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National Women's History Month National Women’s History Month History of Women’s History Month March 31, 2016 In 1980, the National Women’s Learning the true stories of women’s have all contributed significantly to History Project (NWHP) was founded history has a positive effect on building our society and culture. in Santa Rosa, California, by Molly everyone. For women and girls, Murphy MacGregor, Mary these empowering stories from History looks different when the Ruthsdotter, Maria Cuevas, Paula America’s shared past generate contributions of women are included Hammett and Bette Morgan to feelings of personal strength and as routinely as those of men. When broadcast women’s historical new possibilities. Correspondingly, we see history in this new way, it is achievements. The NWHP started by men and boys gain increased respect as if we are looking through a wide- leading a coalition that successfully for women by knowing more about angle lens. More of the picture lobbied Congress to designate their individual accomplishments, comes into view. By adjusting our March as National Women’s History and about the female experience focus, details that were missing Month, now celebrated across the across time. Celebrating the lives of become clear. An expanded view of United States. Since 1987, the women and their caring, courageous history lets us see ourselves and our National Women’s History Month contributions is valuable for us all. connection to the past differently. resolution has been approved with When we see history in a new way, broad-based bipartisan support in Women’s history is filled with we can see new possibilities for the both the House and Senate. The idea women whose lives and work have future, as well. of celebrating the unique, transformed American communities multicultural history of women in the and the ideas of their day. Women’s U.S. has captured the imaginations history is also about countless of government agencies, businesses, women who have lived out their lives schools, community groups, quietly at the center of their families. women’s organizations, and Together, these women represent thousands of individuals throughout many and varied cultures, faiths, the nation. aspirations and beliefs. And, they Women in the United States Quick Facts Sources: U.S. Census Bureau and As of 2014 U.S. Department of Labor, 2014; by American Bar Association, 2015; _ Women made up 50.8% of the Statistical Abstract of the United population in the United States, States, 2010. about the same as 1960. _ 58.2% of women were in the labor force, up from 37.7% in 1960 _ 59.6% of the labor force was female, up from 46.5% in 2008. _ 34% of lawyers were women. As of the most recent census bureau data in 2014: _ 32.3% of physicians were women. _ 91.1% of registered nurses were women. _ 97% of pre-school and kindergarten teachers were women. _ 25.5% of chief executives were women. SOURCES According to the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Labor, 2014; American As of 2014, women Bar Association, 2015; Statistical Abstract of comprised about 15 percent the United States, 2010. of the United States military, with 214,098 total active duty women. There FAST FACTS were 1,853,690 women veterans as of 2014. $ .79 In 2014, women full-time workers First in Law made only 79 cents for every dollar earned by men. This means the gender gap currently stands at 21 Annette Abbott Adams - First Ada Kepley - First woman to percent. woman to hold office as U.S. receive a law degree from an assistant attorney general (1920); accredited institution (1870), first to be U.S. district attorney Union College of Law (now the (1918); first to be assistant U.S. law school of Northwestern $39,621 attorney (1914). University). Women’s median earnings compared to $50,383 for men. Neither women’s Florence Ellinwood Allen - First Belva Lockwood - First woman nor men’s earnings significantly woman on the U.S. Court of lawyer admitted to practice improved compared to 2013. If this Appeals (1934); first on the Ohio before the U.S. Supreme Court pace of change in the annual earnings Supreme Court (1922); first on (1879), the first woman to argue a ratio continues at the same rate as it any general court (1920). case before the Supreme Court has since 1960, it will take another 45 (1880). years, until 2059, for men and Violette N. Anderson - First women to reach parity. African American woman Arabelle Mansfield - First woman admitted to the Supreme Court to be admitted Bar (1926). to the bar (1869 in Iowa). Lyda B. Conley - First Native American woman to argue before Burnita S. the U.S. Supreme Court (1910) Matthews - First woman Mary H. Donlan - First woman to to serve as a be editor-in-chief of a law review federal district (1919); first to be appointed to judge (1949). the