Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ROMANIA

ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY “ GHEORGHE IONESCU ŞIŞEŞTI”

SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES IN AREAS WITH SANDY SOILS

VOLUME 19TH, 2012

ANNALS OF THE RESEARCH - DEVELOPMENT CENTER FOR FIELD CROPS ON SANDY SOILS, DABULENI

Editura SITECH Craiova, 2012

Se face schimb de publicaţii cu instituţii din ţară şi străinătate

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CHIEF EDITOR:

Dr. Aurelia DIACONU Research - Development Center for Field Crops [email protected] on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni

SCIENTIFIC EDITOR:

Dr. Reta DRAGHICI Research - Development Center for Field Crops [email protected] on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni

SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS:

Dr. Aurelia DIACONU Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni Dr. TOMA Vasile Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni Dr. Reta DRĂGHGICI Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni Dr. MATEI Gheorghe Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova

Dr. DRĂGHICI Iulian Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni Dr. RĂŢOI Iulian Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni Dr. Mihaela CROITORU Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni

Editorial and administrative address:

207220 DĂBULENI-DOLJ, ROMANIA Phone / Fax: +40251334402 / +40251334347 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Acad. Professor HERA Cristian - Romanian Academy, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry “Gheor- ghe Ionescu Şişeşti“, Bucharest, Romania Acad. Professor SIN Gheorghe - President of Academy of Agricultural and Forestry “Gheorghe Iones- cu Şişeşti“, Bucharest, Romania Professor NICOLAE Ştefan - President of the Horticulture Section of Academy of Agricultural and Forestry “Gheorghe Ionescu Şişeşti“, Bucharest, Romania Professor NICOLESCU Mihai – Vice President of Academy of Agricultural and Forestry “Gheorghe Ionescu Şişeşti“, Bucharest, Romania Dr. Aurelia DIACONU - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Ro- mania Professor MENGCHAO LIU - Agro-resource and Environment Institute, HeBei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, China Dr. Reta DRAGHICI - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Ro- mania Dr. MATEI Gheorghe - Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova, Romania Dr DRAGHICI Iulian – Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Ro- mania Dr. RATOI IIulian - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Romania Professor, N.SHABAN, University of Forestry – Sofia, Bulgaria Dr. Mihaela CROITORU - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Romania Dr. PINTILIE IIoan - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Roma- nia Dr. TOMA VASILE - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Roma- nia Professor SOARE MARIN – Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova, Romania Dr. Marieta PLOAE - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Roma- nia Dr. Elena CIUCIUC - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Roma- nia Dr. Milica DIMA - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Romania Professor BACIU Adrian - Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova, Romania Prof.assoc. Mariana NICULESCU – Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova, Romania Professor MITREA Ion – Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova, Romania Professor LIANGLIANG JIA - Agro-resource and Environment Institute, HeBei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, China Professor Eun-Gi, CHO- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology of Kyungpook National Uni- versity, Korea Professor N.Nikolov - Plovdiv Agriculture University, Bulgaria Dr. ITTU Gheorghe – National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea, Romania Dr. Florica CONSTANTINESCU - Research and Development Institute for Plant Protection Bucharest, Romania Professor IANCU Stancu– Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova, Romania Prof. assoc. VLADU Marius – Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova, Romania Conf. Univ. IMBREA Florin - University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Timisoara, Romania Professor PARASCHIVU Marius - Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova, Ro- mania Dr. CHIRU Sorin – National Institute of Research and Development for Potato and Sugar Beet, Bra- şov, Romania Dr. Luiza MIKE – Station of Research and Development for Potato, Targu Secuiesc, Romania Dr. STĂNICĂ Florin - University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest Romania Dr. Gheorghiţa HOZA – University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest Romania Dr. HOZA Dorel - University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest Romania Dr. SUMEDREA Dorin- Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti – Maracineni, Romania

Corectura aparţine autorului

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ISSN 1016-4820

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CONTENTS

Page BUZATU DANIEL FLORIN - Structurile agrare şi folosirea eficientă a resurselor funciare în condiţiile diversificării formelor de proprietate în agricultura judeţului Dolj / Agrarian structure and efficient use of land resources under agriculture diversification of land ownership in Dolj county………………………………………. 3

BUZATU DANIEL FLORIN - Analiza swot privind identificarea punctelor tari, punctelor slabe si oportunitati in dezvoltarea agriculturii si spatiului rural din judetul Dolj / Swot analysis in order to identify strengths, weaknesses and opportunities in the development of agriculture and rural area in Dolj county ...... 8

CIUCIUC ELENA - Cercetări privind comportarea soiurilor de pepeni verzi Dulce de Dăbuleni şi de Dăbuleni în procesul selecţiei conservative/ Research concerning the behaviour of the cultivars Sweet of Dabuleni and of Dabuleni watermelons in the process of conservative selection…………………………………………………… 12

CIUCIUC ELENA, TOMA V., MIHAELA CROITORU, MARIETA PLOAE - Cultura protejată a pepenilor verzi biologici cu plante altoite / The protected crop of biological watermelons with grafted plants...... 16

CROITORU MIHAELA, RETA DRĂGHICI, DRĂGHICI IULIAN, MATEI GHEORGHE - Efectul îngrăşămintelor chimice asupra calităţii boabelor de grâu în condiţiile solurilor nisipoase din sudul Olteniei / The effect of chemical fertilizers on wheat grain quality in the conditions of sandy soils in southern Oltenia...... 23

CROITORU MIHAELA, RETA DRĂGHICI, DRĂGHICI IULIAN, MATEI GHEORGHE - Influenţa fertilizării asupra calităţii boabelor de porumb / The influence of fertilization on the quality of grain maize…...... 31

CROITORU MIHAELA, TOMA V., RĂȚOI I., ELENA CIUCIUC - Cercetări privind eficacitatea unor produse naturale biostimulatoare acceptate de normele agriculturii biologice în creşterea randamentelor şi calităţii producţiei de pepeni verzi / Research on the efficacy of organic bioactive products accepted by the farming norms in increasing yields and quality of watermelons...... 39

CVETA MOSKOVA - Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the morphological characteristics and differences between seeds of the weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Amaranthus hybridus L...... 46

DIMA MILICA - Cercetări privind combaterea chimică a buruienilor la arahidele cultivate pe psamosolurile irrigate din sudul Olteniei / Research on chemical control of weeds in peanuts grown on irrigated psamosoils in southern Oltenia...... 52

DIMA MILICA, AURELIA DIACONU, MIHAELA CROITORU, MARIETA PLOAE - Influenţa densităţii de plantare asupra producţiei şi calităţii la unele soiuri de cartof cultivate pe solurile nisipoase / Research on the influence of planting density on yield and quality of some potato varieties grown on sandy soils...... 60

DRĂGHICI IULIAN, RETA DRĂGHICI, MIHAELA CROITORU, MATEI GHEORGHE – Cercetari privind influenţa fertilizării foliare şi radiculare asupra producţiei de porumb în condiţiile solurilor nisipoase / Researches concerning the influence of radicular and foliar fertilization on the maize production in conditions of sandy soils ………………………………………………………………………………… 69

DRĂGHICI RETA - Studii preliminare privind evaluarea riscului produs de agenţii de dăunare asupra culturii de fasoliţă amplasată în cadrul unui asolament pe solurile nisipoase / Preliminary studies on risk assessment produced by the damaging agents on cowpea crop in a rotation located on sandy soils...... 76

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

DRĂGHICI RETA, DRĂGHICI IULIAN, AURELIA DIACONU, MIHAELA CROITORU, MATEI GHEORGHE - Managementul aplicării îngrăşămintelor cu NPK în rotaţia: fasoliţă-secară-sorg în condiţiile solurilor nisipoase / Management of NPK fertilizer application in crop rotation: cowpea-rye-sorghum in conditions of sandy soils ……………………………………………………………………………….. 83

DURĂU ANICA - Contributii la imbunatatirea tehnologiei de cultura a piersicului cultivat pe solurile nisipoase din sudul Olteniei / Contributions to improving culture tehnologies of peaches grown on sandy soils in the south of Oltenia……………… 91

KIRIL POPOV, JULIETA ARNAUDOVA - Vineyard microregioning in Kramolin (Suhindol area) by GIS...... 96

LING WANG, GUIQIN HAO, LING HE, NUAN GENG, SHUHUA RU, SHIYOU SUN, GUOYIN ZHANG - Effect on decomposition accelerator of microorganism on maize straw in different water and nitrogen condition...... 108

NIKOLOV N., N.SHABAN - Application of black sea sapropelles as amendment by growing of vegetable crop seedlings …………………………………………………… 116

PLOAE MARIETA, DRAGHICI IULIAN, RETA DRAGHICI - Aspecte fiziologice la porumbul cultivat pe solurile nisipoase / Physiological aspects of maize cultivated on sandy soils ...... 122

PLOAE MARIETA, DRAGHICI IULIAN, RETA DRAGHICI, MILICA DIMA - Variatia diurna a proceselor fiziologice la floarea soarelui / Diurnal variation of physiological sun flower processes ...... 129

PLOAE MARIETA, MILICA DIMA, RETA DRAGHICI, MATEI GHEORGHE - Influenta factorilor climatici asupra proceselor fiziologice la arahide cultivate pe solurile nisipoase / Influence of climatic factors on physiological processes in peanuts cultivated on sandy soils...... 137

RĂȚOI IULIAN - Comportarea viţei de vie în iarna 2011-2012 şi stabilirea măsurilor de prevenire şi refacere a plantaţiilor afectate de îngheţ în zona solurilor nisipoase din sudul Olteniei / Behaviour of vines in the winter 2011-2012 and establishing of measures for the prevention and recovery of the plantations affected by frost in the sandy soils region from southern Oltenia……………………………… 146

RĂȚOI IULIAN - Cercetări privind adaptarea soiurilor de viţă de vie pentru vinuri roşii pe solurile nisipoase din sudul Olteniei / Research on suitability of grape varieties for red wine on the sandy soils from southern Oltenia ……………………… 153

RU SHUHUA, WANG LING, GENG NUAN, SUN SHIYOU, ZHANG GUOYIN - Effect of poultry manures application rates on the wheat yield and soil nutrients around Baiyangdian Lake ...... 158

SHIYOU SUN, MENGCHAO LIU, GUOYIN ZHANG, SHUHUA RU, BAOWEN HAN AND LIANGLIANG JIA - Effect of fertilizer application on spring maize yield and soil nitrate accumulation in the Hebei Plain...... 166

SULI XING, MENGCHAO LIU, MINGGANG XU - Combined use of inorganic and organic fertilizer for soil maintenance and crop yield rise sustainable ………………. 172

VLADU CRISTINA- EMANUELA, IULIAN RĂŢOI - Studiu în plantaţiile viticole pentru vin plantate în județul Dolj prin programul de reconversie/restructurare / Study on vineyard areas for wine planted in the Dolj county through reconversion/restructuring programs……………………………………………………... 180

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

STRUCTURILE AGRARE ŞI FOLOSIREA EFICIENTĂ A RESURSELOR FUNCIARE ÎN CONDIŢIILE DIVERSIFICĂRII FORMELOR DE PROPRIETATE ÎN AGRICULTURA JUDEŢULUI DOLJ

AGRARIAN STRUCTURE AND EFFICIENT USE OF LAND RESOURCES UNDER AGRICULTURE DIVERSIFICATION OF LAND OWNERSHIP IN DOLJ COUNTY

Author: BUZATU Daniel Florin Agency for Payments and Intervention in Agriculture, Dolj; CRAIOVA Nicolae Titulescu Street, no. 22, cod 200134; Phone: +40 (0) 251 595 395; E-mail [email protected]

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: land ownership structures

ABSTRACT

În lucrarea intitulată, "Structurile agrare şi folosirea eficientă a resurselor funciare în condiţiile diversificării formelor de proprietate în agricultura judeţului Dolj" este prezentată structura exploataţiilor agricole după modul de deţinere a terenului pe clase de mărime în judeţul Dolj, forma de divizare a suprafeţei agricole, situaţia efectivelor de animale pe principalele specii la aceleaşi clase de mărime a exploataţiilor agricole precum şi numărul exploataţiilor care utilizează suprafeţe şi/sau deţin animale în judeţul Dolj

In the paper entitled, “Agrarian structures and efficient use of land resources under agriculture diversification of land ownership in Dolj County" is presented the structure of agricultural holdings by the way of land holding in size classes in Dolj, the form of division of agricultural land, the evidence of livestock species in the same size classes and the number of farm holdings using the surface and / or own animals in Dolj County.

