mag can help us identify the different origins of errors. Therefore, to get data with less error, it can be concluded choicest idea that there will be estimated coordinates of whole CARMENCITA star, proper motions and other photometry columns with error range of them will be contained files for cross-matching in TOPCAT. The Center de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS) upload cross-match window allows us to join a local table with a table provided by the VizieR database of astronomical tables or with SIMBAD. This tool is

20 an interface to the excellent CDS cross-match service provided by the CDS. It is the best way to match a local table against a large external table hosted by a service. Match parameter panels, such as a radius in various units, find mode and so on, are also important to cross- match because they provide the other information about that how the match will operate. In radius section of match parameters, it is possible to choose radius in units of degree, arcminute, arcsecond or radians. In the find mode section of match parameters, it is possible to choose the best, all, each, the best remote or add subset which can be added as a new subset of files called. It can determine in what form the result is generated and used. If the user chooses the 0Best0 in the find mode, it will load a new table with one row for each local row that matches a remote row, giving the closest match. Unmatched local rows are not included. On the other hand, the 0All0 selection in the find mode will load a new table with one row for each remote row that matches a local row. The match is symmetric between local and remote tables. 0Each0 selection in find mode will load a new table with the same number of rows as the local table in the same order. The best remote match, if any, appears alongside the local row, but if there is no match, the remote columns remain blank. 0Best Remote0 selection in the find mode, it will load a new table with one row for each remote table row that matches the local table. In the 0Add Subset0 selection in the find mode, no new table will be loaded, but a new Row Subset is added to the local table indicating which rows have at least one match to the remote table. 7 This 0Add Subset0 selection in the find mode is the most effective way to find non-cross-matched stars only; thus, this selection will be useful in this thesis. In the rename columns section of match parameters, it is possible to rename the columns with arbitrary suffix. And it can be manipulated block size, by default 50000. Interpretation of results are one of the main objectives of these studies, therefore expression in graphical way will be used for better understanding. This leads us to look at how much the estimated WISE data deviates with the released actual WISE data; thus, if the differences between the estimated WISE data and the released WISE data are acceptable, which means that it is possible to get reliable data directly for any future time, it will work especially for future time in the CARMENES observation. In conclusion, main intention of to cross-match with WISE is that not only to identify current epoch in finding charts, but also to check their validity for next task future coordinates.

2.2.3 Future coordinates prediction As it is obvious from the previous discussion, with the given CARMENCITA data (equatorial coordinates and proper motion of all of stars in CARMENCITA), it is possible to estimate any future positions of stars. If estimated WISE calculation data is within acceptable ranges with respect to the public WISE or AllWISE data, that will lead us to some positive connection to adjust to 2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0 with same ways. Therefore, the future coordinates can be estimated within reliable ranges of accuracy for any future time. 2016.0 coordinates will be used for the CARMENES survey start, 2016.5 coordinates will be used the expected epoch of observation of the first Gaia data release, with which we want to compare, and 2018 is approximately the middle of the survey if extended to five years.

2.2.3.1 Estimate of future coordinates in 2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0 Estimation of future coordi- nates in 2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0 follows exactly the same ways. As mentioned before, since the epochs of observation of 2MASS with the average epoch around 1999.2, that would make multiplying the movement in right ascension and declination by 16.8, 17.3 or 18.8 instead of 16, 16.5 or 18.0. Also for these calculations, both data need to be converted into a decimal degree to sum with proper motion. Codes in python (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7) are used in the same ways. Estimation of future coordinate in 2016.5 calculation will be added as a new and the first column in CARMENCITA. Since the entire celestial equatorial coordinate system is precessing, equator and celestial poles are not fixed with respect to stars which we want to observe. This Precession means any of several slow changes in an astro- nomical body’s rotational parameters. The equatorial coordinate axes for right ascension and declination must be continually updated, and celestial coordinates must be followed by the epoch. J2000 coordinates are given as standard epochs in present days, because they are given with 50 years of intervals. Thus, the Earth’s precession of the equinoxes is already included in the equinox of J2000. In this thesis, the coordinates are computed in equinox as J2000.0 and the epoch of observation as 2016.0, 2016.5 or 2018.0. Following paragraphs describe brief steps that show how to estimate 2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0 coordinates as a future epoch.

1) Convert 2MASS star’s coordinate from HMS/DMS into a decimal degree. 2) Also convert proper motion from arcsecond into a decimal degree.

7http://www.star.bris.ac.uk/ mbt/topcat/sun253.pdf

21 3) Movement in right ascension : µα cos δ · sec δ & µδ by 16.8 (for 2016.0), 17.3 (for 2016.5) or 18.8 (for 2018.0). 4) Add two data between 1) and 3). 5) Convert again 4) results from a decimal degree into HMS/DMS degree to compare between cal- culation and the real WISE data via cross matching in TOPCAT.

In short, the coordinates (for 2016.5) will be estimated by following formulae:

- RA in 2016.0 [degree] = RA J2000 [degree] + 16.8 * µα [degree] - DE in 2016.0 [degree] = DE J2000 [degree] + 16.8 * µδ [degree]

2.3 Finding charts

Finding charts in CARMENES are visualisation tools that allow cross-comparison of images from POSS II (or POSS I, UKST) surveys of different epochs. Images in FITS format are used in the finding charts in CARMENES and these finding charts in CARMENES should follow the following guidelines:

- The target position must be indicated clearly and correctly. For better acquisition, direction of proper motion, previous position (offset star) in photographic plates, current position (for simplicity, we use the WISE position as a current position) and two fibres (star fibre and sky/calibration fibre) will be described in the finding charts. - The name of target star (preferred Karmn name: CARMENCITA name) should be clearly indi- cated in the finding charts. - North and East direction must be clearly indicated. It is best to follow the convention of North up and East to the left. - The image scale must be indicated with the entire instrument field of view (4 x 4 arcmin), and real field of view with vignetting radius (3 x 3 arcmin). - The recommended file formats are PPM (pgm, ppm, png) and FITS. But FITS format would be used for finding charts with ds9 in CARMENES.

2.3.1 Acquisition and guiding camera (A&G)

About the guiding camera, a Starlight Xpress SVX-H16, which is Kodak KAI4021M interline CCD with low dark current and vertical anti-blooming, will be used. Such a camera is already in use at CAHA (Calar Alto Astronomical Observatory, http://www.caha.es) and all hardware/software interfaces to the telescope control system are already defined and partially implemented. The expected limiting magnitude will be around R = 19 mag. The field of view will be 4 × 4 arcmin and guiding will be performed in the R band. In addition, there are lots of definitive parameters of the field of view (FOV) of the acquisition and guiding system8, in particular:

- Real FOV (diameter), Non-vignetting radius : 3 arcmin - CCD Image format : 2048 x 2048 pixels - CCD full resolution angular pixel size : 0.088 arcsec/pix with 2×2 binning 0.176 arcsec/pix - CCD Image area : 15.15mm (Horizontal) x 15.15mm (Vertical) - Projected angular scale of 2k × 2k A&G CCD in horizontal scale (Whole FOV) : 4 arcmin - Projected angular scale of 2k × 2k A&G CCD in vertical scale (Whole FOV) : 4 arcmin - Orientation in the sky : North is the up side & East is the left side - Precise separation between the star target fibre hole and the sky fibre hole : two holes in the E-W direction, and they are separated with 15mm/0.176 = 88 arcsec

8http://www.sxccd.com/sxvr-h16

22 Figure 10: Samples for all of finding charts.

Looking at discussion about the definitive parameters of FOV made earlier, it can be concluded that prepar- ing a preliminary finding charts and following Fig. 10 describes the fixed frames (templates) of the finding charts.

Figure 11: M13 from CARMENES 1st commissioning.

There are two small red dots, two optical fibre holes in the E-W direction. Each spectrograph is coupled to

23 the Cassegrain telescope with two optical fibres, one for the target star light, and one for the sky/calibration light. Star light target fibre hole is shown left (east) and sky target/calibration fibre hole is shown right (west). Most of the time, sky target/calibration fibre hole will get light from the calibration units, not from the sky. It is switched between calibration fibres and the sky by front-end. These two optical fibres are related to the actual position of the front-end in the Cassegrain focus of the 3.5 m telescope, which is put 90 deg. rotated than what is initially planned. On the left side, from the centre of Fig. 9, which is a sample of finding charts for CARMENES commissioning, 34 arcsec to the east of the centre of the field of view, there is a red circle as the current position. This fixed offset is automatically applied in -34 arcsec in X axis to the telescope. On the following Fig. 11 is taken with astro-photometric purposes, Messier 13 globular cluster that is taken on first commissioning of CARMENES with the acquisition and guiding system of the CARMENES front end is illustrated. It is clear that the finding chart sample is fitting perfectly with the M13 picture. On the following Fig. 12, there is another picture the Messier 57, planetary , taken on commissioning of CARMENES. Fig. 11, 12 demonstrate that the finding chart sample is fitting clearly with pictures taken from CARMENES.

Figure 12: M57 from CARMENES 1st commissioning.

2.3.2 Photometric systems and RR band 2.3.2.1 Photometric systems was introduced with higher sensitivity and larger range of photomultiplier tubes compared with the old fashioned photographic plates. The first known standardised photometric system is the Johnson-Morgan or UBV photometric system in 1953, while we have more than 200 photometric systems nowadays. In astronomy, a photometric system is a series of well-defined filters for different wavelength ranges. Such a set of filters has information on the transmission characteristics to incident radiation (wavelength) forms a photometric system. Each photometric system has a sensitivity, depending on the their optical system, detectors and filters. Photometric systems are usually characterised, according to the widths of their passbands.

2.3.2.2 CARMENES RR band CARMENES photometric system has quite different filters, it is named RR band in CARMENES survey, are used in CARMENES from any known photometric passband used in other survey project. In short, the filter of CARMENES is not a standard one, but Schott OG570 with the red9 cut-off by the SXVR-H16 CCD guiding camera quantum efficiency curve. The following Fig. 13 describes

9http://www.pgo-online.com/intl/katalog/curves/optical_glassfilters/OG515_OG530_OG550_570_590.html

24 transmission of filter Schott OG570, which is red colour, fourth one from left sides.

Figure 13: Transmission of filter with wavelength.

And quantum efficiency of guiding detector (CCD) SXVR-H16 camera 10 is shown in Fig. 14.

Figure 14: Monochrome quantum efficiency with microlens of CCD detector.

10http://www.sxccd.com/sxvr-h16

25 Figure 15: Convolution between transmission of filter and QE of CCD detector.

In general, it is likely that the conversion, such as of photons into electrons, is determined by the quantum efficiency of CCD, but if transmission of filter is a function of wavelength, this will affect things. Therefore, on the basis of the convolution of two plots, it seems fair to see the actual conversion as a function of wavelength. In Fig. 15, there is dot blue line which is the most significant factor for the convolution of two plots (Transmission of filters and quantum efficiency of detector) which means the actual conversion of CARMENES RR band.

2.3.2.3 Other photometric systems An important fact that the following Table 8 shows is that compar- ing CARMENES RR pass bands and others, each characteristic included effective wavelengths of many bands, from the lowest to the highest wavelength ranges, and contained CARMENES RR band. All the filters have been provided in a set of reliable web pages which can offer information about standard photometric system. 11 12 13 They offer each survey’s colour, epoch, their emulsion, astronomical filter band, limiting magnitude, declination range, number of plates, pixels and so on. And these effective wavelengths in Table 8, λeff , of each astronomical bands are calculated by numerical calculation using trapezoidal method in GNU Octave with the following equation (2) :

R ∞ 0 λTλdλ λeff = R ∞ (2) 0 Tλdλ

And the following Fig. 16 shows, each characteristic effective wavelengths of many bands are described of Table 8. Based on below Table 8, it seems that CARMENES RR filter bands, which are the bands used in CARMENES, are quite different from any known filters and have wavelength ranges unlike others. The Fig. 16 demonstrates that dot blue line is expressed as the same results with convolution between transmission of filter and quantum efficiency of CCD detector in CARMENES in Fig. 15.

11http://www.cadc-ccda.hia-iha.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/en/dss/ 12http://www.astromatic.net/ 13http://www.asahi-spectra.com/opticalfilters/astronomical_filters.html

26 Figure 16: Effective wavelength of each filter.

Table 8: Characteristic λeff .

Band λeff [nm] System

BJ 486.5 nm IIIa-J (POSS-II) B 441.2 nm Bessel V 551.2 nm Bessel r0 619.3 nm Sloan R 655.5 nm Cousins R 659.5 nm Bessel RF 660.4 nm IIIa-F (POSS-II, ESO-R, AAO-R) R 694 nm Johnson RR 695.6 nm CARMENES i0 719.2 nm Sloan IN 842.8 nm IV-N (POSS-II, SERC-I) I 877.8 nm Johnson

2.3.3 Retrieving SuperCOSMOS digitisations in R band data As mentioned in the previous chapter, CARMENES RR band (the OG570 filter + CCD camera quantum efficiency curve) is quite different from any known filters like a r 0 band or R bands Bessel, except for R Johnson; but there are not R Johnson band all-sky survey images available in any public catalogues. Hence, the RF band is by far the one that looks similar to the RR band. Hence, it can be suggested that it is a more effective idea to make a finding chart with using RF band in SuperCOSMOS or Aladin.

2.3.3.1 SuperCOSMOS Sky Surveys (SSS) Sky Surveys offer the photographic digitised data derived from SuperCOSMOS scans of photographic survey plates cover the whole sky taken with the UK Schmidt tele- scope (UKST), the ESO Schmidt Telescope, the Palomar-I Oschin Schmidt Telescope (POSS-I) and Palomar-II Oschin Schmidt Telescope (POSS-II). Users can extract pixel data up to 15 arcmin across and object catalogues

27 covering up to 100 square degrees. The data covers three wavebands (BRI), with one colour (R) represented at two epochs. Table 9 shows the various different sky survey plate collections in SuperCOSMOS Sky Surveys.

Table 9: The various different sky survey plate collections.

Survey Emulsion colour Band Epoch System

UKST IIIaJ Blue BJ =22.5 1979-88 UKST IIIaF Red RF =21.5 1984-98 UKST IVN Near InfraRed IN =19.5 1990-02 ESO Schmidt IIIaF Red R=21 1990-98 POSS-I 103aE Red R=20 1948-58 POSS-II IIIaJ Blue BJ =22.5 1987-98 POSS-II IIIaF Red RF =21.5 1987-98 POSS-II IVN Near InfraRed IN =19.5 1987-02

Retrieving R band image data is simply described in Fig. 17. Given a free format Right Ascension (RA) & Declination (DE) (e.g. RA 02:53:00.85 DE +16:52:53.3, Teegarden’s star), equinox (B1950 or J2000), the size of square to extract (less than 15 arcmin) and the waveband/Schmidt survey required the web-form, get an Image, returns a gzipped FITS format image of the SuperCOSMOS to retrieve R band image data in SuperCOSMOS sky surveys14.

2.3.3.2 Aladin Aladin sky atlas is an interactive software sky atlas allowing the user to visualise digitised astronomical images, superimpose entries from astronomical catalogues or databases, and interactively access related data and information from the SIMBAD database, the VizieR service and other archives for all known sources in the field15. Aladin is mainly used for not only visualising and checking catalogues and images, but also searching and browsing available astronomical data. Thus, Aladin sky atlas can be used for preparing observations or creating field charts, as a simple but fully practical tool. Fig. 18 shows Aladin sky atlas. Table 41 in Appendix D shows that the most important astronomical surveys which are contained in Aladin atlas and listed by the wavelength and observation epochs of each survey.

Figure 17: How to retrieve R band image in SSS.

14http://www-wfau.roe.ac.uk/sss/pixel.html 15http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/AladinDesktop/#Documentation

28 Figure 18: Aladin for Teegarden’s star with POSS II.

2.3.4 How to make the finding charts 2.3.4.1 Finding charts As mentioned section in 2.2.1, proper motion is the apparent angular motion of a star in the sky with respect to the imaginary fixed background of the more distant stars. Therefore, using the proper motion of the star will be an appropriate evidence for estimating the star’s current position. Since POSS I (or UKST) and POSS II will be used to make the finding chart in CARMENES survey, the first step of making a finding chart is checking their own position in POSS I and POSS II epochs. And the next step for checking whether those stars are the same or not, which direction of proper motion will go on, and so on will be via the RGB generator provided in Aladin. It is able to build a true colour image from 2 or 3 images with grey levels. To do so, the first component will be affected to the colour the user wants (Red, green or blue), and the second and third images will be affected to the other colour components respectively. The true colour image will be saved in a plane of the stack. Thus, it is possible via the RGB image generator to compare each different epoch images with different colours in Aladin. Fig. 19 & 20 show comparing images of the Teegarden’s star (RA J2000 02:53:00.91, DEC J2000 +16:52:52.7) between POSS I image (epoch 1948-1958) and POSS II image (epoch 1987-2000). Both images’ of filed of view is 15 arcmin (Height) × 15 arcmin (Width). Location of the centre in all images, there is a cross mark which indicates the location of Teegarden’s star in the moment of J2000. In addition, the following Fig. 21 illustrates the RGB image generator from Aladin: the colour red means POSS II data and the colour blue one means POSS I data. Red lines in the images are the indicators of which direction of proper motion goes on. Aladin’s predefined filter allows the user to see the proper motion of each stars with these red lines. It is clearly understand via previous figures that red circles in POSS II image and blue circles in POSS I images are the same star which is Teegarden’s star. The red square indicates the field of view and the red circle indicates real field of view with vignetting radius. The most important findings that we can see through the RGB image generator in Aladin is that it is very clear to estimate the current location of star. Firstly, To speculate of lengths that how much moved between locations when the moment POSS I is released and POSS II is released, which are movements during almost 40 years. And Next, with those lengths, it is pos- sible to estimate again the current position almost 15 years after POSS II released via proportional expression. In conclusion, the following Fig. 22 (similar portion of that inner red square in Fig. 21) shows the final current position in finding charts of Teegardens’s star. Yellow circle one shows the time of the position of Teegarden’s star when POSS II (POSSI or UKST) released. The red circle one is, fixed on that location, the expected Teegardens’s star position in 2016. In Fig. 22, red arrow, which indicates proper motion, is points from the photographic plate position to the current estimating position.

