Index

A muscle, 82, 83 Abdominal flap, 92–94 formation, 84 Aberrations of normal development and involution (ANDI), 27, 55 , 82, 83 Acellular dermal matrix (ADM), 14, 89 stab , 83 Anatomy thoracodorsal , 82 anterior abdominal wall, 19–21 Axillary surgery antero-lateral aspect, 10 ALND (see Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)) applied anatomy, 12 clinically node-negative, 82 arterial supply, 15, 16 clinically node-positive, 82 , 15 sentinel lymph nodes, 84–86 axillary nodes, 17, 18 treatment, 82 malignancy, 10 chest wall latissimus dorsi muscle, 13, 14 B pectoralis major, 12, 13 Baker classification scale, 92 serratus anterior muscle, 13 Benign disorders subclavius, 14 cysts, 55, 56 clinical features, 24, 25 duct ectasia, 59–61 glandular structure, 11, 12 fibroadenomas, 56–58 ipsilateral upper limb abnormalities, 9–10 gynaecomastia, 63 , 24 breast parenchymal tissue, 63 lymphatic vessels, 18, 19 clinical examination, 64 lymphedema, 19, 20 digoxin and isoniazid, 64 malnutrition, 10 external genitalia examination, 63 , 22 hemostasis, 65 menstrual cycle, 22, 24 hyperestrogenic states, 64 - complex, 12 liposuction treatment, 65, 66 pregnancy, 24, 25 sex hormones, 63 venous drainage, 16, 17 subcutaneous , 65, 67 Augmentation mammoplasty surgical intervention, 64, 65 breast asymmetry, 126 mammary duct, 61–63, 65 dual-plane augmentation, 125, 126 nonsurgical treatments, 61 procedure, 125 overview of, 55 submammary/subpectoral location, 125, 126 papillomas surgical approaches, 125, 126 benign papillomas, 58 Autologous fat grafting ductectomy, 59, 60 adipocytes, 100 ductography, 58 aesthetic deformities, 98 fibrovascular stromal core, 58 liposuction techniques, 99 , 58, 59 minor asymmetries, 98 periareolar incision, 59 processed fat, 99, 100 solitary papillomas, 58 rejuvenation and softening, 98 peri-ductal , 61 flap thickness, 98 sub-areolar abscess, 62–64 soft tissue envelope, 100, 101 Benign papillomas, 58 surgical technique, 99 Blue dyes, 84, 85 zones of fascial attachment, 99 Autologous tissue, 95 , 6 Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) clinical trials, 6 axillary vein, 83 early instruments, 1, 2 curvilinear incision, 82, 83 Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, 1 Kittner dissector, 82 Fisher hypotheses, 5 latissimus dorsi muscle, 82, 84 Galen’s humoral theory, 1 level I and level II dissection, 83 Halstedian hypothesis, 4, 5

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 129 I. Jatoi et al., Atlas of , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45951-2 130 Index