INTRODUCTION

Defining new agrarian structures, regardless of their legal organization status and of their ownership nature, is an ongoing dynamic process, now and in the future being the main problem for creating the frame in order to use production factors and modern technology efficiently as the achievements of some economic agricultural products to a certain level of concentration and the specialization of production within some viable holdings optimally sized and located.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

In their analysis I used the multi-criteria analysis of the agricultural resources in the county and the constructive regulatory method (or the method of variants) based on efficiency calculations with specific indicators for the plant and animal products.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1 presents the structure of agricultural holdings by way of land ownership on size classes in Dolj County. • Regarding size classes, expressed in hectares of agricultural land, is it found that most holdings are to be placed within 1 -5 ha size class •Regarding size classes expressed in hectares of agricultural land, it appears that the majority of farms falling within size class 1 to 5 ha • By the way in which the ownership of the land is made for 2003, it is shown that the ranking in 1- 5 ha size class has the largest number of holdings with land owned in part and used free of charge. Land concession and lease type has significant shares in size class over 100 hectares, the level of these shares being of 43.75% and 73.38% . • Dolj Couny with its surface and agricultural potential is placed on a national average level, where the agricultural field can be considered as one of the main branches of its economy. Table 1 The structure of the agricultural holding and the land ownership classified by size, agricultural holding Total % Legal status of agricultural holding in over 0-0,5 0,5- 1-5 5-10 10-50 50-100 2003 Number % 100 ha 1 ha ha ha ha ha ha Total 168.172 100.0 24.51 10.58 55.64 7.88 1.07 0.08 0.24 Individual Agricultural 167.544 100.0 24.59 10.62 55.79 7.85 1.04 0.07 0.04 holdings Persons, companies, 628 100.0 1.91 1.43 14.49 16.24 9.24 3.82 52.87 etc. Agricultural societies, 107 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 6.60 93.40 organizations Commercial companies 174 100.0 0 5.40 8.10 2.70 16.20 13.50 54.10 Public Administration 155 100.0 6.80 0 21.50 12.30 6.60 1.60 51.20 units Other types 192 100.0 Total hold. d.c. 168.172 100.0 24.51 10.58 55.64 7.88 1.07 0.08 0.24 Ownership 158.461 100.0 25.74 10.73 55.14 7.50 0.79 0.04 0.06 Afterimage 16 100.0 31.25 12.5 12.5 0 0 0 43.75 Leased 169 100.0 0 1.18 1.78 1.18 11.24 11.24 73.38 As property 118 100.0 20.39 12.71 31.36 3.39 8.47 6.78 16.90 Used free of charge 227 100.0 27.31 17.62 50.22 4.40 0.45 0 0 Other types of 9181 100.0 3.68 8.06 65.69 14.76 5.67 0.56 1,58 ownership

In Table 2 it is shown the type of farmland division in Dolj County. According to the data given in relative figures for the year 2003, we can conclude the following: • Individual agricultural holdings own the most utilized agricultural area of 387,237 ha, the proportion being of 62.81%. Within the structure of size classes, from 0- 0.5 ha to over 100 ha, individual holdings of 1 -5 ha size class are significant and their share of the total area is of 60.83% and those from the 5-10 ha size class with a share of 21.90%. • The units with legal personality are characterized by the ranking of the agricultural areas used in size class over 100 hectares, the share being of 98.28%. From these, at 4

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 commercial companies and public administration units, it is maintained the same high level of land that they own of 93,607 ha (40.83), and that of 91,542 ha (39.93%). • Areas falling within size class over 100 ha are majorly of 38.75% but at the same size class the ownership in concession, for rent and partnership type reach very high values of 99.89%, 97.13% and 88.30%. The areas falling within size class 1 -5 ha have also important shares of 38.25% but within the same size class, the in property ownership type is at a level of 53.23%, and the land freely used has shares of 68.00%.

Table 2 The structure of the agricultural areas in use, on types of agricultural holding, in Dolj county Holdings types Total ha From which on size classes (ha) > 100 % 0-0.5 0.5-1 1.0-5 5-10 10-50 50-100 ha 2003 % Total hold. 616499 100.0 1.05 1.99 38.25 13.86 4.69 1.41 38.75 Individual Agricultural 387237 100.0 1.68 3.17 60.83 21.90 7.14 1.78 3.50 holdings Persons, companies, etc. 229260 100.0 0.001 0.002 0.10 0.27 0.56 0.787 98.28 Agricultural societies, 41432 100.0 organizations Commercial companies 93607 100.0 Public Administration 91542 100.0 units Other types 2679 100.0 Total hold. d.c. 616499 100.0 1.05 1.99 38.25 13.86 4.69 1.41 38.75 Ownership 411945 100.0 1.55 2.85 53.23 18.54 4.49 0.81 18.53 Afterimage 7534 100.0 0.01 0.02 0.08 0 0 0 99.89 Leased 70649 100.0 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.81 2.03 97.13 As property 7290 100.0 0.07 0.11 1.14 0.32 2.32 7.74 88.30 Used free of charge 336 100.0 2.61 7,82 68.00 18.75 2.82 0 0 Other types of ownership 118745 100.0 0.07 0.43 13.65 7.55 8.16 2.85 67.29

In Table 3, the situation of livestock on the main species in the same size class of farms in Dolj County is shown

Table 3 The existing livestock from the agricultural holding, classified by their size, in Dolj county at the beginning of the year 2003 Sheep and Bees Holding size class Cattle Swine Poultry Horses goats families Total nr. 56177 220381 238311 2758181 41589 16414 % 100 100 100 100 100 100 0-0,5 7.75 8.23 16.49 16,50 12.14 14.79 0,5-1 5.30 6.03 7.53 7.61 7.31 6.18 1-5 66.75 65.96 59.59 63.82 68.32 56.31 5-10 % 15.13 15.85 11.21 10.19 11.10 16.89 10-50 2.55 2.66 2.53 1.64 0.93 3.43 50-100 0.33 0.45 0.28 0.10 0.10 1.83 over 100 ha 2.19 0.82 2.37 0.14 0.10 0.57

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

At the beginning of the year 2003 in all species, the share is predominant for the holdings, from size class of 1-5 ha with levels ranging from 56.31% the percentage for bee families and 68.32% for horses, while for the cattle is 66.75 %, sheep and goats 65.96%, swine 59.95%. It can also be considered significant the 5-10 ha size class holding where also, for existing livestock the level in relative figures is between 10.19% and 16.89%. For poultry, swine and bee families, the holdings ranked in 0- 0,5 ha size class reach maximum levels of 16.50%, 16.49% and 14.79%. The presented data reveal several directions of the agricultural holding profile in animal raising, but which mostly belong to 1-5 ha and 5-10 ha size classes. In Table 4, the number of holdings using areas and / or own animals in Dolj County is shown.

Table 4 The types of agricultural holding which owned herds in Dolj county at the beginning of the year 2003 Agricultural holding Holding size Sheep and Bees Cattle Swine Poultry Horses class goats families Total Agricultural holdings Total nr. 33714 54156 117594 133304 38520 992 % 100 100 100 100 100 100 0-0,5 ha 7.76 8.93 23.02 24.28 12.26 13.81 0,5-1 ha 6.11 6.98 9.26 9.85 7.32 6.35 1-5 ha 71.31 71.19 59.22 57.89 68.79 59.59 5-10 ha % 13.07 11.48 7.59 7.16 10.71 15.82 10-50 ha 1.59 1.28 0.81 0.75 0.84 4.03 50-100 ha 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.20 over 100 ha 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.20 Individual Agricultural Holdings Total nr. 33686 54133 117553 133283 38494 988 % 100 100 100 100 100 100 0-0,5 ha 7.76 8.94 23.03 24.28 12.28 13.87 0,5-1 ha 6.11 6.98 9.26 9.85 7.34 6.38 1-5 ha 71.37 71.22 59.25 57.89 68.80 59.82 5-10 ha % 13,07 11.48 7.59 7.16 10.72 15.58 10-50 ha 1.57 1.27 0.80 0.75 0.83 4.05 50-100 ha 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.20 over 100 ha 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.10 Legal personality units Total nr. 28 23 41 21 26 4 % 100 100 100 100 100 100 0-0,5 ha 7.14 - 12.19 4.76 3.84 - 0,5-1 ha ------1-5 ha - 4.35 4.79 14.28 11.54 - 5-10 ha % 17.85 26.08 12.19 28.57 11.54 75.00 10-50 ha 25.01 8.70 19.51 19.06 15.39 - 50-100 ha 3.57 4.35 2.45 4.76 3.84 - over 100 ha 46,43 56.52 48.78 28.57 53.85 25.00 • Of the total holdings, that own livestock a proportion between 57.89% (poultry) and 71.31% (cattle) are the holdings that also have agricultural areas between 1 and 5 ha • Individual agricultural holdings fall into the same limits of the levels of mentioned indicators above: 57.89% (poultry) and 71.37% (cattle) for the1-5 ha area categories.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

• For the units with legal personality, significant are those that have an area over 100 ha with shares of 56.52% for sheep / goats, 53.85% horses, 48.78% swine, 46.43% cattle, 28.57 % poultry and 25% for bee families.

CONCLUSIONS

From the analysis of agricultural holdings in Dolj County it was revealed that land fund has always been a priority in agriculture development and later for holdings structures. In this sense, the organizing of market channels is an essential element in the future development of these holdings. The future mix of crop of the agricultural lands in the county, supported by SAPS as well as the emergence of some development modules of agricultural holdings having different sizes, in accordance with the requirements of the EU, show the European model the family farms, that produce for the market on grounds of efficiency and profit criteria, have to aim at.