29 Most of the finding charts are made from POSS II plates, but POSS II supports only Red +2.0 < Dec < +90.0. Since CARMENES stars should be observable from Calar Alto Observatory with target declination δ > -23 deg (air mass should be < 2.0 at their culmination), POSS I Red (supports -21.0 < Dec <+3.0 stars) and UKST Red (-90.0 < Dec < +3.0) are also used for making finding charts. UKST Red (1984-1998) can support the range that POSS I and POSS II cannot support, -23.0 > Dec > -21.0, to complete finding chats. It is almost in a similar period with POSS II but within a very different range of observation (-90.0 < Dec < +3.0).

Figure 19: POSS I Red. Figure 20: POSS II Red.

Figure 21: Result of RGB image generator.

30 Figure 22: Finding chart of Teegarden’s star.

There are two more possibilities that comparing star’s proper motion in Aladin which will offer more clear understanding to estimate about the star’s proper motion direction and current positions. Because the Aladin sky atlas provides many images or catalogues from lots of astronomical surveys, it might be fully helpful and useful for estimating the current location of each star. The first way to perceive proper motion is to use available surveys in the VizieR Catalog Service, which is a combination of 29 astronomical catalogues provided by the center de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. VizieR provides access to the most complete library of published astronomical catalogues and data tables avail- able online, organised in a self-documented database. This form is dedicated to the catalogues built from large surveys. Among 13348 catalogues that are available in VizieR, especially 9 catalogues which are useful for making finding charts and recognising star’s position are listed below in Table 10.

Table 10: 9 catalogues for Finding charts.

Name Description Observation Epoch Released Number of taken around around year K-rows AC2000.2 Astrographic catalog 1891 to 1950 1907 1997 4622 GSC2.3 The GSC-II Catalog, Version 2.3.2 1948 to 2002 1992 2005 945592 USNO-A2 The USNO-A2.0 Catalog 1949 to 2002 1997 1998 526281 UCAC4 The USNaval CCD Astrograph Catalog 1998 to 2004 2001 2012 113780 2MASS-PSC The 2MASS Point Source 1997 to 2001 2000 2003 470993 and 2MASS6x catalogs 1997 to 2001 2000 2006 24023 B/DENIS The DENIS database 1996 to 2001 2000 2005 355220 SDSS-DR9 The SDSS Photometric Catalog 2000 to 2014 2007 2012 794013 AKARI AKARI IRC (9/18um) 2006 to 2011 2009 2015 1298 AllWISE AllWISE Data Release 2009 to 2011 2010 2013 747634

Because these surveys are sorted by the time of release in an ascending order, it is easy to find the direction of star’s proper motion and the changes of motion between the past and the epoch we want to observe. Fig. 23 below compares 9 catalogues’ position and recognises the proper motion direction given in Aladin.

31 Figure 23: Comparing 9 catalogs position and recognising proper motion direction.

The second way is to use only the SIMBAD data with a variety of epochs in Aladin. Properties menu of SIMBAD plane allows us to change colour, shape of SIMBAD data and epoch of star’s position. SIMBAD is adjusted J2000 by default, which means that this epoch can be changed to other epoch we want to know. Fig. 24 described that how to change epoch of SIMBAD. In the epoch panel, it is possible to check the image epoch of background survey and change epoch to know the position according to the SIMBAD data. The following Fig. 25 describes SIMBAD variable epochs from 1950 to 2015 (Red - 1950, Blue - 1960, Green - 1970, Yellow - 1980, Black - 1990, Light blue - J2000 (default SIMBAD value), Purple - 2010, Cyan - 2015 ). Since the WISE observation is taken mostly in 2010 or 2011, it is also possible to see that WISE coordinate is also very similar to the SIMBAD epoch of 2010.

Figure 24: how to change SIMBAD variable epochs.

32 Figure 25: Comparing SIMBAD with 8 Epochs (from 1950 to 2015) should mention more and more about each Epochs (Red - 1950, Blue - 1960, Green - 1970, Yellow - 1980, Black - 1990, Light blue - J2000 (default SIMBAD value), Purple - 2010, Cyan - 2015 ).

Figure 26: how to measure the separation in Aladin.

2.3.5 Fibre contamination From the discussion made earlier about definitive parameters of the field of view, there are two small red dots and two optical fibre holes in the E-W direction. Each spectrograph is coupled to the Cassegrain telescope with two optical fibres, left (east) one for the target star light, and right (west) one for calibration light. The separation between the star light fibre (left hole) and the current location, which is always fixed to 10 arcsec to star light fibre, is exactly 10 arcsec in Fig. 9 by default. If, however background stars are very close to the star light optical fibre, it could contaminate the fibres and potential problems would be observed. Therefore, it is worth checking the background stars that are very close to the 10 arcsec to the star light optical fibre.

33 Aladin interactive sky atlas offers tools for measuring separation, which allows the user to draw vectors in the view window, the corresponding angular separation, differences in right ascension and declination, and position angle. These appear in the status panel below the view window. Thus, it is possible to recognise the 10 arcsec separation to star light fibre (or sky/calibration) fibre in Aladin. The following Fig. 26. describes how to get the separation in each survey data in Aladin.

2.4 Scientific application in CARMENCITA 2.4.1 Finding close binaries in IRAF The is a made up of at least two stars that orbit around he common centre of the mass where the mass is most concentrated. Finding binary systems is useful in determining the mass of the stars in binary systems. More than four-fifths of the single points of light we observe in the night sky are actually two or more stars orbiting together. The most common of the multiple star systems are binary stars-systems of only two stars together. Several subcategories of binary stars are classified by their own visual properties including eclipsing binaries, visual binaries, spectroscopic binaries and astrometric binaries. In the case of eclipsing binary system in which the orbit plane of the two stars lies so close to the line of sight of the observer that the components undergo mutual eclipses. Therefore, they are entirely or partially hidden by another star, though they are not even binary stars. Which means that they are not able to be resolved even with the largest in space. However, in case that most of close binary, that is wide enough to be resolved with telescope, therefore it might that possible to be resolved with photographic plate SuperCosmos images. So, it will be focused only in the close binary case. This action is to check close enough to have not been detected in previous searches in CARMENES, therefore, it is worth demonstrating to the analysis of the acquisition and guiding (A&G) images near CARMENCITA target stars in search of close binaries. If there are some stars with very close binaries with alpha stars of CARMENES, those stars will be considered again. Since they will be delta stars, not alpha stars anymore. Thus, this study is a quite meaningful step for preparation of the CARMENES target list. Thus, searching any suspicious stars will be playing a vital role. For searches for close binaries, it will be measured the component locations and relative magnitudes, are aided by use of the IMEXAM (IMEXAMINE) command within IRAF. IRAF16 is the "Image Reduction and Analysis Facility". The main IRAF distribution includes a good selection of programs for general image processing and graphics, plus a large number of programs for the reduction and analysis of optical and IR astronomy data (the "noao" packages). Other external or layered packages are available for applications such as data acquisition or handling data from other observatories and wavelength regimes such as the (optical), EUVE (extreme ultra-violet), or ROSAT and AXAF or Chandra (X-ray). These external packages are distributed separately from the main IRAF distribution but can be easily installed. The IRAF system also includes a complete programming environment for scientific applications, which includes a programmable Command Language scripting facility, the IMFORT Fortran/C programming interface, and the full SPP/VOS programming environment in which the portable IRAF system and all applications are written (These information are provided in http://iraf.noao.edu). In this section, since POSS I (or UKST) and POSS II are used for task in IRAF, the characteristic of photo- graphical glass plates is an important concern. Although CCD has replaced photographic glass plates in now days, the Photographic Plate has long been one of the most common and reliable methods for astronomical observation. One of the main reasons that photographic plate has become the most popular method is that these photographic plates can keep their shape better when compared with many other detectors, which means that they are not shrinkable or deformable noticeably in the development process. The photographic plate has a capability to collect light over an extended period of time. If the longer exposures are adjusted, the more silver atoms are formed on the glass plate which means that the photographic plates get darker. In addition, by increasing the exposure times, even very faint objects can be photographed. One interesting thing is that sensitive layers on the surface of photographic plates are made up of a silver halide (AgBr is used mostly) in a viscous medium as coated on photographic plates. In the surface photographic emulsion, the silver bromide crystals that are exposed to photons are ionised, then the silver ion (Ag+) catches the electron and becomes a neutral atom. To form latent images, vast amounts of silver atoms need to be accumulated at one place. With some chemicals, this latent image can be made into a negative, which can convert AgBr-crystals into silver and unexposed crystals which will be removed. With most photographic materials, the changes are not apparent until the material is developed. IMEXAM (IMEXAMINE) commands are the most useful tasks when getting started with photometry. IMEXAM will display information about the area under the cursor when hitting certain keys. There are a series of key com-

16http://iraf.noao.edu

34 mands in IMEXAM within IRAF. However, the most useful key commands for the analysis of the acquisition and guiding (A&G) images near CARMENCITA target stars searching close binaries are listed below. Centre of the plates, there is a star which is investigated in IRAF.

- The ’a’ key prints useful information about the star around the current cursor position. First, the parameters will be listed in two rows, and then the values will be listed underneath in the same fashion. By default, the result of r key of target star in CARMENCITA within IMEXAM (IMEXAMINE) command to the screen is illus- trated in Fig. 27 below.

Figure 27: what the ’a’ key prints in ds9 with IRAF.

- The ’r’ key displays a radial profile of the star under the cursor as a curve of growth plot. IRAF will fit a Gaussian to the data points, which will also be plotted. By default, the result of r key of the target star in CARMENCITA within IMEXAM (IMEXAMINE) command to the screen is illustrated in Fig. 28 below.

Figure 28: what the ’r’ key prints in ds9 with IRAF.

35 - The ’e’ key shows a contour plot of the region around the current cursor position. By default, the result of e key of the target star in CARMENCITA within IMEXAM (IMEXAMINE) command to the screen is illustrated in Fig. 29 below.

Figure 29: what the ’e’ key prints in ds9 with IRAF.

Since POSS I or POSS II data, which were taken at least 20 years ago, is used in finding charts, these studies work more effectively only for the low proper motion stars.

2.4.2 Scientific application in CARMENCITA Binary stars generally originate from a core of molecular cloud; therefore, both binary pair should have very similar (Bonfils et al. 2005[4]). In particular, if we measure the metallicity of an F, G, or K binary companion to an M-dwarf, then we can assume that the M-dwarf has the same metallicity, which means that it is possible to infer the lines of constant M-dwarf metallicity on a colour-magnitude diagram. With the calibration in place, metallicity determinations for field M dwarfs are simply a matter of reading off the nearest iso-metallicity locus. In conclusion, since binaries are assumed to be both coeval and have the same metallici- ties; therefore, the composition of the higher mass star which can be accurately derived from a comparison to theoretical models can be applied to the companion M dwarfs. But, previous M-dwarf metallicity calibrations (Bean et al. 2006a; Bonfils et al. 2005; Johnson & Apps 2009; Rojas-Ayala et al. 2010) with atmospheric parameters and abundances are not determined in a uniform way. For this application aimed at calibrating the metallicity of M dwarfs in CARMENES project, high-resolution spectra (HERMES/Mercator La Palma, R=85,000) of the primary components are being analysed in order to determine, in a uniform way, accurate atmospheric parameters, metallicity and abundance of different elements. Besides, from low resolution spectra (CAFOS/2.2m CAHA, R=1,500) of the secondary components, we derived reliable spectral types and metallicity dependent spectral indices. Using all this information, it is possible to im- prove the current spectroscopic and photometric calibrations of M-dwarf metallicity, and to test some new ones. The resulting calibrations will be very useful in the characterisation of the input sample of exoplanet search programs around M dwarfs (Montes et al. 2013[16]). More than 100 wide physical visual binaries composed of an F-, G- or K-primary component and an M dwarf secondary from the Gliese & Jahreiss (1991) catalogue of nearby stars, the (Poveda et al. 1994) catalogue of wide binary and multiple systems of nearby stars, and the Gould & Chaname (2004) list of physical Hipparcos binaries are selected in CARMENCITA. Based on these findings in CARMENCITA, as mentioned before in 1.4. CARMENCITA section, it is further required that the components in CARMENCITA are separated by at least 500. Fast rotators, double lined spectroscopic binaries (SB2 in CARMENCITA) and close visual binaries should be discarded. To calibrate the metallicity of M dwarfs with wide physical binaries, there is a first step to deal with in this thesis. The reason for that F, G, K primary and M secondary are to be separated by at least 500 either; therefore,

36 there is a positive connection that would be useful to focus on only wide binaries in CARMENCITA with FGK primaries in this thesis. Basic classification of all CARMENCITA stars, some wide binaries investigation will be dealt with. Among wide binaries in CARMENCITA, only companions will be collected and listed by Wide Companion Spectral type followed by definition of primary spectroscopic classification symbols17 in Table 11.

Table 11: Definition of primary spectroscopic classification symbols.

Spectral type Characteristic DA Only Balmer lines; no He I or metals present DB He I lines; no H or metals present DC Continuous spectrum, no lines deeper than 5% in any part of the electromagnetic spectrum DO He II strong; He I or H present DZ Metal lines only; no H or He lines DQ Carbon features, either atomic or molecular in any part of the electromagnetic spectrum

17White Dwarf Atmospheres and Circumstellar Environments (page.3) herausgegeben von Donald W. Hoard

37 3 Results and discussion

3.1 Star cards

All of the 354 star cards18 are updated in the CARMENES GTO [and COM] target list web pages and they are now password protected (Sep 2015). These cards are individual web pages for each Alpha star in the CARMENES commissioning. The star cards show in a minimal but comprehensive way all the information in CARMENCITA for each star, finding charts in R band which is dealt with in this thesis, spectral energy distribution, links to public (ESO database), and lots of private data (CAFOS/CAFE/FEROS spectra). One of the sample of star cards (J00051+457: GJ 2) from CARMENES GTO [and COM] is listed in this thesis in Fig. 30-34 below. Piece of HTML pseudo-code of star card with J00162+198W (EZ psc) star is described in Fig. 64-71 in Appendix B. This table is illustrated in HTML test web page.

Figure 30: Sample of starcards 1: GJ 2 star.

Figure 31: Sample of starcards 2: GJ 2 star.

18https://carmenes.caha.es/int/gto

38 Figure 32: Sample of starcards 3: GJ 2 star.

Figure 33: Sample of starcards 4: GJ 2 star.

39 Figure 34: Sample of starcards 5: GJ 2 star.

3.2 Estimating coordinate 3.2.1 WISE coordinates estimate as a current epoch For estimating the current and future coordinates, the validity of those estimation calculation should be naturally checked. In this thesis, given cross-matching tools via TOPCAT will be used to check their validity. It will be used only in comma separated value files (CSV) with the right structures for cross-matching in this thesis, because it is not only a quite simple structure with less possibility for errors but it is also compatible with the original CARMENCITA. As mentioned before, it will be a more effective way to raise the possibility to cross-match and identify successfully; simple photometry information such as J mag, H mag, Ks mag, W1 mag, W2 mag, W3 mag and W4 mag are put in cross-matching tools with their errors ranges, if possible. Instead of WISE data, AllWISE data is used for cross-matching, since the AllWISE program builds upon the work of the successful Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer mission (WISE; Wright et al. 2010, released in 2012) by combining data from the WISE cryogenic and NEOWISE (Mainzer et al. 2011) post-cryogenic survey phases to form the most comprehensive view of the full mid-infrared sky currently available, though AllWISE is released in 2013.9. By combining the data from two complete sky coverage epochs using an advanced data processing system, AllWISE has generated new products that have enhanced photometric sensitivity and accuracy, and improved astrometric precision compared to the 2012 WISE All-Sky Data Release19. In conclusion, an important aspect of using AllWISE instead of WISE is that not only will there be no problem to multiply their proper motion by 11.3 instead 14.7 (as can be seen from 2.2.2.1, 2MASS is taken in epoch around 1999.2 as their average) but also AllWISE can provide more accurate and ample results than WISE survey’s that guarantees more accurate cross-matching results. As mentioned before, for better understanding, expression of graphical way is used for investigation in this thesis. That leads us to look at how much estimated WISE data deviated from the released actual WISE data.

3.2.1.1 Preparation for calculation Before cross-matching the WISE calculation with released WISE data, cross-matching original CARMENCITA with SIMBAD (in case of coordinate, proper motion and star’s name will be cross-matched with 2MASS) is a mandatory step to have a more accurate result. If basic data of stars like coordinates, spectral types, proper motions or even their names are wrong, not only will there be less possibility for cross-match, but this also will have a critically harmful effect for the finding chart and further CARMENES commissioning. Thus, this cross-match with basic data in CARMENCITA is necessary for the next steps. Some small typographical errors, glitches, and even errors from reference data can be discovered. Though SIMBAD uses one of the most credible data of many references with their own criterion, there will be naturally slight differences between SIMBAD and CARMENCITA, because sometimes SIMBAD and CARMENCITA use different data values from different literature. As mentioned in section 1.4.1, in CARMENCITA, only the most accurate and reliable ones from all parameter values in the literature or our own observation with our

19http://WISE2.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/release/allWISE/

40 own criterion is listed. Even if the case that perhaps glitches from SIMBAD, are listed in the last part of this section. Even Homer sometimes nods for sure. The main purpose of these studies is not only to take precautionary measures with WISE calculation but also for the CARMENES next future works. For cross-matching with 2MASS in TOPCAT, in radius section of match parameters, by position, 0.5 arcsec is selected. Even 1 arcsec can be harmful for estimated coordinates, because some stars like the Barnard star moved extremely far away in almost 20 years after the release of 2MASS. In find mode section of match parameters, best mode is selected. Although all mode in find mode will find many more stars, we need more accurate cross-match for better estimation of future coordinate. Block size is selected 5000-same with default values. After cross-matching, results are listed below: 0.5 arcsec, 99.4% (2155 stars/2169 stars = 99.4% stars in CARMENCITA) are cross-matched. Though match parameters, by position, 0.5 arcsec, which is a quite small range, is selected, these 14 stars non-cross-matched stars with 2MASS should be checked and corrected again. Below are non-cross-matched stars and some cases in which stars have other errors. They should be checked and corrected, as well. In this section, the rest of 14 stars with the reason for non-cross-matched will be addressed. One positive thing is that error rates are quite small (∼1 in 106), in relation to the whole CARMENCITA and it is very easy to spot the errors with only cross-matching in TOPCAT. i) In the case of coordinate differences

Below in Table 12, the compilation of the cases of coordinate differences between CARMENCITA and 2MASS are shown.

