DOCSLIB.ORG

The Impact of Islam As a Religion and Muslim Women on Gender Equality: a Phenomenological Research Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Impact of Islam As a Religion and Muslim Women on Gender Equality: a Phenomenological Research Study Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2014 The mpI act of Islam as a Religion and Muslim Women on Gender Equality: A Phenomenological Research Study Sonia D. Galloway Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, Religion Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Sonia D. Galloway. 2014. The Impact of Islam as a Religion and Muslim Women on Gender Equality: A Phenomenological Research Study. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences. (14) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/14. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Impact of Islam as a Religion and Muslim Women on Gender Equality: A Phenomenological Research Study by Sonia D. Galloway A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nova Southeastern University 2014 Copyright © by Sonia D. Galloway November 2014 Nova Southeastern University Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences This dissertation was submitted by Sonia D. Galloway under the direction of the chair of the dissertation committee li sted below. It was submitted to the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Conflict Analysis and Resolution at Nova Southeastern University . Approved: Date of Defense Neil Katz, PhD., Chair Date of Final Approval Neil Katz , PhD ., Chair Dedication I dedicate my dissertation work to my family and friends. A special gratitude to my son, Daryus K. Drayton, whose love and wittiness has inspired me to reach for the stars. I also dedicate my dissertation to my mother, Ms. P. Harris Galloway, for her continued love and support in all my endeavors. My siblings, Jocelyn, Jennifer, and Roderick, who have never left my side and hold special places within my heart. Acknowledgments I wish to thank my committee members who were more than generous with their expertise and precious time. A special thanks to Dr. Neil Katz, my committee chair, for his countless hours of reflecting, reading, encouraging, and most of all patience throughout the entire process. Thank you Dr. Dustin Berna and Dr. Jason Campbell for agreeing to serve on my committee. I would like to acknowledge and thank Mrs. Becky Bell and Ms. Brenda Williams for their words of encouragement as I meandered through this endeavor. Your gift of friendship has made this process much easier. I love you ladies. Finally I would like to thank Ms. Angela Brown for her friendship and assistance throughout this process. I truly appreciate the long hours of reading and editing my dissertation. I am thankful to know such a warm and caring person. Table of Contents List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Statement of Problem ..................................................................................................... 3 Background of the Study ................................................................................................ 4 Research Questions ........................................................................................................ 9 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................... 10 Research Design ........................................................................................................... 11 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................ 14 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................. 18 Definition of Terms ...................................................................................................... 20 Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations .............................................................. 21 Assumptions ............................................................................................................ 21 Limitations .............................................................................................................. 21 Delimitations ........................................................................................................... 22 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 22 Organization of the Study ............................................................................................ 23 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 24 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 24 Religion ........................................................................................................................ 24 Islam ............................................................................................................................. 26 Islam and Women ........................................................................................................ 31 Present Condition of Women in Islamic majority Societies ........................................ 39 Political Participation ................................................................................................... 40 Education ..................................................................................................................... 42 Employment ................................................................................................................. 44 Eypyt ....................................................................................................................... 46 Iran .......................................................................................................................... 46 i Iraq .......................................................................................................................... 46 Jordan ...................................................................................................................... 47 Lebanon ................................................................................................................... 47 Morocco .................................................................................................................. 