Portchester Castle • You have 1 hour for this exam. • You will be given a choice of three questions. • You decide which two questions you will answer. Spend 5 minutes planning

Each question will have two parts, WATCH YOUR SPAG! make sure that you cover them The questions are actually worth 20 both marks each, but you get an extra 5 marks for each question for good spelling, grammar, punctuation and use of specialist terms (key words). Plan First Your Answer

a. Introduction – state the time period you will write about b. 2/3 paragraphs answering the qu- Use the words of question throughout Include: a. Physical features (what was there at the time?) b. Physical remains (what remains today?) c. What attitudes/values can you mention? d. Artefacts, what has been found linked to the period that you are talking about? e. Conclusion – answer the question. Writing well- Be clear what you are going to write about/answer the question throughout Examples: 1. A significant turning point in the history of castle was the Norman Period 2. I would instruct an artist to paint the Great Hall in Richard II’s palace. 3. This shows the attitude/value of… 4. This shows that… was important at that time 5. At this time…. was built. The room had…… 6. Today, these physical remains can still be seen. 7. Artefacts have been found that show ….. Why was Portchester created in its surroundings?

Original Roman Fort at Portchester Castle was built by Roman Marcus Aurelius Carausius in 3rd Century Why was it created? • Barbarian attacks along the coasts of Britain were a problem for the Roman Empire during the third century and to combat them numerous forts were constructed on the south and east cost of Britain. • 20 D-shaped towers (bastions). Made of tile and Flint. It was originally a square enclosure with each corner having a bastion. In the centre of the west wall, there is a main gate, and on the east side again in the centre is a smaller water gate. • The fort initially acted as a naval base from which ships could intercept attacks by pirates. This means that there would have been a military presence at the fort. Safe harbor for ships and for soldiers Excavations reveal burials of children from 300AD onwards which suggests that mixed community lived at the site. . Archaeology: Pots, coins, leather shoes, Roman armour, spear heads, burials of children . Physical remains: 16 Bastions, Land and Water Gate, Outer wall What are the benefits to studying your site over its history? 1.To understand the design/function/purpose of Roman forts. Explain Why built in its surroundings, the design and materials used 2. Can understand the different ways that people have lived and used the castle. How have different people used it? – eg Roman – mixed community of civilians and soldiers. Anglo Saxons – Burgh. King John (base for Hunting), Palace, Prison 3. Can see the development of a castle over time. Defensive changes – Normans first and then during 100 years wars with France (In 1360, the castle was, again, garrisoned with 15,000 troops. This happened again in 1369 when the French burned , making the threat of an invasion more imminent. was re-leaded, and the gatehouse was extended. Heightened the keep. a wall was built at the Watergate. Rebuilding of: the south-western hall as a two-storey building. The gates and walls were repaired, Watergate was extended and a new portcullis made for it. Housed Prisoners during However also used as a residence – Royal household for Henry II, King John and a Palace for Richard II 4. The importance of a site both nationally and locally. Give examples of both. What was built? By whom? Why? Choose one important change in the way in which your site was used. Explain how your site was changed and why this change took place.

1. State the time period that was a significant change (Normans) 2. Explain briefly how and why Portchester was built built by the Romans 3. Explain what William Maudit built and why (defensive) because the keep was higher people could look out a long way to see any enemies’ incoming and it was also easier to fire weapons at; with the enemies struggling to find places that were out of sight, the defence at Portchester during this time period was strong. Protect England from Vikings raids, watch over English and subdue them/stop rebellions. Close link to Augustinian Priory – shows how important religion was 4 Physical Features: Thickened the bailey walls making it harder for soldiers to attack. Inner Bailey, ditch, gatehouse and Keep. We also know from this that Maudit’s son took over when he died, he gave the fort more height. KEEP: At ground level, was a prison and a chapel. First floor had a suite of rooms, place to eat, lodgings of servants and the private chamber of the Lord and his family. There is still evidence today of the fireplace and latrine (in the corner) .Today the Physical remains: Inner bailey Keep (fireplace, latrine) Gatehouse, ditch latrine outlets from Priory How typical is your site in comparison to similar sites? Typical means ‘How similar’? 1. Start with Portchester – describe it at a certain time and then compare to the other sites. Portchester, Dover, Pevensey and Burgh were all built by the Romans with the same features and for the same reasons so Portchester is very typical at this time- all used flint and tile Identical use during the Anglo Saxons and Norman periods Pevensey = Henry II remodelled the castle, planning its great tower as a palace in which to entertain great visitors. It has three floors of rooms, the topmost being state apartments for the king himself so similar to Richard’s Palace, however not as grand or large. Big difference is the use as a prison – Napoleonic Wars Pevensey