Table 12: In case of coordinates differences.

Previous Corrected Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000

J11113+434W GJ 414.1 A 11:11:19.73 +43:25:03.20 J11113+434 GJ 414.1 AB 11:11:18.98 +43:24:55.40 J11113+434E GJ 414.1 B 11:11:19.73 +43:25:03.20 J00357+025 NLTT 1930 00:35:43.13 +02:33:08.90 J00357+025 NLTT 1930 00:35:43.13 +02:33:13.80 J00570+450 G 172-030 00:57:02.61 +45:05:09.00 J00570+450 G 172-030 00:57:02.61 +45:05:09.90 J00131+703 TYC 4298-613-1 00:13:11.55 +70:23:25.8 J00131+703 TYC 4298-613-1 00:13:11.55 +70:23:52.8 J00357+025 NLTT 1930 00:35:43.13 +02:33:08.9 J00357+025 NLTT 1930 00:35:43.13 +02:33:13.8 J00570+450 G 172-030 00:57:02.61 +45:05:09.00 J00570+450 G 172-030 00:57:02.61 +45:05:09.90 J02534+174 NLTT 9223 02:53:26.10 +17:24:41.70 J02534+174 NLTT 9223 02:53:26.12 +17:24:32.5 J03194+619 G 246-033 03:19:27.73 +61:56:04.60 J03194+619 G 246-033 03:19:28.73 +61:56:04.6 J04059+712W LP 031-302 BC 04:05:56.20 +71:16:28.50 J04059+712W LP 031-302 BC 04:05:56.52 +71:16:38.5 J04199+364 Ross 592 04:19:59.64 +36:29:11.30 J04199+364 Ross 592 04:19:59.69 +36:29:11.34 J04502+459 LP 157-032 04:50:15.30 +45:58:49.50 J04502+459 LP 157-032 04:50:15.26 +45 58 50.1 J11110+304 HD 97101 B 11:11:02.54 +30:26:41.30 J11110+304 HD 97101 B 11:11:01.87 +30:26:44.3 J11485+076 G 010-052 11:48:35.59 +07:41:40.40 J11485+076 G 010-052 11:48:35.49 +07:41:40.4 J19463+320 BD+31 3767A 19:46:23.93 +32:01:01.50 J19463+320 BD+31 3767A 19:46:23.86 32:01:02.10 J21466-001 Wolf 940 21:46:40.47 -00:10:25.40 J21466-001 Wolf 940 21:46:40.40 -00:10:23.40 J23438+610 G 217-018 23:43:53.10 +61:02:15.70 J23438+610 G 217-018 23 43 53.31 +61:02:15.7

In most cases, there are small typographical errors, but there is one special case that J11113+434 (GJ 414.1 AB) stars, which CARMENES team observed with high resolution imaging FastCam, which is a lucky imaging instrument with a pixel scale of 42.3 [mas/pix] at the 1.5m Telescopio Carlos Sanchez (TCS) at the Observatorio del Teide (Oscoz et al. 2008[20]; Cortés-Contreras et al. 2015[9]). CARMENES team confirmed the presence of the companion which are classified resolved physical binaries in CARMENCITA and coordinate are somewhat corrected also. As mentioned before, SIMBAD do not tabulate corresponding reference for coordinates; they sometimes tabulate Hipparcos or Tycho-2; their coordinates are chiefly from the 2MASS though. However, in CARMENES project, it is preferred to be completely homogeneous, because a lot of surveys in 2MASS contain small differences for star’s coordinates. Now (Aug 2015) 2MASS is used as main coordinates for CARMENES, from the summer of 2016 on, it will be changed to GAIA coordinates only. ii) In the case of proper motion differences

Below in Table 13, the compilation of the cases of proper motion differences between CARMENCITA and 2MASS are shown. In case there are errors in the compilation, it is due to the fact that CARMENCITA offers a huge amount of data.

41 Table 13: In case of proper motion differences.

Previous Corrected Karmn Name muRA muDE Karmn Name muRA muDE [mas/a] [mas/a] [mas/a] [mas/a] J11195+466 LP 169-022 304.7 -611.5 J11195+466 LP 169-022 +304.7 -611.5 J11200+658 SZ UMa AB -205.9 18.8 J11200+658 SZ UMa AB -2946.85 +184.03 J11201-104 LP 733-099 304.7 -611.5 J11201-104 LP 733-099 -205.9 +18.8

iii) In the case of differences in star names

Below Table 14 shows the compilation of the cases of name differences between CARMENCITA and 2MASS. There are only small glitches.

Table 14: In case of name of star differences.

Previous Corrected Karmn Name Karmn Name J09140+196 LP 427-046 J09140+196 LP 427-016

iv) In the case of spectral type differences

In this paragraph, tasks are cross-matches with SIMBAD, not 2MASS. Because in CARMENCITA the spec- tral type from 2MASS are not used, vast amounts of references are used instead. SIMBAD use their ICRS coordinates (epoch in J2000) from Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), validation of the new Hipparcos reduction (Van Leeuwen F. et al. 2007), construction and verification of the Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog E. et al. 2000) or 2MASS All Sky Catalogue of point sources (Cutri R.M. et al. 2003). These are the most qualified and credible coordinate data, as they these scholars confirm. However, when they use coordinates from other refer- ences, some differences between our CARMENCITA and SIMBAD might occur. But the aim of the previous section about cross-matching coordinates is to cross-match with 2MASS, not with SIMBAD; therefore, this is not a problem. On the other hand, an even bigger problem in spectral types difference is the between SIMBAD and our data in CARMENCITA, because there are a variety of references of their spectral types that SIMBAD uses. In such cases, it should be checked one by one. Needless to say, little variance will be accepted, because spectral classification is carried out by comparing the unknown with the standard spectra, the classification is determined once the best match is found. Thus, small variance that will occur in spectral classification is acceptable; only the critical differences for estimation will be corrected. In conclusion, after checking their spectral type, no errors in spectral type was found. While in many cases there was small variance between SIMBAD and CARMENES, in the case when SIM- BAD and CARMENES use different references, variance is also in acceptable ranges. v) In the case of ordering errors

These cases are not actually critical; however, they are quite important for the calculation of cross-matching. These problems stem from the fact that text file tools sometimes give an error in ordering. These are important because in the results of cross-matching, TOPCAT can give us mis-ordered data, not in the ascending order by right ascension J2000. CARMENCITA is ordered by the right ascension J2000 in ascending order; therefore, these ordering errors can mix with many estimated coordinates, which leads to misfit. That would be a quite crit- ical problem and should be fixed for CARMENES commissioning. There are 24 cases in which stars are mixed, that is, they are not ordered by the right ascension J2000; therefore, CARMENCITA is listed and ordered again. vi) In the case of that issues from SIMBAD

42 There is only one case that J05019+099 (LP 476-207 AB), this star seems to have a 1.4 arcsec companion according to its entry in the Washington Double . In CARMENES, it is observed with FastCam and it confirms the presence of the companion as resolved physical binaries, but in SIMBAD, there is still no secondaries or primaries of stars. After CARMENES intensive monitoring, there will be revealed more cases like this star’s in SIMBAD.

3.2.1.2 Estimated current coordinates with previous proper motion to cross-match with All- WISE In radius section of match parameters, by position, 30, 10 and 5 arcsec are selected. In find mode section of match parameters, best mode is selected, though all mode in find mode will find many more stars, since we need more accurate cross-match for better estimation of future coordinate. Block size is selected 5000, which is default. Results of this cross-matching are listed below: 1) 30 arcsec, 100% (2164 stars/2164 stars = 100% stars in CARMENCITA) are cross-matched. 2) 10 arcsec, 98.4% (2131 stars/2164 stars = 98.4% stars in CARMENCITA) are cross-matched. 3) 5 arcsec, 95.8% (2075 stars/2164 stars = 95.8% stars in CARMENCITA) are cross-matched. Graphically expressed, Fig. 35 shows how much estimated coordinate of current calculation deviated from the released WISE data. This information is presented here to aid future works in the section 3.2.1.4. The x-axis demonstrates the differences in right ascension (µα) between our estimated current calculation coordi- nates and released WISE coordinates, the y-axis shows the differences in declination (µδ) between our estimated current calculation coordinates and the released WISE coordinates. Red ’X’ shapes in black square mean that estimated deviated calculation until 5 arcsec, 2075 stars/2164 stars = 95.8 % stars in CARMENCITA, which are much more satisfying than expected. As the previous section illustrates, another indispensable thing about cross-matching is that it is possible to get something extra. That is, there are more possibilities to identify small errors (or typographic errors) in CARMENCITA such as coordinates, magnitudes or even their names. After cross-matching, there will be non-cross-matched stars. Then, the reason for non-detection should be checked, one by one. Most reasons are described in section 3.2.1.3; however, in this procedure, around 20 errors (or typographic errors) were found in CARMENCITA. Thus, this cross-matching is one of the mandatory steps not only for cross-matching, but also for checking errors (or typographic errors) in CARMENCITA.

Figure 35: Differences between estimation and real WISE data with previous proper motion.

43 From the section 2.2.1.1, the new proper motion in CARMENCITA is released in 2015.5; therefore, it is quite a good idea for checking cross-matching results to see how accurate the comparison between the new proper motion data in CARMENCITA and the previous proper motion in CARMENCITA.

3.2.1.3 Estimated current coordinates with new proper motion to cross-match with AllWISE As mentioned before in section 2.2.1.1, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) team finished measuring very accurate proper motions for ∼ 472 stars in CARMENCITA with reliable ways, using scripts developed with Python and the Virtual Observatory tool Aladin. With many coordinates offered by different missions (GSC2.3, AllWISE, USNO-A2, CMC14, CMC15, 2MASS, SDSS-DR9 ) and with observation time differences, UCM team appreciated a line in right ascension and declination and the proper motion in right ascension and declination are the slopes. In radius section of match parameters, 25, 10 and 5 arcsec are selected. In find mode section of match parameters, best mode is selected for more accurate cross-match of better estimation of future coordinate, which is the same with the previous one. Block size is selected 5000, which is default. After cross-matching, results are listed below:

1) 25 arcsec, 100% (2170 stars/2170 stars = 100% stars in CARMENCITA) are cross-matched. 2) 10 arcsec, 99.7% (2163 stars/2170 stars = 99.7% stars in CARMENCITA) are cross-matched. 3) 5 arcsec, 98.9% (2145 stars/2170 stars = 98.9% stars in CARMENCITA) are cross-matched.

Instead of the whole of 2164 stars in CARMENCITA, it displays 2170 stars, because around 2015.7 (New proper motion is released in around 2015.6), 7 more stars are added, and 1 star is deleted in CARMENCITA. One advantage of the new proper motion is that not only probability for cross-matching is fairly raised, but also until 25 arcsec, aspect of match parameter radius, 100% of stars are cross-matched. This can be compared with previous results, which is until 30 arcsec, 100% of stars are cross-matched. Both in quality and in quantity, results are more satisfied. Graphically expressed, Fig. 36. shows how much estimated coordinate of current calculation with new proper motion deviated from the released WISE data. This information is presented here to aid future works, as well.

Figure 36: Differences between estimation and real WISE data with new proper motion.

44 The x-axis reveals the differences in right ascension (µα) between our estimated current calculation coordinates and the released WISE coordinates, the y-axis shows the differences in declination (µδ) between our estimated current calculation coordinates and the released WISE coordinates. Blue cross marks in the black square mean that estimated deviated calculation until 5 arcsec, 2110 stars / 2164 stars = 97 % stars in CARMENCITA. Comparing with previous calculation which was estimation with previous proper motion, more stars can be found in 5 arcsec of RA, and DEC ranges with the new proper motion. However, for better understanding of how much new proper motion is meaningful, checking both proper motions and comparing is needed. The Fig. 37. below shows both CARMENCITA comparison which is combined between Fig. 35 and Fig. 36. Blue cross marks indicate CARMENCITA with new released proper motion and red ’X’shapes indicate CARMENCITA with previous proper motion. Blue cross marks in the black square mean that estimated deviated calculation until 5 arcsec, which is an acceptable ranges.

Figure 37: Both proper motion in CARMENCITA comparison.

With this cross-matching results, especially in Fig. 36, it is clear that one of the result about new proper motion investigation in MSc thesis by Gallardo (2015) is proved significantly accurate. Probability for cross-matching is raised significantly. This can be compared with previous results, until 5 arcsec, 70 more stars are successfully cross-matched. Of course, CARMENCITA data are collected and chosen with one of the reliable values, but new proper motion of UCM team shows that more accurate results than previous values in CARMENCITA.

3.2.1.4 Confirmation the reason for non-detection stars via cross-matching in TOPCAT As mentioned in previous section, for estimation coordinates in CARMENES survey (2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0), using proper motion with declination-corrected in right ascension movements (movement in RA:µα, movement in DE: cos δ) will be more reasonable, therefore that guarantees more accurate estimation. 25 stars are failed

45 to cross-matched in TOPCAT, therefore there will be the confirmation the reason for 25 non-detection stars in this thesis. This section deserves special emphasis, because this confirmation the reason for non-detection stars via cross- matching in TOPCAT will help us apply to the future coordinates in CARMENES commissioning. It is needed to evaluate these 25 incorrect stars of estimated calculation, to find the reason for deviation of non-detection. Only in 25 stars, it is an effective way to look with Aladin at some of the 1.1% non-x-matched stars one by one and to confirm that the reason for non-detection is high proper motion, an incorrect data or misunderstanding. It is useful to use 0Add Subset0 selection in find mode, a new 0Row Subset0 is added to the local table indicating which rows had at least one match to the remote table. In the current table properties in TOPCAT, cross- match will be selected and 0Row Subset0 was added already and will be displayed. In Row Subset displaying panel, creating new subset complimentary selected subset is possible; then, only cross-matching failed stars will remain. To check the reason for detection, it will be effectual to judge which stars successfully cross-mtached and which stars filed to cross-match from the proper motion point of view. The Fig. 38 below shows our whole CAR- MENCITA stars from the proper motion point of view, X-axis means that proper motion of RA. Y-axis means that proper motion of DE; blue dots indicate stars cross-matched successfully; red dots indicate stars failed to cross-match. One more interesting issue is that it is possible to check individual epochs which means date of observation of the individual WISE positions in Aladin manually. Because it would be good exactly to know how the positions have been measured when calculation error is too high. This information is not given as part of the WISE catalogue in VizieR. However, it is possible to access that information by clicking on 0IM0(Image of the 4 bands from the IRSA server (IPAC)) in the detailed result for a given target in VizieR. On the page that comes up with the WISE image, the dates of observation are also given. However, there was no critically deviated estimation as can be seen in the results in the paragraphs 3.2.1.2. and 3.2.1.3. Here are Table 15 - 26 compilation of stars failed to cross-match (1.1% ∼ 25 stars/2170 stars) in 500 radius in match parameter which is the maximum distance between a local table and remote table position to count as a match of cross-matching tools with AllWISE catalogues in TOPCAT listed by reasons. As listed in the Table 15 below, high proper motion stars fail to cross-match with AllWISE catalogues and this is the most common reason.

Figure 38: Results in calculation of WISE coordinate.

46 i) In the case of high proper motion stars

Below is the compilation of the reasons for non-cross-matched stars between CARMENCITA and AllWISE. In the Table 15 below, only the cases of high proper motion stars are shown.

Table 15: In case of the high proper motion stars.

Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 muRA [mas/a] muDE [mas/a] J03133+047 CD Cet 03:13:22.99 +04:46:29.4 -176.6 458 J03332+462 BD+45 784B 03:33:14.03 +46:15:19.4 68.5 -176.8 J04137+476 LSPM J0413+4737E 04:13:47.86 +47:37:44.4 -111.1 -1290 J05103+272 LSR J0510+2713 05:10:20.12 +27:14:03.2 -391 -207.7 J08119+087 Ross 619 08:11:57.58 +08:46:22.1 1138.5 -5123.9 J08316+193N CV Cnc BC 08:31:37.44 +19:23:49.5 -232.8 -121.6 J11351-056 LP 673-013 11:35:07.32 -05:39:21.9 -294.6 -943 J12299-054W LP 675-076 12:29:54.22 -05:27:24.1 -757 -400 J13168+170 HD 115404B 13:16:51.56 +17:01:00.1 620.7 -257.8 J13583-132 LP 739-003 13:58:19.56 -13:16:24.8 -347.1 -65.2 J17177-118 LTT 6883 17:17:45.32 -11:48:54.2 -17.6 -295.9 J17578+046 Barnard’s star 17:57:48.49 +04:41:40.5 -798.58 10328.12 J18427+596N HD 173739 18:42:46.66 +59:37:49.9 -1332.03 1807.48 J18427+596S HD 173740 18:42:46.88 +59:37:37.4 -1332.03 1807.48 J17378+185 BD+18 3421 17:37:53.3 +18:35:29.5 -140 -544.8 J18180+387W G 204-057 18:18:03.46 +38:46:36.0 -365.5 -1016.6 J22173-088N FG Aqr A 22:17:19.00 -08:48:12.2 -435 -221 J22385-152 EZ Aqr ABC 22:38:33.73 -15:17:57.3 2307.5 2293.6 J22576+373 G 189-053 22:57:40.93 +37:19:23.3 545.4 -362

These results are somewhat expected, there are some stars in CARMENCITA have very significant movements compared to the background stars. Modern measurement of proper motions will be proceeded with comparing images of the sky taken 20 to 50 years apart. And measuring how much the stars have moved relative to distant background objects, usually galaxies or quasars. The effect of proper motions build up over time, which means that the longer time, there will be the greater the apparent angular motion. Thus the allowable margin of error per 1 year will be far greater for the longer time. In conclusion, just in case that high proper motion stars are not cross-matched, it will be so natural. As mentioned in previous section 2.2.1, new proper motion of 500 stars in 2170 CARMENCITA are investigated, therefore it will be more better idea to proceed proper motion investigation for rest of stars in CARMENCITA. ii) In the case of insufficient information in CARMENCITA

Below is the compilation of the reason for non-cross-matched stars between CARMENCITA and AllWISE. Only the cases of insufficient information in CARMENCITA are shown in Table 16 below.

