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A review of Ephemeroptera species Introduction distribution in Italy: Gains from In large areas of Southern Europe, recent studies and areas for future knowledge has to be improved: there are focus insufficient data on the , distribution and ecology of most species present in Italy (e.g., Buffagni and Belfiore, 1994; Buffagni et al., 2001). In recent years, new endemic species have ANDREA BUFFAGNI been described (e.g., Belfiore, 1995; Belfiore et CNR - IRSA National Research Council, Water al., 1997) and a number of others have been Research Institute (Istituto di Ricerca Sulle reported in Italy for the first time (e.g., Belfiore Acque), Via della Mornera, 25 I-20047 Brugherio and Buffagni, 1994; Belfiore and , 1995; (Milano) Italy. Buffagni, 1997; 1998; Buffagni and Desio, 1998). [email protected] Additional new taxa are known to exist, but have yet to be described or recorded for the first time CARLO BELFIORE (Belfiore and Buffagni, unpublished data). Dipartimento di Zoologia, Università di Napoli The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD; Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, EU, 2000) requires riverine ecosystems to be I-80134 Napoli, Italy. investigated in detail with respect to benthic invertebrates. The biotic component has explicitly STEFANIA ERBA become the target for environmental assessment JOANNA L. KEMP and management plans. This itself calls for renewed attention to be paid to aquatic MARCELLO CAZZOLA (e.g. ), as they will be used to assess CNR - IRSA National Research Council, Water biodiversity status and ecosystem functioning. Research Institute (Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Currently applied methodologies to classify rivers Acque), Via della Mornera, 25 I-20047 Brugherio into quality classes have to be tested and (Milano) Italy. harmonised at the European scale and new

invertebrate metrics must be defined and

employed. A EU funded project involving 8

European countries, named AQEM (The

Development and Testing of an Integrated Abstract Assessment System for the Ecological Quality of In Italy much faunistic, taxonomic and ecological Streams and Rivers throughout Europe using information for the Ephemeroptera remains to be Benthic Macroinvertebrates, www.aqem.de), was discovered. This situation is paralleled in much of designed to put the WFD into practice (details on Southern Europe. Here we report the current mayfly the project can be found in Hering et al., 2001; in taxa known for each of the Italian regions and press). Focussing on mayflies, preliminary and demonstrate the positive impact of the European Union’s AQEM project on this data. This project has, expected findings of AQEM have been recently for the targeted regions, bought about a dramatic presented (Buffagni et al., 2001), including increase in knowledge, including extensions to species examples of the range and habitat selection of two ranges, discoveries of new species for Italy and species of Ephemeroptera endemic to Italy, as conservation relevant information about the status of well as data on interesting species found in the endemic species. It has also highlighted groups of taxa Apennine areas. where species identification is currently dubious and/or The potential benefits of the AQEM project not where species new to science wait to be described. only for biomonitoring, but also for ecology, Some general conclusions are reported concerning the taxonomy and conservation, in Italy and for the main research needs on mayflies in Italy and South South of Europe in general, are clear (e.g. Europe, especially linked to applied issues for biological monitoring. Buffagni et al., op cit). The present paper aims to give a general overview of mayfly data for Italy Keywords: Southern Europe, WFD, AQEM, endemic pre- and post-AQEM and their national and species, rivers, taxonomy, ecology international significance. This paper features: • a summary of the knowledge of mayfly Research Update on Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera species distribution in Italy, focussing on data 2003, E. Gaino (Ed.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. availability and completeness and the areas in

BIOGEOGRAPHY, BIODIVERSITY & ECOLOGY BUFFAGNI ET AL. 280

Italy where more studies on mayflies are sites with a general description is reported in needed Buffagni et al., 2002. • the data obtained within the AQEM project for the four areas sampled in Italy, from the Trentino- Alto Adige Alps to South and their significance to the Lombardia Italian situation Valle I01 Friuli-Venezia • a brief discussion of the mayfly species d’Aosta Giulia I04 occurrence in the four AQEM study areas and Piemonte I03 of potentially rewarding subjects for future Emilia-Romagna Liguria study Marche • a list of selected references on mayfly species Toscana Abruzzo distribution in Italy. Molise Umbria Puglia Study areas and Methods Lazio I02