47 Saudi Arabia ............................................................................................................ 47 Syria ........................................................................................................................ 48 The West Bank and Gaza ........................................................................................ 48 Yemen ..................................................................................................................... 49 Afghanistan ............................................................................................................. 49 Pakistan ................................................................................................................... 49 Islamic Feminism ......................................................................................................... 50 Cause ....................................................................................................................... 50 Definition ................................................................................................................ 51 Challenges to Islamic Feminism .................................................................................. 58 Religion ........................................................................................................................ 60 Feminism .....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Digital Feminism in the Arab Gulf
    MIT Center for Intnl Studies | Starr Forum: Digital Feminism in the Arab Gulf MICHELLE I'm Michelle English, and on behalf of the MIT Center for International Studies, welcome you to ENGLISH: today's Starr Forum. Before we get started, I'd like to mention that this is our last planned event for the fall. However, we do have many, many events planned for the spring. So if you haven't already, please take time to sign up to get our event notices. Today's talk on digital feminism in the Arab Gulf states is co-sponsored by the MIT Women's and Gender Studies program, the MIT History department, and the MIT Press bookstore. In typical fashion, our talk will conclude with Q&A with the audience. And for those asking questions, please line up behind the microphones. We ask that you to be considerate of time and others who want to ask questions. And please also identify yourself and your affiliation before asking your question. Our featured speaker is Mona Eltahawy, an award winning columnist and international public speaker on Arab and Muslim issues and global feminism. She is based in Cairo and New York City. Her commentaries have appeared in multiple publications and she is a regular guest analyst on television and radio shows. During the Egypt Revolution in 2011, she appeared on most major media outlets, leading the feminist website Jezebel to describe her as the woman explaining Egypt to the West. In November 2011, Egyptian riot police beat her, breaking her left arm and right hand, and sexually assaulted her, and she was detained for 12 hours by the Interior Ministry and Military Intelligence.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Land in the Muslim World
    Displaced women: focusing on their access to land Women and Land in the Muslim World Pathways to increase access to land for the realization of development, peace and human rights A Women and Land in the Muslim World Pathways to increase access to land for the realization of development, peace and human rights Table of Contents WOMEN AND LAND IN THE MUSLIM WORLD: Pathways to increase access to land for the realization of development, peace and human rights Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 2018 An electronic version of this publication is available for download from the UN-Habitat website at TABLE OF CONTENTS www.unhabitat.org HS Number: HS/043/18E Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. viii The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of Foreword ..................................................................................................................... ix the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, or its Member States. Executive summary ..................................................................................................... xi References to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by Introduction and key messages ............................................................................xi the United Nations, and a failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.
    [Show full text]
  • The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’S Revolutionary Guard
    The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’s Revolutionary Guard SAEID GOLKAR AUGUST 2021 KASRA AARABI Contents Executive Summary 4 The Raisi Administration, the IRGC and the Creation of a New Islamic Government 6 The IRGC as the Foundation of Raisi’s Islamic Government The Clergy and the Guard: An Inseparable Bond 16 No Coup in Sight Upholding Clerical Superiority and Preserving Religious Legitimacy The Importance of Understanding the Guard 21 Shortcomings of Existing Approaches to the IRGC A New Model for Understanding the IRGC’s Intra-elite Factionalism 25 The Economic Vertex The Political Vertex The Security-Intelligence Vertex Charting IRGC Commanders’ Positions on the New Model Shades of Islamism: The Ideological Spectrum in the IRGC Conclusion 32 About the Authors 33 Saeid Golkar Kasra Aarabi Endnotes 34 4 The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi Executive Summary “The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps [IRGC] has excelled in every field it has entered both internationally and domestically, including security, defence, service provision and construction,” declared Ayatollah Ebrahim Raisi, then chief justice of Iran, in a speech to IRGC commanders on 17 March 2021.1 Four months on, Raisi, who assumes Iran’s presidency on 5 August after the country’s June 2021 election, has set his eyes on further empowering the IRGC with key ministerial and bureaucratic positions likely to be awarded to guardsmen under his new government. There is a clear reason for this ambition. Expanding the power of the IRGC serves the interests of both Raisi and his 82-year-old mentor, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom Or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq Hannibal Travis
    Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights Volume 3 | Issue 1 Article 4 Spring 2005 Freedom or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq Hannibal Travis Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr Recommended Citation Hannibal Travis, Freedom or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq, 3 Nw. J. Int'l Hum. Rts. 1 (2005). http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol3/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights by an authorized administrator of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Copyright 2005 Northwestern University School of Law Volume 3 (Spring 2005) Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights FREEDOM OR THEOCRACY?: CONSTITUTIONALISM IN AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ By Hannibal Travis* “Afghans are victims of the games superpowers once played: their war was once our war, and collectively we bear responsibility.”1 “In the approved version of the [Afghan] constitution, Article 3 was amended to read, ‘In Afghanistan, no law can be contrary to the beliefs and provisions of the sacred religion of Islam.’ … This very significant clause basically gives the official and nonofficial religious leaders in Afghanistan sway over every action that they might deem contrary to their beliefs, which by extension and within the Afghan cultural context, could be regarded as
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Law and Feminism: the Story of a Relationship† Ziba Mir-Hosseini*
    32 Islamic Law and Feminism: The Story of a Relationship† Ziba Mir-Hosseini* I am honoured to have been asked to deliver the 2003 Professor Noel Coulson Memorial lecture.1 I was not Professor Coulson’s student, but like so many students of Islamic law, I am very much indebted to his scholarship and insights. In particular, I have found his book, Conflicts and Tensions in Islamic Jurisprudence, an inspiration. Published in 1969, the book contains the texts of six lectures delivered at the newly founded Center for Middle Eastern Studies in the University of Chicago. In these lectures he examined the principal currents of Islamic legal theory through a series of conflicting concepts: six polarities, or areas of tension in Islamic law, namely those between: revelation and reason; unity and diversity; authority and liberty; idealism and realism; law and morality; and finally, stability and change. In this lecture, I shall explore another set of tensions and conflicts in Islamic jurisprudence that was not explored by Professor Coulson – that is, the one stemming from the conflict between, on the one hand, the patriarchal ethos embedded in “orthodox” interpretations of Islamic law, and on the other, Muslim women’s demand for gender justice and equality. This is an area of tension that has come much more into focus since Professor Coulson’s day, in particular since the late 1970s, when Islamist groups came to power in some Muslim countries and started to enforce Islamic law as the law of the land. These developments gave a new lease of life to the tired old debate over the “status” or “position” of women in Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Oppressed in the Name of Culture and Religion Saudi Arabia and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
    MALMÖ UNIVERSITY HR 61‐90 GLOBAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES AUTUMN 2010 HUMAN RIGHTS SUPERVISOR: ANNA BRUCE Women oppressed in the name of culture and religion Saudi Arabia and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Elin Andersson & Linn Togelius Abstract In Saudi Arabia women are legal minors who need permission from a male guardian in, among others, matters concerning education, employment and health care. Despite the obvious subordination of women in the country, Saudi Arabia has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, with a reservation saying that in cases of contradiction between the Convention and Islamic law they do not obligate themselves to follow the rules of the Convention. Respecting the culture, tradition and religion of non-western societies is important in the work with implementing international human rights. However, in the case of Saudi Arabia, it seems like the cultural and religious claims merely function as justification of an institutional oppression of women. This institutional practice of oppression is unique and taken to the extreme, but oppression of women in itself is a global phenomenon, which is not connected to a specific culture. Key words: Saudi Arabia, CEDAW, women’s rights, Feminism, Cultural Relativism, Islamic law 1 Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Aim and research questions .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Widespread Awareness of Religious Rights Through Print and Online Media in Near Eastern, South Asian and East Asian C
    Promoting Widespread Awareness of Religious Rights through Print and Online Media in Near Eastern, South Asian and East Asian Countries – Appendix A: Articles and Reprint Information Below is a comprehensive list of articles produced under this grant, their authors and dates of their distribution, as well as links to the full articles online and the news outlets that distributed them. 1. “The power of face-to-face encounters between Israelis and Palestinians” (July 5, 2011) by Yonatan Gur. Reprints: 18 In English In French Today's Zaman (Turkey) Pretty Zoelly‟s Blog (blog) (France) Inter Religious Encounter Information Consultancy Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (US) In Indonesian The Global Human, (blog) (US) Mulyanis (blog) (Indonesia) Facebook (Adam Waddell) (Israel) Peace Please (US) In Urdu The) Jewish Reporter (US) Al Qamar (Islamabad) (Pakistan) The Daily News Egypt (Egypt) Masress.com (Egypt) Bali Times (Indonesia) The Positive Universe (US) Fuse.tv (US) Facebook (T-Cells (Transformative Cells)) (US) Facebook (United Religions Initiative) (US) Occupation Magazine 2. “In Lebanon, dialogue