Breast cancer (cont.) donor site morbidity, 91 modified , 4 IGAP, 107, 116 multi-modalities, 1 latissimus dorsi flaps, 95–97 neoadjuvant therapy, 6 oncoplastic procedures, 6 oblique technique (DuFourmentel), 125 personalized medicine, 7 pectoralis major muscle, 121, 123 , 6 , 121 radical mastectomy, 3, 4 round block technique, 124, 125 social media, 6 nipple–areola complex, 107, 109, 116, 117 surgeons, 5, 6 nipple plasty, inverted nipple, 127 survivorship, 6 nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), 87, 88 treatment options, 6 oncoplastic reduction mammoplasty, 111, 114 Virchow/Halsted paradigm, 3, 4 options, 87, 88 Virchow’s theory, 3 partial subpectoral/partial ADM coverage, 90 Breast conserving surgery pedicled TRAM flap cosmesis, 77 abdominal closure, 102, 107, 108 diathermy dissection, 78 abdominal wall fascia, 100, 101 immediate breast reconstruction, 78 anterior rectus sheath, 102, 109 institutional and geographical levels, 77 contralateral pedicle, 101 local recurrence, 78 contralateral rectus fascia, 101, 103 longer term follow data, 77 inferior rectus fascia, 102, 103 mammographic screening programs, 77 ipsilateral random portion, 101 meta-analysis, 77 mastectomy wound, 102, 105, 106 myocutaneous/subcutaneous perforator flap, 79 , 101 oncoplastic surgery, 77 skin and subcutaneous tissues, 101 primary tumor, 77 superior and inferior aspects, 101, 102 re-excision, 77 xiphoid, 102, 104 surgical ablation, 79 post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT), 93–95 surgical lore, 77 post-operative recovery, 91 surgical margin status, 77 pre-pectoral approach, 91 symmetrization, 79 prepectoral breast reconstruction, 90 two-stage procedure, 79 quadrantectomy, 97, 98 volume displacement techniques reduction mammoplasty aim of, 79 incision pattern, 117, 119 local tissue flaps, 80 inferior pedicle technique, 117–120, 123 simple breast tissue mobilization, 79, 80 measurements, 117, 118 therapeutic mammoplasty, 80–82 nipple–areola complex, 117, 120 volume replacement techniques, 79 pain and discomfort, 117 wide local excision, 77, 78 round block technique, 120, 121, 124 wound and fat , 79 superior pedicle technique, 120 Breast ptosis, 121, 124 vertical technique (Lejour), 118, 121–123 Breast reconstruction SGAP, 107, 116 abdominal closure, 103–105, 107, 109 single-stage permanent implant, 90, 91 augmentation mammoplasty submuscular techniques, 89, 90 breast asymmetry, 126 suspension technique, 92–94 dual-plane augmentation, 125, 126 thoracoepigastric cutaneous flap, 116, 117 procedure, 125 tissue expander/permanent implant, 89 submammary/subpectoral location, 125, 126 TRAM free flaps, 107, 110, 111 surgical approaches, 125, 126 TUG free flap, 107, 115 autologous fat grafting British Journal of Radiology, 4 adipocytes, 100 aesthetic deformities, 98 liposuction techniques, 99 C minor asymmetries, 98 Cancer Research Campaign (CRC), 5 processed fat, 99, 100 Capsular contracture, 91, 92 rejuvenation and softening, 98 Clinical breast examination (CBE), 29 skin flap thickness, 98 soft tissue envelope, 100, 101 surgical technique, 99 zones of fascial attachment, 99 D breast ptosis classification, 121, 124 Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, 20, 87, 88, 107, capsular contracture, 91, 92 111–114 cutaneous expander, 89 Delayed-immediate reconstruction, 95 de-epithelialized latissimus dorsi flap, 97 Double perforator (DIEP) flaps, 95 DIEP flap, 107, 111–114 Ductectomy, 59, 60 Index 131

E major and minor muscles, 71 , 56 modified radical mastectomy, 69, 71 Electrocautery, 85 nipple-areola complex, 70, 71 nipple-sparing mastectomy, 75, 76 oncologic plane, 73, 74 F ongoing studies, 69 Ferro-magnetic particles, 84 peri-areolar incision, 70 Fibroadenomas, 33, 39, 56–58 procedures, 69 , 91 prophylactic mastectomy, 69, 70 Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), 35, 37, 41, 42 seroma formation, 74 Fluorescent indocyanine green (ICG) dye, 84, 85 simple mastectomy, 74 Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), 22 skin-reducing mastectomy, 70, 71 skin-sparing mastectomy, 74, 75 steristrips, 74 G subcutaneous mastectomy, 70 Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, 22 total mastectomy, 70 upper outer quadrant tumors, 71, 72 Mastopexy oblique technique (DuFourmentel), 125 H pectoralis major muscle, 121, 123 Halstedian paradigm, 17 ptosis, 121 round block technique, 124, 125 Microductectomy, 58, 59 I Montgomery tubercles, 12 Inferior gluteal artery and vein (IGAP free flap), 107, 116 Muscle-sparing TRAM (msTRAM), 95 Myofibroblasts, 91

L Lateral intercostal artery perforator flap (LICAP), 79, 117 N Latissimus dorsi flaps, 95–97, 116 National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project-04 (NSABP-04), 4 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 22 Nipple–areola complex, 87, 107, 109, 116, 117 Lymphedema, 19, 20 Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), 75, 76, 87, 88

