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GC University Lahore Child Labour in Human Rights Perspective (Case Study of Child Scavengers of Urban Areas of Lahore) Khalid Manzoor Butt Session 2005-2009 Registration No. 03-GCU-PhD-Pol-Sc-2005 Department of Political Science i Child Labour in Human Rights Perspective (Case Study of Child Scavengers of Urban Areas of Lahore) Submitted to GC University, Lahore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Ph. D. in Political Science by Khalid Manzoor Butt Session 2005-2009 Registration No. 03-GCU-PhD-Pol-Sc-2005 Department of Political Science GC University, Lahore. ii RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE Certified that the research work contained in this thesis titled “Child Labour in Human Rights Perspective: Case Study of Child Scavengers of Urban Areas of Lahore” has been carried out and completed by Mr. Khalid Manzoor Butt, Registration No. 03-GCU-PhD-Pol-Sc-2005 under my supervision. Dated: August 09, 2010 (Dr. Farhat Mahmud) Visiting Professor Department of History GC University, Lahore. Submitted Through (Dr. Khalid Javed Makhdoom) Chairman Department of Political Science Controller of Examinations GC University, Lahore GC University, Lahore iii DECLARATION I, Khalid Manzoor Butt, Registration No. 03-GCU-PhD-Pol-Sc-2005, Student of Ph.D., in the subject of Political Science, Session 2005-2009 hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis titled ‘Child Labour in Human Rights Perspective (Case Study of Child Scavengers of Urban Areas of Lahore)’ is my own work and has not been printed, published and submitted as research work, thesis or publication in any form in any University, Research Institution etc., in Pakistan or abroad. Dated: August 09, 2010 Signature of Deponent iv Acknowledgements My heartiest gratitude is due to my mentor and supervisor, Dr. Farhat Mahmud, Visiting Professor, Department of History, GC University, Lahore who guided and helped me to complete this research. He was the person who put me on the track whenever I was confused, or suffered any indecisiveness. Through formal and informal discussions with him I got many precious ideas for the topic under study. I shall always remain indebted to him for his encouragement and valuable advice and for taking great interest in my work. I wish to say thanks to Dr. Khalid Aftab, Vice Chancellor, GC University, Lahore who has always been very kind and considerate. He took special interest in my research and gave me some valuable tips. His kind support has enabled me to accomplish this task. I am grateful to Prof. Muhammad Azhar Ch., former Chairman, Department of Political Science, GC University, Lahore who facilitated me during my research. He remained very kind and accommodating in removing various difficulties which I faced from time to time. I will remain obliged for his kind support and cooperation. I would like to extend my gratitude to Mr. Tahir Manzoor and Dr. Awan, officers in the Labour Department, Government of the Punjab, for providing me important material and guidance for my survey and research. I acknowledge that without their help it will be very difficult to gather the required material. I am thankful to Mr. Abdul Waheed, Chief Librarian, GC University, Lahore who not only kept on encouraging but also gave his all-out support regarding library matters. He deputed Mr. Abid Iqbal, Librarian who arranged for me some very rare books and material for my research. He took off my burden and solved my problems. I should remain grateful to him. I am indebted to Ms. Nadia Saleem, Assistant Professor of Economics who extended her help regarding statistical tests of the data which enabled me to have some scientific verifications of my survey. I acknowledge the help of Mr. Sameer Ahmed, Lecturer in English. I am also thankful to my students, Manzoor Elahi, Usman Siddiqi, Jahanzeb, Hafeez, Aziz Butt, Ali Abbas, Imran, Nadim Malik who were members of my survey team. They conducted interviews of child scavengers under my supervision which was a tiring job particularly in the extreme weather conditions and unpleasant environment. I acknowledge that without their support and association the completion of the survey would have been rather difficult. v I am also thankful to Muhammad Akram, my assistant who did most of the typing work. He showed patience in bringing changes in the script again and again. Without his assistance and hard work the work would have been unending. Taking advantage of this opportunity, I would like to say thanks to my wife Tahseen, not only for her support but also for her patience. She used to arrange my scattered books and notes and provided me a congenial environment to complete my thesis. I owe especial thanks to her. Last but not least, I am grateful to my children Asfandyar, Shehryar, Khushbu and Mominyar who remained accommodating during all the period of my research and never demanded undue time from me. My prayers and love would always be with them. vi Abstract In child labour, the children involved in it have social, economic and educational disadvantages. ‘Scavenging through children’ is that kind of child