as a solution” (June 28, 2011) by Hani Fahs. Reprints: 17 In English In Arabic Canadian Lebanese Human Rights Federation Al Wasat News (Bahrain) Religie(Canada) 24 (Netherlands) Hitteen News (Jordan) Taif News (Saudi Arabia) Gulf Daily News (Bahrain) Middle East Online (UK) Schema-root.org (US) In French Kentucky Country Day School (KCD) (US) Al Balad (Lebanon) Peace Please (US) Facebook (Journal of Inter-Religious Dialogue) In Indonesian Khaleej Times (UAE) Mulyanis (blog) (Indonesia) Al Arabiya (UAE) Rima News.com (Indonesia) Facebook (Journal of Inter-Religious Dialogue) In Urdu Angola | Burundi | Côte d'Ivoire | Democratic Republic of Congo | Guinea | Indonesia | Jerusalem | Kenya Kosovo | Lebanon | Liberia | Macedonia | Morocco | Nepal | Nigeria | Pakistan | Rwanda | Sierra Leone Sudan | Timor-Leste | Ukraine | USA | Yemen | Zimbabwe Al Qamar (Islamabad) (Pakistan) 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Feminism, a Public Lecture By
    SUDANWORKINGPAPER Islamic Feminism, a public lecture by Liv Tønnessen, Regional Institute of Gender, Rights, Peace & Diversity, Ahfad University for Women, Sudan SWP 2014: 1 Islamic Feminism Public lecture by Liv Tønnessen, Ahfad University for Women, Sudan SVP 2014 : 1 CMI SWP ISLAMIC FEMINISM 2014: 1 In the words of Pakistani-American Asma Barlas, “I came to the realization that women and men are equal as a result not of reading feminist texts, but of reading the Quran.”1 This position has come to be known as Islamic feminism. The term has been heatedly debated and both feminists and Muslims have rejected it as two fundamentally incompatible ideas. Secular feminists reject it because they argue religion generally and Islam in particular is oppressive to women2 and many Muslim women reject it because they feel ‘feminism’ is a secular invention imposed on them from outside, from the West. Islamic feminism is indeed highly contested, but it has also been widely embraced by both activists and scholars. As Margot Badran’s article from 2002 asks, What's in a name? What's behind a name? What is Islamic feminism?3 I will in a humble way attempt to address these questions in this talk. Let me first start by saying that this is a research paper on Islamic feminism. I am not a Muslim, but I find myself fascinated and genuinely interested in the question of women and Islam. I do not under any circumstances start my engagement with the topic from a position which neither reduces Islam to be monolithic and anti-women nor a position which states that secularism is the only route to women’s empowerment.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download the Battle for God : Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam Kindle
    THE BATTLE FOR GOD : FUNDAMENTALISM IN JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Karen Armstrong | 464 pages | 02 Apr 2001 | HarperCollins Publishers | 9780006383482 | English | London, United Kingdom The Battle for God : Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam PDF Book The Battle for God Karen Armstrong Ballantine Books , - Seiten 14 Rezensionen In the late twentieth century, fundamentalism has emerged as one of the most powerful forces at work in the world, contesting the dominance of modern secular values and threatening peace and harmony around the globe. The Battle For God. The username or password you entered is incorrect. By Peter Pomerantsev. In The Battle for God , Karen Armstrong brilliantly and sympathetically shows us how and why fundamentalist groups came into existence and what they yearn to accomplish. This is a book that will prove indispensable. CrossCurrents Forum. Dan heb jij recht op studentenkorting! The First Muslim. Britain's greatest religious historian chronicles the rise and rise of fundamentalism. Also by Karen Armstrong. Armstrong sensitively recognizes one of fundamentalism's great ironies: though they ostensibly seek to restore a displaced, mythical spiritual foundation, fundamentalists often re-establish that foundation using profoundly secular, pseudo-scientific means "creation science" is a prime example. In the late twentieth century, fundamentalism has emerged as one of the most powerful forces at work in the world, contesting the dominance of modern secular values and threatening peace and harmony around the globe. Jesus the King. Fundamentalists view the contemporary world with horror, rejecting its claims to truth, and a state of war now exists over the future of our culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Ahkam Al-Khams Sebagai Klasifikasi Dan Kerangka Nalar Normatif Hukum Islam: Teori Dan Perbandingan
    Pakuan Law Review Volume 3, Nomor 1, Januari-Juni 2017 e-ISSN…/ISSN… AL-AHKAM AL-KHAMS SEBAGAI KLASIFIKASI DAN KERANGKA NALAR NORMATIF HUKUM ISLAM: TEORI DAN PERBANDINGAN Amsori Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum IBLAM Jakarta e-mail : [email protected] Naskah diterima : 11/03/2017, revisi : 05/04/2017, disetujui 12/5/2017 Abstrak Ahkam berasal dari bahasa Arab yang merupakan jamak dari kata hukm dan khamsah artinya lima. Oleh karena itu, gabungan kedua kata dimaksud al-ahkam al-khamsah atau biasa juga disebut hukum taklifi. Hukum taklifi adalah ketentuan hukum yang menuntut para mukallaf (aqil-baligh) atau orang yang dipandang oleh hukum cakap melakukan perbuatan hukum baik dalam bentuk hak, kewajiban, maupun dalam bentuk larangan. Apabila orang ingin mempelajari Islam dari sudut disiplin ilmu hukum, ia tidak mungkin menggunakan “western approach” yang sudah terbiasa semata-mata mengkaji kondisi dan pengaruh tipe tertentu dari sikap prilaku sosial yang penuh dengan prasangka. Kata Kunci: Al-ahkam al khamsah, Hukum Islam, syariah, Perbandingan A. Pendahuluan Hukum Islam merupakan rangkaian dari kata “Hukum dan Islam”. Kedua kata ini berasal dari bahasa Arab, namun apabila dirangkai menjadi “hukum Islam”, kata tersebut tidak dikenal dalam terminologi Arab baik didalam Alquran dan Hadis. Kata-kata hukum Islam merupakan terjemahan dari “Islamic Law”.1 Penyebutan hukum Islam itu sendiri bertujuan untuk memisahkan antara hukum yang bersumber dari ajaran agama Islam, hukum yang berasal dari adat istiadat dan hukum 1 Muhammad Syukri Albani Nasution.