. ROMAN D-shaped wall towers. Roman coins found in wall foundations. . Norman - offered a natural anchorage facing the Normandy coast . Henry II remodelled Pevensey, planning its great tower as a palace in which to entertain great visitors. It has three floors of rooms, the topmost being state apartments for the king himself. Dover . ROMAN Romans built a lighthouse – to guide ships into the harbour . Anglo Saxon fortified settlement . Normans built a Motte and Bailey castle after the Battle of Hastings inside the walls of the castle . Tudor - royal visits by Henry VIII, and Charles I’s queen, Henrietta Maria - same as Portchester Burgh . ROMAN D-shaped wall towers, made of flint and tile . Saxon cemetery to the south of the fort . Norman -used as a motte-and-bailey castle. Dover - strengthened the defences with an earthwork and timber-stockade castle The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used including Local/National importance

Normans: To subdue the English and home for William Maudit and his family

King John: Base for hunting. Second home

LOCAL Tudors: Herny VIII and Elizabeth I held court here. Built an armoury

Richard II: Wanted a local base for important noblemen to come to visit the King and a home for princess Isabella.

Normans: Protect England from Vikings. Secure conquest, easy access to Normandy Henry II – waring with France. Used Portchester as an embarkation point for soldiers going to fight in France. Kept treasure and prisoners here 100 Years War: Edward III makes significant improvements as France were a great threat. Portsmouth has been attacked. In 1360, the castle was, again, garrisoned with 15,000 troops. This happened again in 1369 when the French burned Portsmouth, making the threat of an invasion more imminent. Keep NATIONAL was re-leaded, and the gatehouse was extended. Heightened the keep. a wall was built at the Watergate. Rebuilding of: the south-western hall as a two-storey building. The gates and walls were repaired, Watergate was extended and a new portcullis made for it. Napoleonic Wars: To house prisoners from France Caribbean and Spain The ways in which the site has changed over time

1. Portchester has seen a lot of consistency throughout its history. In time of war (France) and when their was a significant fear of invasion or attack, it was built and developed for defence/ military purposes. Romans, Normans, Henry II, Edward III, Napoleonic Wars(prison) 2. However in times of peace it has changed to being a royal residence and used by monarchs for different reasons: King John – Base for Hunting Richard’s Place – To impress the King of France, end 100yrs war, home for Isabella and a place to meet important nobles. Tudors held court there as Portsmouth naval dockyard was built and Portchester had less importance What would you tell an artist to help make the painting historically accurate as a representation of this particular time in your site’s history? State the time period you would choose and what to paint: Eg I would instruct an artist to paint the Great Hall in the palace inside the inner bailey by Richard II. Explain why it was built. Banquets held when Richard was entertaining rich nobles.