Table 16: In the case of that not enough information in CARMENCITA.

Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 muRA [mas/a] muDE [mas/a] J09193+385S GJ 1122 A 09:19:18.95 +38:31:15.9 -244.9 9.3

For better cross-matching, some of photometric information such as J mag, H mag, Ksmag, W1, W2, W3, W4 mag will be put into cross-matching table. Some stars has not enough information about Photomet- ric information; magnitude J mag, H mag, Ksmag, W1, W2, W3, W4 mag of this star in CARMENCITA.

47 J mag, H mag, Ksmag is in CARMENCITA, but not in AllWISE. However, W1, W2, W3, W4 mag is in AllWISE, but not in CARMENCITA. Therefore TOPCAT firstly found much more close coordinate stars, which means different stars than our stars in CARMENCITA. But it is very positive that in AllWISE catalog (http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/Gator/nph-dd), it is possible to find those 2 stars’ estimated co- ordinates are very close to real coordinates in AllWISE survey. The results are shown in below Table 17.

Table 17: In the case of that not enough information in CARMENCITA.

Karmn Name RA J2000 DEJ2000 Estimated WISE RA2012 DE2012 RA J2000 DE J2000 J09193+385S GJ 1122 A 09:19:18.95 +38:31:15.9 09:19:18.68 +38:31:16.1 09:19:18 +38:31:25

This table means that cross-matching has not failed in manually, just in case that failed to cross-match in TOPCAT due to insufficient information in CARMENCITA. Now in CARMENCITA, many stars have W1, W2, W3, W4 mag as blanks. References of W1, W2, W3, W4 mag columns in CARMENCITA are from WISE, and TOPCAT has very accurate cross-matching tools, therefore it will be needed to fill out the rest of blanks in CARMENCITA with cross-matching in TOPCAT. iii) In the case of different information is offered for the same star

Below is the compilation of the reasons for non-cross-matched stars between CARMENCITA and AllWISE. Only the cases of different information offered in CARMENCITA for the same star are shown in Table 18 below.

Table 18: In the case of different information for same star.

Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 muRA [mas/a] muDE [mas/a] J23064-050 2MUCD 12171 23:06:29.28 -05:02:28.6 -76 -95 J12104-131 LP 734-034 12:10:28.34 -13:10:23.5 -102.1 -123.4

The first star, J23064-050 (2MUCD 12171), is discovered by Caballero, J. A. (Caballero et al. 2007[5]) and has normal proper motion (muRA: -76 [mas/a] and muDE: -95 [mas/a]), but SIMBAD says that star is a very high proper motion star (muRA: 922.1 [mas/a] muDE: -471.9 [mas/a]). This fact led coordinate estimate of WISE to mix up cross-matching with WISE. Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) team have been working on it very recently. Thus, new results are updated, and these are muRA: 878.5 [mas/a] and muDE: 496.7 [mas/a] (A detailed descriptions are provided in the MSc thesis by Iván Gallardo in 2015). These new results are adopted and calculated again, it is possible to see that it fits quite well until 2 arcsec in radius match parameter. The second one, J12104-131 (LP 734-034) is interesting, because there were wrong proper motion information is compiled in CARMENCITA. Though best parameters from reliable references are compiled in CARMENCITA that each star has, reference data might be wrong. To understand this thing, RGB generator is used in Aladin to identify direction of proper motion. In below Fig. 39 illustrates the RGB image generator in Aladin of J12104-131 (the star’s name : LP 734-034) star; blue means from the POSS I data and red one means from the POSS II data. Blue arrow indicates the issued star J12104-131 and the red arrow means proper motion. In addition there is a grid, left means right ascension (+) direction and down means declination (-) direction. Therefore, it is very clear that this star is going to leftward (+) direction and downward (-) direction. However, as can be seen from Table 20, CARMENCITA from PPMXL tell the J05068-215W star’s proper motion is - 102.1[mas/a] (muRA)& -123.4[mas/a] (muDE). Clearly wrong direction was introduced by PPMXL. Meanwhile 242[mas/a] (muRA)& -342[mas/a] (muDE) is introduced in in SIMBAD (Salim, S et al.2003[28]). This is why estimated WISE epoch is deviated from real WISE epoch. As mentioned in previous paragraph, therefore it will be more better idea to proceed proper motion investigation for rest of stars in CARMENCITA.

48 Figure 39: J12104-131 (LP 734-034) in RGB images.

iv) In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data

These case are interesting. Below is the compilation of the reason for non-cross-matched stars between CAR- MENCITA and AllWISE. The cases of misunderstanding in WISE data are shown in Table 19-21 below.

Table 19: In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about coordinate.

CARMENES WISE Karmn Est WISE RA Est WISE DE WISE RAJ2000 DEJ2000 J21137+087 21:13:44.71 +08:46:09.3 J211344.69+084609.5 21:13:44.69 +08:46:09.5

Table 20: In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about magnitude.

CARMENES WISE Jmag Hmag Kmag Jmag Hmag Kmag 8.384±0.027 7.768±0.044 7.498±0.023 8.384±0.027 7.768±0.044 7.498±0.023

As Table 19 and 20 demonstrate, TOPCAT has cross-matched the proper star what is needed, estimated WISE coordinates in Table 19 are quite well fit for real coordinates in WISE results, in Table 20, aspect of the photometry, they are perfectly same, even their error ranges of each photometry. However, only in Table 21, it

49 is possible to find glitches from the WISE survey data, their proper motion of DE direction is different. Then, it is a more effective idea to compare this star’s proper motion directly in Aladin via the RGB generator.

Table 21: In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about proper motion.

CARMENES WISE Karmn muRA muDE WISE Name muRA muDE [mas/a] [mas/a] [mas/a] [mas/a] J21137+087 155.8 -88 J211344.69+084609.5 515 5

The Fig. 40 illustrates the RGB image generator in Aladin of J21137+087 (the star’s name : LSPM J2113+0846N) star; blue means from the POSS I data and red one means from the POSS II data. This star is not yet listed in Aladin; therefore, there is no proper motion direction; however, it is very clear that proper motion direction of RA is going to leftward (+) direction and proper motion direction of DE is going to downward (-) direction.

Figure 40: J21137+087 (LSPM J2113+0846N) in RGB images.

Here is second case that in the case of misunderstanding in WISE data.The cases of misunderstanding in WISE data are shown in Table 22 - 24 below. This case is exactly same with previous case. As Table 19 and 20 demon- strate, TOPCAT has cross-matched the proper star what is needed, estimated WISE coordinates in Table 22 are fit well for real coordinates in WISE results, though declination of estimated 2012 is slightly different with real WISE coordinate. This thing will be dealt with in last part of this paragraph. In Table 23, aspect of the photometry, they are perfectly same, even their error ranges of each photometry. However, only in Table 24, it is possible to find glitches from the WISE survey data, their proper motion of DE direction is different. Then, comparing this star’s proper motion directly in Aladin via the RGB generator will be a solution. The Fig. 41 below illustrates the RGB image generator in Aladin of J05068-215W (the star’s name: BD-21 1074 BC) star; blue means from the POSS I data and red one means from the POSS II data. In this RGB image

50 generator, blue is really blur because this star’s proper motion is really small, therefore the later one (red : POSS II) overlaps previous one (blue: POSS I) in RGB generator. This is why this RGB image generator shows only red colour. In this Fig. 41, blue arrow indicates the issued star J05068-215W and the red arrow means proper motion. In addition there is a grid, left means right ascension (+) direction and down means declination (-) direction. Therefore, it is very clear that this star is going to leftward (+) direction and downward (-) direction. However, as can be seen from Table 20, WISE tell the J05068-215W star’s proper motion is -13103 [mas/a] (muRA)& 8194 [mas/a] (muDE). Above all, this star is not a high proper motion star, instead very low proper motion star.

Table 22: In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about coordinate.

CARMENES WISE Karmn Est RA WISE Est DE WISE WISE Name RAJ2000 DEJ2000 J05068-215W 05:06:49.9 -21:35:09.5 J050649.51-213504.4 05:06:49.5 -21:35:04.4

Table 23: In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about magnitude.

CARMENES WISE Jmag Hmag Kmag Jmag Hmag Kmag 7.003± 0.02 6.392±0.018 6.114±0.021 7.003± 0.02 6.392±0.018 6.114±0.021

Table 24: In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about proper motion.

CARMENES WISE Karmn muRA muDE WISE Name muRA muDE [mas/a] [mas/a] [mas/a] [mas/a] J21137+087 48.1 -22.7 J211344.69+084609.5 -13103 8194

One more thing about estimated coordinates of declination, the estimated coordinates are slightly different from real WISE coordinates. It is quite well fit in RA scale, but there are 500 differences in declination scale, though this differences are quite small. As mentioned before, CARMENCITA offer every reference of their all of values, and this star’s proper motion is introduced by PPMXL: A Proper Motion Catalog Combining USNO-B and 2MASS. In short, it will be more better idea to proceed proper motion investigation for rest of stars in CARMENCITA. In conclusion, there is a misunderstanding in WISE catalogues; therefore, TOPCAT could not find the proper star in cross-matching within 500 radius range of match parameter to AllWISE data, though the estimated coordinate was within 500 radius range of the match parameter. It is very clear to recognise that AllWISE (or WISE) has wrong proper motion data. Also, it is very positive that it is saying with aspect of estimated coordinates and photometry, cross-matching is not failed.

51 Figure 41: J05068-215W (BD-21 1074 BC) in RGB images.

v) In the case of misunderstanding in SIMBAD

Below is the compilation of the reasons for non-cross-matched stars between CARMENCITA and AllWISE. Only the case of misunderstanding in SIMBAD data are shown in Table 25 below.

Table 25: In case of that misunderstanding in SIMBAD.

Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 muRA [mas/a] muDE [mas/a] J00162+198W EZ Psc 00:16:14.63 +19:51:37.6 -14.7 -17.3

Then, in this section, it is found in that other misunderstanding in SIMBAD that there is critical mistakes for selection of proper star which is J00162+198W (EZ Psc) star. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the primary of the binary system passed, from the observer’s point of view, at only about 5 arcsec, by a Sun-like background star of null proper motion and similar brightness. This fact led SIMBAD and some authors to mix up the coordinates of the two stars. From 2014 onwards, the primary of the true binary system has been the southern star of the visual trio (Cortés-Contreras et al. 2014[8]). This case is somewhat complicated, because as mentioned before, the new proper motion of 472 stars in CAR- MENCITA has been calculated by using scripts developed with Python, and by using the Virtual Observatory tool Aladin by the UCM team. And this star, J00162+198W (EZ Psc), is contained in 472 stars. The new proper motions of stars are very accurate, which means they are calculated quite well, but proper motion of the wrong star is calculated. Thus, misunderstanding in SIMBAD can make other mistakes in CARMENCITA. The following Fig. 42 below illustrates the RGB image generator in Aladin of J00162+198W (EZ Psc) star, blue means from the POSS I data and red one means from the POSS II data. Bold and red square is the proper star, because its proper motion of RA is 714.68 [mas/a] and theproper motion of DE is -757.74 [mas/a] from validation of the new Hipparcos reduction (Van Leeuwen F. et al. 2007[31]). In conclusion, there is critical misunderstanding in SIMBAD, which affects the new proper motion in CAR- MENCITA. Since, J00162+198 (EZ Psc) is one of the alpha stars, especially this star is in S1 (subsample 1)

52 in CARMENCITA which will be most valuable results from CARMENES survey, this proper motion will be changed quickly.

Figure 42: J00162+198W (EZ Psc) case.

vi) In the case stars are not listed in SIMBAD yet

This case is somewhat different from the previous one. Below Table 26 is the compilation of the non-cross- matched stars between CARMENCITA and SIMBAD, not with AllWISE. Only the cases when CARMENCITA stars are not listed in SIMBAD yet are shown in Table 26 below. Some stars are discovered after 2013 (Lepine et al. 2013[15], Alonso-Floriano et al. 2015[1]). Not all stars are from those references, and not all are listed in SIMBAD yet as a star.

Table 26: In case of that stars are not listed in SIMBAD yet.

Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 muRA [mas/a] muDE [mas/a] J04234+809 1RXS J042323.2+805511 04:23:29.05 +80:55:10.2 -120.3 393.9 J23535+121 RX J2353.5+1206 2 23:53:35.63 +12:06:16.8 45.55 -111.52

In these cases, actually this J04234+809 (1RXS J042323.2+805511) star has not failed to cross-match, but a point of concern is that the most of the survey did not recognise this star. ROSAT All-Sky Survey found this one as an X-ray sources, so this star is not yet updated in SIMBAD as a star. But previous survey in CARMENES found this star in very recently (Alonso-Floriano et al. 2015[1]). For J23535+121 (RX J2353.5+1206 2) case, this star is not updated in SIMBAD as well. SIMBAD still suspect this object of unknown nature. Because this star was discovered in very recently (Lepine et al. 2013[15]).

53 For the conclusion of this section 3.2.1. WISE coordinates estimate as a current epoch, the calculation of estimating WISE epoch was quite positive, except only for high proper motion stars. Therefore, these small fraction of error will be accepted. In addition, it is guaranteed that will be no problem to use same ways for future coordinate in CARMENES commissioning.

3.2.2 Future coordinate in CARMENES survey For those accurate positions of stars for future CARMENES survey, the validity of future coordinate estimation should be demonstrated. Since checking the validity of calculation of comparison between the estimated WISE coordinate and the real released WISE coordinate was reliable, it is possible to extend this to future coordinate with the same ways for 2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0 when CARMENES survey. 2016.0 coordinates will be used for the CARMENES survey start, 2016.5 coordinates will be used the expected epoch of observation of the first Gaia data release (DR1, but to be confirmed), with which we want to compare, and 2018.0 is approximately the middle of the survey if extended to five years. Likewise previous section 3.2.1 WISE coordinates estimate as a current epoch, using proper motion declination-corrected movements in right ascension (movement in RA:µα, movement in DE: cos δ) will be more accurate way to estimate for future coordinates than using proper motion with cos δ in right ascension movements (movement in RA:µα cos δ, movement in DE: cos δ). Therefore, esti- mation for future coordinates when CARMENES survey (2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0) with declination-corrected right ascension movements (movement in RA:µα, movement in DE: cos δ) of proper motion components will be used. As a result, future coordinates when CARMENES survey (2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0) are listed in Table 38 of Appendix E. In Table 38 of Appendix E, CARMENCITA star’s Karmn, their name, 2MASS coordinate in J2000 (RA J2000, DE J2000), their proper motion (µα cos δ [mas/a], cos δ [mas/a], epoch of 2016.0 (RA J2000, DE J2000), epoch of 2016.5 (RA J2000, DE J2000) and epoch of 2018.0 (RA J2000, DE J2000) are listed. Precession is already included in the equinox of the coordinates, which is always J2000 but with a non-standard epoch; therefore, all calculations are coordinates in equinox J2000.0 and epoch of observation epoch 2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0. Which means that the target stars will be overlay on finding charts in J2000 coordinates, and J2000 coordinates will be entered in the telescope control system. One more thing needs to be elaborated about rounding off: in text error is ∼ 0.100, all coordinates are the truncated second or first decimal parts of an arcminute or degree of the corresponding equatorial coordinates for the standard equinox of J2000.0 (RA[hh:mm:ss.s] & DE[±dd:mm:ss]) Our CARMENCITA identifier follows the nomenclature format ’Karmn JHHMMm ± DDd(X)’, where ’Karmn’ is the acronym, ’m’ and ’d’ in the sequence are the truncated decimal parts of a minute or degree of the corresponding equatorial coordinates for the standard equinox of J2000.0 (IRAS style for right ascension, PKS quasar style for declination), and X is an optional letter (N, S, E, W) to distinguish between physical or visual pairs with the same HHMMm±DDd sequence within CARMENCITA (Alonso-Floriano et al. 2015[1]).

3.2.2.1 Alpha stars in CARMENCITA among non cross-matched star lists To confirm the alpha stars in CARMENCITA among non-cross-matched stars is important, because our CARMENES final target list should be 300 stars. Most of alpha stars will be contained final targets, which are highest priority stars in CARMENES. Among 25 non-cross-matched stars, there are 5 alpha stars listed in Table 27 below.

Table 27: Among non-cross-matched stars, alpha stars in CARMENCITA list.

Non-cross-matched alpha stars in CARMENCITA list • J00162+198W EZ Psc • J03133+047 CD Cet • J08119+087 Ross 619 • J17378+185 BD+18 3421 • J17578+046 Barnard’s star

3.3 Finding charts 3.3.1 Finding charts All of the 354 finding charts are updated in the star card in CARMENES GTO [and COM] target list web pages (https://carmenes.caha.es/int/gto) and they are now password protected (Sep 2015). One of the sample

54 of finding charts (J00051+457 : GJ 2 star) is listed in this thesis in Fig. 43 below. These star cards contain finding charts for the whole alpha stars in CARMENCITA.

Figure 43: Finding chart of J00051+457.

Figure 44: Finding chart of J01339-176R.