M O Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Oxytocin, 24 benign and malignant lesions, 33 cosmetic , 32, 39 indeterminate lesions, 33, 40 P multifocal carcinoma, 32 Parenchymal maldistribution, 121 posterior displacement techniques, 32, 33, 39 Pedicled TRAM flap T1 non subtracted post contrast imaging, 32, 37 abdominal closure, 102, 107, 108 T1 post contrast imaging, 32, 37, 38 abdominal wall fascia, 100, 101 T2 weighted imaging, 32, 37 anterior rectus sheath, 102, 109 unifocal cancer, 33 contralateral pedicle, 101 Mammagraphy contralateral rectus fascia, 101, 103 asymmetric density, 30, 31 inferior rectus fascia, 102, 103 breast mass, 30 ipsilateral random portion, 101 convex margins, 30, 31 mastectomy wound, 102, 105, 106 in elderly patient, 32 rectus abdominis muscle, 101 microcalcification skin and subcutaneous tissues, 101 craniocaudal views, 30, 33 superior and inferior aspects, 101, 102 extensive pleomorphic microcalcification, 30, 34 xiphoid, 102, 104 mediolateral views, 30, 33 Percutaneous needle biopsy techniques screen-detected area, 30, 35 core biopsy, 34, 40, 41 spiculate margins, 30 core needle biopsy, 37–40, 43 , 30, 36 FNAC, 35, 37, 41, 42 Mastectomy linear ultrasound transducers, 34 adjuvant non-surgical modalities, 69 MRI-guided biopsy, 43, 47 axillary dissection, 74 non-palpable and palpable breast masses, 34, 40 axillary sampling procedure, 72, 73 stereotactic-guided biopsy, 41, 45, 46 vs. breast conserving surgery, 69 underdiagnosis, 34 extended periareolar incision, 70 VAB, 40, 41, 44 Halstedian hypothesis, 69 vacuum-assisted excision, 42, 43, 46, 47 lower inner quadrant tumors, 71, 73 Post-, 111, 114 lower outer quadrant tumors, 71, 72 Post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT), 93–95 132 Index

R T Radioactive tracers, 84, 85 Terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU), 11 Reduction mammoplasty Therapeutic mammoplasty techniques, 80–82 incision pattern, 117, 119 Thoraco-dorsal artery perforator flap (TDAP), 79, 117 inferior pedicle technique, 118–120, 123 3-dimensional (3D) tattooing, 109 measurements, 117, 118 Transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap, 19, 87, 88, 107, nipple–areola complex, 117, 120 110, 111 pain and discomfort, 117 Transverse Upper Gracilis (TUG) free flap, 107, 115 round block technique, 120, 121, 124 Triple assessment superior pedicle technique, 117 benign conditions, 27 vertical scar technique (Lejour), 118, 121–123 breast complaints, 27 Rotter’s nodes, 17 CBE, 29 challenges, 27 clinical classification, 27, 29 clinical examination, 27, 28 S core biopsy, 30 Sentinel lymph node biopsy, 18, 84–86 E3 lump, 27 Simple mastectomy, 74 evaluation, 27 Skin-sparing mastectomy, 74, 75 inadequate evaluation, 29, 31 Solitary papillomas, 58 malignant breast conditions, 27 Superior gluteal artery and vein (SGAP free flap), , 27, 30 107, 116 missed diagnosis, 27 Surgical diagnostic excision biopsy non-suspicious findings, 29 electrocautery, 47 reassessment, 27 incision placement, 47, 52 screen-detected lesions, 29 intraoperative X-ray device, 49, 54 ultrasound examination, 27, 29 large-bore needle biopsy, 43, 48, 49 lumpectomy, 47 needle-localized biopsy, 43, 46, 50, 51, 53 U objective of, 43 Ultrasound, 31, 32 procedure of, 46, 47 samples, 43 V skin hooks/Allis tissue-holding clamps, 47 Vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB), 40, 41, 44 specimen radiology, 46, 49 Vacuum-assisted excision (VAE) biopsy, 42, 43, 46, 47 standard core biopsy, 43, 48, 49 standard protocols, 47 subcutaneous suture, 49 W Suspension technique, 92–94 Wise/vertical pattern technique, 114