REFERENCES

1. Alexandri, Cecilia et al., Treaty of Agricultural Economy, Expert Publishing House, Bucharest, 2004 2. Bold, I., Craciun, A., Agricultural holding, organization, development, holding, Minton Publishing House, Timişoara, 1995. 3. Draghici, M., Bold, I., Buciuman, E., Rural area-defining, organizing, developing, Minton Publishing House, Timişoara, 2003. 4. Draghici, M., Săbădeanu P., Specific modules for European integration training of agricultural holdings in the agro-area plain, Trend Consulting Group Publishing House, Bucharest, 2005. 5. Michael, D. et al., Rural development and the reform of Romanian agriculture, 2005 6. Otiman, I. Paun, Romanian Agriculture, Agroprint Publishing House, Timişoara, 2002 7. xxx - Structural Survey 2006, INSSE, updated after "Structure des exploitations agricoles", EUROSTAT, 2002 8. xxx- Romanian Statistical Yearbook, CNS, NIS, 1990-2010 editions 9. xxx - General Agricultural Census, 2002, South West Development Region

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

ANALIZA SWOT PRIVIND IDENTIFICAREA PUNCTELOR TARI, PUNCTELOR SLABE SI OPORTUNITATI IN DEZVOLTAREA AGRICULTURII SI SPATIULUI RURAL DIN JUDETUL DOLJ

SWOT ANALYSIS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREA IN DOLJ COUNTY

Author: BUZATU Daniel Florin

Agency for Payments and Intervention in Agriculture, Dolj; CRAIOVA Nicolae Titulescu Street, no. 22, cod 200134; Phone: +40 (0) 251 595 395; E-mail [email protected]

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: SWOT analysis of Dolj County Agriculture

ABSTRACT

Una din principalele impedimente ce contribuie la productivitatea scăzută a agriculturii judeţului Dolj, o constituie sărăcia populaţiei rurale, care nu dispune de posibilităţi financiare pentru a investi în dotarea propriilor exploataţii cu sisteme de tractoare şi maşini agricole necesare şi în asigurarea materialelor necesare (sămânţă certificată, îngrăşăminte, erbicide, pesticide etc.) pentru aplicarea tehnologiilor intensive, de mare productivitate. Se mai pot enumera şi alte cauze ale acestei stări de fapt cum sunt: practicarea monoculturii sau a rotaţiei simple grâu- porumb, lipsa unităţilor de prelucrare a produselor agricole, infrastructura inadecvată şi neatractivă pentru potenţiali investitori, îmbătrânirea populaţiei ocupate în agricultură, în ciuda migrării populaţiei din zonele urbane către cele rurale. Toate acestea fac ca micile exploataţii agricole să producă în totalitate sau în cea mai mare măsură numai pentru consumu propriu.

One of the main impediments that contributes to a low productivity of the agriculture in Dolj, is the poverty of the rural population, who lacks financial means to invest in equipping their own holdings with the necessary tractor systems and agricultural machinery and providing the necessary materials (certified seed, fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, etc..) to implement intensive technology, of high productivity. Other causes of this situation might be mentioned such as: practicing monoculture or the simple rotation of wheat-corn, the lack of processing units for agricultural products; inadequate and unattractive infrastructure for the potential investors; the aging of the population employed in agriculture, despite the migration of population from urban to rural areas. All these make het small agricultural holdings to fully or mostly produce only for their own consuming.

INTRODUCTION

SWOT analysis method was used to determine the main constraints and opportunities of Dolj County agriculture. The first two concepts refer to the internal environment of agriculture, and the last two relate to features of the external environment of agriculture which may have a favourable or unfavourable impact on the competitive position.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

MATERIAL AND METHOD

SWOT analysis is a structured planning used to assess strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a project, of an action or of a person that can be used as an element to achieve an objective. In the picture below you can see what the share of a classic SWOT analysis is: on the top left are mentioned the strengths and on the right the weaknesses and at the bottom on the left are mentioned the opportunities and the threats are mentioned on the right.

Fig. 1. – Classic share of a SWOT analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Strengths of agriculture in Dolj County can be the following: • It is a border county being able to benefit from its proximity to Bulgaria within cross- border programs. • The crossing of the county by two pan-European corridors. • The existence of a high agricultural potential, with reference to the agricultural area. • The existence of an agriculture tradition within the economy of the county and of non- agricultural activities. • Potential for rural tourism and agro-tourism development. • Qualified human resources within the rural environment. • Highly trained and qualified workforce available at reasonable costs. • The availability of local public authorities to develop public - private partnership and the implementation of socio-economic programs at a local and regional level, alongside with the accession to the EU. • The existence of some agricultural research units and universities within counties that together with DGAD Dolj can help establish strategies for development and modernization of the agriculture in Dolj County. Weaknesses can be: • Serious problems with rural poverty, poor social services. • Environmental issues affecting water, air and soil. • Lack of highways in the county. •Poor harbours. • Great deficiencies in rural area logistics. • The South part of the County affected by drought and threatened by desertification phenomenon. • Natural population decrease and the manifestation of the migration phenomenon. 9

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

• Information gap issue within the county. • Low profitability of agriculture due to land fragmentation, small farms, poor mechanization, aging workforce, poor developed infrastructure, insufficient irrigation of agricultural lands due to malfunctioning of the irrigation systems in the county. • Increased heterogeneity of soil in Dolj County (about 1/3 of the agricultural area containing chernozem soil, 1/3 Luvisol, 1/3 psamosol). • Weak entrepreneurial education. Among opportunities we may include: • Potential to exploit the Danube as a transport corridor with a low cost. • Internet expanding that could compensate for the lack of other communication means in rural areas. • Farmers association in order to increase profitability in agriculture. • The possibility to practice organic farming. • The potential to develop some SMEs groups (clusters) within the rural areas of the county. • The possibilities to create industrial and technology parks for agricultural machinery. • Good prospects for the development of agro-tourism and cruise tourism on the Danube. Threats include: • County positioning in an area of plains and hills, where agriculture could remain the only profitable economic sector, leading thereby to re-ruralisation and hence to poverty and to a poor labour productivity. • The lack of facilities for foreign investors that may reduce the volume of investments in agriculture. • Limited development of non-agricultural sector. • Rural people ready to emigrate to Bucharest and abroad. • Migration of young people from rural to urban areas. • The increase of educational gap between urban and rural areas. • EU enlargement will lead to increased competition for agricultural products and due to this some traditional sectors could be disadvantaged. • Legislative instability in rural SMEs. • The evolution of leu-euro exchange rate, which will affect the supply and distribution systems of agricultural production. The risks referring to impediments in the development of agricultural activities considered threats and that can be found in the following: • The possibilities to increase the fees that the state charges for alternative activities in general, but even for the rural inhabitant , with potential for some of these activities is circumspect. Those fees that increase the costs of offered goods / services. • Failure to obtain credits from banks having acceptable interest. • The scepticism (conservatism) of a part of the rural population to introduce the new (modernism) in their households, potential agro-touristic farmhouses, that could constitute attraction elements for the rural tourism of the area. • The existing effects of environmental degradation, plus the lack of environmental measures, pollution etc. • Insufficient information on alternative technologies. • High costs or no possibility of renting a means of transportation. This, not only for supply / sales activities but also for performing other agricultural / non-agricultural activities. • The danger for certain areas of the county to lag in terms of development and consequently to be unable to mitigate food insecurity of the population employed into subsistence farming in a county having a great agricultural weight.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

The lack of intervention with some concrete measures in order to support the development strategies of subsistence farms would lead to the following: • the inability to achieve an adequate standard of living, the depopulation of certain areas and the loss of specificity within the areas where such situations may occur. • food security field, with reference to human nutrition, could have limited solving possibilities if there are no concrete strategies to solve the situations of insecurity due to the social problems for certain categories of rural population. • the lack of strategies to solve specific food insecurity could lead to the risk of a continuous food degradation that can still regress the development of socio-economic activities for subsistence farm holdings. • the future of subsistence farms depends on their ability to meet the quality requirements involved by the EU accession (plant health and consumer protection). • vertical integration achieved by some agents in the field of processing will determine the subsistence holdings to partly overtake the risks in the agricultural sector, which might mean the increase of their economic fragility.

CONCLUSIONS

Synthetically speaking for the rural area of Dolj County it can be noticed the trend towards transforming peasant households into commercial family farms. In order to support the transformation of these peasant households into commercial family farms, local authorities, referring mainly to Dolj County Council, by European Integration Directorate, consider to be a priority providing technical and logistical support to the farmers in order to give birth to viable projects, in order to obtain grant funding for their farm modernization according to European funding guidelines.

REFERENCES

1. Alexandri, Cecilia et al., Treaty of Agricultural Economy, Expert Publishing House, Bucharest, 2004. 2. Berka, M., Association and cooperation, self-help forms for the peasants and farmers in Romania, USAMV, 2004 3. Bold, I Buciuman, E., Draghici, M., Rural Area, Minton Publishing House, Timişoara, 2003. 4. Draghici, M., Bold, I., Buciuman, E., Rural area-defining, organizing, developing, Minton Publishing House, Timişoara, 2003. 5. Draghici, M., Săbădeanu P., Specific modules for European integration training of agricultural holdings in the agro-area plain, Trend Consulting Group Publishing House, Bucharest, 2005. 6. Gavrilescu, D. (Eds.), Local rural economies, dimensions and perspectives, Agris Publishing House, Bucharest, 1998. 7. Letitia Zahiu et al., EU Agriculture under the impact of the CAP, Ceres Publishing House, Bucharest, 2006 8. xxx - ANIF, OIELIF, Dolj Branch, 2006. 9. xxx - Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Dolj. 10. xxx - Department of Statistics, Dolj County, 2010.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CERCETĂRI PRIVIND COMPORTAREA SOIURILOR DE PEPENI VERZI DULCE DE DĂBULENI ŞI DE DĂBULENI ÎN PROCESUL SELECŢIEI CONSERVATIVE

RESEARCH CONCERNING THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE CULTIVARS SWEET OF DABULENI AND OF DABULENI WATERMELONS IN THE PROCESS OF CONSERVATIVE SELECTION

Author: Ciuciuc Elena

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: watermelons, productivity, selection, coefficient of variation

ABSTRACT

Pentru a menţine caracterele cantitative şi calitative ale soiurilor de pepeni verzi Dulce de Dăbuleni şi De Dăbuleni în limitele de variabilitate s-a efectuat selecţia conservativă. Studiul variabilităţii s-a făcut pe un număr de 100 elite extrase din câmpul de alegere. Determinările efectuate au vizat următoarele caractere: greutatea fructelor, dimensiunile fructelor (lungime şi diametru), grosimea şi greutatea coajii, proporţia de coajă, numărul de seminţeşi greutatea seminţelor dintr-un fruct. Soiul de pepeni verzi Dulce de Dăbuleni a prezentat în procesul selecţiei conservative o variabilitate mică pentru lungimea şi diametrul fructelor, variabilitate mijlocie pentru greutatea fructelor, grosimea cojii, proporţia de coajă, greutatea fructului şi substanţa uscată solubilă, variabilitate mare pentru greutatea cojii, numărul de seminţe în fructe şi masa a 1000 seminţe şi variabilitate foarte mare pentru număru de seminţe dintr-un fruct. Soiul de pepeni verzi De Dăbuleni a prezentat în procesul selecţie conservative variabilitate mică pentru lungimea şi diametrul fructelor şi pentru substanţa uscată solubilă, variabilitate mijlocie pentru grosimea cojii, greutatea cojii, proporţia de coajă şi masa a 1000 seminţe, variabilitate mare pentru greutatea fructelor şi numărul de seminţe în fruct şi variabilitate foarte mare pentru cantitatea de seminţe dinrt-un fruct.