In the finding charts, arrow indicates the proper motion’s direction and amount; however, some of the special that when two epochs between previous (POSSI or POSS II) location and current location is extremely close

55 to distinguish, which is valid for extremely small proper motion stars, arrow should be left out in the finding charts. The following Fig. 44 is one of the examples that an omission of arrow in the finding charts. Meanwhile, as can be seen in the section 3.2.1.4. In case of another reason: misunderstanding in SIMBAD, J00162+198W (EZ Psc), SIMBAD has a mistake with indicating the star, therefore it should be selected proper star, not from the star in Aladin. Instead of that case, there are no complexities that completing finding charts, all finding charts are listed. POSS II Red photographic plates are mainly used in finding charts, as mentioned before, but there was lim- itation. Since CARMENES stars should be observable from Calar Alto Observatory with target declination δ > -23 deg (air mass should be < 2.0 at their culmination), but POSS II supports only Red +2.0 < Dec < +90.0, therefore POSS I Red (supports -21.0 < Dec < +3.0 stars) and UKST (-23.0 > Dec > -21.0) are also used for making finding charts. As can be seen in Table 9, various different sky survey plate collections from SuperCosmos, emulsion systems of POSS I Red is 103aE, which is similar with emulsion systems of POSS II. At the same time, UKST Red (1984-1998) was used almost in a similar period with POSS II even with the same emulsion system and very different range of observation (-90.0 < Dec < +3.0). In conclusion, CARMENES stars range from declination δ > -23 deg; there will be some finding charts which are used with not only POSS II but also POSS I, UKST. Below The information that finding charts have made of POSS I can be seen in Table 28 below, and finding charts made of UKST in Table 28. This means that for the finding chart made of POSS I plates, time differences between current epoch and past epoch are almost over 60 years. On the other hand, with POSS II plates or UKST plates, time differences between current epoch and past epoch are almost over 20 years.

Table 28: Stars in CARMENCITA with POSS I used.

Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000

J02560-006 LP 591-156 02:56:03.88 -00:36:33.20 J01182-128 GJ 56.1 01:18:15.99 -12:53:58.10 J02044-018 G 159-034 02:04:27.55 -01:52:56.10 J02096-143 LP 709-040 02:09:36.09 -14:21:32.10 J02142-039 LP 649-072 02:14:12.51 -03:57:43.40 J01538-149 RBS 253 01:53:50.77 -14:59:50.30 J03075-039 LP 652-005 AB 03:07:33.83 -03:58:16.70 J00449-152 NLTT 2465 00:44:59.31 -15:16:16.70 J01009-044 GJ 1025 01:00:56.44 -04:26:56.10 J03286-156 LP 772-072 A 03:28:38.93 -15:37:17.10 J02412-045 G 075-035 02:41:15.11 -04:32:17.70 J00154-161 GJ 1005 AB 00:15:27.99 -16:08:00.90 J00328-045 GR* 50 AB 00:32:53.14 -04:34:06.80 J03018-165N BD-17 588 AC 03:01:51.08 -16:35:30.70 J03110-046 LP 652-062 03:11:04.89 -04:36:35.80 J03018-165S BD-17 588 B 03:01:51.43 -16:35:35.70 J03346-048 LP 653-008 03:34:39.59 -04:50:32.90 J00159-166 BPS CS 31060-0015 00:15:58.08 -16:36:57.90 J02462-049 LP 651-007 02:46:14.78 -04:59:18.20 J01125-169 YZ Cet 01:12:30.53 -16:59:57.00 J00315-058 GJ 1013 00:31:35.39 -05:52:11.60 J00201-170 LP 764-108 00:20:08.38 -17:03:40.90 J01437-060 BPS CS 22962-0011 01:43:45.13 -06:02:40.10 J02050-176 BD-18 359 AB 02:05:04.93 -17:36:52.90 J01510-061 NLTT 6192 01:51:04.05 -06:07:04.80 J01339-176 LP 768-113 01:33:58.00 -17:38:23.50 J00286-066 GJ 1012 00:28:39.48 -06:39:48.10 J01390-179 BL Cet + UV Cet 01:39:01.20 -17:57:02.70 J03217-066 G 077-046 03:21:46.89 -06:40:24.20 J01048-181 GJ 1028 01:04:53.69 -18:07:29.30 J01352-072 Barta 161 12 01:35:13.93 -07:12:51.80 J03026-181 GJ 121.1 03:02:38.01 -18:09:58.70 J00067-075 GJ 1002 00:06:43.26 -07:32:14.70 J02285-200 GJ 100C 02:28:31.89 -20:02:26.50 J03033-080 StM 20 03:03:21.32 -08:05:15.40 J03040-203 LP 771-077 03:04:04.52 -20:22:43.40 J01466-086 LP 708-416 01:46:36.81 -08:38:57.90 J02129+000 G 159-046 02:12:54.58 00:00:16.80 J00176-086 BD-09 40 00:17:40.89 -08:40:55.90 J01227+005 NLTT 4582 01:22:45.00 00:32:04.20 J02438-088 Wolf 1132 02:43:53.17 -08:49:44.90 J01384+006 G 071-024 01:38:29.98 00:39:05.90 J02007-103 LP 709-016 02:00:47.26 -10:21:21.00 J03112+011 1RXS J031114.2+010655 03:11:15.48 01:06:30.70 J01518-108 Ross 555 01:51:48.65 -10:48:12.00 J02282+014 G 075-016 02:28:17.12 01:26:31.00 J01102-118 LP 707-016 01:10:17.52 -11:51:17.60 J00357+025 NLTT 1930 00:35:43.13 02:33:13.80 J02158-126 LP 709-062 02:15:48.83 -12:40:27.70 J01556+028 LHS 6038 01:55:37.31 02:52:58.20 J03036-128 LP 711-043 03:03:40.71 -12:50:31.70 J03220+029 GJ 1058 03:22:04.10 02:56:34.70 J03037-128 LP 711-044 03:03:47.83 -12:51:19.10 J02207+029 LTT 17354 02:20:46.26 02:58:37.50 J02581-128 LP 711-032 02:58:10.21 -12:53:06.70

Table 29: Stars in CARMENCITA with UKST used.

Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 J01531-210 BD-21 332 AB 01:53:11.33 -21:05:43.30 J01134-229 GJ 1033 01:13:24.02 -22:54:07.80 J02033-212 G 272-145 02:03:20.77 -21:13:42.70 J00515-229 HD 4967 B 00:51:35.16 -22:54:30.80 J01324-219 CD-22 526 01:32:26.26 -21:54:17.30

56 3.3.2 Fibre contamination There are two small red dots which are two optical fibre holes in finding charts. Left (east) one is for the target star light, and right (west) one is for calibration light. Thus, if background stars are very close to the star light optical fibre, it can contaminate the fibres. In conclusion, it is worth finding the background stars very close to 10 arcsec to star light optical fibre in preparation steps of CARMENES commissioning. This task is invetigated by overplot measurer & cut graph in Aladin with dragging to set a cut graph. Couple of examples of finding chart with in case of that fibre contamination, there are background stars very close to 10 arcsec to optical fibres, are illustrated in below Fig. 45 - 46.

Figure 45: Finding chart of J00389306R.

Figure 46: Finding chart of J01025716R.

57 The following Table 30 shows that based on 2MASS coordinates in finding charts, there are a list of stars which contains background stars near 10 arcsec to star light optical fibre.

Table 30: Back ground stars close to 1000 due to fibre contamination based on 2MASS coordinate in finding charts.

Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000 Karmn Name RA J2000 DE J2000

J00051+457 GJ 2 00:05:10.78 45:47:11.60 J15095+031 Ross 1047 15:09:35.59 03:10:00.80 J00162+198W EZ Psc 00:16:14.63 19:51:37.60 J16092+093 G 137-084 16:09:16.25 09:21:07.70 J00184+440 GQ And 00:18:25.50 44:01:37.60 J16570-043 LP 686-027 16:57:05.71 -04:20:56.00 J00389+306 Wolf 1056 00:38:58.79 30:36:58.40 J16591+209 RX J1659.1+2058 16:59:09.63 08:58:16.00 J01025+716 BD+70 68 01:02:32.13 71:40:47.60 J17115+384 Wolf 654 17:11:34.72 38:26:34.10 J01033+623 V388 Cas 01:03:19.72 62:21:55.70 J17136-084 V2367 Oph 17:13:40.48 -08:25:14.40 J01125-169 YZ Cet 01:12:30.53 -16:59:57.00 J17166+080 GJ 2128 17:16:40.97 08:03:30.20 J01593+585 V596 Cas 01:59:23.50 58:31:16.20 J17542+073 GJ 1222 17:54:17.10 07:22:44.70 J02015+637 G 244-047 02:01:35.33 63:46:11.90 J18075-159 GJ 1224 18:07:32.93 -15:57:46.50 J02026+105 RX J0202.4+1034 02:02:28.24 +10:34:53.4 J18189+661 LP 071-165 18:18:57.26 66:11:33.20 J02070+496 G 173-037 02:07:03.83 49:38:44.10 J18221+063 Ross 136 18:22:06.71 06:20:37.70 J03531+625 Ross 567 03:53:10.42 62:34:08.20 J18346+401 LP 229-017 18:34:36.64 40:07:26.70 J04311+589 STN 2051A 04:31:11.48 58:58:37.60 J18363+136 Ross 149 18:36:19.23 13:36:26.20 J04376+528 BD+52 857 04:37:40.92 52:53:37.20 J18409-133 BD-13 5069 18:40:57.33 -13:22:45.60 J04520+064 Wolf 1539 04:52:05.73 06:28:35.60 J18419+318 Ross 145 18:41:59.09 31:49:49.80 J04524-168 LP 776-025 04:52:24.41 -16:49:21.90 J18580+059 BD+05 3993 18:58:00.14 05:54:29.70 J04588+498 BD+49 1280 04:58:50.58 49:50:57.30 J19070+208 HD 349726 19:07:05.56 20:53:16.80 J05019+011 1RXS J050156.7+010845 05:01:56.66 01:08:42.90 J19072+208 Ross 731 19:07:13.20 20:52:37.30 J05127+196 GJ 192 05:12:42.23 19:39:56.60 J19084+322 G 207-019 19:08:29.96 32:16:52.00 J05333+448 GJ 1081 05:33:19.13 44:48:58.80 J19098+176 GJ 1232 19:09:50.98 17:40:07.40 J05348+138 Ross 46 05:34:52.12 13:52:47.20 J19169+051N V1428 Aql 19:16:55.26 05:10:08.60 J05366+112 2M J05363846+1117487 05:36:38.47 11:17:48.80 J19169+051S V1298 Aql 19:16:57.62 05:09:02.20 J05415+534 HD 233153 05:41:30.73 53:29:23.90 J19216+208 GJ 1235 19:21:38.68 20:52:02.80 J05466+441 Wolf 237 05:46:38.45 44:07:19.80 J19251+283 Ross 164 19:25:08.46 28:21:13.20 J06000+027 G 099-049 06:00:03.51 02:42:23.60 J19346+045 BD+04 4157 19:34:39.82 04:34:57.20 J06105-218 HD 42581 A 06:10:34.62 -21:51:52.20 J19354+377 RX J1935.4+3746 19:35:29.23 37:46:08.20 J06354-040 2M J06352986-0403185 06:35:29.87 -04:03:18.50 J19511+464 G 208-042 19:51:09.31 46:28:59.90 J06371+175 HD 260655 06:37:10.92 17:33:52.70 J20198+229 LP 395-008 20:19:49.25 22:56:36.70 J06396-210 LP 780-032 06:39:37.42 -21:01:33.30 J20287-114 L 755-019 20:28:43.62 -11:28:30.80 J06548+332 Wolf 294 06:54:49.03 33:16:05.90 J20301+798 GSC 04593-01344 20:30:07.11 79:50:46.80 J06574+740 2M J06572616+7405265 06:57:26.16 74:05:26.50 J20405+154 GJ 1256 20:40:33.64 15:29:57.20 J07001-190 2M J07000682-1901235 07:00:06.83 -19:01:23.60 J20525-169 LP 816-060 20:52:33.04 -16:58:29.00 J07033+346 LP 255-011 07:03:23.17 34:41:51.00 J21012+332 LP 340-547 21:01:16.10 33:14:32.80 J07287-032 GJ 1097 07:28:45.41 -03:17:52.40 J21019-063 Wolf 906 21:01:58.66 -06:19:07.10 J07361-031 BD-02 2198 07:36:07.08 -03:06:38.50 J21348+515 Wolf 926 21:34:50.36 51:32:13.80 J08119+087 Ross 619 08:11:57.58 08:46:22.10 J21442+066 G 093-033 21:44:12.98 06:38:29.20 J09011+019 Ross 625 09:01:10.49 01:56:35.00 J21463+382 LSPM J2146+3813 21:46:22.06 38:13:04.80 J09144+526 HD 79211 09:14:24.86 52:41:11.80 J22057+656 G 264-018 A 22:05:45.36 65:38:55.50 J09428+700 GJ 362 09:42:51.82 70:02:22.20 J22252+594 G 232-070 22:25:17.06 59:24:49.60 J09447-182 GJ 1129 09:44:47.31 -18:12:48.90 J22330+093 BD+08 4887 22:33:02.25 09:22:41.10 J09449-123 G 161-071 09:44:54.22 -12:20:54.40 J22468+443 EV Lac 22:46:49.81 44:20:03.10 J12123+544S BD+55 1519 A 12:12:20.85 54:29:08.70 J23174+382 G 190-017 23:17:24.41 38:12:42.00 J12373-208 LP 795-038 12:37:21.57 -20:52:34.90 J23216+172 LP 462-027 23:21:37.52 17:17:28.50 J12576+352E BF CVn 12:57:40.30 35:13:30.60 J23245+578 BD+57 2735 23:24:30.49 57:51:15.30 J13283-023W Ross 486A 13:28:21.06 -02:21:36.50 J23419+441 HH And 23:41:54.99 44:10:40.80 J14082+805 BD+81 465 14:08:12.98 80:35:50.00 J23577+233 GJ 1292 23:57:44.10 11:18:17.00 J14310-122 Wolf 1478 14:31:01.20 -12:17:45.20

3.4 Scientific application in CARMENCITA

3.4.1 Finding close binaries in IRAF

For the analysis of the A&G images in search of close binaries, it has double checked for whole 353 alpha stars in IRAF with IMEXAM methods. With displaying the flat-fielded images and then IMEXAM task for getting radial profiles, contour plot and checking the FWHM information (if needed) is the main task in this section. In Fig. 47 - 54 below, there are some results of the IMEXAM task to get radial profiles and contour plots in the whole alpha star analysis. Red circle on each image indicates that the star is investigated with IRAF. Here are the results with these tasks. It is very well understood that only a few of them are clearly single, unsaturated stars with a nice, rounded, radial profile as can be seen in Fig. 47 - 58.

58 Figure 47: Clearly single, unsaturated stars on IMEXAM with E.

Figure 48: Clearly single, unsaturated stars on IMEXAM with R.

The Fig. 49 - 50 below shows that most of (around 80%) the rest alpha stars are all saturated in photographic plate images shown, because they are quite bright.

59 Figure 49: saturated stars on IMEXAM with E.

Figure 50: saturated stars on IMEXAM with R.

For comparison, the Fig. 51 - 52. below describes some unsaturated stars with a nice, rounded, radial profile, but they are not our main target in the field of view, regardless their spectral type or other characteristic. As mentioned before, in the section 2.3.4.3.close binaries, the light-sensitive silver halides in a negative which are changed into black metallic silver by development. The grain becomes more apparent in print when the negative is enlarged. On the other hand, in this context, one crucial disadvantage of the photographic plate emerges. Most of the photons are lost, which means that photographic plates have low sensitivity. Therefore, incident photon to converted electron ratio, which we call quantum efficiency of the plate, is too small (only

60 around 0.1%), though some chemical treatments can help its sensitivity of the plate up to a few percent.

Figure 51: Clearly single, unsaturated stars on IMEXAM with E, not our target in FOV though.

Figure 52: Clearly single, unsaturated stars on IMEXAM with E, not our target in FOV though.

Another crucial disadvantage is that silver bromide crystal has a saturation point. In practice, since photo- graphic plate has limited dynamic ranges, it can introduce a more important problem; therefore, central regions of bright stars can be saturated in images. Photographic plates do not respond linearly to the incident photon; it is intrinsically non-linear.

61 This saturation effect is quite typical in bright sources and offers much more dramatical results in photographic plates. And its shape is that of a guyot, an oceanic volcano, flat-topped seamounts. It is possible to check an oval pattern to the background as seen by the imager when illuminated by a heavily saturated star like most alpha stars in CARMENCITA.

Figure 53: Real close binaries on IMEXAM with E, not CARMENCITA star.

Figure 54: Real close binaries on IMEXAM with R, not CARMENCITA star.

These critical disadvantages of photographical glass plate cannot be used with tasking IMEXAM in IRAF with

62 photographic plates data. It seems that just the SuperCosmos Survey photographic plate images have their own limitation in spatial resolution. On the other hand, it is not like a photographic plate, since CCD is very strong for bright sources, and it is not like a photographic plate, because there are no bright object limits. Of course, CCD pixels do saturate at quite high accumulated count levels due to the finite depth of the CCD full well, but it is a much better idea to use CCD to find very close binaries. To have a better understanding, the example of the star is discovered as very close binaries, resolved in the visible with lucky imaging (Law et al. 2006[14]) is described in Fig. 53 - 54. This star is LSPM J1235+1318, which is not our target, though it is an M spectral type dwarf (Its Spectral type is M6.0, J mag is 11.29, which means they satisfy minimum requirement, therefore they can be CAR- MENCITA star. In addition they are suspected as double or multiple star, therefore they can be a delta star in CARMENCITA), separation of two very close binaries is discovered in 0.21±0.03 [arcsec]. Fig. 53 - 54 are investigated with photographic plate fits file of LSPM J1235+1318 from Super COSMOS Sky Survey in IMEXAM task for getting radial profiles, contour plot again. It should be highlighted that the same results with CARMENCITA one, which means that using photographic plate to resolve close binaries is not positive. As mentioned previously, it is possible with CCD to resolve very close binaries, but it is impossible with photo- graphic plates. In conclusion, there is no use of looking for close multiplicity within alpha stars in IRAF with IMEXAM. Thus, to get meaningful information regarding finding very close binaries via bright sources or objects, we will rely on that detector response with incident light. In particular, a more effective idea is needed to find very close binaries; therefore, lucky imaging will be best. With lucky imaging, those optimum exposures least affected by the atmosphere are chosen and combined into a single image by shifting and adding the short exposures, yielding much higher resolution than it would be possible with a single, longer exposure which includes all the frames. Therefore, lucky imaging will be the best option for identifying close binaries.