Describe the Great Hall. What features should the artist What are the people wearing /doing? include? Physical features: Servants – plain clothes bringing food and serving guests Richly carved arches Large windows with heraldic Nobles at top table with the King. Served with many courses, beasts fish, geese, pigeon. Food carved for them. Individual cups for – tapestries with the King’s coats of arms showing the wine. Wear rich colours, such as red and expensive robes family emblem Fireplace, large staircase Less important guests had food already carved and drank ale Also had jester and Mistrel (playing music) for entertainment

Attitudes/Values: Elaborate palace to show wealth and status. Hierarchy of seating, most important nobles served first at top table. Instruct the artist on the mood of the painting: Bright and It reveals the importance for Kings to show wealth and colourful to show that it is a banquet authority to subjects and to win loyal followers What would you tell an artist to help make the painting historically accurate as a representation of this particular time in your site’s history?

Describe the Great Hall. What features should the artist include? Physical features: Richly carved arches Large windows with heraldic beasts – tapestries with the King’s coats of arms showing the family emblem Fireplace, large staircase Evidence today: . Porch with two lanterns . Fireplaces in Chamber and Great Hall . Large windows of the Great hall and Great chamber . Doorways eg to Chamber . Lines of the roofs/floors . Servant entrances . Richly carved arches of the Great Hall 1.The time period that I have chosen to focus 2. To show the diversity of everyday life in the on is 1396 –1399 when there was a palace painting the artist should include the different at Portchester hen Richar396 The artist should make the painting unique by people in the hall including; Richard II sat with his including the King who built the palace, Richard important noblemen at the top table. These guests II. It was built because he wanted to end to 100 would be served first and their food would be years and make peace with France. This was the carved for them. They would have individual cups home for Isabella whom he had married. It was for wine. Further down, other guests would share also a place to entertain important nobles. The cups and have to carve their own food. This reflects artist could set the portrait in the Great Hall where many feasts took place. the hierarchy in the room, which was a key value at To be historically accurate, the artist should the time. The artist could show the servants include the key features of the hall, including, bringing food such as geese, fish and pigeon. To three large windows, with heraldic beasts, a entertain the guests there would be a Jester and central fireplace, and large tapestries . On Minstrel . The clothing would reflect the diversity of display, the King’s coats of arms would be the people. The servants would be in plain hanging. showing the family emblem. . These were a sign of the King’s wealth and power. It garments to show their status. Whereas the King reveals the importance for Kings to show and nobles . They would be wearing rich colours, wealth and authority to subjects and to win such as red and expensive robes. loyal followers Physical remains today: Carved Arches, fireplaces The mood of the painting should be bright and and large windows, servant entrances and the colourful to reflect the banquet and the chatter holes where floor beams would have been and entertainment that would be happening. We can ensure the accuracy of the painting of everyday life using the physical remains and other artists impressions of the great hall. Choose a period in your sites history that shows the daily life

and activities of people at the site: Life for the prisoners

. Poor treatment of prisoners, crowded, dirty, 1. Introduction. State what time period you would choose cold. e.g Prison . Wore a yellow uniform (easy to spot if escaped) of trousers, a shirt, cardigan, jacket 2. Background: Why was Portchester used as a prison? and clogs . Officers were paid a shilling a day and could When? Prisoners from where? leave with a guard so had more privileges . A French prisoner married a local women in 3. Conditions in the keep? 1760 4. Daily activities? . Complaints about overcrowding in 1742 led to the building of an airing yard 5. How were officers treated differently? . In 1747 there were 2,500 prisoners. . Theatre/plays show a kinder attitude trying to Caribbean6. How Caribbean prisoners: Toprisoners stop them were freezing treated to death: due to the cold make it more comfortable. A 12 –piece orchestra accompanied one play. . kept in ships . Prisoners practiced crafts, such as lace .Given extra clothing making, religious objects, combs and .Special diet of potatoes and soup to help keep them warm dominoes. . Prisoners sold these on the main road through the fort Attitudes and values – Harsh/ cold damp conditions and overcrowding show little care for prisoners However, better treatment of Caribbean prisoners and the existence of a theatre for entertainment – so more compassionate/caring? Officers treated better due to being a higher rank.