In order to maintain the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the watermelon cultivars Sweet of Dabuleni and Of Dabuleni in the limits of variability the conservative selection has been done. The variability study was conducted on a number of 100 elites extracted from the chosen field. The inquieries focussed on the following traits : fruit weight, fruit size (length and diameter ), thickness and shell weight, shell proportion, seed number and seed weight within a fruit. The Sweet of Dăbuleni watermelon cultivar has shown, in the process of conservative selection, a small variability for fruit length and diameter, middle variability for fruit weight, shell thickness, shell proportion, fruit weight and dry soluble substance, high variability for shell weight, number of seeds within the fruit and the mass of a 1000 seeds, and very high variability for the seed number within a fruit.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

INTRODUCTION

The Sweet of Dabuleni watermelon cultivar has been obtained by individual selection by groups of families from the cultivar Montain Stone Improved Resistant, being destined for fresh consumption and grown in all regions favourable of the watermelon culture. The plants have immense force. The fruits are globular, slightly oblongated, their weight average between 4,8-8 kg. The pulp is red to raspberry color like, with semi-fine consistency, flavored. The variety has a good reaction to Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Colletotrichum laganarium and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and medium reaction to Alternaria cucumerina and Spherotheca fuliginea. It is semi-late cultivar, with production capacity comprised between 40-68 t/ha. The of Dabuleni watermelon cultivar has been obtained by individual selection with only one choice from the Charleston Gray cultivar. The plants have immense force, the fruit is ribbed, green- whitish, oval shaped long oblongated, average weight between 11-13 kg, if irrigated. The pulp is dark pink, flavoured, nicely textured, high quality taste. The cultivar reacts very well to Pseudomonas lachrymas, Erwinia tracheiphilia, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Erysyphe cichoracerum and good behavior from Colletotrichum lagenarium. It is a semi-late cultivar, with a production capacity comprised between 30-430 t/ha. Maintaining the quantitative and qualitative traits of the cultivar in its own limits of variability is accomplished by conservative selection papers (N. Munteanu and collaborators, 1995, Silvia Ambarus, 1999). This work aims to present a study on the behaviour of Sweet of Dabuleni and of Dabuleni watermelon cultivars in the process of conservative selection.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The variability analysis of main traits of Sweet of Dabuleni and of Dabuleni watermelon cultivars was done at CCDCPN Dabuleni between 2009-2011. The variability study was conducted on a number of a 100 elites, extracted from the field of choice. The biometric inquiries focussed on: fruit weight, fruit size (length and diameter ), shell thickness and weight, shell proportion, the number and quantity of seeds within the fruit. The experimental data which was obtained have been statistical and mathematical processed, calculating: arithmetic average, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation.

RESULTS AND DISCUTIONS

At Sweet of Dabuleni watermelon cultivar, the majority of the quantitative traits have shown a considerable variation (table 1).

Table 1 Variability of quantitative traits of fruit and seed, of Dabuleni watermelon cultivar Arithmetic The standard Coefficient of The degree of Specification average (X) deviation (S) variation (S%) dispersion Fruit weight (kg) 9.43 1.48 15.69 6.9 - 13 Fruit length (cm) 29.39 1.88 6.39 26.0 –35.0 Fruit diameter (cm) 24.62 1.55 6.30 21.5 – 30.5 Shell thickness (cm) 1.43 0.26 18.18 0.8 – 2.0 Shell weight (kg) 3.97 0.95 23.92 2.3 – 6.8 Shell proportion (%) 42.14 5.64 13.38 30.3 – 58.6 Weight gist (kg) 5.46 1.02 18.68 3.4 – 8.7

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Number of seeds in the fruit 705 197.10 27.95 298 – 1170 Quantity of seeds in fruit (g) 40.68 14.35 35.27 12.0 – 84.5 The mass of a 1000 seeds (g) 57.46 12.84 22.34 35.4 – 86.5 Dry soluble substance (%) 11.3 1.90 16.81 8.0 – 8.7

The values of variation coefficient indicate the Sweet of Dabuleni watermelon cultivar has small variability for fruit length and diameter, middle variability for fruit weight, shell thickness middle variability, shell proportion, weight gist and dry substance soluble high variability for shell weight, number of seeds in the fruit and the mass of 1000 seeds and very high variability for quantity of seed in fruit. In Table 2, the correlation coefficients between the main traits of watermelon fruit at Sweet of Dabuleni cultivar are presented.

Table 2 Simple correlation coefficients for the main traits of Sweet of Dabuleni watermelon fruit Shell Shell Shell Number of Quantity The mass Specification thickness weight propor-tion seeds in of seed in of 1000 (cm) (kg) (%) the fruit fruit (g) seeds (g) Fruit weight (kg) 0.1240 0.7414 0.0020 0.0670 0,7400 0.0707 Shell thickness (cm) 0.4115 0.4921 Number of seeds in the fruit 0.8430 0.0812 Quantity of seed in fruit (g) 0.5436

It is found that fruit weight is positively distinct significantly correlated with shell weight (r = 0.7414) and quantity of seeds of the fruit (r = 0.74). There is a distinct significantly correlation between shell thickness and shell weight (r = 0.4115) and the proportion of shell (r = 0.4921). The number of seeds in a fruit correlate significantly distinct with the amount of seed in the fruit (r = 0.8432) and this correlates with the mass of a 1000 seeds (r = 0.5436). The variability of the main traits of Of Dabuleni watermelon cultivar is presented in table 3. Table 3 Variability of quantitative traits of Of Dabuleni cultivar watermelon fruit Arithmetic The standard Coefficient of The degree of Specification average deviation variation dispersion (X) (S) (S%) Fruit weight (kg) 5.1 1.11 21.76 3.8 - 7.3 Fruit length (cm) 33.5 0.98 2.92 28.0 – 41.0 Fruit diameter (cm) 16,6 1.55 9.33 14.0 – 19.5 Shell thick (cm) 1.1 0.15 15.63 0.5 – 1.5 Shell weight (kg) 2.3 0.45 19.56 1.5 – 3.5 Shell proportion (%) 44.6 5.39 12.08 33.3 – 64.1 Number of seeds in the fruit 484 141.77 29.29 145 – 900 Quantity of seed in fruit (g) 51.6 16.19 31.37 15 – 105 The mass of 1000 seeds (g) 106.8 14.29 13.38 86.4 – 129.0 Dry soluble substance (%) 8.5 0.22 2.58 7.5 – 10.1

The values of variation coefficient indicate that of Dabuleni watermelon cultivar has small variability for fruit length and diameter and dry soluble substance, middle variability for shell thickness, shell weight, shell proportion and the mass of a 1000 seeds, high

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 variability for fruit weight and number of seeds in the fruit, very high variability for quantity of seed in fruit. Fruit traits are influenced by hereditary cultivar dowry, but some of them (fruit weight) may be dependent on pedoclimatic factors (Rodica Badea et all., 1996). The correlation coefficients of the main traits in of Dabuleni watermelon fruit are presented in table 4.

Table 4 Simple correlation coefficients between the main traits of the watermelon fruit cultivar of Dabuleni The Number Shell Shell Quantity mass of of seeds Specification thick weight of seed in 1000 in the (cm) (kg) fruit (g) seeds fruit (g) Fruit weight (kg) 0.4624 0.7871 0.1774 0.1646 0.2042 Shell thickness (cm) 0.5071 Number of seeds in the fruit 0.9623 0.0655 Quantity of seed in fruit (g) 0.0714

Fruit weight correlates significantly distinct with shell weight (r = 0.7871) and shell thickness (r = 0.4624).A positive correlation also exists between fruit weight and the other significant traits (seed number, seed quantity and the mass of a 1000 seeds). Shell thickness is correlated with shell weight (r = 0.5071) and seed number correlates with quantity of seed in fruit (r = 0.9623).

CONCLUSIONS

1. The analyisis of traits variability in Sweet of Dăbuleni watermelon cultivar,in the process of conservative selection, shows a small variability for fruit length and diameter, middle variability for fruit weight, shell thickness, shell proportion, pulp weight and dry soluble substance, high variability for shell weight, number of seeds in the fruit and the mass of a 1000 seeds and very high variability for quantity of seed in fruit. 2. The of Dăbuleni watermelon cultivar shows in the process of conservative selection a small variability for fruit length and diameter and dry soluble substance, middle variability for shell thickness, shell weight, shell proportion and the mass of a 1000 seeds, high variability for fruit weight and number of seeds in the fruit, very high variability for quantity of seed in fruit. 3. The correct application of the selection in the process to obtain watermelon seeds will maintain Sweet of Dăbuleni and of Dăbuleni cultivars as close as possible to the original structure.

REFERENCES

1. Ambăruş Silvia, 1999 – Variability of the main characters in the variety of carrot Chantenay red Core in conservative selection process. Annals ICDLF Vidra, vol. XVI. 2. Badea Rodica, Voican V., Tudor M., 1996 - Research on some parameters of seed production to aubergines. Annals ICDLF Vidra, vol. XIV. 3. Munteanu N., Marcela Fălticeanu, 1995 - Study of quantitative characters of garden bean cultivar Golden of Bacau. Annals ICDLF Vidra, vol. XIII.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CULTURA PROTEJATĂ A PEPENILOR VERZI BIOLOGICI CU PLANTE ALTOITE

THE PROTECTED CROP OF BIOLOGICAL WATERMELONS WITH GRAFTED PLANTS

Authors: Elena Ciuciuc, Toma V., Mihaela Croitoru, Marieta Ploae

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: watermelons, grafting, protective method

ABSTRACT

Experienţa a urmărit comportarea unor hibrizi de pepeni verzi altoiţi în adăposturi joase tip tunel în scopul obţinerii de producţii biologice, creşterii timpurietăţii, creşterii nivelului cantitativ şi calitativ al producţiei. În acest scop au fost studiaţi trei hibrizi de pepeni verzi altoiţi (Crisby F1, Flamingo F1 şi Celine F1) şi trei metode de cultivare: protejat cu tunel din polietilenă, protejat cu tunel din polietilenă şi mulci, protejat cu agril şi mulci. Protejarea culturii a creat un microclimat diferit în funcţie de materialul folosit cu influenţă asupra proceselor fiziologice, cantităţii şi calităţii producţiei.Rata fotosintezei a prezentat valori ridicate la plantele protejate cu agril şi mulci.Protejarea culturii cu agril şi mulci a determinat creşterea producţiei timpurii la toţi hibrizii ( 59,3 t/ha la Crisby F1, 72,8 t/ha la flamingo F1 şi 75,1 t/ha la Celine F1. Adăugarea mulcirii la protejarea culturii determină creşterea în greutate a fructelor şi a calităţii printr-un conţinut mai ridicat în substanţă uscată, carbohidraţi şi vitamina C.

Experience followed establishment of varieties and hybrids suitable for watermelons at grafting in order to obtain biological productions in low tunnel type shelters; getting the early watermelons productions; increasing levels quantitatively and qualitatively of the production of watermelons. For this purpose three hybrids grafted watermelons were followed (Crisby F1, Flamingo F1 and Celine F1) and three cultivation methods (protected with polyethylene tunnel, protected with polyethylene tunnel and mulch, protected with agril and mulch). Protecting the culture of grafting watermelons creates a different microclimate depending on the material used with the influence on key physiological processes, the quantity and quality of production. The rate of photosynthesis has the highest values protected plants with agril+mulch. Protecting the culture of watermelons with agril mulch determine early growth to all hybrids (59.3 t/ha at Crisby F1, 72.8 t/ha at flamingo F1 and 75.1 t/ha at Celine F1). Adding mulch protected crops determines the weight of the fruit and its quality through a higher content in dry substance in powder, carbohydrates and vitamin C.

