POLKUJA SUOMALAISEEN TASA-ARVOON? Kansalaistoiminta, Tahdon2013 Ja Translaki

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POLKUJA SUOMALAISEEN TASA-ARVOON? Kansalaistoiminta, Tahdon2013 Ja Translaki Kulttuurien osasto Sukupuolen, kulttuurin ja yhteiskunnan tutkimuksen tohtoriohjelma Helsingin yliopisto Nina Järviö POLKUJA SUOMALAISEEN TASA-ARVOON? Kansalaistoiminta, Tahdon2013 ja translaki VÄITÖSKIRJA Esitetään Helsingin yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Helsingin yliopiston päärakennuksen salissa 12 (Fabianinkatu 33) lauantaina 15. joulukuuta 2018 klo 12. Helsinki 2018 © Nina Järviö Kansi: Warda Ahmed Polkuja suomalaiseen tasa-arvoon? : Kansalaistoiminta, Tahdon2013 ja translaki ISBN 978-951-51-4598-7 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-51-4599-4 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2018 Äidille, jonka tuki ja rakkaus ovat mahdollistaneet tämän kaiken. ABSTRACT After an unusually intensive political debate, the Finnish parliament passed the first ever citizens’ initiative in 2014, allowing same-sex couples to marry. During this same time period trans activists, along with other civil society actors, began demanding noticeable improvements in the procedures for legal gender recognition. The demands included, among other things, the right to self-determination of one’s legal gender and the abolish- ment of the need for sterilization as a requirement for the recognition of a person’s gender identity. This dissertation examines civic engagement within the LGBTI movement in 21st century Finland. The research focuses on two cases. The first is the citizens’ initiative campaign Tahdon2013 (I Do2013) promoting same-sex marriage. The second is the attempts to re- vise the Trans Act regulating legal gender recognition. The questions asked in the study are: What kind of paths do civil society actors follow to reach their goals? Who is visible, and who is left in the shadows in these debates? What sort of resistance can be observed? How do the cases relate to the understanding of Finland as a model country for equality? The dissertation sheds light on the many ways social movement organizations act to reach their goals. For example, the analysis pays attention to the effects that relying on a citizen’s initiative or forming a coalition between multiple organizations might have on civic en- gagement and the issues at hand. The research also takes into consideration the increasing overlaps of branding, consuming and political action. Besides similarities, distinctions are also highlighted in the observations of the two cases under study. The conclusions underline the importance of understanding the differences between gay and lesbian politics on one hand and trans politics on the other. For example, the relation to Finnishness varied in a way that revealed a more complicated connection between a hegemonic understanding of Finnishness and trans people than with same-sex couples. At the same time, however, a large part of the claims in both cases were based on an image of Finland as a pioneer in equality and human rights. i The theoretical framework consists of literature from the fields of queer theory and trans studies, social movement studies, and research on gender equality. Primary research ma- terial comprises over 150 texts as well as nine interviews with civil society actors. Meth- odologically, the material is analyzed using close reading from a feminist perspective to locate the different paths taken by the civil society actors. ii KIITOKSET Väitöskirjan kirjoittaminen on ollut tähänastisen elämäni pisin projekti. Tutkiminen on luonteeltaan aikaan vievää ja jopa yksinäistä. Onnistumisen tunteita toki on, mutta niiden kohdalla ehtii harvoin pysähtyä nauttimaan. Nyt on vihdoin se aika, kun voin hiljentää tahtia. Tarkastellessani kuluneita vuosia näin jälkikäteen huomaan kuinka onnekas ja etuoikeu- tettu olen ollut ja miten suuresti olen nauttinut tutkimuksen tekemisestä. Suuri kiitos tästä kuuluu ympärilläni olleille henkilöille ja yhteisöille, jotka omalla tavallaan ovat saaneet minut innostumaan, jaksamaan ja uskomaan työhöni. Ilman ohjaajiani Johanna Kantolaa ja Anna Moringia olisin varmasti jättänyt väitöskirjan kirjoittamisen kesken aikoja sitten. Kiitos teille korvaamattomasta avustanne. Ylistyssanat eivät riitä kuvaamaan panostanne ja osuuttanne tässä väitösprojektissa. Kiitos kärsivälli- syydestänne, neuvoistanne ja lukuisista ohjaajatapaamisistamme. Kiitos Marjut Jyrkinen ilon täyteisestä jatko-opintoseminaaristasi sekä siitä, että suostuit väitöskirjaohjaajakseni työni loppusuoralla. Kiitos vastaväittäjäni ja toinen esitarkastajani Tuula Juvonen. Paneutumisesi työhöni esi- tarkastusvaiheessa oli häkellyttävää. Väitöskirja ei varmastikaan ole tekijänsä mielestä koskaan valmis, mutta tarkkojen huomioittesi