3.4.1.1 FastCam With the help of CARMENCITA, the multiplicity of M dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood observable from Calar Alto to prepare and characterise the final sample of CARMENES stars is investigated. Our multiplicity study covers a wide range in projected physical separations, from 0.5 to 55 000 au. The inner range is covered with a lucky-imaging survey of 385 M dwarfs with FastCam at the 1.5 m Telescopio Carlos Sánchez, complemented with a literature research. We explore visual or physical companions from 0.15 to 18 arcsec around our 806 Multiplicity of M dwarfs in the CARMENES Input Catalogue targets (Cortés Contreras et al. 2014[8]). FastCam is a imaging instrument with a pixel scale of 42.3mas/pix at the 1.5m Telescopio Carlos Sánchez (TCS) at the Observatorio del Teide (Oscoz et al. 2008[20]) and it is used to obtain I-band imaging of 385 mid- to late-M dwarfs on 19 nights since Oct. 2011 to May 2014. For each target, 10000 frames of 50ms will be taken. All of them will be aligned and combined, as well as the best 1, 10 and 50% raw frames, using the brightest pixel. These observations are very important to discard very close companions that may induce spurious variations in the radial velocity of the primary and mimic the presence of planets. Among the 385 M dwarfs, around 69% of the targets were single, 21% had confirmed or probable physical companions in the range of 0.15-17.70 arcsec and the remaining 10% had possible background sources or artefacts that needed extra analysis (Cortés-Contreras et al., in XI Reuniõn Científica de la SEA). Thus, new high-resolution imaging to resolve very close binaries in alpha stars of CARMENCITA, should be accomplished soon in addition to the FastCam imaging.

3.4.2 CARMENCITA classification about multiple systems In CARMENCITA, the aspect of multiplicities are 3 classification, single, close binaries and wide binaries. The following Table 31 indicates the number of wide binaries, single stars and close binaries (Delta stars in CAR- MENCITA, in general).

3.4.3 CARMENCITA with wide binaries If the star belongs to a multiple system in CARMENCITA, there are 4 types of multiplicities: Wide companions (at angular separations greater than 5 arcseconds), resolved physical (companions at angular separations lower than 5 arcseconds), eclipsing binaries (EBs) and spectroscopic binaries (SBs). Since this basic classification is for calibrating the metallicity of M dwarfs with wide physical binaries, the research focuses on the only group with wide binaries in all of CARMENCITA stars. Therefore, in Table 43 of the Appendix F, most of their useful information in all of CARMENCITA with wide binaries is collected. In that table, many columns of mul- tiplicities classification are collected such as the Washington Double Star reference for the binary or multiple wide system (Wide WDS), angular separation between the components of the binary or multiple wide system in arcseconds (Wide ρ), angular separation error (eWide ρ), name of the star companion if the angular separation

63 Table 31: CARMENCITA classification about multiple systems.

Groups Numbers Single 1562 Close binaries 253 a Wide binaries 354 Total 2169

adelta stars in CARMENCITA : 341 between them is more than 5 arcseconds, spectral type of the wide companion and so on.

3.4.4 Spectral type and frequency of companions to our M dwarfs The Table 32 below describes Spectral type and frequency of companions to our M dwarfs, how many CAR- MENCITA stars in wide systems A, F, G, K primaries have, M primaries/secondaries, fainter ultra-cool sec- ondaries (L, T spectral type), white dwarf primaries/secondaries or stars’ spectral type is undetermined yet. Since our target is made of all M dwarfs, wide companion M dwarfs should be distinguished as primary or secondary. The brighter star is officially classified as the primary star, while the dimmer of the two is the secondary (classified as A and B respectively). In cases where the stars are equally bright, the designation given by the discoverer is accepted.

Table 32: Spectral type and frequency of companions to our M dwarfs.

Spectral type Number A primaries 2 F primaries 10 G primaries 17 K primaries 46 M primaries or secondaries 247 M primaries 109 M primaries in CARMENCITA 100 M primaries not in CARMENCITA 9 M secondaries 140 M secondaries in CARMENCITA 102 M secondaries not in CARMENCITA 38 L secondaries 4 T secondaries 7 White dwarf primaries/secondaries 20 Not yet determined 31 All 420

3.4.4.1 More potential targets for CARMENES in wide companions which is M primary not in CARMENCITA Here are some interesting facts that will be addressed. Firstly, in CARMENCITA, there are 9 stars have wide companions M primary, which is not in CARMENCITA. These 9 stars with their Karmn, name, spectral type, multiplicity, their Washington Double Star (WDS) reference for the binary or multiple wide system, angular separation between the components of the binary or multiple wide system (Wide ρ)[arcsec],

64 their wide companion name and wide companion’s Spectral types are compiled in Table 44 in Appendix G. It would be interesting, since the main target of the CARMENES project is M dwarfs stars, which means that they can be potentially our targets. Among those 9 stars, LP 151-021 (wide companion of J01158+470), WT 2220 B and WT 2219 C (wide companions of J22117-207), can be observable from Calar Alto but fainter than J = 11.5 mag. BD+74 456a (wide companion of J11151+734) and LP 283-005 (J20129+342) are suspected M giants stars, 2M J03505949+1414017 (wide companion of J03510+142) is not yet determined its spectral type. Except for 5 stars, the rest of the 4 stars in 9 stars satisfy the CARMENCITA criterion, because these stars can be observable from Calar Alto with target declination δ > - 23 deg, and are confirmed dwarf stars with brighter than J = 11.5 mag. Needless to say, these 4 stars can be considered to be collected in CARMENCITA. Only 4 stars which can be potential our targets basic information listed in below Table 33. These 4 stars have also wide companions, not a part of close binaries (in general, delta stars): that is, they can be back-up stars at least even better than delta stars in CARMENCITA for observation.

Table 33: Potential targets for CARMENES in wide companions which is M primary not in CARMENCITA.

Karmn Name Wide Coordinate SpT Companion RA DE J15238+561 RX J1523.8+5609 StKM 1-1240 15:23:53.86 +56:09:32.12 M0.0 J16017+304 LP 329-019 LP 329-020 16:01:52.63 +30:27:34.7 M2.5 J19237+797 2M J19234595+7944372 TYC 4592-101-1 19:24:15.21 +79:43:36.83 M0.5 J10185-117 LP 729-054 LP 729-055 10:18:36.22 -11:43:01.9 M3.5

And here are some results of these potential targets in CARMENCITA. The first one J15238+561 is actually StKM 1-1240, the primary of the system. The secondary has not a well determined spectral type. There were small glitches in classifying name of primary and secondary in CARMENCITA, J15238+561(StKM 1-1240)’s companion is TYC 3871-413-1. And TYC 3871-413-1’s spectral type is not yet determined, although TYC 3871-413-1 is M dwarfs. Therefore this star will not be included in CARMENCITA. The second one J16017+304’s primary is included newly in CARMENCITA as a gamma. The Spectral type of the primary is M2.5 from PMSU(PMSU: Palomar/Michigan State University nearby star spectroscopic Survey http://www.stsci.edu/ inr/pmsu.html). Thus that star will be included in CARMENCITA. The same happens with J19237+797 and its companion, spectral type of J19237+797’s primary is M0.5 (Lepine et al. 2013[15]). Therefore that star will be included as gamma star in CARMENCITA as well. The last one the pair J10185-117 and its companion is somewhat controversial. The Madrid team investigated that J10185-117’s many kinds of spectral type via checking J10185-117’s companion. The first investigated spectral type of J10185-117 is M4.0 (Scholz et al. 2005[29]) & J magnitude is 9.007. And second controversial spectral type of J10185-117 is M3.5 (Reid et al. 2003[21]) & J magnitude is 11.079. This is the spectral typing must be incorrect. According to the below Fig. 55 (A detailed description is provided in a MSc thesis[13] by Gonzalo Holgado in 2014), the spectral type of the primary shall be M3.5 - M4.0 and the Spectral type of the secondary shall be around M5.0. In that MSc thesis (Holgado, G. 2014), it is collected photometric data in many filter bands for 158 M-type stars. Each of the stars has been studied individually and it is deleted all those with bad photometric data found for any reason using prototype stars for each M spectral subtype. For characterisation, colour indices values have been studied. Furthermore, the relevance of the different colour indices in order to assign sub-spectral type to the M stars. One of the important results in that MSc is described below in Fig. 55 that represents the colour indices r0- J versus spectral type. This diagram shows the relationship between the r0 band from Sloan & J band from 2MASS and its spectral type of M stars. Each spectral type has been assigned its colour. The dashed line connects the average values of the colour indices. And black circles mark the position of the prototype star in each spectral type. The cross represent the data of some of stars that deleted in its cleaning process. As a result, J10185-117 (LP 729-054) is determined that Reid’s spectral type assignation and J magnitude (M3.5 & J magnitude 11.079) is mistaken therefore, Scholz’s spectral type assignation and J magnitude (M4.0 & J magnitude 9.007) is adopted for J10185-117 (LP 729-054). And aspect of spectral type of J10185-117’s companion, LP 729-055, which can be other potential targets in CARMENCITA is M3.5V from General Cata- logue of Stellar Spectral Classifications 2009-2014. And J magnitude of J10185-117’s companion, LP 729-055, is 11.087 (Zacharias et al. 2004[32]). Therefore this companion do not satisfied with the selection criteria to belong to CARMENCITA fully. Because its coordinates has no problem to belong to CARMENCITA, located

65 in δ > -23 degree. However there are problem of J magnitude to be included in CARMENCITA although that LP 729-055 is the confirmed dwarf stars with brighter than J = 11.5 mag. Since there are upper limits of J magnitude for each spectral type in CARMENCITA. For M3.5 V stars in CARMENCITA have the upper limit in J = 10.0 mag as can be seen from Table 4. In short, the last one of Table 30 J10185-117 (LP 729-054)’s primary : LP 729-055 would not be in CARMENCITA.

Figure 55: r0-J diagram vs. SpT of M stars (MSc thesis of Holgado, 2014).

3.4.4.2 Wide companions of our M dwarfs which are not yet determined their spectral types Secondly, there are still 31 stars which have wide companions and which are not yet determined in terms of their spectral types; however, their spectral type will be investigated and included in the columns to CARMENCITA continuously.

3.4.4.3 Wide Companions A primaries of our M dwarfs in CARMENCITA Thirdly, there are 2 A spectral type primaries which are companions of CARMENCITA stars which are listed in Table 34. These two systems are indeed interesting. Because early A stars must be young, whereas M dwarfs ages’ are far higher than A stars. Binary stars (or triple system stars) with different ages are highly unlikely, though both stars formed individually and can be formed in such a way to the binary. Generally speaking, binary was formed at the same time from the same collapsing cloud of cold gas. Meanwhile, since the star’s lifetime is determined by its proto-mass, binary stars are not necessarily at the same stage in their evolution. Therefore, it is very natural that there is the possibility for binaries between A primaries and M dwarfs. These A stars are among the more common naked eye stars, and they have strong hydrogen lines. Castor AB is 410 Ma (Rieke et al. 2005[23]), another τ 07 Ser is 400 Ka (De Rosa et al. 2014[10]) which is a double or multiple star.)

Table 34: Wide Companion A primaries listed by Wide Companion SpT.

Karmn Name SpT Wide Wide Companion Wide Companion Companion Name SpT J15416+184 StKM 1-1264 M1.5 V Wide tau07 Ser A2m J07346+318 YY Gem CD M1.0 V+M1.0e Wide +EB Castor AB A1V A2Vm

66 3.4.4.4 White dwarf primaries/secondaries companion of our M dwarfs in CARMENCITA Lastly, among wide binaries in CARMENCITA, only white dwarf companions are collected in Table 35,36 below. As mentioned in the paragraph above, since a star’s life time is determined mostly by their proto-mass, it is possible that a higher mass star can evolve more rapidly than a lower mass star. Thus, both binary systems can evolve in very different stages though both were born at the same time. One may be burning hydrogen to helium, and the other one might already be a white dwarf. Table 35 and 36 illustrate only these white dwarf cases. They are listed by Wide Companion Spectral type followed by definition of primary spectroscopic classification symbols20 in Table 11. Since some white dwarfs are discovered in 2015, in case of that they do not have a WD name, PM designation is used in the Table 35.

Table 35: Wide Companion White dwarfs listed by Wide Companion SpT.

Karmn Name Wide Companion White Dwarfs name Wide Companion Name or PM designation SpT J11081-052 GJ 1142 A EGGR 76 WD 1105-04 DA J13482+236 GJ 1179 A EGGR 438 WD 1345+23 DA10 J23438+325 G 130-006 EGGR 162 WD 2341+32 DA4 J13300-087 Wolf 485B BD-07 3632 WD 1327-083 DA5.0 J01518+644 G 244-037 GJ 3118B WD 0148+64 DAs J07102+376 LTT 17942 A EGGR 51 WD 0706+37 DAs J19205-076 GJ 754.1B GJ754.1A WD 1917-07 DAw J22559+057 LP 581-036 LP 581-035 WD 2253+054 DB4: J00413+558 GJ 1015 A EGGR 245 WD 0038+55 DC J04153-076 omi02 Eri C omi02 Eri B WD 0413-07 DA2.9 J04311+589 STN 2051A EGGR 180 WD 0426+58 DC J17058+260 LP 387-037 LP 387-036 WD 1703+261 DC J18576+535 LP 141-012 LP 141-014 WD 1856+534 DC J20139+066 LP 574-001 V1412 Aql WD 2011+06 DC J20568-048 FR Aqr EGGR 202 WD 2054-050 DC10 J10456-191 BD-18 3019 LP 791-055 WD 1043-189 DQ8 J16343+571 CM Dra Aab GJ 630.1 B WD 1633+57 DQ8 J07403-174 LP 783-002 EGGR 54 WD 0738-17 DZ J23089+551 G 233-042 2M J23095848+5506491 PM J23098+5506E DA J23389+210 G 068-034 NLTT 57507 PM J23389+2101E DA

In Table 36, their cooling age and other key astrophysical parameters, the spectral type, effective temperature (Teff ), (logg), stellar mass (expressed in unit of M/M ), atmospheric composition (H or He dominated), absolute visual magnitude (MV ), luminosity (expressed in unit of logL/L ), trigonometric paral- lax (π), distance (D [pc]) which are derived from pi if there is parallax (or used in d in each reference if not) and white dwarf cooling time (τ [Gyr]) which is the age since the end of the AGB phase are compiled with their each references. Their references can be seen in Appendix H. With the one of the results from the MSc thesis (CARMENES target characterisation: kinematics of M dwarfs) by Iván Gallardo (2015)[12], it is possible to compare with this investigation. In that thesis, it is calculated the U and V (galactic space-velocity) components of the velocity of 1457 stars in CARMENCITA. A detailed results from MSc thesis of Gallardo (2015) are described in Fig. 56 below. In Fig. 56, one of the results from MSc thesis of Gallardo (2015), Toomre diagram, especially (U 2 + V 2)1/2 vs. V relationship is investigated. X axis means V velocity [km/s] and Y axis means (U 2 + V 2)1/2 [km/s]. White circle in Toomre diagram means disc, grey circle in Toomre diagram means thick disc, black circle in Toomre diagram means thin disc and black star in Toomre diagram means halo. In that panels the concentric circles, shown with dashed curve lines, indicate a constant total velocity in steps of 50km/s. A Toomre diagram, which is a representation of the stars’ combined vertical and radial kinetic energies as a function of the stars’ rotational energy. Low velocity stars, constrained within (U 2 + V 2)1/2 ∼ 50[km/s] are to first approximation mainly thin disc stars, and stars with (U 2 + V 2)1/2 greater than ∼ 70 km/s, but less than ∼ 200 km/s, are likely to be thick disc stars (Nissen et al. 2004[19]). Stars with higher velocities are halo stars. This Toomre diagram shows study of that MSc thesis sample the regions occupied by the thin and thick disc stellar populations quite well. There is also an excess

20White Dwarf Atmospheres and Circumstellar Environments (page.3) herausgegeben von Donald W. Hoard

67 2 2 1/2 of stars with velocities around VLocallyStableRegion ∼ -50 km/s and (U + V ) ∼ 50 - 100 km/s, the velocity space occupied by the Hercules stream (Bensby et al. 2007a[3]).

Table 36: Wide Companion White dwarfs : their age and other key astrophysical parameters.

White τcooling Teff logg M Comp. MV logL/L π d 2 dwarfs [ Gyr ] [K] [cm/s ][M ] [mag] [mas] [pc]

EGGR 76 15700 4 7.82 4 0.53 6 EGGR 438 4.96 1 4690 5 7.85 5 0.44 7 H 2 15.56 2 -4.09 2 82.9 2 12.1 2 EGGR 162 0.3 2 12573 6 7.93 6 0.57 6 H 2 11.54 2 -2.37 2 56.8 2 17.6 2 BD-07 3632 13920 7 7.86 7 0.54 7 H 9 11.45 9 59.29 7 16.9 GJ 3118B 1.1 2 8938 7 8.354 7 0.82 7 H 2 12.92 2 -3.16 2 16.2 2 EGGR 51 1.82 2 6590 8 7.98 8 0.56 8 He 2 13.43 2 -3.63 2 41.2 2 24.3 2 GJ754.1A 0.83 3 10195 3 8 3 0.576 3 He 9 11.97 9 99.2 7 10.1 LP 581-035 3.02 2 6100 2 8.14 2 0.68 2 H 2 13.78 2 -3.78 2 41.1 2 EGGR 245 0.91 2 8860 2 8 2 0.58 2 He 2 12.34 2 -3.05 2 omi02 Eri B 1617612 7.865 12 0.49714 H14 11.2713 198.24 13 5.0 EGGR 180 2.54 1 7120 7 8.17 7 0.68 7 He 2 13.71 2 -3.52 2 180.7 2 5.5 2 LP 387-036 14.7 10 LP 141-014 2.95 2 5570 2 8 2 0.58 2 H 2 14.37 2 -3.86 2 31.8 2 V1412 Aql 2.81 2 6620 2 8.19 2 0.7 2 He 2 13.32 2 -3.68 2 44.7 2 22.4 2 EGGR 202 8.33 1 4620 7 8.09 7 0.62 7 He 1 15.35 1 LP 791-055 3.15 1 6190 7 8.09 7 0.63 7 H 9 14.38 9 56.9 7 17.6 GJ 630.1 B 3.17 1 6180 7 8.09 7 0.63 7 He 2 14.19 2 -3.74 2 69.2 2 14.4 2 EGGR 54 2 1 7590 7 8.07 7 0.62 7 He 9 13.15 9 107.76 7 9.3 2M J23095848+5506491 2.63 2 57002 8.002 0.592 H2 14.422 -3.822 16.22 NLTT 57507 4.1 2 53002 8.002 0.582 H2 14.362 -3.942 40.42

1 Leggett et al. 1998, 2 Limoges et al. 2015, 3 Voss et al. 2007, 4 Williams et al. 2007, 5 Zuckerman et al. 2003, 6 Lajoie et al. 2007, 7 Holberg et al. 2008, 8 Dufour et al. 2005, 9 Holberg et al. 2002, 10 Silverstri et al. 2002, 12 Holberg et al. 2008, 13 Holberg et al. 2002, 14 Kawkaet et al. 2007

Figure 56: Toomre diagram from MSc thesis of Gallardo (2015) in CARMENES.

