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Post-Glacial Activity and Earthquakes of the Great Glen Fault (Scotland) Attività Postglaciale E Terremoti Della Great Glen Fault (Scozia)

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Post-Glacial Activity and Earthquakes of the Great Glen Fault (Scotland) Attività Postglaciale E Terremoti Della Great Glen Fault (Scozia) Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d’It. XCVI (2014), pp. 431-446, figg. 10 Post-glacial activity and earthquakes of the Great Glen Fault (Scotland) Attività postglaciale e terremoti della Great Glen Fault (Scozia) PICCARDI L. (*) ABSTRACT - The article describes geologic evidence, derived RIASSUNTO - L’articolo, descrive evidenze geologiche di movi- from field survey, remote sensing analysis and study of dig- mento post-glaciale lungo la Great Glen Fault (GGF), la struttura ital terrain models, for post-glacial movement on the Great tettonica più marcata della Scozia, ricavate da rilievi sul terreno, Glen Fault (GGF), the most pronounced tectonic structure analisi di telerilevamento e studi di modelli digitali del terreno. in Scotland. It describes evidence of recent slip on the Il lavoro mette in luce evidenze di attivazione recente della fault, which is to be found not only at one spot, but along faglia visibili non in un solo punto, ma su tutta la lunghezza the entire length of the structure. Fluted terrain morpholo- della struttura. Morfologie glaciali del terreno relative all’ul- gies related to the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 28 to 18 ka timo massimo glaciale (ca. 28-18 ka BP) risultano troncate BP) are truncated by slip on the fault. Moraines and fluvial dalla faglia. Morene e depositi fluviali correlati al riavanza- deposits related to the Ardesier and Loch Lomond read- mento dei ghiacciai Ardesier e Loch Lomond (ca. 13 e 10 ka vance glaciers (ca. 13 and 10 ka BP, respectively), as well as BP, rispettivamente), così come conoidi attivi, sono dislocati active alluvial fans, are faulted. The fault also appears ca- dal movimento della faglia. La faglia risulta essere la proba- pable of moderate earthquakes, like the events of 1901 bile sorgente di eventi sismici di moderata entità quali quelli (M=5) or 1816 (M=5.1). del 1901 (M=5) o 1816 (M=5.1). Ancient local legends are interpreted as indicating historical Antiche leggende locali possono essere interpretate come indica- seismicity of this fault. In addition, it appears that memo- zione della attività sismica recente di questa faglia. In particolare, ries of an earthquake on the GGF, with epicentre between memorie di un terremoto sulla GGF, con epicentro fra il Loch Loch Ness and Inverness, here referred to as the “St. Ness e Inverness, sembrano essere presenti nelle leggende del VI Columba earthquake”, are preserved in the 6th century leg- sec. riguardanti il viaggio di San Colombano in Scozia. Questo ends of the journey of St. Columba in Scotland. evento è qui indicato come il terremoto di “San Colombano”. Activity of this fault appears to play a pivotal role in the ex- L’attività di questa faglia ha inoltre giocato un ruolo impor- istence of the ancient myth of the Loch Ness Monster. Pre- tante nella nascita dell’antico mito del mostro di Loch Ness. vious studies at other ancient sanctuaries have concluded that Studi precedenti hanno infatti messo in luce la corrispon- relationships exist between myths, cult-sites and local seismic denza e le relazioni esistenti fra miti, luoghi di culto e faglie faults, deriving from peculiar natural phenomena on faults’ sismiche locali, derivanti dai particolari fenomeni goelogici trace (e.g., Delphi, Ephesus, Cnidus, Monte Sant’Angelo, and che si verificano lungo le tracce delle faglie attive (es. Delfi, others). Direct correspondence of myth, cult-site and active Efeso, Cnido, Monte Sant’Angelo e altri). La corrispondenza fault exists also in the case of the Monster of Loch Ness, diretta tra mito, luogo di culto e faglia attiva esiste anche nel whose liar sits directly on the most seismic sector of the caso del mostro di Loch Ness, il cui sito è ubicato diretta- GGF. mente nel settore a più elevata sismicità del GGF. KEY WORDS: Active faults, Earthquakes, Glacio-seismotec- PAROLE CHIAVE: faglie attive, terremoti, glacio-sismotettonica, tonis, Great Glen Fault, Loch Ness monster Great Glen Fault, Mostro di Loch Ness (*) C.N.R. – Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy. [email protected] 432 L. PICCARDI 1. - INTRODUCTION pagan cults to Christianity, while in pre-historic times a similar passage occurred from the cult of chthonic Earth In most sanctuaries of antiquity sacredness was not divinities, often related to unexplained telluric forces (Cy- limited to temples and altars. Every natural feature was clops, Tytans, dragons, and so on) to a more heavenly re- part of a sacred geography. A special reverence was due ligion (the Olympians in the Mediterranean area). The to seismic faults, peculiar geologic elements apparently telluric creatures were subjugated by the new divinity. endued with proper life, because of their association The underworld, once their kingdom, becomes their with earthquakes and related