The distribution of species in the Italian regions (Table 1) has been derived partly from the Basilicata literature (see Annex I) and partly from the Calabria N Sardegna authors' collections (together the ticks in Table 1). Sicilia The AQEM project data (new findings at the region-level shown as dots in Table 1) were collected in four areas of Italy: two located in the Km 0 200 Northern (region of Emilia Romagna, provinces of

Piacenza and Parma) and Southern Apennine Fig. 1 - Italian regions and stream types investigated in (region of Campania, ), one in Italy within AQEM Project. Project codification is the lowlands of the valley (Piemonte region, reported. I01: small-sized stream in the Southern province of Novara) and one in the Alpine area silicate Alps (Trentino-Alto Adige); I02: small-sized, (Trentino Alto Adige region, province of Bolzano) calcareous mountain streams in the Southern (Fig. 1). A total of 11-13 sites were selected in Appennines (Campania); I03: mid-sized calcareous each area and sampled twice (late spring and late streams in the Northern Appenines (Emilia-Romagna); summer/autumn). A third sampling campaign was I04: small streams in the lowlands of the performed during late winter 2001, but the mayfly (Piemonte). data are not included in the present paper because they are not concluded. The selection of study Results and Discussion sites was made to keep all locations for each area The Italian situation and AQEM results within one single river type (as defined by the Table 1 reports the mayfly species (taxa) WFD System A, see Buffagni et al., 2001 and known for Italy. The species are ordered in the Buffagni et al., 2002). For each river type and table according to the number of Italian regions area, three reference sites were identified and (political boundaries) they have been found up to sampled, while the remaining sites covered a now. Close to the bottom of the table, the most range of degradation types and severities. common species are listed, while the rarest ones According to the WFD, they approximately are towards the top of the table. The top taxa were corresponded to the following degradation classes: not known in Italy before the AQEM sampling. reference site (3 sites); probably ‘good status’ (3); Along the x-axis, the Italian regions are ordered probably ‘moderate status’ (3); probably ‘poor according to the number of sites investigated. On status’ (1); probably ‘bad status’ (1). Sites of the left side, the less studied regions are reported, Northern Appennines and Alpine area were while on the right one the best known are listed. In predominantly affected by hydromorphological the table, the ticks refer to existing information, alterations and no significant water pollution was from the literature, while the dots indicate a observed; in Southern Appennines and Po species found by AQEM in a region for the first lowlands, sites presented both organic pollution time. and hydromorphological degradation (see also Hering et al., 2001; Buffagni et al., 2001; Buffagni et al., in press). A list of the investigated