Therefore as the result of that MSc thesis, it is clearly suspected that the 20 white dwarf primaries / secondaries companions of our M dwarfs in CARMENCITA would belong to the galactic thick disc or even the halo. However, that results entirely contradicts to investigations of the Table 33 in this thesis. There are 20 white dwarfs’ cooling age is ranged in ∼ 0-9 Gyrs. This thing is interesting, because in MSc thesis of Gallardo (2015), the position in the galaxy has been calculated using the best parameters in CARMENCITA that each star has. There will be couple of reasons mis-fit between two results happened. It is possibly thought that kinematics is not absolutely distinctive, because there are some old stars that have UVW velocities of young stars. White dwarfs are the most common end-product of . The present population of white dwarfs thus contains precise information about the star formation rate of our Galaxy, as well as about its age, which is information that can be accessible from their mass and luminosity distributions, as long as evolutionary models for the progenitor of white dwarfs and for the white dwarfs themselves are available (Althaus et al. 2007[2]).

68 Therefore, their ages that is compiled from each reliable reference are more distinctive.

3.4.5 Multiple star systems in CARMENCITA Binary and multiple star systems are very common in our universe. About half of all stars are found in sys- tems containing two or more stars. Most multiple-star systems are organised in a hierarchical system. Various multiple star systems may be called triple if they are organised in the form of three stars; quadruple if they are organised in four stars, quintuple if they are grouped in five stars, and so on. There are triple, quadruple and quintuple systems of wide binary stars in CARMENCITA, which are classified their number and fraction in multiple system in Table 37 below. In previous section 3.4.3, 420 double and multiple systems are identified, therefore 69% of wide companions in CARMENCITA are composed of double system and 21% of wide com- panions in CARMENCITA are composed of multiple systems.

Table 37: Multiple star systems in CARMENCITA.

System Number Fraction in multiple system Triples 68 16 % Quadruples 17 4.0 % Quintuples 1 0.2 %

3.4.6 Change of CARMENCITA database number As mentioned in section 3.2.1.3, CARMENCITA data is changing continuously. Likewise in previous section, other M dwarfs will be included if they are satisfied with minimum requirements : selection criteria to be CARMENCITA stars. When new CARMENCITA star will be included, it is compared all parameter values in the literature and from our own observations, and will be listed only the most accurate and reliable ones. Sometimes it will be excluded when they are something wrong via investigation or our own observation. In CARMENES survey, this changing is certainly important steps for preparation of the input catalogue. In 2015.8 (now), 2174 stars are catalogued up to now. Below in Table 38, it is described comparison that how many alpha, beta, gamma and delta stars in CAR- MENCITA there were in 2015.0 and 2015.9 (now). It is clear that number of alpha stars which are the highest priority stars is decreased close to 300 stars, the final target number of CARMENES survey. And number of delta stars which are the binary stars (companions located < 500) is increased, which means that many stars known as the single stars are confirmed as multiple stars via previous science preparation and observations in CARMENES. Before 2016.0 when CARMENES instrument acceptance in Calar Alto and science survey start, they will be changed and investigated continuously.

Table 38: CARMENCITA number.

CARMENCITA Number Class in 2015.0 in 2015.8 Alpha 355 309 Beta 215 189 Gamma 1260 1196 Delta 334 480 Total 2164 2174

69 4 Conclusions and future work

The main objective of this work was to help preparing the CARMENES target lists. To carry out an appropriate selection of the main targets in CARMENES, the CARMENCITA database is needed. Therefore, most of the tasks were based on CARMENCITA. In CARMENCITA, stars are classified by their spectral type and J magnitude. Of the four classes of stars defined in the input catalogue CARMENCITA, this thesis emphasises on the detailed characterisation of the class (dubbed 0alpha0) that currently has the highest priority for observing during the commissioning phase and, perhaps, the main survey. On the one hand, star cards CARMENES Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) individual all of alpha stars in CARMENCITA are prepared on CARMENES GTO web pages. Star card web pages show in a minimal but significantly comprehensive way all the information in CARMENCITA for CARMENES commissioning. Especially star cards include the definitive finding charts, spectral energy distribution, Böttlinger diagram, links to public database and so on. HTML is the best way to illustrate the star card; therefore, Python is used to automatically generate HTML as text files. In the second part, for preparation of the definitive finding charts which will be contained in the star cards, more accurate current position coordinate for the CARMENES commissioning running at Calar Alto observatory is needed. In the finding chart, for the simplicity, the WISE epoch as a current position is determined. Therefore, estimating current coordinates is important. It will be not only used as current position but also it is the step for checking reliability for future coordinate. The calculated estimation should be checked their reliability in cross-matching with WISE epoch. Until 5 arcsec as a match parameter, around 99% stars are cross-matched with WISE real released coordinate. The reason for the non-cross-matched stars is mostly that they are high proper motion stars, even misunderstanding from SIMBAD and WISE, but their error (non-cross-matched stars) rate are very small. Therefore, it is possible to say that this calculation has credibility, which means that it can be determined to go future coordinates with same way in 2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0. This step is for all stars in CARMENCITA, not only for alpha stars. In this section, it was very positive that via cross-matching, it is possible to find spots or errors that should be corrected; therefore, most of the values are corrected with right values. However, only few cases have still not been yet. Especially most of non-cross-matched stars have issues on their direction of proper motion, even their magnitude of proper motion. They should be corrected soon, because they are mostly alpha stars in CARMENCITA. Investigating proper motion for rest of CARMENCITA will be better idea to guarantee with more accurate CARMENES survey. One more thing about cross-matching is that it can be possible to find that some columns are still blank in CARMENCITA, but they will be filled continuously. Python is used for various calculations and converting some data. In the next section, the definitive finding charts which are one of the main preparations for observation is explored. During acquisition, the finding chart should be provided any time to identify our target in the uncertainties, crowded fields or very faint sources. CARMENES RR band (the OG570 filter + CCD camera quantum efficiency curve) is quite different from any known filters, but RF band is, by far, the one that looks more like the RR band all-sky survey images available in any public catalogues. Hence, POSS II is mainly used but POSS I or the UKST photographic plate are used if POSS II is not offered in SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey. Both 353 star cards and finding charts of alpha stars in CARMENCITA are successfully updated on our CARMENES GTO web pages. There are two small red dots in the finding charts which indicate two optical fibre holes where each spectrograph is coupled with the Cassegrain telescope. If background stars are very close to the star light optical fibre, it could contaminate the fibres, and potential problem should be noticed. Thus, it is worth checking the background stars very close to 10 arcsec to optical fibre. Aladin interactive sky atlas offers tools for separation measure allowing the user to draw vectors in the view window. Photographic plates are used in finding charts; therefore, there is another trial with photographic plates for searches of close binaries. It is investigated with the photographic plate fits file from Super COSMOS Sky Survey in IMEXAM task for getting radial profiles, contour plot and FHWM information. However, using photographic plate to resolve close binaries is not positive. Because saturation effect on photographic plates is quite typical in bright sources. Therefore, in this section, it is necessary that new high-resolution imaging to resolve very close binaries in alpha stars of CARMENCITA, complementary to the FastCam imaging, should be accomplished soon. In the last section, other application of CARMENCITA which will be helpful for preparation of the CARMENES target list, especially some useful works for M dwarf metallicity calibration was mined. Classification in multiple system of CARMENCITA, spectral type and frequency of companions to our M dwarfs and some investigation of white dwarf companions are dealt with. As a result, four other potential targets were found which is not in CARMENCITA. And Still 31 stars which have wide companions and which is no yet determined in terms of their spectral type, therefore they will be investigated continuously. There were 20 white dwarfs as a wide companion of our M dwarfs, therefore their astrophysical basic parameters are investigated. There are more classifications to help CARMENES surveys were mined. To sum up, all these preparation works will be helpful for CARMENES survey in order to choose observation

70 targets from the input catalogue CARMENCITA. In addition, since this thesis is part of team job, therefore after the writing of the thesis it will be iterated with the Universidad Complutense de Madrid team.

71 5 Acknowledgment

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Andreas Quirrenbach and Dr. José Antonio Caballero for the quite useful comments, remarks and engagement through the learning process of this MSc thesis. Furthermore I would like to thank Exo-planet group members in LSW Heidelberg for introducing me to topics as well for the support on the way. Also, I like to thank the participants Javi, Miriam and Iván in CARMENES survey, who have willingly shared their precious time during the process of this master thesis. Especially I would like to thank Dr. José Antonio Caballero (Centro de Astrobiología, Madrid, Spain), who have supported me throughout entire process, both by keeping me harmonious and helping me putting pieces together. I will be grateful forever for your helps. The happiest memory in my life I experienced during MSc thesis phase in Landessternwarte Heidelberg & Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

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74 Part I Appendix

List of Figures

1 The habitable zone (shaded portions). Left vertical axis indicates mass of the star, right vertical axis indicates spectral type of star and horizontal axis indicates orbital separation. The tidal locking distance is expressed as dashed lines. Red solid lines indicates 5M⊕ of radial velocity −1 precision (1 and 3 m s ) and black solid lines indicates 10M⊕ of radial velocity precision (1 and −1 3 m s ) with 2 σi RV accuracy for planetary mass. The accessible regions are to the left of the lines. Shaded portions indicate the habitable zone. Around above region of habitable zone, there are 3 small dots, Venus, the Earth and the Mars from the left to the right...... 8 2 CARMENES sub-samples, colors represent: S1 (Red), S2 (Green), S3 (Blue)...... 9 3 Covering the different classes for each spectral type in J mag. colours represent: Alpha (blue), Beta (green) and Gamma (yellow)...... 10 4 Basic sort of data in CARMENCITA stars as password protected web server...... 12 5 Comparison between new proper motion and previous proper motion in CARMENCITA. Blue cross marks indicate new released CARMENCITA and red ’X’ shpaes indicate previous CAR- MENCITA...... 16 6 S is the previous position and T is the position later, then ST indicates the proper motion µ of the star (from Smart & Green 1979 )...... 17 7 How to convert from HMS/DMS unit to decimal degree in Python...... 18 8 How to convert from decimal degree to HMS/DMS unit in Python...... 19 9 Cross-match in TOPCAT...... 20 10 Samples for all of finding charts...... 23 11 M13 from CARMENES 1st commissioning...... 23 12 M57 from CARMENES 1st commissioning...... 24 13 Transmission of filter with wavelength...... 25 14 Monochrome quantum efficiency with microlens of CCD detector...... 25 15 Convolution between transmission of filter and QE of CCD detector...... 26 16 Effective wavelength of each filter...... 27 17 How to retrieve R band image in SSS...... 28 18 Aladin for Teegarden’s star with POSS II...... 29 19 POSS I Red...... 30 20 POSS II Red...... 30 21 Result of RGB image generator...... 30 22 Finding chart of Teegarden’s star...... 31 23 Comparing 9 catalogs position and recognising proper motion direction...... 32 24 how to change SIMBAD variable epochs...... 32 25 Comparing SIMBAD with 8 Epochs (from 1950 to 2015) should mention more and more about each Epochs (Red - 1950, Blue - 1960, Green - 1970, Yellow - 1980, Black - 1990, Light blue - J2000 (default SIMBAD value), Purple - 2010, Cyan - 2015 )...... 33 26 how to measure the separation in Aladin...... 33 27 what the ’a’ key prints in ds9 with IRAF...... 35 28 what the ’r’ key prints in ds9 with IRAF...... 35 29 what the ’e’ key prints in ds9 with IRAF...... 36 30 Sample of starcards 1: GJ 2 star...... 38 31 Sample of starcards 2: GJ 2 star...... 38 32 Sample of starcards 3: GJ 2 star...... 39 33 Sample of starcards 4: GJ 2 star...... 39 34 Sample of starcards 5: GJ 2 star...... 40 35 Differences between estimation and real WISE data with previous proper motion...... 43 36 Differences between estimation and real WISE data with new proper motion...... 44 37 Both proper motion in CARMENCITA comparison...... 45 38 Results in calculation of WISE coordinate...... 46 39 J12104-131 (LP 734-034) in RGB images...... 49 40 J21137+087 (LSPM J2113+0846N) in RGB images...... 50 41 J05068-215W (BD-21 1074 BC) in RGB images...... 52

75 42 J00162+198W (EZ Psc) case...... 53 43 Finding chart of J00051+457...... 55 44 Finding chart of J01339-176R...... 55 45 Finding chart of J00389306R...... 57 46 Finding chart of J01025716R...... 57 47 Clearly single, unsaturated stars on IMEXAM with E...... 59 48 Clearly single, unsaturated stars on IMEXAM with R...... 59 49 saturated stars on IMEXAM with E...... 60 50 saturated stars on IMEXAM with R...... 60 51 Clearly single, unsaturated stars on IMEXAM with E, not our target in FOV though...... 61 52 Clearly single, unsaturated stars on IMEXAM with E, not our target in FOV though...... 61 53 Real close binaries on IMEXAM with E, not CARMENCITA star...... 62 54 Real close binaries on IMEXAM with R, not CARMENCITA star...... 62 55 r0-J diagram vs. SpT of M stars (MSc thesis of Holgado, 2014)...... 66 56 Toomre diagram from MSc thesis of Gallardo (2015) in CARMENES...... 68 57 Key data in star cards...... 81 58 Astrometry in star cards...... 81 59 Activity in star cards...... 81 60 Wide multiplicity in star cards...... 82 61 Photometry in star cards...... 82 62 Science preparation data in star cards...... 82 63 Miscellanea in star cards...... 83 64 HTML input1...... 84 65 HTML output1...... 84 66 HTML input2...... 84 67 HTML output2...... 84 68 HTML input3...... 85 69 HTML output3...... 85 70 HTML input4...... 85 71 HTML output4...... 85

List of Tables

1 Number density of the nearest 100 Stellar Systems...... 7 2 Typical characteristics of M spectral type dwarfs (Reid & Hawley et al. 2005[22])...... 7 3 CARMENES sub-samples...... 9 4 CARMENCITA classification...... 10 5 CARMENES Spectral type classification...... 12 6 CARMENES commissioning runs at Calar Alto...... 13 7 Comparison that averages of proper motion in CARMENCITA...... 16 8 Characteristic λeff ...... 27 9 The various different sky survey plate collections...... 28 10 9 catalogues for Finding charts...... 31 11 Definition of primary spectroscopic classification symbols...... 37 12 In case of coordinates differences...... 41 13 In case of proper motion differences...... 42 14 In case of name of star differences...... 42 15 In case of the high proper motion stars...... 47 16 In the case of that not enough information in CARMENCITA...... 47 17 In the case of that not enough information in CARMENCITA...... 48 18 In the case of different information for same star...... 48 19 In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about coordinate...... 49 20 In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about magnitude...... 49 21 In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about proper motion...... 50 22 In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about coordinate...... 51 23 In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about magnitude...... 51 24 In the case of misunderstanding in WISE data about proper motion...... 51 25 In case of that misunderstanding in SIMBAD...... 52 26 In case of that stars are not listed in SIMBAD yet...... 53

76 27 Among non-cross-matched stars, alpha stars in CARMENCITA list...... 54 28 Stars in CARMENCITA with POSS I used...... 56 29 Stars in CARMENCITA with UKST used...... 56 30 Back ground stars close to 1000 due to fibre contamination based on 2MASS coordinate in finding charts...... 58 31 CARMENCITA classification about multiple systems...... 63 32 Spectral type and frequency of companions to our M dwarfs...... 64 33 Potential targets for CARMENES in wide companions which is M primary not in CARMENCITA. 65 34 Wide Companion A primaries listed by Wide Companion SpT...... 66 35 Wide Companion White dwarfs listed by Wide Companion SpT...... 67 36 Wide Companion White dwarfs : their age and other key astrophysical parameters...... 68 37 Multiple star systems in CARMENCITA...... 69 38 CARMENCITA number...... 69 39 M Spectral type stars with radial velocity exoplanets...... 78 40 M Spectral type stars with primary transit exoplanets...... 80 41 Astronomical all sky survey listed by wavelength...... 88 42 Estimated coordinate of whole CARMENCITA stars in 2016.0, 2016.5 and 2018.0...... 90 43 Wide binaries in CARMENCITA...... 131 44 M primaries, not in CARMENCITA...... 138

77 A M Spectral type stars with exoplanets

· M Spectral type stars with radial velocity exoplanets.

Table 39: M Spectral type stars with radial velocity exoplanets.