phenomena (e.g. under- prison. Their sudden roars and powerful shakings con- ground sounds and rumblings, ground ruptures, light- tinue to make the earth tremble. So we have Apep over- ning phenomena, sudden variations in the activity of thrown by Ra in ancient Egypt, Python slain by Apollo springs, hydrothermal manifestations, etc.). These awe- in Greece, Typhon overcast by Zeus in Sicily, Ravana some and fearful aspects impressed past cultures and at- pinned down by Shiva in India (fig. 1 A), Namazu tracted mythological explanations, and became the kernel crushed by Kashima in Japan (fig. 1 B), Michael defeating around which many myths nucleated. Therefore, several the Dragon in Italy (fig. 1 C), the Whale overcome by sanctuaries of antiquity were deliberately positioned di- Thunderbird in North America, and many others. rectly above active fault traces (PICCARDI, 2001). Knowl- The “sanctuaries” of these telluric monsters, edge of earthquake geology allows us to recognize how guardians of the gates to Hades, were therefore neces- these faults became the kernel around which a main sarily related to the presence of openings on the under- myth nucleated during centuries. Most common attribu- world. These sacred creatures of the underworld were tion of these ruptures was to be gates to Hades, “Ditis associated to special places, Hades’ doors”, indicated as spiracula”, Hell’s mouth or Heavens’ doors: in any case a their lair, their grave or the way through which they passageway from the upper- to the lower-world, the fer- came to the surface. An interdisciplinary survey on these tile womb of Mother Earth (PICCARDI, 2000 a). Also, the ancient sacred sites, performed here in particular in the occurrence of such unusual telluric manifestations has East Mediterranean region, reveals that the close corre- often induced the belief in subterranean beings, monster spondences between the cult-sites and the local active or divinities, and these places were indicated as dragon’s faults, so frequently observed, appears to be intentional lairs (PICCARDI, 2000 b). and significantly motivated (PICCARDI, 2001). To investigate how geological phenomena may have Myths often associate the earth-shaking dragons influenced similar legendary attribution is not easy. One with a specific place, and in some case the geographical can study such a remote and uncertain process only by reference may become accurate, linking the myth to a comparative analysis of similar cases, to highlight pos- specific spot. For instance, the flaming tongue of the sible analogies. Chimaera, indestructible fire-breathing dragon killed by This work has a twofold aim. On the one hand, it Greek hero Bellerofron, remained after her death in the documents for the first time clear geological evidence form of an inextinguishable flame burning methane, for post-glacial slip on the Great Glen Fault, a still which exhales out of the ground along a major active much debated question. Our observations imply that fault south of Antalya (Turkey). Similarly, the Hydra of the fault is capable of seismic slip, although small. On Lerna (offspring of Typhon and Echidna and sibling the other hand, it analyses if local legends may contain of Chimaera and Cerberus) had his liar in the small Al- useful information on historical seismicity of the area. cyonian Lake, in the east coast of Peloponnesus, a fa- We finally also investigate the belief in the Loch Ness mous entrance to Hades, positioned above a seismic monster, and conclude that it may be similar in origin fault (PICCARDI, 2005 a). to other ancient geo-myths related to seismic faults and In many cases, sanctuaries have been built to pre- earthquakes (PICCARDI, 2001). serve the venerated spot, so that the geologic fulcrum of the cult remains incorporated into the sacred archi- 1.1. - EARTH DRAGONS AND EARTHQUAKES tecture. Monte Sant’Angelo, in southern Italy, provides a brilliant example of such a kind of cult-site. Here the The dragon of the Earth, the chthonic monster so sanctuary was said to have been built expressly to pre- frequently indicated as the shaker of earth, is a very an- serve unusual “traces”, not better specified in the leg- cient and complex image, common to almost all cultures end, found impressed in the rock after an earthquake in the world. This archetypal figure is the product of a and interpreted as the “footprints” of Archangel long and complex cultural evolution, the slaying of these Michael. The connections of the sacred place with dragons reflecting a cultural/religious evolution. In fact, earthquakes, clearly highlighted in the myth, find strik- mayor myths show a marked religious stratification, in ing correspondences in local geology and arrangement which new elements are over-imposed on an older struc- of the sanctuary. The sacred “footprints” result to be ture, reworking religious traditions, symbols and rituals small seismic fractures, interpreted as supernatural by of a sacred place, from the pre-existing cult into the new local people, opened at the entrance of what was al- religion. In our society this implied the conversion from ready a sacred cave (PICCARDI, 2005 b).
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