INTRODUCTION

Growing watermelons on sandy soils in southern Oltenia is a tradition of being one of the main sources of income for farmers in the area. Low natural fertility, climatic conditions characterized by temperature and water stress, the increasing virulence attack of ground pathogen agents are factors limiting the production of watermelons. Grafting watermelons is a solution for resolving these issues. Research on grafting watermelons 16

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 were made in many watermelons growing countries and aimed at establishing methods of grafting, the behavior of growing grafted on different rootstocks, grafting efficiency of damaging agents and various technological options (Lee. M., 1994, Yetişir H. N., 2003, Core J., 2005, Cushman K., 2010, Yilmaz S., 2010). In our country is less known method cunoscută (Răduică Şt., 2009, Elena Ciuciuc et Toma V., 2007, Elena Ciuciuc et all., 2010). To increase profitability requires constant improvement of technology in growing watermelons. Early production determines recovery watermelon production under high economic efficiency. For this purpose it was intended for cultivation of watermelons behavior in different circumstances to protect. Objectives pursued were: increasing resistance of watermelon plant at thermal stressors and obligate, increasing resistance of watermelon plant at the attack of diseases and pests; establishment of varieties and hybrids suitable for watermelons at grafting in order to obtain biological productions in low tunnel type shelters; getting the early watermelons productions; increasing levels quantitatively and qualitatively of the production of watermelons.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The experience was bifactorial and was placed in the experimental field by the plots method subdivided in 4 repetitions. Factors studied: The factor A – the hybrid a1 – Crisby F1 a2 – Flamingo F1 a3 – Celine F1 The factor B – Cultivation method b1 –protected with polyethylene tunnel b2 – protected with polyethylene tunnel and mulch b3 –protected with agril and mulch The Shintosa F1 Rootstock for grafting was used. Field planting was done in the second decade of April at a distance of 1.8 m between rows and 1 m between plants in the row. Fertilization was done with manure 60 t / ha. To prevent the attack of pathogens bordelez juice treatments were performed. Regulate the microclimate was done by daily airing and opening vent windows on top of polyethylene tunnel. In tunnels covered with permeable Agril foil intervention did not occurre throughout the period of protection.The protection system was maintained until 25 May when the air temperature reached 300C . Physiological processes were influenced by the method of protection. At the culture protected with polyethylene tunnel + mulch the highest values rate of photosynthesis were recorded (figure 1). At 8 o’clock the rate of photosynthesis showed values between 12.91-15.33 2 micromoles CO2/m /s, increased at 12 o’clock, recording values ranging between 19.3 – 2 22.15 micromoles CO2/m /s, being higher at plants protected with agril and mulch . At 17 o’clock, a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis due to the increasing of temperatures has been recorded. Transpiration rate values were also different depending on the microclimate conditions created by the specific of the protection system (Figure 2). At 8 o’clock under polyethylene tunnel the lowest value of transpiration was registered, due to condensation that forms and

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 which maintain a high air hygroscopicity. Sweating increases reaching a maximum at 12 o’clock in terms of protecting with Agri + mulch.

Figure 1. The rate of photosynthesis

. Figure 2: The rate of transpiration

When removing the protection system the length of the stems of watermelons was discovered. This was according to the hybrid and the method of protection (table 1).

Table 1 Plant length of watermelon on May 25 The hybrid Method of protecting Plant length (cm) polyethylene tunnel 77,2 Crisby F1 polyethylene tunnel and mulch 96,6 agril and mulch 119,6 polyethylene tunnel 86,4 Flamingo F1 polyethylene tunnel and mulch 103,8 agril and mulch 89,4 polyethylene tunnel 109,0 Celine F1 polyethylene tunnel and mulch 107,6 agril and mulch 141,6

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

All hybrids recorded the biggest growth in conditions of protection with agril and mulch. The lowest increases were recorded in the conditions of protection with polyethylene tunnel. One can notice that the length of the plants was depended on the cultivated hybrid and the protective method used. At Crisby F1 hybrid plant lenghts of 77.2 cm were recorded, under protection with polyethylene tunnel, 96.6 cm tunnel under protection with polyethylene and mulch and 119.6 cm by protecting with Agril + mulch. Flamingo F1 hybrid recorded stem lengths ranging from 86.4 to 103.8 cm and the Celene F1 hybrid was the most vigorous with plant lengths ranging from 107.6 to 141.6 cm, the largest increases being recorded under protection with Agril + mulch. It is very important for the protected culture the way that the cultivated hybrid and the protective method provide bigger early productions . At the first harvest (13 July) at Crisby F1 hybrid were harvested 31.3 t / ha under polyethylene tunnel protection, 38.6 t / ha under polyethylene and mulch protection, and by protecting with the Agril+ mulch an early production of 59.3 t / ha (table 2). was obtained. Flamingo F1 hybrid made early production between 13.8 to 72.8 t / ha and at Celine F1 hybrid the early production ranged from 20.4 to 75.1 t / ha. It appears that regardless of the cultivated hybrid by protection with Agril + mulch the biggest early production is made.

Table 2 Production dynamics of watermelons The hybrid Method of protecting The production received to date ( t/ha): 13.07 22.0 01.08 Crisby F1 polyethylene tunnel 31.3 16.1 38.5 polyethylene tunnel and mulch 38.6 25.8 54.3 agril and mulch 59.3 14.6 23.1 Flamingo F1 polyethylene tunnel 13.8 11.7 75.8 polyethylene tunnel and mulch 30.2 23.3 76.1 agril and mulch 72.8 16.1 36.0 Celine F1 polyethylene tunnel 20.4 36.4 76.5 polyethylene tunnel and mulch 52.4 21.3 75.4 agril and mulch 75.1 8.1 39.7

In polyethylene tunnels temperature and humidity conditions less favorable for plant growth have evolved, especially flowering and fruit early binding and thus influence the early production. The average yields achieved by the three hybrids were different depending on the production capacity of each hybrid (table 3).

Table 3 The influence of the hybrid on the watermelon production The hybrid The production Difference Significance t/ha % (t/ha) Crisby F1 100.5 100 Mt. Flamingo F1 118.6 118 +18.1 * Celine F1 135.1 134 +34.6 ** LSD 5% = 17.3 t/ha LSD1% = 26.2 t/ha LSD 0.1% = 42.1 t/ha

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Crisby F1 hybrid was exceeded as production level by the Flamingo F1 and Celine F1 hybrids, yield differences were of 18.1 t / ha and 34.6 t / ha. Protective method has influenced the production of watermelons (table 4).

Table 4 The influence of the cultivation method on the production of watermelons Production obtain Difference Method of protecting Significance t/ha % (t/ha) polyethylene tunnel 106.8 100 Mt. polyethylene tunnel and 132.5 124 +25.7 ** mulch agril and mulch 114.9 108 +8.1 LSD 5% = 15.4 t/ha LSD 1% = 21.1 t/ha LSD 0.1% = 28.8 t/ha

By protecting watermelons with polyethylene tunnel we obtained an average production of 106,8 t/ha. Adding mulch brought an increase in production of 25.7 t/ha, distinctly significant increase statistically speaking.. By protecting with agril+ mulch we obtained a production increase of 8,1 t/ha. Table 5 presents the influence of the protective method on the production of watermelons at the same cultivar.

Table 5 The influence of the method of protecting the production of watermelons at the same hybrid The production Difference The hybrid Method of protecting Significance t/ha % (t/ha) polyethylene tunnel 85.9 100 Mt. Crisby F1 polyethylene tunnel and 118.7 138 +32.8 * mulch agril and mulch 97.0 113 +11.1 polyethylene tunnel 101.3 100 Mt. polyethylene tunnel and Flamingo F1 129.6 128 +28.3 * mulch agril and mulch 124.9 123 +23.6 polyethylene tunnel 133.3 100 Mt. polyethylene tunnel and 149.1 112 +15.8 Celine F1 mulch agril and mulch 122.9 92 -10.4 LSD 5% = 26.7 t/ha LSD1% = 36.7 t/ha LSD 0.1% = 49.9 t/ha

Crisby F1 hybrid in polyethylene tunnel protected crop a production of 85.9 t / ha was achieved. In the version of protection with polyethylene tunnel + mulch a production of 118.7 t / ha was obtained, resulting in a production increase of 32.8 t / ha, statistically significant. In the protected version with Agril + mulch the production increased, as opposed to protecting with the polyethylene tunnel, with 11.1 t / ha (production obtained was 97 t / ha) but was below that achieved by protecting with polyethylene tunnel + mulch .Flamingo F1 hybrid has achieved a production of 101.3 t / ha in protected version with polyethylene tunnel and a production of 129.6 t / ha in protected tunnel + mulch. So, by 20

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 adding soil mulching we saw a production increase of 28.3 t / ha significantly in statistic terms.Protecting with Agril + mulch production provided a 124.9 t / ha, resulting in a production increase of 23.6 t / ha as opposed to protection with the polyethylene tunnel. By cultivating Celine F1 hybrid watermelon in protected culture in polyethylene tunnel, production obtained was 133.3 t / ha, by protecting with polyethylene tunnel + mulch a production of 149.1 t / ha was obtained, and by protection with Agril + mulch a production of 122.9 t / ha was obtained Cultivated hybrid and culture conditions determine different values of the main biochemical components of watermelon fruit (table 6).

Table 6 Biochemical composition of the watermelon fruit

Dry Vitamin Total dry Carbo- Cultivation Water soluble C The hybrid substance hydrates method % substance mg/100 % % % g s.p

Polyethylene Crisby F1 88.4 11.6 10.0 6.38 9.68 tunnel Flamingo F1 89.7 10.3 10.2 7.50 10.56 Celine F1 89.4 10.9 9.8 6.38 10.6 Average 89.0 11.0 10.0 6.75 10.2 Crisby F1 87.3 12.7 10.8 7.98 13.28 Polyethylene Flamingo F1 87.7 12.3 12.0 7.98 13.20 tunnel +mulch Celine F1 86.8 13.2 12.0 6.50 11.44 Average 87.2 12.8 11.6 7.48 12.64 Crisby F1 89.0 11.0 10.8 7.50 11.44 Agril +mulch Flamingo F1 87.7 12.3 11.8 7.67 9.98 Celine F1 87.2 12.8 11.4 6.58 11.44 Average 87.9 12.1 11.3 7.25 10.95

In conditions of protecting with polyethylene tunnel the content in dry substance at watermelon fruits ranged from 10.3% at Flamingo F1 and 11.6% at Crisby F1 Protecting with tunnel polyethylene + mulch values of the content in dry substance were recorded from 12.3 to 13.2%, while protecting with the Agril + mulch reached values of the content in dry substance from 11 to 12.8%. Carbohydrate content in the watermelon fruit was influenced by the method of protecting the culture, the highest being recorded in the protected culture with polyethylene tunnel + mulch (7.48%). Flamingo F1 hybrid recorded the highest carbohydrate content in any method of protection. Vitamin C content was 10.2 mg/100 g sp at the protection with polyethylene tunnel, 12.64 mg/100 g s.p.at the protection with polyethylene tunnel + mulch and 10.95 mg/100 g sp in terms of protecting with Agril + mulch.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CONCLUSIONS

1. Protecting the culture of grafting watermelons creates a different microclimate depending on the material used with the influence on key physiological processes, the quantity and quality of production. 2. The rate of photosynthesis had the highest values in protected plants with agril+mulch. 3. Protecting the culture of watermelons with agril mulch determines early growth to all hybrids.The biggest early production was recorded at Celine F1 hybrid (75.1 t/ha (followed by Flamingo F1 (72.8 t/ha (Agril + mulch). 4. Adding mulch in tunnel protected crops causes the weight of the fruit and its quality through a higher content in dry substance in powder, carbohydrates and vitamin C.