avulla olen vihdoin päässyt pisteeseen, jossa saatan irrottaa otteeni käsikirjoituksesta. Suuret kiitokset myös toiselle esitarkastajalleni Jan Wickmanille. Huomiosi auttoivat hiomaan tekstiäni tarkemmaksi ja selkeämmäksi. Olen työskennellyt pitkään sukupuolentutkimuksen parissa Helsingin yliopistossa. Tämä työyhteisö on ollut tieteellinen kotini. Erityisesti haluan kiittää Aino-Maija Elonheimoa ja Heini Kinnusta lounasseurasta. Aiskalle kiitos myös pääsystä mukaan Hilma-verkoston valtakunnalliseen toimintaan. Julian Honkasaloa kiitän ajatuksistasi ja kommenteistasi väi- töskirjaani. Thanks to Katja Kahlina for all the great chats and laughs. Kiitos myös Anna Heinonen ja Hanna Etholén. Astrid Joutsenoa kiitän työhuonetoveruudesta vaikka istuim- mekin huoneessamme liian harvoin samaan aikaan. Tuija Pulkkiselle haluan sanoa kiitos siitä, että tuit haluani jatkaa opintojani ja johdattelit minut löytämään sopivan vätiöskirja- ohjaajan. Kiitos myös yhteistyöstämme vuosien varrella. iii Kiitos Eva Maria Korsisaari uskomattomasta kirjoittamisseminaaristasi, jonka aikana työni otti harppauksen eteenpäin. Seminaarin kautta löysin ryhmän, jonka kanssa tuskailla väitöskirjaan liittyviä ja siihen liittymättömiä asioita. Kiitos Mitra Härkönen, Satu Sund- ström ja Maija Lähteenmäki ajatuksistanne ja seurastanne. Maijalle kiitos myös väitöskir- jani oikolukemisesta. Warda Ahmedia taas kiitän väitöskirjani upean kannen piirtämisestä. Tässä yhteydessä minun on myös kiitettävä Taru Wickströmiä. Aloittaessani kandidaatin opintoni Helsingin yliopistossa vuonna 2006, sinä kerroit minulle naistutkimuksen olemas- saolosta. Jonotimme yhdessä Kristiina-instituutin käytävällä ilmoittautuaksemme kurs- seille ja näin minulle avautui täysin uusi maailma. Kiitos siitä ja tietysti myös ystävyydes- tämme, joka on minulle todella tärkeä. Kansalaistoimintaa tutkiessani olen päässyt itse tekemään kansalaistoimintaa erityisesti Naisasialiitto Unionin hallituksessa. Unioni on toiminut sukupuolentutkimuksen yhteisön rinnalla toisena feministisenä kotinani. Kesäkuussa 2016 olin myös mukana kokouksessa, jossa perustettiin Feministinen puolue ja lähdin mukaan puolueen hallitukseen. Kiitos kai- kille teille, joiden kanssa olen saanut tehdä feminismiä. Kanssanne olen oppinut äärettö- män paljon tasa-arvon ja yhdenvertaisuuden edistämisestä. Erityisen kiitollinen olen tietysti kaikille niille lukuisille kansalaistoimijoille ja järjestöjen työntekijöille, jotka ovat osallistuneet Tahdon2013-kampanjan ja translakityön tekoon. Kiitos Teille, jotka annoitte aikaanne ja osallistuitte tutkimushaastatteluihini tai autoitte minua muin tavoin. Te mahdollistitte tämän väitöskirjan. Täysipäiväinen tutkiminen onnistui Suomen kulttuurirahaston ja Helsingin yliopiston su- kupuolen, kulttuurin ja yhteiskunnan tutkimuksen tohtoriohjelman rahoituksella. Tämän taloudellisen tuen turvin saatoin viettää kolme vuotta kotona mäyräkoira Tyynen ja Lille- mor-kissan kanssa. Nautin suuresti tästä ainutlaatuisesta ajasta ja kiitän myös eläinystä- viäni terapeuttisesta seurasta. Äitiäni Leena Järviötä ja siskoani Pia Sundmania sekä koko hänen perhettään kiitän rak- kaudesta. Mitt barn Signe, jag har svårt att hitta ord som beskriver hur lycklig jag är över att ha dig i mitt liv. Tack att du finns. Puolisoni Reetta Arvila on ollut vierelläni väitöskir- japrojektini alusta saakka. Kiitos tuestasi ja siitä, että olet uskonut minuun. Kiitos kaikesta menneestä ja yhteisestä tulevasta. Töölössä 19.11.2018 Nina Järviö iv v SISÄLLYS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ i KIITOKSET ............................................................................................................................................... iii 1 JOHDANTO ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Historiallinen tausta ja aiempi tutkimus ......................................................................................... 4 1.2 Samanaikaiset mutta erilaiset keskustelut avioliittolaista ja translaista ........................................ 17 1.3 Tutkimuskysymykset ja työn rakenne .......................................................................................... 23 2 SEKSUAALI- JA SUKUPUOLIPOLIITTISEN KANSALAISTOIMINNAN TUTKIMINEN .................................... 29 2.1 Yhteenkietoutuvat erot ............................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Sosiaalisten liikkeiden tutkimus ................................................................................................... 45 2.3 Feministinen lähiluku ja polkujen paikantaminen ........................................................................ 54 2.4 Tutkimusaineisto ja aineistonkeruu ............................................................................................
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