federal bench from New York state (1955). Esther Morris - First woman justice of the peace (1870). Sarah Tilghman Hughes - First woman federal judge to swear in Sandra Day O’Connor - First a U.S. president (1963). woman Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1981). Roberta Ramo– First woman elected President of American Bar Association (1995). Charlotte E. Ray - First woman to graduate from Howard Law School (she disguised her sex by applying as C.E. Ray); first black woman in the United States to earn a law degree (1872). Kathryn Sellers - First woman to be head judge of a juvenile court (1918). Susie M. Sharp - First woman elected Chief Justice of a state supreme court in a popular election (1975). Sonia Sotomayor - First Hispanic woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court (2009). Susan Brandeis Gilbert - First daughter of a Supreme Court justice to argue a case before the Supreme Court. Her father, Louis D. Brandeis, who served from 1916 to 1939, absented himself in this case (1925). Lucile Lomen - First woman clerk of the Supreme Court (1944). First Achievements for Women 1848 Astronomer Maria Mitchell 1875 In Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. becomes the first woman elected 162 (1874), the Supreme Court to the American Academy of Arts denies women voting rights, in and Sciences; almost a century contradiction to the 14th passes before a second woman is Amendment. elected. 1877 Helen Magill is the first 1850 Quaker physicians establish woman to receive a Ph.D. at a U.S. the Female (later Woman’s) school, a doctorate in Greek from 1950 The U.S. Census Bureau Medical College of Pennsylvania in Boston University. recognizes a married woman’s right to Philadelphia to give women a use her birth name. chance to learn medicine. Due to 1878 The Susan B. Anthony threats against them, the first Amendment, to grant women the women graduated under police vote, is first introduced in the U.S. guard. Congress. 1855 Lucy Stone becomes the first 1884 Belva Lockwood, presidential woman on record to keep her own candidate of the National Equal name after marriage, setting a Rights Party, is the first woman to trend among women who are receive votes in a presidential consequently known as “Lucy election (approx. 4,000 in six Stoners.” states). 1900 Two-thirds of divorce cases 1866 The American Equal Rights 1955 Rosa Parks is arrested for Association is founded, the first are initiated by women. A century earlier, most women lacked the crossing the color line on a bus, organization in the U.S. to igniting the Civil Rights Movement. advocate national woman suffrage. right to sue. 1868 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and 1900 For the first time, women are Susan B. Anthony begin publishing allowed to compete in the The Revolution, an important Olympics. Margaret Aggot wins a women’s movement periodical. gold medal in golf for the U.S. 1870 The first issue of the 1910 In Washington State, women Woman’s Journal appears, win the right to vote. sponsored by the American 1912 Juliette Gordon Low founds Woman Suffrage Association and American Girl Guides, now Girl edited by Mary Livermore. It is Scouts of the U.S.A., encouraging published until 1917. outdoor activity, self-reliance, 1961 President Kennedy creates the President’s Commission on the Status 1872 Susan B. Anthony and resourcefulness, and preparation of Women, chaired by Eleanor fourteen women register and vote for varied roles as adults. Roosevelt. Fifty parallel state in the presidential election to test 1914 Mother’s Day becomes a commissions are eventually whether the recently adopted national holiday. established. Fourteenth Amendment can be interpreted as protecting women's 1920 On August 26, the 19th rights. Anthony is arrested, tried, Amendment to the Constitution is found guilty, and fined $100, which ratified, guaranteeing American she refuses to pay. women citizens the right to vote. 1930 Women are about 44 percent 1964 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1972 Congress passes the Equal of college students. At Black is enacted, barring employment Employment Opportunity Act, colleges, women are about 40 discrimination by private giving the EEOC power to take percent of the graduates, double employers, employment agencies, legal action to enforce its rulings. the number of 1920. and unions based on race, sex, and other grounds. To investigate 1972 Barbara Jordan (D-TX) complaints and enforce penalties, becomes the first Black woman the Equal Employment elected to Congress from a Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is Southern state. established, which receives 50,000 complaints of gender 1973 The U.S. military is integrated discrimination in its first five years. when the women-only branches are eliminated.
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