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Table 1 - Ephemeroptera species reported for the Italian regions. Ticks indicate the known species distributions pre- AQEM and the circles indicate new findings made by AQEM. The regions are ordered according by increasing numbers of sampling sites (pre-AQEM) and the species are ordered according to the number of regions in which they were found (post-AQEM). a li ige u a d A Gi gn o ia t z ma e a o e -Al ia n t a o e a R n e zo ia n ic a h n r a -V d'Aostalia il ia c c ria o egna li s lise r u lab i d u a mil iemont a renti ig a amp ri Val Pug B Mo VenetoE P UmbriaTos M T AbruzL C C Laz LombardiaSar F Sicilianumber of regions Ecdyonurus cfr. austriacus (Burmeister, 1839) Q 1 F Ecdyonurus cfr. parahelveticus Hefti, Tomka & Zurwerra, 1986 Q 1E Rhithrogena sp. gr. hercynia Q 1W Rhithrogena sp. gr. hybrida QQ 2 Ephemera sp. (cfr. zettana Kimmins, 1937) QQ2 Ecdyonurus bellieri (Hagen, 1860) D 1 Ecdyonurus corsicus Esben-Petersen, 1912 D 1 Ecdyonurus ruffoi Grandi, 1953 D 1 R Electrogena fallax (Hagen, 1864) D 1E Electrogena hyblaea Belfiore, 1994 D 1G Electrogena ujhelyii (Sowa, 1981) D 1I Electrogena zebrata (Hagen, 1864) D 1O Rhithrogena dorieri Sowa, 1971 D 1N Rhithrogena nuragica Belfiore, 1987 D 1S Rhithrogena reatina Sowa & Belfiore, 1984 D 1 Rhithrogena sibillina Metzler, Tomka & Zurwerra, 1985 D 1 Caenis lactea (Burmeister, 1839) D 1 Caenis cfr. strugaensis (Ikonomov, 1961) D 1 Caenis valentinae Grandi, 1951 D 1 Choroterpes balcanicus (Ikonomov, 1961) D 1 Habroleptoides modesta (Hagen, 1964) D 1 Habrophlebia consiglioi Biancheri, 1959 D 1 calabrum (Belfiore & D'Antonio, 1990) D 1 Procloeon lacustre (Eaton, 1885) D 1 Procloeon nemorale (Eaton, 1885) D 1 Ametropus fragilis Albarda, 1878 D 1 Rhithrogena nivata (Eaton, 1871) DQ 2 Habroleptoides auberti (Biancheri, 1954) D ? 2 Baetis cyrneus Thomas & Gazagnes, 1984 DD2 Ecdyonurus alpinus Hefti, Tomka & Zurwerra, 1987 DD 2 Electrogena calabra Belfiore, 1995 DD 2 Ephemera zettana Kimmins, 1937 D D 2 Ephemerella mucronata (Bengtsson, 1909) D D 2 Rhithrogena alpestris Eaton, 1885 DD2 Rhithrogena degrangei Sowa, 1969 DD 2 Thraulus bellus Eaton, 1881 DD 2 Caenis macrura Stephens, 1835 DD2 Caenis belfiorei Malzacher, 1987 QDD 3 Electrogena lunaris Belfiore & Scillitani, 1997 QDD 3 Rhithrogena diaphana Navás, 1916 QDD 3 Choroterpes borbonica Belfiore, 1988 DDD3 Ecdyonurus forcipula (Pictet, 1843-45) DDD 3 Electrogena gridellii (Grandi, 1953) DDD3 Ephemera glaucops Pictet, 1843 DDD 3 Ephemera vulgata Linné, 1746 DD D3 Ephoron virgo (Oliver, 1791) DD D 3 Habrophlebia lauta Eaton, 1884 DDD3 Nigrobaetis niger (Linné, 1761) DDD3 Rhithrogena fiorii Grandi, 1955 DDD3 Brachycercus harrisella Curtis, 1834 DD DD 4 Habrophlebia fusca (Curtis, 1834) DDDD4 Paraleptophlebia ruffoi Biancheri, 1956 D DDD 4 Rhithrogena adrianae Belfiore, 1983 DD DD 4 Rhithrogena hybrida Eaton, 1885 DD DD 4 Rhithrogena loyolaea Navás, 1922 DD DD4 Serratella spinosa (Ikonomov, 1961) DDDD4 Habroleptoides pauliana (Grandi, 1959) Q DDQ D 5 Caenis beskidensis Sowa, 1973 QD D D D 5 Ecdyonurus picteti (Meyer-Dür, 1864) DD Q DD5 Ecdyonurus zelleri Eaton, 1885 DD Q DD 5 Rhithrogena siciliana Braasch, 1989 QDDDD5 Baetis liebenauae Keffermüller, 1974 DDD D D 5 Caenis robusta Eaton, 1884 DDD D D 5 Ecdyonurus aurantiacus (Burmeister, 1839) DD D DD 5 Epeorus alpicola (Eaton, 1871) DDDDD5 Heptagenia coerulans Rostock, 1877 DDD DD 5 Heptagenia sulphurea (Müller, 1776) DDD D D 5 Nigrobaetis digitatus Bengtsson, 1912 DD DD D 5 Potamanthus luteus (Linné, 1767) DD D D D 5 Caenis horaria (Linné, 1758) DDD D D D 6 Epeorus yougoslavicus (Samal, 1935) DDDDD D6 Torleya major (Klapàlek, 1905) DQ DD D D D 7 Caenis pseudorivulorum Keffermüller, 1960 DDD D D DD 7 Electrogena grandiae (Belfiore, 1981) DDDDDDD 7 Heptagenia longicauda (Stephens, 1836) DDD DDDD 7 Habroleptoides umbratilis (Eaton, 1884) QD DD DDQD 8 Oligoneuriella rhenana (Imhoff, 1852) D D DD DDDD 8 Paraleptophlebia submarginata (Stephens, 1835) DD D D D DD D 8 Procloeon pennulatum (Eaton, 1870) QD D DDQDD D 9 Procloeon pulchrum (Eaton, 1885) D DQDDD DD D 9 Acentrella sinaica Bogocscu, 1931 DDDDDD DD D9 Caenis martae Belfiore, 1984 DDDDDDDDD 9 Baetis vardarensis Ikonomov, 1962 DDDD DDDQDD 10 Habroleptoides confusa Sartori & Jacob, 1986 QDDDD DDDDD 10 Caenis pusilla Navás, 1913 DDD D DDDDD D 10 Procloeon bifidum (Bengtsson, 1912) DD QD DD D DD DD 11 Choroterpes picteti (Eaton, 1871) D DDDDDDDDDD 11 Electrogena lateralis (Curtis, 1834) D DDD DDDDD DD 11 Baetis melanonyx (Pictet, 1843) D Q D DQDD DDD DD 12 Baetis lutheri Müller-Liebenau, 1967 D Q DD DDDDDD DD 12 Ecdyonurus belfiorei Haybach & Thomas, 2002 DDD D DDD DDDD D 12 Baetis vernus Curtis, 1834 DQDDDDDDDDDD D 13 Cloeon simile Eaton, 1870 D D DDDD D DDDDD D 13 Ephemera danica Müller, 1764 D DDDDDDDDDDDD D 14 Baetis alpinus (Pictet, 1843) DDDQDDDDDDDDDD D 15 Epeorus sylvicola (Pictet, 1865) D QDDDDDDDDDDD DD 15 Baetis pavidus Grandi, 1949 DDDDD DDDDDDDDD D 15 Ecdyonurus helveticus Eaton, 1885 DD DDDDDDDDDDDD D 15 Habrophlebia eldae Jacob & Sartori, 1984 DDD D DDD DDDDDDD D 15 M Siphlonurus lacustris Eaton, 1870 DD DDDDDDDDDDD DD 15 A Baetis fuscatus (Linné, 1761) D DDDDDDDD DDDDDDD 16 N Cloeon dipterum (Linné, 1761) D DDDDD DDDDDDDDDD 16 Y Ecdyonurus venosus (Fabricius, 1775) DDDDDDDDDDDDDD DD 16 Caenis luctuosa (Burmeister, 1839) DDDDDQDDDDDDDDDDDD 18 R Rhithrogena semicolorata (Curtis, 1834) D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DD 18 E Baetis buceratus Eaton, 1870 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 18 G Centroptilum luteolum (Müller, 1776) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 18 I Alainites muticus (Linné, 1758) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 19 O Baetis rhodani (Pictet, 1843) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 20 N Serratella ignita (Poda, 1761) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 20 S no. of sites PRE AQEM 3 3 12 14 20 23 35 39 43 46 48 48 59 74 80 85 85 86 100 200 FEW STUDIES MORE STUDIES (only skiing?!? rivers no nearly effect AQEM effect AQEM AQEM + Carlo lives Carlo lives Andrea holiday Carlo's lives Desio F. holiday Carlo's s s no. of species PRE AQEM 3 12162629374632423622313641464654214330 extra species from AQEM 17384 TOTAL species 3 12162629544932423630313641504654214330 110 V PugliaB M V Emili PiemonteU T M T A L C C L L S Friuli-VeneziaSici G a a e m o r b ig a a a o a l s o n s a en l m zi m rd d il li e b c rche ru u abria l 'Aos ic s to a r an t z r p o b e ia e Romagna ia in zo ia a a g a a o n r n t - ia d a t a A ia a lt o A d ig iuli e a