REFERENCES

1. Ciuciuc Elena, Toma V., 2007 – The capitalization superior sandy soils on southern Oltenia through cultivation the graft watermelons. Scientific works RDCPCS Dabuleni, volume XVII. SITECH, Craiova. 2. Ciuciuc Elena, Toma V., Croitoru Mihaela, Ploae Marieta, 2010 – Research on the behavoir of hybrids of watermelons grafting on different rootstocks in different conditions to culture. Scientific works Faculty of Agriculture Craiova. Conferences with International Participation “Durable agriculture – Agriculture of the future” (the 6th edition) and The National Mycology Symposium (the 22nd edition). 3. Core J., 2005 – Grafing watermelons ssquash or gourd roostock msker fifmer, healthier fruit. Agric. Res. Jully issue. 4. Cushman Kent, 2009 – Grafting Technics for Watermelon. Horticultural sciences. Florida, cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University Florida. 5. Lee J. M., 1994 – Cultivation of grafted vegetables. Curent, status, grafting methods, and benefits. Hort. Science 29:235-239. 6. Ylmaz S., Betul S., Siman Z., 2009 – Grafting as in alternative to MeBr. Vegetable production in Turkey. 7. Răduică Şt., Răduică D., 2009 – New methods for growing watermelons and onion seed production. Ed Teocora. ISBN: 978-973-1934-21-1. 8. Toma V., Croitoru Mihaela, Ploae Marieta, 2007 – Research regarding the fertilization and number of plants at grafting watermelons crops on sandy soils. Scientific works RDCPCS Dabuleni, volume XVI. SITECH, Craiova.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

EFECTUL ÎNGRĂŞĂMINTELOR CHIMICE ASUPRA CALITĂŢII BOABELOR DE GRÂU ÎN CONDIŢIILE SOLURILOR NISIPOASE DIN SUDUL OLTENIEI

THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON WHEAT GRAIN QUALITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF SANDY SOILS IN SOUTHERN OLTENIA

Authors: Mihaela Croitoru1, Reta Drăghici 1, Drăghici Iulian1, Matei Gheorghe2

1Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

2 Faculty of Agriculture, Craiova, Romania, Phone:+40 (0) 251 418 475; email: contact@agro- craiova.ro;http://www.agro-craiova.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: wheat, productivity, protein, quality, sandy soils

ABSTRACT

Calitatea grâului, indiferent de destinaţia lui, este un factor esenţial de stabilire a valorii de piaţă a acestuia. Valorile însuşirilor de calitate sunt puternic influenţate de tehnologia aplicată. Proteinele, în care glutenul este cel mai important component, alături de alte substanţe conţinute în bob, dau valoarea nutritivă, tehnologică şi de prelucrare. Productivitatea şi calitatea producţiei sunt influenţate de doza și epoca de aplicare a îngrășămintelor în perioada de experimentare. Cele mai bune rezultate de producție au fost obținute în varianta fertilizată cu N150P80K80 în care azotul a fost aplicat 1/3 la semănat + 2/3 vegetație (3270 kg/ha), cu un spor de producție asigurat statistic ca fiind foarte semnificativ de 2219 kg/ha. Fertilizarea influenţeazǎ în mod hotǎrâtor procentul de proteină, gluten, indicele de sedimentare și masa a 1000 de boabe. Asocierea indicelui de sedimentare Zelleny cu conținutul de proteină este descrisă de o dreaptă de regresie cu o pantă puternic ascendentă, care arată că, indicele de sedimentare este direct proporţional cu conţinutul de proteină. Aplicarea îngrășămintelor cu azot în doză crescândă, influențează calitatea boabelor de grâu, iar cele mai bune rezultate au fost obținute la fertilizarea cu N150. De asemenea, epoca de aplicare a îngrășămintelor influențează calitatea grâului, iar cele mai bune rezultate au fost obținute atunci când doza de azot a fost administrată 1/3 sem. + 2/3 veg. sau 100% în vegetație, variante în care și producția a prezentat sporuri de producție asigurate statistic.

Wheat quality, regardless of its destination is an essential factor of determining its market value. The values of characteristic quality are strongly influenced by the applied technology. Proteins, in which gluten is the most important component, along with other substances in the grain give nutritional, technological, and processing value. Productivity and product quality are influenced by dose and epoch of application of fertilizers in the experiment period. The best production results were obtained in fertilized variant with N150P80K80, where nitrogen was applied 1/3 at sowing + 2/3 vegetation (3270 kg / ha), with an increase of production statistically insured as being very significantly, 2219 kg / ha. Chemical fertilization definitely influences the percentage of protein, gluten, sedimentation rate and thousand grain weight (TGW). The association of sedimentation index Zelleny with protein content is described by a regression with a strong ascendant, slope that shows that the sedimentation rate is proportional to the protein content. Applying nitrogen fertilizer in increasing dose, influences the quality of wheat grains and the best

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 results were obtained with N150 fertilization. Also, the epoch of application of fertilizers influences wheat quality and the best results were obtained when the nitrogen dose was administered 1/3 at sowing + 2/3 vegetation or 100% applied in vegetation, variants in which the production had spores statistically assured.

INTRODUCTION

The notion of quality of agricultural products has increasingly been the subject of research over the past two decades, in all countries, (Burlacu G., Ana Popescu,Veronica Maravela, 2007, Godfrey D., Hawkesford M., J., Power S.J., Millar S., Shewry P, R., 2012, Khan Ikhtiar, Zeb Alan, 2007, Sin Gh., 2007, 2010 , Zuzana Sramkova, Edita Gregova, Ernest Sturdik, 2009, Ciobanu Gheorghe et all., 2011,). A vegetal product quality should be considered first by the content of active biochemical principles (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins, enzymes). Quality of agricultural products is influenced by genetic factors and external conditions. Climatic conditions, soil and nutrition create more significant differences in terms of content of chemical components, than genetics factors. The food of the sandy soil is deficient in relation to plant requirements and thus providing the necessary nutrients for growth and development can be achieved through rational use of fertilizers. In the practice of sustainable agriculture on sandy soils, research have been directed to other fertilization system with lower doses of fertilizer, but choosing the moment of application according to plant needs.

MATHERIAL AND METHODS

In order to determine the influence of fertilization with different doses of chemical fertilizers on the quality of wheat and corn grain on sandy soils in southern Oltenia an experience/ research was initiated with the following factors: Experimental variants: V1. N0P0K0 V2. N0P80K0 V3. N0P0K80 V4. N0P80K80 V5. N50P80K80 (N 100% sowing ) V6. N50P80K80 (N 1/3 sowing + 2/3 vegetation) V7. N50P80K80 (N 100% vegetation) V8. N100P80K80 (N 100% sowing ) V9. N100P80K80 (N 1/3 sowing + 2/3 vegetation) V10. N100P80K80 (N 100% vegetation) V11. N150P80K80 (N 100% sowing) V12. N150P80K80 (N 1/3 sowing + 2/3 vegetation) V13. N150P80K80 (N 100% vegetation) Dropia wheat variety was studied. The following observations and measurements were made: * determined protein: Perten method; * determined the moisture-Perten method; * determined wet gluten-Perten method; * determined sedimentation Zeleny index-Perten method; * determined the index falling-Perten method; * determined the weight of 1000 seeds; 24

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

* determined hectolitre weight; * production (kg/ha).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A priority place in the development of agriculture, the main branch of the economy of a country is occupied by cereals, very generous vegetable species with production potential, their qualities and diversity range of synthesis as a source of food for man and animals as well as raw material for industrial processing, cereals are cultivated on large areas worldwide. Results on the quality characteristics of wheat grain emphasize the influence of fertilization on production quality and especially of nitrogen dose applied. The amount of protein in grain was influenced by the dose of fertilizer, timing of application, and the climatic conditions in the crop area. In wheat grains, a protein content between 10,9% in unfertilized variant and 14,4% in the fertilized one with N150P80K80 (N-100% veg.) was determined (table 1). If we relate the quantity of protein to total output, it increases with the increase of production, the correlation being very significant (r = 0.98 ***) of linear form (Figure 1). Grain moisture was low (11.5 – 12.3%) and the differences between the versions are very small. Grain humidity is an important indicator of grain quality assessment. Optimum degree of ripeness at harvest is characterized by wheat humidity, which must not exceed 15%, while keeping it in optimal conditions is not performed until the moisture decreases below 14%. The content of gluten is a very important indicator of quality for the technological process, contributing to the characterisation of the dough, especially of the processing capacity and potential of baking. The amount of gluten in wheat grains was ranged between 22.8% in the unfertilized variant and 32.9% in the fertilized variant with N150P80K80 (N 100% in vegetation).

3500 f(x) = 6,83x + 361,15 3000 r = 0,98 *** 2500 2000 1500 1000 Production(kg/ha) 500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Protein(kg/ha)

Figure 1 - Correlation between the production of wheat and grain protein quantity reported per hectare

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table1 Influence of fertilization systems on wheat grains quality Protein Index Index of Hectolitre Weight of Moisture (%) Production NPK Gluten(%) Zeleny falling weight 1000 seeds Epoch of nitrogen application (%) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (ml) (s) (Kg/hl) (g) (%) (kg/ha)

N0P0K0 12 10.9 114,6 22.8 38 396 42 75 1051

N0P80K0 12.2 11.1 154,8 25.8 39 423 43 75.6 1395

N0P0K80 12.3 12.4 169 22.8 38 429 45 75.4 1363

N0P80K80 12 11.5 171.7 23.3 39 421 44 76.4 1493 The sowing 11.5 11.6 238.3 23.9 41 430 45 76.8 2054

N50P80K80 1/3sowing +2/3 in vegetation 11.9 11.3 287.9 23.3 39 395 44 77.6 2548 In vegetation 11.9 11.5 313.6 24.2 39 409 45 77.4 2727 The sowing 12 12.3 339.4 23.1 36 302 45 77.2 2759

N100P80K80 1/3 sowing +2/3 in vegetation 12 12 356.4 25.6 43 358 42 76.1 2970 In vegetation 11.7 13.3 360.4 29.6 56 287 50 77 2710 The sowing 12 12.6 357.8 24.2 42 350 50 75 2840

N150P80K80 1/3sowing +2/3 in vegetation 11.9 13.3 435 29.5 55 295 51 77.8 3270 In vegetation 12 14.4 434.7 32.9 59 290 51 77.2 3019 LSD 5%-3.75; LSD 1% - 5.03; LSD 0.1% - 6.64

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

As regards of the influence of fertilization on the content of wet gluten, the latter increased with the increasing doses of nitrogen applied, thus, in the variant, fertilized with N150P80K80 an average of wet gluten content of 29% was registered compared with the unfertilized variant, in which there has been an average of wet gluten content of 23.6% (table 2). The results are presented using the correlations (figure 2). Also, the protein content in grains increases with the increasing nitrogen dose (r = 0.95*). Zeleny index also showed the highest value in this variant. This index increases with increasing content of gluten within the wheat grain. Hectoliter weight (HW) presented values higher than 75 kg/hl, meeting current standards, and the highest value of 77.8 kg/hl was determined in the fertilized variant with N150P80K80 (N1/3 sowing. + 2/3 in vegetation), in which the production was higher (table 1). Thousand grain weight (TGW), presented values between 41 g in unfertilized variant and 51g in the variant fertilized with N150P80K80 and nitrogen was given 1/3 sowing + 1/3 in vegetation or 100% in vegetation. Between the nitrogen dose administered and TGW a positive linear correlation with a correlation factor of 0.92 was established (Figure

