Research & Reviews: Neuroscience

Nutrigenomic Diets and Determines the Intelligence Quotient and Thinking in Developing Countries Ian James Martins* Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Australia

Editorial

Received date: 28/03/2017 ABSTRACT Accepted date: 02/05/2017 Scientists have assessed various with relevance to human Published date: 09/05/2017 intelligence in the developing and developed world. Low intelligence quotients (IQs) have been linked to environmental factors and genes *For Correspondence in the developing world. Developing world individuals lack the anti- aging Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) that determine brain circuitry circuits with Ian James Martins, Centre of Excellence in relevance to information processing, thinking and synaptic transmission. Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School Diets that contain caffeine, patulin, bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 and xenobiotics interfere with IQs in diabetic individuals. Inactivation of Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia genes such as Sirt 1 and the cholesterol interacting protein synatosomal 6027, Australia. Tel: +61863042574. associated protein 25 (SNAP 25) interfere with intelligence and insulin secretion with importance to adaptation and the survival of the species. E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Diet, Intelligence, Genes, Diabetes, Sirtuin 1, SNAP 25, Species, Intelligent quotient

INTRODUCTION Interests in intelligence and genes [1-4] has become of importance to international health organizations in the developing and developed world. The understanding between gene and intelligence quotients (IQ) has accelerated with relevance to learning and memory disorders in diabetes that has now reached an epidemic in the developing world [5]. Environmental factors in the developing world may be responsible for low IQs but genetic factors are fixed and cannot be altered in individuals from the developing world [1,2]. In diabetes the gene for SNAP 25 is now believed to be involved in learning and memory and strongly associated with human intelligence [3,4]. SNAP 25 is a synaptic protein that is associated with diabetes [6] and defective SNAP 25 membrane interactions associated with ingestion of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and patulin [5,6].

Survival of the species now may involve nutritional interventions that regulate genes that improve intelligence associated with synaptic connections and insulin resistance. The gene Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) that is regulated by nutrition may be connected to intelligence with Sirt 1’s critical role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory [6]. Sirt 1 is important to the regulation of circadian rhythms [7,8] with effects on sleep that determine IQ and thinking with effects on neuroplasticity [9-11]. Nitric oxide (NO) is important to memory and learning [12,13] with Sirt 1 regulation of circadian rhythm connected to NO homeostasis, short-term memory and mitochondrial apoptosis [8]. Sirt 1 posttranslational alterations of SNAP 25 involves Sirt 1 mediated NO regulation of SNAP 25 [3,4,6,14]. Dietary effects on SNAP 25 and Sirt 1 in neurons may be irreversible [6] with relevance to brain cholesterol toxicity that determines the survival of various species. IQ may be determined by cholesterol interacting proteins [3,4,6] that determine the brain circuits with relevance to information processing and synaptic transmission. Diabetes and the developing world indicate rapid early neurodegeneration induced by xenobiotics in the food, air and water with effects on mitochondrial apoptosis in neurons [15] that may be an important factor to learning and memory. Low calorie diets that maintain nutrigenomic Sirt 1 regulation of circadian clocks are relevant to synaptic plasticity with hepatic xenobiotic important to thinking and IQ in individuals in the developing world [5]. Caffeine has been used as a cognitive enhancer [16,17] but in diabetes and NAFLD [8] its delayed clearance may be relevant to neuron apoptosis and interruption of human circadian time keeping [7,8] with sleep disruption effects relevant to IQ scores [10,11]. In the developing world, caffeine, LPS and patulin in the diet should be carefully assessed to prevent Sirt 1

RRNS| Volume 1 | Issue 2 | May, 2017 38 Research & Reviews: Neuroscience gene repression [18] and to improve IQ and thinking in various species. Environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle factors that increase caffeine, LPS, xenobiotics and patulin in the brain may interfere with learning and memory that are strongly associated with human intelligence. Diabetes has indicated that rapid early neurodegeneration is associated with low IQs and that nutritional interventions early in life may allow genetic adaptation with improvement in intelligence relevant to man and the survival of various other species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by grants from Edith Cowan University, the McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation and the National Health and Medical Research Council. REFERENCES 1. Piffer D. Estimating the genotypic intelligence of populations and assessing the impact of socioeconomic factors and migrations. The Winnower. 2015. 2. Anatoly Karlin. Genetics, IQ, and Convergence. 2015. 3. Gosso MF, et al. The SNAP-25 gene is associated with cognitive ability: evidence from a family-based study in two independent Dutch cohorts. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:878-86. 4. Beunders G, et al. Association between the SNAP25 gene and the extremes in intellectual performance; mental retardation and high IQ. 2009. 5. Martins IJ. Nutrition increases Survival and Reverses NAFLD and Alzheimer's disease. 2015. 6. Martins IJ. Dietary interventions reverse insulin and synaptic plasticity defects linking to diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Updates Nutr Disorders Ther. 2017;1: 1-5. 7. Gillette MU and Tischkau SA. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the brain's circadian clock. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1999;54:33-58. 8. Martins IJ. Nutrition therapy regulates caffeine metabolism with relevance to NAFLD and induction of type 3 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2017;4: 1-9. 9. Geiger A, et al. Association between sleep duration and intelligence scores in healthy children. Dev Psychol. 2010;46:949-54. 10. Ujma PP, et al. Nap sleep spindle correlates of intelligence. Sci Rep. 2015;5:17159. 11. Roberts RD and Kyllonen PC. Morningness-eveningness and intelligence: early to bed, early to rise will likely make you anything but wise! Pers Individ Dif. 1999;27:1123-33. 12. Sachdeva R, et al. Correlation between cognitive functions and nitric oxide levels in patients with dementia. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2011;42:190-4. 13. Paul V and Ekambaram P. Involvement of nitric oxide in learning & memory processes. Indian J Med Res. 2011;133:471–478. 14. Bradley SA and Steinert JR. Nitric oxide-mediated posttranslational modifications: impacts at the . Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016. 15. Martins IJ. Early diagnosis of neuron mitochondrial dysfunction may reverse global metabolic and neurodegenerative disease. GJMR. 2016;2:1-8. 16. http://caffeineimpact.blogspot.in/2013/03/does-caffeine-affect-your-intelligence.html 17. Nehlig A. Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20:85-94. 18. Martins IJ. The future of genomic medicine involves the maintenance of Sirtuin 1 in global populations. Int J Mol Biol. 2017;2:1-4.

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