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Considering the data as a whole, a number of species (taxa) collected in Alto Adige are points are obvious. Firstly, some noteworthy (e.g. Rhithrogena nivata (EATON, are far better known than others. Compared to the 1871), Ecdyonurus cfr. austriacus 200 sites for which information is available from (BURMEISTER, 1839), Ecdyonurus cfr. Sicily, the 3 sites of Val d'Aosta (on the opposite parahelveticus HEFTI, TOMKA & ZURWERRA, end of the table as well as of Italy) seem to be a 1986, Rhithrogena gr. hercynia, etc.) because they joke. Although additional data are available were collected for the first time or are considered (Buffagni, unpublished), the extremity of the relatively rare. An exact specific attribution of information lack for this region is striking. In these taxa is likely to take some time, as the Puglia as well, few mayfly species have been Heptageniidae of the Southern Alps is a potential reported and only 3 sites have been studied. In this Pandora’s box nobody wants to open. case, however, it does not only reflect a lack of 60 effort, but also the paucity of surface waters in this Emilia Romagna calcareous region of Southern Italy. At the 50 Piemonte Campania opposite end of the axis, some regions have been far more extensively sampled: Friuli Venezia 40 Giulia, Sardegna, Lombardia, Lazio and 30 Campania. The higher number of sites visited in Trentino Alto Adige these areas often reflects the places where 20 "Mayfly researchers (searchers)" live or spent 2 n of mayfly found species preAQEM R = 0,753 holidays (see Table 1). Excluding Sicily and 10 pre AQEM Sardinia for biogeographical reasons, the positive post AQEM trend between the number of species found in the 0 different Italian regions and the number of sites 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 n of sites investigated in each Italian region investigated is clear (Fig. 2). The fact that the trend, although increasing less steeply with greater Fig. 2 - Relationship between number of sites numbers of sites studied, does not reach a plateau, investigated and number of species found per region, suggests that, even for the ‘well’ studied areas, the pre- and post-AQEM. situation is inadequate. The increase in information with AQEM is indicated for each of In the two Apennine areas, the recent AQEM the four areas (the ‘AQEM effect’) and these collections gave even more interesting results. The increases are, in themselves, instructive. Emilia known distribution area of many species Romagna, previously the least studied region dramatically changed: species like Electrogena (among the four AQEM regions) increased most lunaris BELFIORE & SCILLITANI, 1997, sharply, with over 16 species added to the regional Caenis belfiorei MALZACHER, 1986 and list. Trentino Alto Adige also increased Habroleptoides pauliana (GRANDI, 1959), significantly, with 8 new taxa (some of which formerly reported in Southern or Tirrenian regions were new for Italy). It is interesting to note that it only (see also Buffagni et al., 2001), were has a low number of species found relative to the collected much further North in river systems into number of sites studied, perhaps reflecting a the Po catchment, where they meet an invertebrate naturally lower biodiversity in this predominantly fauna closer to the transalpine Europe one (e.g. mountainous area, especially considering that the populations of the lowlands of the Po valley). The streams sampled for AQEM were restricted to Northern Apennine area (in Emilia Romagna) those over 800 m. Piemonte, already having a appears now to be the richest area for mayflies in compartively high number of recorded species, Italy (together with Lombardia, which contains a increased these slightly by three. Campania, the large portion of high altitude Alpine streams). best studied of the regions selected for AQEM and Independently from the AQEM activities, a new with high numbers of recorded species also Ecdyonurus species was described recently, increased slightly, by 4. Ecdyonurus belfiorei HAYBACH & THOMAS, Moving from the quantity of the information 2002 (Haybach and Thomas, 2002), and was collected to its quality, regarding Piemonte, while found to be present in AQEM samples too. The only 3 new species (at the region level) were distribution of the related Ecdyonurus aurantiacus found, one of these (Ephemera sp. cfr. zettana (BURMEISTER, 1839) in Italy has then to be KIMMINS, 1937) has an unclear taxonomic status unequivocally checked in the future (the data (and is thus potentially interesting). Many of the provided in Table 1 are thus preliminary).