35 52 f(x) = 0,03x + 22,55 30 r = 0,72 50 25 f(x) = 0,04x + 42,75 48 r = 0,92 20

% 15 46 10 44

5 f(x) = 0,01x + 11,18 (g) MMB r = 0,95* 0 42 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 40 The nitrogen dose (kg/ha) Protein(%) 38 Linear Regression for Protein(%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Gluten (%) The nitrogen dose (kg/ha) Linear Regression for Gluten (%) 3). Figure 2 – Correlation between nitrogen dose and Figure 3 – Correlation between the dose of the content of protein and gluten in grains of wheat nitrogen and weight of thousand grain weight (TGW)

Index of falling (Falling Number) which characterises by a number of seconds the quality of starch in the wheat grains, is also an important indicator in determining the quality of wheat. Values for the optimal Alpha-amylasic activity are between 200 and 260 seconds. At wheat, the falling number showed values ranging from 287 seconds in the variant fertilized with N100P80K80 (100% in vegetation) and 429 seconds in the variant fertilized with N0P0K80. If we analyze the influence of nitrogen dose on wheat quality it can be seen that the best results were obtained in the fertilization with N150 (table 2), variant in which the production that was statistically assured. The fertilization influences decisively the percentage of protein, gluten, sedimentation index and the thousand grain weight. Hectolitre weight, index of falling and moisture do not appear to be influenced by fertilization. First are the chemical fertilizers, particularly the ones with nitrogen, which fall into protein synthesis and determine the quality of crops. The results are expressed using

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 the correlations. The quality of protein is given by index of sedimentation. The association of Zeleny index of sedimentation with protein content is described by a straight line of regression with a strong ascending slope, indicating that the sedimentation index is proportional to the protein content. Also, the correlation between the content of gluten and protein quantity in the grains of wheat, is described by a straight line of regression, which shows that the content of gluten is directly proportional to the quantity of protein in the grains (figures 4 and 5).

Table 2 Influence of nitrogen dose on the quality of wheat grains Protein Index Index of Gluten (%) Production Variant (kg/ha) % kg/ha Zeleny (ml) falling (s)

N0 11.47 152 38.5 417 23.6 1326

N50 11.5 211 39.7 411 23.8 1832

N100 12.5 352 45 316 26.1 2813

N150 13.5 411 52 312 29 3043

60 35

50 30 25 40 20 30

15 Gluten(%) 20 f(x) = 6,32x - 33,54 f(x) = 2,59x - 6,09 10 r = 1*** Index Zeleny (ml) Zeleny Index 10 r = 0,99* 5 0 0 11 11,5 12 12,5 13 13,5 14 11 11,5 12 12,5 13 13,5 14 Protein (%) Protein (%)

Figure 4 - Correlation between index Zeleny and Figure 5 - Correlation between gluten the the content of protein and gluten in grains of wheat content of protein and gluten in grains wheat

Index falling decreases with the increase of nitrogen dose, the correlation being of negative linear form, and production increases with the increasing nitrogen dose (figures 6 and 7). If we analyze the influence of epoch of application of fertilizers on wheat quality, from the results presented in table 3 it is observed that the best results were obtained when nitrogen dose was administered 1/3 sowing+ 2/3 in vegetation or 100% in vegetation, variants in which production had yield spores. Between the epoch of application of fertilizers and production, a logarithmic correlation with a correlation factor was established (figure 8). Also between the amount of protein in grains per hectare and wheat production a linear correlation with a correlation factor very significant was determined (figure 6).

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

430 3500 410 f(x) = 12,26x + 1333,7 390 3000 370 2500 350 r = 0,97* 330 2000

310 f(x) = -0,82x + 425,5 Index falling Index (s) 290 r = 0,91 Production(kg/ha) 1500 270 250 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 The nitrogen dose(kg/ha) The nitrogen dose(kg/ha)

Figure 6 - Correlation between the Figure 7 - Correlation between the nitrogen dose dose and the production of grains and index falling

Table 3 Influence of epoch of application of fertilizer doses on wheat grain quality Protein Index falling Gluten Production Variant % kg/ha (s) (%) (kg/ha) - 11.47 152 417 23.6 1326 N 100% the sowing 12.26 313 361 23.73 2551 N 1/3 sowing +2/3 in 12.2 357 349 26.13 2929 vegetation N 100 %in vegetation 13.06 368 329 28.9 2819

3500 3500 f(x) = 7,34x + 222,58 3000 3000 r = 0,99** 2500 2500

2000 2000

1500 1500 f(x) = 1149,99 ln(x) + 1492,57

1000 r =0,94 1000

Productio(kg/ha) Production(kg/ha) 500 500

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Epoch of application of fertilizers Protein(kg/ha)

Figure 8. Correlation between epoch of application Figure 8 - Correlation between the quantity of fertilizers and the production wheat of protein per hectare and the production wheat depending on the epoch of application of fertilizer

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CONCLUSIONS

1. Productivity and production quality are influenced by dose and epoch of application of fertilizers during the experiment. 2. The best production results were obtained in the variant fertilized with nitrogen N150P80K80 applied 1/3 at sowing + 2/3 vegetation (3270 kg/ha), with an increase of production statistically very significant of 2219kg /ha. 3. The fertilization system influences in a decisive way the protein percentage, gluten, index of sedimentation and thousand grain weight. 4. The association of Zeleny sedimentation index with protein content is described by a regression with a strong ascendant slope, which shows that the sedimentation index is proportional to the protein content. 5. Applying the nitrogen fertilizer in increasing doses, influences the quality of wheat grain and the best results were obtained with N150 fertilization, variant in which the production was statistically assured. 6. Also, the epoch of application of fertilizers affect wheat quality and the best results were obtained when nitrogen dose was administered 1/3 at sowing + 2/3 in vegetation or 100% in vegetation, variants in which production submitted yield spores statistically assured.

REFERENCES

1. Burlacu G., Ana Popescu, Veronica Maravela, 2007, Results of researches in the field of the rational use of fertilizers, Ann. I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea, Vol. LXXV, 2007, Jubilee Volume; 2. Ciobanu Gh., Domuta C, Ciobanu Cornelia, Bara L., Bara V., Bara Camelia, Albu Ramona, Sandor Maria, Bunta Gh., Vuscan A., 2011, Effect of chemical fertilizers on grain quality of winter wheat in preluvosoil conditions, Annals of University of Oradea, Fascicle Environment, Vol. XVII, 2011; 3. Godfrey D., Hawkesford M., J., Power S.J., Millar S., Shewry P, R., 2012, Effects of Crop Nutrition on Wheat Grain Composition and End Use Quality, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, 58 (5), pp 3012–3021; 4. Khan Ikhtiar, Zeb Alan, 2007, Composition of Pakistani wheat varieties, Journal List, J. Zhejiang Univ., Sci B, V.8(8); 5. Sin Gh., 2007, Agrotechnical researches in of field crops. Annals INCDA Fundulea, vol. LXXV, 2007, Jubilee Volume; 6. Sin Gh., Elena Partal, 2010, The influence of rotation and fertilization on wheat and corn productions in the context of climate changes, Annals INCDA Fundulea, vol. LXXVIII, Nr.1, 2010, Agronomic crops; 7. Zuzana Sramkova, Edita Gregova, Ernest Sturdik, 2009, Chemical composition and nutritional quality of wheat grain, Slovak Chemical Acta, vol. 2, Nr. 1, 2009, 115.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

INFLUENŢA FERTILIZĂRII ASUPRA CALITĂŢII BOABELOR DE PORUMB

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION ON THE QUALITY OF GRAIN MAIZE

Authors: Mihaela Croitoru1, Reta Drăghici1, Drăghici Iulian1, Matei Gheorghe2

1Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

2 Faculty of Agriculture, Craiova, Romania, Phone:+40 (0) 251 418 475; email: contact@agro- craiova.ro;http://www.agro-craiova.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Key words: maize, quality, fertilization, protein

ABSTRACT

Productivitatea şi calitatea producţiei sunt influenţate de doza şi tipul îngrăşămintelor aplicate în perioada de experimentare. Cercetările efectuate la CCDCPN Dăbuleni, privind influenţa fertilizării minerale şi foliare asupra proroducţiei de boabe la porumb au arătat că Cele mai bune rezultate de producție au fost obținute în varianta fertilizată radicular cu N150P80K80 și foliar cu produsul Timasol (15-15-30), 2 tr.(5899kg/ha), producție asigurată statistic ca foarte semnificativă. Din analiza rezultatelor obținute, se desprinde concluzia că administrarea dozelor crescânde de îngrășăminte sporeşte progresiv recolta de boabe de porumb la unitatea de suprafaţă şi conţinutul de proteină al bobului, rezultând în final o sporire a cantităţii de proteină realizată la hectar, rezultat exprimat printr-o corelație liniară foarte semnificativă (r = 0.99***). Conținutul de grăsimi din bobul de porumb s-a corelat liniar, pozitiv cu creșterea producției de boabe și cu creșterea dozelor de îngrășăminte. Cantitatea acumulată a fost influențată mai mult de aplicarea îngrășămintelor foliare și mai puțin de cele chimice. Cât privește influența îngrășămintelor foliare asupra calității bobului de porumb, se poate observa că atât cantitatea de proteină, cât și cea de grăsimi au prezentat valori mai mari în variantele în care au fost aplicate îngrășăminte foliare comparativ cu varianta martor, iar cele mai bune rezultate au fost obținute în varianta în care s-a aplicat produsul Timasol (15-15-30), 2 tr. ( 15.63% proteină și 4.76% grăsimi).