labour which is undertaken in filthy and deplorable conditions. In this practice, parents or guardians use their children for economic gains. These children are innocent, vulnerable, and dependent on their elders. They are without any voice or any association for their basic rights. They are generally underfed, underpaid, overworked and exposed to hazardous environment and extreme weather conditions which are constant threats to their life, health and growth. They are also victims of social dislike and hate and are suspected by the people. Consequently they become an excluded community with frustrations and inferiority complex. They do not have opportunities of schooling, playing and recreational activities which are imperative for their proper growth and up-bringing, therefore, they are likely to have a bleak future. As a matter of fact, a sizeable population of children is involved in this profession, particularly in cities. In the profession of scavenging through children, various violations of their rights take place. None of the government departments has taken seriously to redress this practice. A conceptual framework of the Rights of Children is designed from the United Nations’ Charter, Declaration of Human Rights, Covenants of Human Rights and Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) to assess the violations of rights of the child scavengers. Although Pakistan is a signatory of the CRC and the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 182, yet a big number of children are being mistreated, exploited and abused particularly in scavenging profession. An empirical study is undertaken to have an insight of the phenomenon of scavenging through children. For that matter, a sample of 200 child scavengers are selected. They are interviewed to document the various aspects of this practice like causes, conditions, exploitations, treatments, professional health, miseries, etc. However, descriptive research method is used for the problem under study i.e., child scavengers of urban areas of Lahore. The thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 consists of Introduction of the topic under study, Statement of the Problem, Source, and Research Design. Moreover it delineates Demography of Lahore the target area for the research. Chapter 2 presents Conceptual Framework, Literature Review of the relevant material for the study and Derivation of Hypothesis. Chapter 3 covers concepts, definitions historical background vii and various aspects of child labour. Chapter 4 discusses concepts and evolution of Human Rights and its different theories. It also contains international movements, conventions and laws regarding children’s rights. Chapter 5 consists of the findings of survey of the Case under study i.e., child scavengers. Chapter 6 delineates Community Profile of scavengers and a Situation Assessment of the child scavengers of Lahore. However, Chapter 7 consists of Conclusion some policy implications. In this chapter, a Model is also suggested to tackle the problem of scavenging through children in Lahore. It also presents suggestions and remedies to transform child scavengers into useful and productive individuals. Note: In soft copy a complete list of references appears at the end of the thesis. However, partial lists of references are also visible after each chapter of the thesis. viii Table of Contents Chapter No Topics Page No. Chapter 1 Introduction 01 1.1 Introduction 02 1.1.1 Statement of the Problem 03 1.1.2 Significance of the Study 06 1.1.3 Objectives of the Study 07 1.1.4 Sources 07 1.1.5 Research Design 07 1.1.6 Data Collection Techniques 09 1.1.7 Structure of the Thesis 14 1.1.8 Citation Style 15 1.2 Scavenging Through Children in Lahore 15 1.3 Demography of Lahore 25 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework, Literature Review and 32 Derivation of Hypothesis 2.1 Conceptual Framework 33 2.2 Literature Review 50 2.3 Derivation of hypothesis 66 Chapter 3 Child Labour 67 3.1 Labouring-Child and Working-Child 69 3.2 Definitions of Child Labour 77 3.3 Child Labour in Historical Perspective 79 3.4 Causes of Child Labour 84 3.5 Kinds of Child Labour 101 3.6 Magnitude of Child Labour 102 3.7 Effects of Child Labour 106 Chapter 4 From Human Rights to Children’s Rights 111 4.1 Evolution of the Concept of Human Rights 112 4.2 Theories of Human Rights 142 4.3 Children’s Rights in Child Labour Perspective 151 Chapter 5 Findings of the Survey 162 5.1 Percentage Basis Data Analysis of the Findings 165 5.2 Statistical Tests 199 5.2.1 Chi-Square Non-Parametric Test 199 5.2.2 Chi-Square Distribution Test 203 5.2.3 Factor Analysis (Unrotated Principal Components) 204 5.2.4 Factor Analysis Rotated Component Matrix 206 5.3 Photographs: Children Undertaking Scavenging 210 ix Chapter 6 Community Profile and Situation Assessment 219 6.1 Community Profile of Scavengers 220 6.2 Situation Assessment: Violations of Human Rights 224 of Child Scavengers Chapter 7 Conclusion and Policy Implication 241 7.1 Conclusion and Policy Implication 242 7.2 Model to Tackle Scavenging Through Children 261 Appendices 270 References 297 Bibliography 312 x List of Tables Table No.