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In Southern Italy, over the last few decades, and/or variability. The paucity of literature from many mayfly species have been recorded for the neighbouring areas (a result of very low levels of first time in the area or described as new to project funding on such topics in Southern science (e.g. Belfiore, 1994a; 1995; Belfiore et al., countries) then further complicates the process of 1997). This area, therefore, should be relatively securely identifying and describing new taxa. well known and it would be unsurprising if the AQEM project found no new species for Italy. Mayfly abundance and rarity results in the This, however, may not actually be the case as it is four AQEM study areas probable that new and undescribed taxa were In Figures 3-6, mayfly species collected in the collected, e.g., Baetis sp. gr. alpinus and Baetis sp. four Italian areas during the AQEM project are gr. vernus (see also Buffagni et al., 2001). The shown, according to the percentage of the total investigation of mayfly taxonomy in the South of number of samples for an area in which the Italy (and elsewhere in Southern Europe) is more was found. The same graphs also show the -2 difficult than in the Northern Italy, where the average density (ind*m ) at which the species boundaries of adjacent countries are relatively were found, when they were present in the sample. close (e.g. Belfiore and Buffagni, 1994; Buffagni, Thus, species both abundant and cosmopolitan 1994; 1997; 1998), meaning that suitable literature (e.g. Serratella ignita (PODA, 1761) in is available. In the South, species sometimes reach Campania) can be compared with those occurring their distribution limit, forced into geographical only regionally and at low densities (e.g. “one-way corridors” such as the Italian peninsula, Choroterpes borbonica BELFIORE, 1988). and show increased morphological differentiation