Star Planet M2 sin i Radius Period a RA J2000 DE J2000 SpT Reference Name [M⊕] [R⊕] [d] [au] [hh:mm:ss.s] [±dd:mm:ss] Gl 15 A b 5.35 ± 0.75 - 11.4433 ± 0.0016 0.0717 ± 0.0034 00:18:22.9 +44:01:23 M2V HOW2014a +4.0988 +0.049 +0.009 b GJ 27.1 b 13.0 −6.598 - 15.819 −0.026 0.101 −0.013 00:39:58.8 -43:44:48 M0.5V TUO2014 HIP 12961 b 110.0 - 57.435 ± 0.042 0.13 02:46:43.0 -23:05:12 M0V BRY2009c +7.1979 +0.0027 +0.004 b GJ 160.2 b 10.2 −5.8983 - 5.2354−0.0065 0.053−0.007 04:06:34.8 -19:08:49 M0V TUO2014 Gl 163 b 10.6 ± 0.6 - 8.633 ± 0.00155 0.06069 ± 0.0001 04:09:16.0 -53:22:25 M3.5 BON2013d c 7.262 ± 0.89 - 25.645 ± 0.0235 0.1254 ± 0.0001 04:09:16.0 -53:22:25 M3.5 BON2013d d 22.07 ± 2.9 - 600.895 ± 7.56 1.02689 ± 0.0086 04:09:16.0 -53:22:25 M3.5 BON2013d GJ 3293 b 25.8 ± 1.7 - 30.6 ± 0.02 0.1434 04:28:36.0 -25:10:09 M2.5 AST2014e e

78 d 22.4 ± 1.7 - 123.98 ± 0.38 0.364 04:28:36.0 -25:10:09 M2.5 AST2014 GJ 176 b 8.42 - 8.7836 ± 0.0054 0.066 04:42:56.0 +18:57:29 M2.5V GRI2007f Gl 179 b 260.0 ± 20.0 - 2288.0 ± 59.0 2.41 ± 0.04 04:52:06.0 +06:28:36 M3.5 HOW2010g +3.699 +0.052 +0.007 h GJ 180 c 6.400−4.0988 - 24.329−0.066 0.129−0.017 04:53:50.0 -16:13:36 M2V YAN2014 +3.499 +0.018 +0.006 h b 8.300−5.298 - 17.38−0.02 0.103−0.014 04:53:50.0 -16:13:36 M2V YAN2014 +0.014 i Kapteyn’s c 6.999 ± 1.2 - 121.54 ± 0.25 0.311−0.04 05:11:41.0 -45:01:06 dM1 ANG2014 b 4.800 ± 1.0 - 48.616 ± 0.036 0.168 ± 0.008 05:11:41.0 -45:01:06 dM1 ANG2014i GJ 3341 b 113.52 ± 1.7 - 14.207 ± 0.007 0.089 05:15:47.0 -31:17:46 M2.5 AST2014e +2.599 +26.0 j BD-061339 d 7.298−2.199 - 500.0−32.0 1.06 ± 0.07 05:53:00.0 -05:59:41 K7V/M0V LO2013 c 54.0 ± 10.0 - 125.94 ± 0.44 0.435 ± 0.007 05:53:00.0 -05:59:41 K7V/M0V ARR2013k b 8.6 ± 1.0 - 3.8728 ± 0.0004 0.0428 ± 0.0007 05:53:00.0 -05:59:41 K7V/M0V ARR2013k HD 41004 B b 5850.0 ± 70.0 11.9 1.32363 ± 8.9e-05 0.0177 05:59:50.0 -48:14:23 M2 ZUC2004l +16.995 +22 +0.12 b GJ 229 b 32.0−15.995 - 471.0−12 0.97−0.09 06:10:34.6 -20:08:07 M1/M2V TUO2014 GJ 317 b 570.0 ± 20.0 - 691.78 ± 4.7 1.15 ± 0.05 08:40:59.0 -23:27:23 M3.5 JOH2007m c 600.0 ± 0 - >10000.0 30.0 ± 10.0 08:40:59.0 -23:27:23 M3.5 JOH2007m GJ 3634 b 7.0 ± 1.1 - 2.64561 ± 0.00066 0.0287 ± 0.0011 10:58:35.0 -31:08:39 M2.5 BON2011n +5.598 +0.082 +0.014 h GJ 422 b 9.9−3.999 - 26.161−0.098 0.119−0.011 11:16:00.2 -56:27:08 M3.5V YAN2014 GJ 433 c 44.0 - 3693.0 ± 253.0 3.6 11:35:27.0 -32:32:24 M1.5 DEL2013o +2.0 +0.0034 +0.004 d b 5.298−1.9 - 7.3697−0.0036 0.06−0.008 11:35:27.0 -32:32:24 M1.5 BON2010 HIP 57050 b 94.7 ± 7.9 - 41.397 ± 0.016 0.1635 ± 4.2e-05 11:41:45.0 +42:45:07 M4V HAG2010p Continued on next page Table 39 – Continued from previous page

Star Planet M2 sin i Radius Period a RA J2000 DE J2000 SpT Reference Name [M⊕] [R⊕] [d] [au] [hh:mm:ss.s] [±dd:mm:ss] Gl 581 e 1.9 - 3.14945 ± 0.00017 0.028 15:19:26.0 -07:43:20 M2.5V BRY2009q c 5.4 - 12.9182 ± 0.0022 0.073 15:19:26.0 -07:43:20 M2.5V v.BLO2007r b 20.0 - 5.36865 ± 9e-05 0.041 15:19:26.0 -07:43:20 M2.5V BON2005s HIP 79431 b 670.0 - 111.7 ± 0.7 0.36 16:12:42.0 -18:52:32 M3V APP2010t Gl 649 c 10.0 ± 3.0 - 4.4762 ± 0.0004 0.043 ± 0.001 16:58:09.0 +25:44:39 M1.5 WIT2013u b 104.0 ± 10.0 - 598.3 ± 4.2 1.135 ± 0.035 16:58:09.0 +25:44:39 M1.5 JOH2009v +17.0 +0.012 n GJ 667C c 3.78−21.0 - 28.14 ± 0.03 0.125−0.013 17:18:57.0 -34:59:23 M1.5V BON2011 +1.4 +0.0044 q b 5.59−1.3 - 7.2004 ± 0.0017 0.0505−0.0053 17:18:57.0 -34:59:23 M1.5V BRY2009 +1.8 +0.81 +0.024 w d 5.098−1.7 - 91.61−0.89 0.276−0.03 17:18:57.0 -34:59:23 M1.5V ANG2012 +2.0 x e 2.7−1.4 - 62.24± 0.55 0.213 ± 0.02 17:18:57.0 -34:59:23 M1.5V ANG2012 +2.6 +13.8 +0.052 w g 4.61−2.3 - 256.2−7.9 0.549−0.058 17:18:57.0 -34:59:23 M1.5V ANG2012 +1.4 +0.194 +0.014 w f 2.7−1.2 - 39.026−0.211 0.156−0.017 17:18:57.0 -34:59:23 M1.5V ANG2012 GJ 674 b 10.0 12.7 4.6944 ± 0.0018 0.039 17:28:40.0 -46:53:43 M2.5 BON2007x GJ 676A e 11.0 ± 2.0 - 35.37 ± 0.07 0.187 ± 0.007 17:30:11.0 -51:38:13 M0V ANG2012w c 1000.0 - 4400.0 5.2 17:30:11.0 -51:38:13 M0V ANG2012w w 79 d 4.4 ± 0.6 - 3.6 ± 0.0008 0.0413 ± 0.0014 17:30:11.0 -51:38:13 M0V ANG2012 b 1570.0 ± 99.0 - 1050.3 ± 1.2 1.8 ± 0.07 17:30:11.0 -51:38:13 M0V FOR2010y Gl 687 b 18.0 ± 2.0 - 38.14 ± 0.015 0.16353 ± 4.3e-05 17:36:26.0 +68:20:21 M3.5V BUR2014z +5.798 +0.45 +0.03 b GJ 682 c 8.6975−4.5987 - 57.32−0.48 0.176−0.009 17:37:03.7 -43:40:51 M3.5V TUO2014 +3.699 +0.062 +0.014 h b 4.4−2.399 - 17.478−0.04 0.08−0.004 17:37:03.7 -43:40:51 M3.5V YAN2014 +0.42 +0.16 aa KOI-314 d 1.01−0.34 1.61−0.15 23.0089 ± 0.00071 - 19:21:32.0 +43:17:35 M1V ROW2014 HD 208527 b 3100.0 ± 540.0 - 875.5 ± 5.8 2.1 ± 0.2 21:56:24.0 +21:14:24 M1III LEE2012ab +2155.0 ac GJ 849 c 240.0 - 7049.0−6240.0 - 22:09:40.0 -04:38:27 M3.5V LUR2014 b 300.0 ± 20.0 - 1914.0 ± 26.0 2.35 22:09:40.0 -04:38:27 M3.5V BUT2006ad 5.4 ± 0.3 - 1.94 ± 0.01 0.0208 ± 1.5e-07 22:53:13.0 -14:15:13 M4 V VAL2005ae e 12.0 ± 0.3 - 124.69 ± 90.04 0.3343 ± 0.0013 22:53:13.0 -14:15:13 M4 V COR2010af b 612.5 ± 1.0 - 61.03 ± 3.81 0.208317 ± 2e-05 22:53:13.0 -14:15:13 M4 V PAS2010ag c 202.0 ± 0.6 - 30.23 ± 0.19 0.12959 ± 2.4e-05 22:53:13.0 -14:15:13 M4 V PAS2010ag HD 220074 b 3530.0 ± 570.0 - 672.1 ± 3.7 1.6 ± 0.1 23:20:14.0 +61:58:12 M2III LEE2012ab · M Spectral type stars with primary transit exoplanets.

Table 40: M Spectral type stars with primary transit exoplanets.

Star Planet M2 sin i Radius Period a RA J2000 DE J2000 SpT Reference Name [M⊕] [R⊕] [d] [au] [hh:mm:ss.s] [±dd:mm:ss] +0.00042 ah HATS-6 b 101.0 ± 20.0 11.2 ± 0.21 3.3253 ± 2.1e-06 0.03623−0.00057 05:52:35.2 -19:01:54 M1V HAR2014 GJ 3470 b 13.9 ± 1.63 4.19 ± 0.59 3.33671 ± 5e-05 0.03557 ± 0.001 07:59:06.0 +15:23:30 M1.5 BON2012ai +440.0 +2.5 aj EPIC 201637175 b 440.0−0 2.5 −0 0.381071 ± 1e-06 0.0088 ± 0.0008 11:17:56.0 +02:37:07 M0V SAN2015 +0.0073 ak EPIC 201367065 c - 1.71 ± 0.24 24.6454 ± 0.0013 0.1399−0.0066 11:29:20.0 -01:27:17 M0.2V CRO2015 b - 2.14 ± 0.27 10.05403 ± 0.00026 0.0769 ± 0.04 11:29:20.0 -01:27:17 M0.2V CRO2015al +0.0055 +0.0108 am d - 1.52 ± 0.21 44.5631−0.0063 0.2076−0.0098 11:29:20.0 -01:27:17 M0.2V CRO2015 GJ 436 b 20.0 ± 1.7 4.3 2.64394 ± 0.000098 0.02887 ± 0.00095 11:42:11.0 +26:42:23 M2.5 NOR2004an GJ 1214 b 6.4600 ± 0.99 2.67 ± 12.0 1.5804 ± 1.8e-07 0.01411 ± 0.00032 17:15:19.0 +04:57:50 M CHA2009ao +0.41 +0.16 +0.00019 aa KOI-314 c 1.01−0.35 1.61−0.15 13.7816−0.00014 - 19:21:32.0 +43:17:35 M1V ROW2014 Kepler-45 b 161.0 ± 30.0 11.0 ± 1.2 2.45524 ± 5e-06 0.027 ± 0.003 19:31:30.0 +41:03:51 M PER2011ap

80 +0 ao KIC 4862625AB b 170.0−170.0 6.2 ± 0.17 138.506 ± 0.1 0.634 ± 0.011 19:52:52.0 +39:57:18 F+M KOS2013

a HOWARD, A. et al. 2014, b TUOMI, M. et al. 2014, c BRYDEN , G. et al. 2009, d BONFILS, X. et al. 2013, e ASTUDILLO-DEFRU, N. et al. 2014, f GRIESSMEIER J.-M., et al. 2007, g HOWARD, A. et al. 2010, h YANG , J. et al. 2014, i ANGLADA-ESCUD2 , G. et al. 2014, j LO CURTO G. et al. 2013, k ARRIAGADA , P. et al. 2013, l ZUCKER , S. et al. 2004, m JOHNSON , J. et al. 2007, n BONFILS , X. et al. 2010, o DELFOSSE , X. et al. 2013, p HAGHIGHIPOUR , N. et al. 2010, q BRYDEN , G. et al. 2009, r von BLOH , W. et al. 2007, s BONFILS , X. et al. 2005, t APPS , K. et al. 2010, u WITTENMYER , R. et al. 2013, v JOHNSON , A. et al. 2009, w ANGLADA-ESCUDE , G. et al. 2012, x BONFILS , X. et al. 2007, y FORVEILLE , Th. et al. 2010, z BURT , J. et al. 2014, aa ROWE , J. et al. 2014, ab LEE , B.-C. et al. 2012, ac LURIE , J. et al. 2014, ad BUTLER , P. et al. 2006, ae VALENCIA , D. et al. 2005, af CORREIA , A. et al. 2010 , ag PASINITTI-FRASCANI , L. et al. 2010, ah HAR2014 : HARTMAN, J. et al. 2014, aiBON2012 : BONFILS, X. et al. 2012, aj SAN2015 : SANCHIS-OJEDA , R. et al. 2015, akCRO2015 : CROSSFIELD , I. et al. 2015, alNOR2004 : NORDSTROM , B. et al. 2004, amCHA2009 : CHARBONNEAU , D. et al. 2009, anPER2011 : PERRYMANN, M 2011, aoKOS2013 : KOSTOV , V. et al. 2013 B HTML sample tables for star cards

1) Templates of representative star card

Figure 57: Key data in star cards.

Figure 58: Astrometry in star cards.

Figure 59: Activity in star cards.

81 Figure 60: Wide multiplicity in star cards.

Figure 61: Photometry in star cards.

Figure 62: Science preparation data in star cards.

82 Figure 63: Miscellanea in star cards.

83 2) HTML pseudo-code for star card

Piece of HTML pseudo-code of J00162+198W’s star card and its output in HTML test webpage

Figure 64: HTML input1. Figure 65: HTML output1.

Figure 66: HTML input2. Figure 67: HTML output2.

84 Figure 68: HTML input3. Figure 69: HTML output3.

Figure 70: HTML input4. Figure 71: HTML output4.

This table is expressed in HTML test webpage21

21http://codebeautify.org/htmlviewer/#

85 C How to make HTML table samples with Python

· Python code to make HTML table

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

def mintable(list): return('

'+ list[0] +' |' + list[4] + ' |' + list[6] + '


• Key data Red finding chart...
Karmn '+ list[0]+ '< /td>
Name ' + list[4] +'
SpT' + list[6] + '' + list[7] + '
J_mag' + list[67] + '' + list[68] + '' + list[12] + '
RA_J2000' + list[8] + '
DE_J2000' + list[9] + '
vsini_kms_1' + list[116] + '' + list[117] + '' + list[118] + '
SS ' + list[3] + '

• Astrometry Böttlinger diagram...
RA_J2000' + list[8] + '' + list[12] + '
DE_J2000' + list[9] + '
l_deg' + list[10] + '
b_deg' + list[11] + '
muRA_masa_1' + list[13] + '' + list[14] + '' + list[17] + '
muDE_masa_1' + list[15] + '' + list[16] + '
Vr_kms_1' + list[18] + '' + list[19] + '' + list[20] + '
86 pi_mas'+ list[21] + '' + list[22] + '' + list[23] + '
d_pc' + list[24] + '' + list[25] + '' + list[26] + '
U_kms_1' + list[27] + '' + list[28] + ' ' + list[33] + '
V_kms_1' + list[29] + '' + list[30] + '
W_ kms_1' + list[31] + '' + list[32] + '

' + list[83] + '
• PhotometrySpectral energy distribution...
FUV_mag' + list[34] + ' ' + list[35] + '' + list[38] + '
NUV_mag' + list[36] + '' + list[37] + '
u_mag' + list[39] + '' + list[40] + '' + list[41] + '
BT_mag ' + list[42] + '' + list[43] + '' + list[44] + '
B_mag' + list[45] + '' + list[46] + '' + list[47] + '
g_mag' + list[48] + '' + list[49] + '' + list[50] + '
VT_mag' + list[51] + '' + list[52] + '' + list[53] + '
V_mag ' + list[54] + '' + list[55] + '' + list[56] + '
Ra_mag' + list[57] + '' + list[58] + '
r_mag' + list[59] + '' + list[60] + '' + list[61] + '
i_mag' + list[62] + '' + list[63] + '' + list[64] + '
IN_mag' + list[65] + '' + list[66] + '
J_mag' + list[67] + '' + list[68] + '' + list[74] + '
H_mag' + list[69] + '' + list[70] + '
Ks_mag ' + list[71] + '' + list[72] + '
QFlag' + list[73] + '
W1_mag' + list[75] + '' + list[76] + '
W2_mag' + list[77] + '' + list[78] + '
W3_mag' + list[79] + '' + list[80] + '
W4_mag' + list[81] + '' + list[82] + '

• Wide multiplicityColoured Aladin image with companion?
Comp' + list[1] + '
Multiplicity' + list[84] + '
WideWDS' + list[85] + '
Widerho_arcsec' + list[86] + '' + list[87] + '' + list[88] + '
WideCompanionName' + list[89] + '
WideCompanionSpT' + list [90] + '

• ActivityHα profile in hi-res spec...
pEWHalpha_A' + list[105] + '' + list[106] + '' + list[107] + '
vsini_kms_1' + list[116] + ' ' + list[117] + '' + list[118] + '
P_d ' + list[119] + ' ' + list[120] + '
1RXS' + list[108] + '
CRT_s_1' + list[109] + '' + list[110] + '' + list[115] + '
HR1 ' + list[111] + '' + list[112] + '
HR2' + list[113] + '' + list[114] + '
Flare' + list[124] + '' + list[125] + '

• Science preparation dataLow-resolution spectrum...
LoRes_spe ctrum' + list[131] + '
HiRes_spectrum' + list[132] + '
LoRes_imaging' + list[133] + '
HiRes_imaging' + list[134] + '

• MiscellaneaSomething relevant to this star...
GJ' + list[5] + '
RV' + list[128] + '
Planet' + list[129] + '
Origin' + list[135] + '
Class' + list[136] + '