    [Show full text]
  • Īmān, Islām, Taqwā, Kufr, Shirk, and Nifāq: Definitions, Examples and Impacts on Human Life
    IIUC Studies 14(2) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v14i2.39882 Īmān, Islām, taqwā, kufr, shirk, and nifāq: Definitions, examples and impacts on human life Md. Mahmudul Hassan Centre for University Requirement Courses (CENURC) International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC), Bangladesh Abstract The Holy Qur‟an encompasses the comprehensive code for mankind to live a rewarding life in this world, to rescue from the Jahannam and to enter the Jannah in the Hereafter. Īmān, Islām, taqwā, kufr, shirk, and nifāq are, the six significant terms, used in the Noble Qur‟an frequently. All of them represent the characteristics of human beings. The possessors of these characters will go to their eternal destination; the Jannah or Jahannam. The Jannah is the aftermath of īmān, Islam and taqwā. On the other hand, kufr, shirk, and nifāq lead to the Jahannam. This study intends to present the definitions and examples of these six terms according to the Qur‟anic statement, and then shed light on the impact of each character on human life quoting the evidence from the Holy Qur‟an and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The possessors of these six remarkable terms are entitled successively as mu'min, muslim, muttaqī to be rewarded Jannah and kafīr, mushrik, and munāfiq to be punished in Jahannam. Keywords The Comprehensive code, Eternal destination, Qur‟anic terms Paper type Literature review 1. Introduction Īmān, Islām, and taqwā are three positive divine instructions whereas, kufr, shirk, and nifāq are three negative characteristics which are strongly prohibited by divine decrees. The Jannah and the Jahannam are two eternal destinations of humanities in the Hereafter.
    [Show full text]
  • Rising up for Freedom
    IRAN RISING UP FOR FREEDOM 1,000 International Dignitaries, Iranians, in 30,000 locations from 102 countries join Free Iran Global Summit at Ashraf 3, Albania, online. Maryam Rajavi #FreeIran2020 Special Report Sponsored The by Alliance Public for Awareness Iranian dissidents rally for regime change in Tehran BY BEN WOLFGANG oppressive government that has ruled Iran from both political parties participating has proven it can’t deliver for its people. tHe WasHInGtOn tImes since the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Leaders represented a who’s who list of American “The Iranian people want change, to of the NCRI, which is comprised of multiple “formers,” including former Sen. Joseph I. have democracy, finally to have human Iran’s theocracy is at the weakest point other organizations, say the council has seen Lieberman of Connecticut, former Penn- rights, to finally have economic wealth, of its four-decade history and facing un- its stature grow to the point that Iranian sylvania Gov. Tom Ridge, former Attorney no more hunger. The will of the people precedented challenges from a courageous officials can no longer deny its influence. General Michael Mukasey, retired Marine is much stronger than any oppressive citizenry hungry for freedom, Iranian dis- The NCRI has many American support- Commandant James T. Conway and others. measure of an Iranian regime,” said Martin sidents and prominent U.S. and European ers, including some with close relationships Several current U.S. officials also delivered Patzelt, a member of German Parliament. politicians said Friday at a major interna- to Mr. Trump, such as former New York remarks, including Sen.
    [Show full text]