Northern Apennine, AQEM collections

80 180 70 160 ind/mind/m22 e 140 60 2 count% 120 50 100 40 80 30 60 average ind/m % of% occurrenc 20 40 10 20 0 0

Mayfly species

Fig. 3 - Ephemeroptera species ordered according to their percentage of occurrence in the Northern Apennine area. Average nymphal density, for the sites at which they occurred is also reported. Scattered lines between dots support an easier reading of the distribution pattern.

BIOGEOGRAPHY, BIODIVERSITY & ECOLOGY BUFFAGNI ET AL. 284

Southern Apennine, AQEM collections

80 200 70 ind/mind/m22 2 e 60 count% 150 50 40 100 30 20 50 average ind/m % of occurrenc % 10 0 0

Mayfly species

Fig. 4 - Ephemeroptera species ordered according to their percentage of occurrence in the Southern Apennine area. Average nymphal density, for the sites at which they occurred is also reported.

Comparing the situation of the species endemic to prevailing anthropogenic impact types. Infact, as Italy, a contrast was found between the Northern already mentioned, in the Northern Apennine a and Southern Appennini. In the North, in fact, single, main impact type, specifically after the most common, often dominant, species morphological degradation, was evident, while (left side of Fig. 3), there were a number of water quality was good or fairly good at all sites ancillary species. These species, including the (see Buffagni et al., 2002). In contrast, in the endemic and/or interesting ones were fairly Southern Apennine area, both morphological common and in some cases abundant (with degradation and organic pollution (occasionally occurrence frequencies of around 20-25%, e.g., E. heavy) affected rivers. The combination of the two lunaris, H. pauliana, C. belfiorei). In the South impact types may thus be partly responsible for (Fig. 4), in contrast, the most interesting or the different population characteristics of the endemic species, e.g. Electrogena calabra mayfly species in the two areas. More detailed BELFIORE, 1995, Rhithrogena siciliana studies focussing on the microhabitat preference BRAASCH, 1989, H. pauliana and C. borbonica, and pollution tolerance of these species, both in were positioned towards the right end of the x- Northern and Southern Apennine, could provide axis, showing very low frequencies (around 5% or information useful to prevent their decline in the less, apart from E. calabra), thus being quite only area where they are known to occur. “rare” species. Although the timing of the species’ In the Alpine sites investigated in the province life cycle may have affected the likelihood of of Bolzano (Alto Adige) (Fig. 5), many interesting detecting nymphs (e.g., for C. borbonica), the but rare Heptageniidae taxa were collected. Again, status of these species is perhaps precarious. This further in-depth investigation is needed in this result suggests that it would be prudent to study area. the ecology of these species of the South, to Concerning the lowland small streams possibly determine whether this situation is a investigated in the Po valley (Fig. 6), apart from cause for concern, i.e. perhaps they are uncommon the Ephemera species already cited, additional because of anthropogenic impacts. The situation uncommon species were collected (e.g. for the Northern Apennine appears to give less Nigrobaetis niger (LINNÉ, 1761) and, as for the cause for concern as their uncommon species species mentioned above, accurate habitat seem not to be endangered. The difference definition will support a better understanding of between the species distribution patterns in the their conservation status. two Apennine areas may be linked to the

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Trentino Alto Adige, AQEM collections 90 225

80 ind/mind/m22 200 70 count% 175 2 e 60 150

50 125 40 100

30 75 average ind/m % ofoccurrenc 20 50

10 25 0 0

Mayfly species

Fig. 5 - Ephemeroptera species ordered according to their percentage of occurrence in the Trentino Alto Adige area. Average nymphal density, for the sites at which they occurred is also reported.

Po valley lowland streams, AQEM collections 50 120 45 ind/m2ind/m2 100 40 count% 2

e 35 80 30 25 60 20 40 average ind/m % of% occurrenc 15 10 20 5 0 0

Mayfly species

Fig. 6 - Ephemeroptera species ordered according to their percentage of occurrence in the Piemonte area. Average nymphal density, for the sites at which they occurred is also reported.