Physical Remains: .Theatre paintings on walls The prisoners’ day .Graffiti from prisoners .Beams showing extra flooring for Hammocks 6am in summer/7am winter .Hammock hooks A bell rang to wake them and their numbers were . checked 9am Artefacts that have been found: Prisoners formed into groups of 12 to receive their Dominoes morning rations Lace 10am Needles Prisoners opened their stalls in the market. Buttons 12 noon Hairbrush Given beef and soup to eat Buttons Sunset A bell rang, they were counted and returned to their Religious objects – wooden box with dormitories crucifix Artefacts found in the 1960s

Physical remains today: . However, today there is physical evidence on the walls of the 1. The time period that I have chosen to focus on is the Keep of elaborate painted landscape scenes that formed a Napoleonic War – 1793-1815 when Portchester castle theatre for the prisoners and plays were put on for housed French, Spanish, Caribbean and some Polish them. The Caribbean prisoners were treated better to stop prisoners. Many complaints were made by the them freezing to death: They were kept in ships and given prisoners about the poorness of the conditions. This extra clothing. They had a special diet of potatoes and soup was important to the site’s history as its purpose to help keep them warm. The artist could include this detail changed from a defensive fortification to a prison which reflects a contrasting attitude of compassion. Officers camp. It would be important for the artist to make the were built separate accommodation in an airing yard in the painting unique to Portchester and everyday life. The outer bailey showing that officers were treated better due to artist should show the features of the keep by painting, their higher rank . Officers were paid a shilling a day and they should paint three floors with beams holding could leave with a guard so had more privileges. A French hammocks as there was not enough room to house the prisoner married a local women in 1760 thousands of prisoners.. Overcrowding was a major 2. To show the diversity of everyday life in the painting the problem with over 2,500 prisoners being housed in artist should include the different people in the keep including 1747. The artist would need to reflect this by painting soldiers, prisoners from France, Poland, Spain and the a very crowded scene. In 1743 there was a prison riot Caribbean. which shows how appalling the conditions were. The artist should show the activities carried out by the . The mood of the painting should be room as dark and prisoners including making crafts, such as lace making, religious gloomy To reflect how cold and crowded it was. There objects, combs and dominoes. Prisoners sold these on the would be no natural lighting from windows. It should Whilst there is little evidence of a prison within the main road through the fort. show the cramped, unhygienic conditions. This shows Keep, the remains of the painted walls for the theatre, The artist could show the soldiers who would be guarding the the harsh attitudes towards prisoners of war. They the prisoners graffiti and the hammock hooks, ensure prisoners. The clothing would reflect the diversity of the should show the graffiti on the walls as prisoners the accuracy of the painting. There are artefacts, such as people. The soldiers would be in uniform and have a gun, marked the number of days held here. Dominoes, Lace, Needles, Buttons, Hairbrush whereas the prisoners would be wearing. a yellow uniform Buttons, Religious objects – wooden box with crucifix (easy to spot if escaped) of trousers, a shirt, cardigan, jacket that reveal life in the prison at this time and clogs What challenges are there when trying to understand the appearance of your site when it was first created and how could someone overcome these challenges?

1. Some of the bastions have fallen down so the perimeter wall is slightly different. Overcome by looking at the existing walls/bastions and similar castles eg Burgh. Also look at artist reconstructions, maps and plans of the site from the Roman period 2. No evidence of the roman community, houses and building no longer exist. Overcome by looking at Artist reconstructions which show these Extensive archaeological investigations began in the 1960s in a series of excavations led by Barry Cunliffe. These provided much information about the Roman and Saxon periods in particular and unearthed more than 70,000 items (name them). Evidence of children burials 3. Significant developments especially by the Normans to inner bailey so looks very different. Explain what the Normans built and the additions by Edward III and a palace Overcome by looking at reconstructions of the original construction. Also use secondary sources, books on the Roman period. Overall, whilst the original walls and gatehouses are largely intact it is the additions over time at Portchester that make it difficult to understand its original design. However, by looking at similar sites, archaeological excavations and reconstructions it is possible to overcome these challenges.