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Conclusions description of new species belonging to a number of genera (e.g. Baetis, Procloeon, Rhithrogena, The distribution of species reported in Table 1 Siphlonurus and Caenis) is expected, together refers only to the data the authors were able to with the first collection for Italy of already known verify directly or derived by selected literature. A species, and the total number of mayfly taxa is huge quantity of “grey” literature has been awaited to increase greatly. Nevertheless, more produced all over Italy (e.g. EIA reports, degree emphasis might be placed on the dissemination of thesis, biomonitoring releases, etc.), sometimes results in areas of study not always considered as mentioning mayfly species. Nevertheless, this high priority in Southern Europe, such as the information, anyway difficult to be gathered, does taxonomy and ecology of species (currently ‘out not offer adequate warranty of identification of fashion’ in Europe?). Available information is accuracy, partly due to the limited level of predominantly restricted to specialist journals, or taxonomic expertise on mayflies (and aquatic worse, known only to single labs and/or work insects in general) spread across Italy. The general groups. In addition, identification keys, where scenario derived by Table 1 is then apparently available, are often not up-to-date. provisional and most species listed are expected to Still, in Italy and Southern Europe, mayfly enlarge their distribution in future years, following faunistic, taxonomic and ecological information is further investigation. However, particularly for the unquestionably on the increase, thanks in great best studied areas of Italy, the picture on mayflies part to the funding of E.U. projects. On the other given here might reveal especially useful for hand, it remains clear that more studies are needed large-scale studies. For instance, in Italy a to build upon the achievements of single typology for rivers is presently unavailable researchers and a move is needed towards more (Buffagni et al., 2001). Such a typology, for the objective research planning. aims of the WFD, should better include the definition of sound bio-ecoregions (e.g. Bonada et Acknowledgments al., in press; Hering et al., in press). A high We thank Renate Alber (APPA Bolzano) and Ettore proportion of the collected mayfly species has Bielli (ARPA ) who sampled and sorted been recorded in a few regions only (top of Table mayfly nymphs in the Alto Adige and Novara areas, 1), thus providing suitable information for respectively, and Fabrizio Desio (Museo Sc. Nat., regionalisation purposes and biogeographical Udine) for making available the data for Friuli Venezia studies (e.g. Belfiore, 1994b) besides being Giulia. Many thanks to Gianluca Aquilano, Benedetta essential for global biodiversity evaluation in Bardazza and Chiara Beccari for the huge work done in the lab looking at mayflies. rivers and their catchments. th The widely spread species (bottom of Table 1) AQEM was funded by the European Commission, 5 Framework Program, Energy, Environment and are largely proficient for bioassessment and their Sustainable Development, Key Action Water, Contract inclusion in monitoring tools should be principally no. EVK1-CT1999-00027. conceived. In general terms, benthic invertebrate taxonomy and distribution must be better understood to improve the effectiveness of References bioassessment as a water resource management Belfiore C., 1994a. Taxonomic Characters for Species tool. This is urgent work considering that under Identification in the Genus Electrogena Zurwerra the WFD a fully comparable application of and Tomka, with a Description of Electrogena methods and principles all over Europe should be hyblaea sp. n. from Sicily (Ephemeroptera, implemented. In addition, any investigation aimed Heptageniidae). Aquatic Insects 16: 193-199. at assessing the impact of climate change on Belfiore C., 1994b. Biogeografìa degli Efemerotteri dell'Italia centrale: analisi dei popolamenti ed aquatic communities (e.g. due to the modification emergenze faunistiche nella rilevazione delle of water temperature) would gain unvaluable discontinuità (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). information from updated reports of taxa Biogeographia 17 (1993): 165-172. occurrence and dispersal. As concerns mayflies in Belfiore C., 1995. Description of Electrogena calabra Italy and South Europe, comprehensive n. sp., a new species from southern Italy summaries are uncommon, and large research (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Annls Limnol. 31: projects like AQEM, STAR, etc., support 29-34 important improvements from the Belfiore C., Buffagni A., 1994. Revision of the Italian biogeographical, ecological and taxonomical point species of the Ecdyonurus helveticus-group: of view. For Italy, it is noteworthy that the taxonomy of the nymphs (Ephemeroptera,

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