Productivity and production quality are influenced by dose and type of fertilizer applied during the experimentation. The researches carried out at RDCFCSS Dabuleni, regarding the influence of minerals and foliar fertilization on maize grains production have shown that, the best production results were obtained in the variant fertilized with N150P80K80 root and foliar with product Timasol (15-15-30), 2 treatments (5899 kg/ha) which provided very significant production, statistically assured. Analyzing the results obtained, conclusions can be drawn that administering gradually increasing doses of fertilizer increases maize grain yields per unit area and protein content of the grains, resulting in an increased in final amount of protein per hectare expressed by a highly significant linear correlation (r = 0.99 **).The fat content of maize grains was linearly positive correlated with the increasing of grains production and the increasing doses of fertilizers. Accumulated amount was more influenced by applying foliar fertilizers and less than minerals. Regarding the influence of foliar fertilizers on maize grain quality one can observe that the amount of protein and the fats submitted higher values in variants that have been applied the foliar fertilizers compared the control variant, and the best results were obtained in the variant in which product Timasol was applied (15-15-30), with 2 treatments (15.63% protein and 4.76% fats). 31

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

INTRODUCTION

In the present stage of maximum mobilization for achieving quality high and stable yields, when industrial fertilizers are produced and applied with great valuable efforts, the organizing of crop fertilization has become a priority. The negative effects of inadequate fertilization on the environment and increased costs of fertilizers, require a different type of fertilization system with reduced doses of fertilizers, with application of the foliar products, depending on the plant needs. The determination of quality of maize grains represents an objective to be pursued with the same perseverance as production capacity. Determining the quality of grains allows both diversification as well as increasing economic value of maize crop. Knowing the grains quality is important in association with the achievement of grains production and other agronomic characteristics, but also for the improvement of nutritional and industrial properties (Pollak, L.M., Scott, M.P., 2005, Osorno, J. M., Carena, M.J., 2008). The researches regarding the maize production qualities are very numerous, both in country and abroad (Antohe I., Cosmin O., Sarca Tr., Dicu Georgeta, Naidin C., Năescu V., 2006, Grecu C., Legman V., 1994, Idikut L., Atalay A. I., Kara S. N., Kamalar A., 2009, Voichița Has, Haș I., Antohe I., Ana Copândean, Elena Nagy, 2010, Hegyi Z., Pok I., Berzy T., Pinter I., Marton L. C., 2008, Matei Gh., Gheorghe D., Elena Roșculete, Imbre F., Ileana Cojocaru, 2009, Sin Gh., 2007, 2010). Research conducted on sandy soils in southern Oltenia on the influence of mineral and organic fertilizers, of maize crop were focused more on results of production and less on its quality (Gheorghe D., 2000, 2001, Gheorghe D., Croitoru Mihaela, 2006). The objective of this paper is the behavior of Olt maize variety on sandy soils in Southern Oltenia, depending on the system of fertilization, on the chemical composition of the grains and the relationship between grain quality components and production parameters.

MATHERIAL AND METHODS

In the purpose of determining the influence of fertilization with different doses of mineral and foliar fertilizers on quality of maize grain on sandy soils in Southern Oltenia an experience with the following factors was initiated: The experimental variants: Olt maize variety was studied: - The A factor– The mineral fertilizers; a1 - N0P0K0; a2 - N150P0K0; a3 - N150P80K80. - The B factor– The foliar fertilizers; b1 - Unfertilized; b2 - Green plant (26-5-12+ microelements), 2 treatments.; b3 - Green plant (20-20-20+ microelements), 2 treatments; b4 - Green plant (9-45-15+ microelements), 2 treatments; b5 - Timasol (15-15-30), 2 treatments. The following observations and measurements Were made: * determined the protein: Perten method; * determined the moisture-Perten method; * determined the fats - Perten method; * determined the weight of 1000 seeds; * determined the hectolitre weight;

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

* production (kg/ha).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The maize harvest in the form of grains used in food or in food industry as well as the silo one or the paste one used in animal nutrition can be characterized in qualitative terms after several parameters. Grains maize is mostly constituted of non nitrate extractive substances, protein substances and water. Fatty substances are found in smaller quantities. Maize grains also contain minerals, vitamins, enzymes and others. In the present experience the influence of fertilization on qualitative characteristics of maize grains was studied. The results are presented in table 1. The content of protein substances, in maize grains is influenced by genetic factors and by external conditions. Conditions of climate, soil, nutrition create significant differences regarding protein content of maize grains than the genetic factors. The effect of fertilization, especially of nitrogen fertilization on the content and biological quality of protein in maize grain is amply researched. The quantity of protein in maize grains was between 13.8 % in the unfertilized variant and 16% in the variant fertilized with N150P80K80 + Timasol (15-15-30), 2 - treatments. If we relate the amount of protein in maize grains to the obtained production, it increases with the increasing production. Between the amount of protein per hectare and production of maize, depending on fertilization variants studied a positive linear correlation with a significant correlations factor was established (figure 1). Also, between the production of maize for grains and fertilizer doses a positive linear correlation, with significant correlation factor has been established (r = 0.96 ***) (figure 2).

7000 6500 f(x) = 6,03x + 373,92 6000 6000 f(x) = 226,55x + 2462,6 R² = 0,99 5500 R² = 0,85 5000 5000 4000 4500 4000 3000 3500 2000 3000 2500

1000 Production(kg/ha)

Production(kg/ha) 2000 0 1500 200 400 600 800 1000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Protein(kg/ha) Variants Figure 1 – The correlation between the Figure 2 –The correlation between production production of maize grains and quantity of maize grains and doses of fertilizer applied of protein reported per hectare

The quantity of fats presented varied between 3.2% in unfertilized variant and 5.5% in the variant fertilized with N150P80K80 + Timasol (15-15-30), 2 treatments. The fat content within the maize grains was more influenced by foliar treatments and less by applying mineral fertilizers. Thousand grain weight (TGW) and hectolitre weight presented higher values in variants where fertilizers have been applied compared to the unfertilized control variant (table 1).

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

From the analysis of the obtained results in table 2, one can conclude that increasing fertilizer doses progressively increases maize grain yields per unit area and the protein content of the grains, resulting ultimately an increase in the amount of protein achieved per hectare. The fat content of maize grains presented slight increases with the increasing of fertilizer dose. Also, grains moisture decreases by percentage with the increasing doses of fertilizers and is negatively correlated with the increased production (r = 0.71 **) (figures 3 and 4).

Table 2 The influence of mineral fertilizers on maize production and quantity of protein Variant Moisture Protein Fats Production (%) (kg/ha) (%) (%) (kg/ha)

N0P0K0 12.7 14.7 446 4.1 3037 15 665 4.3 4434 N150P0K0 12.2

N150P80K80 11.26 15.32 811 4.4 5354

15,4 7000 6000 15,2 5000 15 4000 14,8 3000 14,6 2000 Proteina(%) f(x) = -0,46x + 20,59 f(x) = -950,58x + 15732,65 14,4 R² = 0,83 1000 Production(kg/ha) R² = 0,51 14,2 0 11 11,5 12 12,5 13 10 11 12 13 14 Moisture (%) Moisture (%) Figure 4. Correlation between moisture of Figure 3. Correlation between moisture of grains and protein grains at harvest and production depending on the doses of fertilizer applied

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 1 Influence of fertilization on maize grains quality Protein Hectoliter Thousand Moisture Fats Production Variant weight grain (%) (%) (kg/ha) % Kg/ha (Kg/hl) weight (g) Foliar unfertilized 12.9 13.8 288.4 3.2 285 68 2090 Green plant (26-5-12+microelements), 2 tr.* 13.4 15.3 497.9 3.9 380 69 3254 * N0P0K0 Green plant (20-20-20+ microelements), 2 tr . 11.9 15 583.4 5 348 68 3889 Green plant (9-45-15+ microelements), 2 tr.* 11.6 14.1 425.3 4.3 347 67.5 3016 Timasol (15-15-30), 2 tr.* 13.7 15.1 443.3 4.1 372 71.5 2936 Foliar unfertilized 12.3 14.6 540.8 3.8 307 70 3704 Green plant (26-5-12+microelements), 2 tr.* 12.3 15.1 671 4.2 407 71 4444 * N150P0K0 Green plant (20-20-20+ microelements), 2 tr . 11.6 14.7 692.2 4.5 326 70.5 4709 Green plant (9-45-15+ microelements), 2 tr.* 12.2 15.4 647.7 4.2 311 70 4206 Timasol (15-15-30), 2 tr.* 12.6 15.8 806.6 4.7 343 70 5105 Foliar unfertilized 11.1 15.5 787.2 3.6 288 69 5079 Green plant (26-5-12+microelements), 2 tr.* 11.1 15.1 795 3.9 298 69.5 5265 * N150P80K80. Green plant (20-20-20+ microelements), 2 tr . 11.5 15.3 829.7 4.5 307 70 5423 Green plant (9-45-15+ microelements), 2 tr.* 11.6 14.7 750.6 4.6 328 70.5 5106 Timasol (15-15-30), 2 tr.* 11 16 943.8 5.5 297 69.9 5899 tr* - treatments LSD 5% =7.95; LSD 1% = 10.80; LSD 0,1%=14.0

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

As for the influence of foliar fertilizers on maize grain quality, one can observe that the amount of protein and the fats had higher values in variants where foliar fertilizers have been applied compared to the control variant, and the best results were obtained in the variant where product Timasol has been applied (15-15-30), 2 treatments (15.63% protein and 4.76% fats). In the variants where the amount of potassium was higher (Green plant 20-20-20 and Timasol 15-15-30) a higher content of protein in grains was determined, as a result of the fertilizers applied to the root (table 3). Table 3 The influence of foliar fertilizers on the maize production and quantity of protein Protein Fats Production Variant (%) (kg/ha) % kg/ha Foliar unfertilized 14.63 530 3.53 3624

Green plant (26-5-12+microelements), 2 tr.* 15.17 656 4 4321 Green plant (20-20-20+ microelements), 2 tr.* 15 701 4.66 4674 Green plant (9-45-15+ microelements), 2 tr*. 14.73 605 4.36 4109 Timasol (15-15-30), 2 tr.* 15.63 726 4.76 4647 tr* - treatments

Between the amount of protein calculated per hectare and production of grains a logarithmic type correlation of with a significant correlation factor was determined (figure 5). Also, the fat content of the grains was linearly positive correlated with the production of grains (r = 0.90 **) (figure 6

800 f(x) = 776,37x + 966,11 750 f(x) = 740,18 ln(x) - 5541,54 4900 R² = 0,82 700 R² = 0,97 4700 650 4500 600 4300 550 4100 500

Proteina(kg/ha) 3900 450 3700

400 Production(kg/ha) 34003600380040004200440046004800 3500 3,4 3,6 3,8 4 4,2 4,4 4,6 4,8 5 Production (kg/ha) Fats(%) Figure 5. The correlation between the production Figure 6. The correlation between fats grains and the quantity of protein content and the production obtained depending on doses of fertilizer applied

It was considered to be useful the presentation of correlation between the production of grains and the quantity of protein calculated per hectare, depending on foliar fertilization variants on the three radicular fertilization doses. In all three cases, highly significant correlations were obtained, but the correlation coefficient decreases with the increasing of doses of the chemical fertilizers. Foliar fertilizers were most effectively used when no chemical fertilizers were applied (Figure 7). In this case, the cloud of points is located at the top of the right correlation, and, as the quantity of fertilizer increases, the cloud of points lowers down at the bottom of the right correlation.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

a. N0P0K0 b. N150P0K0 c. N150P80K80

f(x) = 5,94x + 376,95 f(x) = 5,43x + 788,19 f(x) = 4,4x + 1737 4500 5500 6000 R² = 0,98 R² = 0,96 R² = 0,95 4000 5000 5800 3500 5600 3000 4500 2500 5400 4000 Production(kg/ha) 2000

Production(kg/ha) 5200

1500 3500 Production(kg/ha) 5000 200 300 400 500 600 700 500 600 700 800 900 700 800 900 1000 Protein(kg/ha) Protein(kg/ha) Protein(kg/ha) Figure 7- The correlations between maize grains production and the quantity of protein (kg / ha) depending on foliar fertilization

CONCLUSIONS

1. Productivity and production quality are influenced by dose and type of fertilizer applied during experimentation. 2. The best production results were obtained in the variant fertilized radicular with N150P80K80 and foliar with product Timasol (15-15-30), 2 treatments (5899kg/ha) production statistically assured as being very significant. 3. Analyzing the results obtained, we conclude that administering increasing doses of fertilizer increases maize grain yields per unit area and protein content of the grains, finally resulting in an increase in the amount of protein per hectare, result expressed by a highly significant linear correlation (r = 0.99 ***). 4. The fat content of maize grains was linearly positive correlated with the increase of grains production and with the increasing doses of fertilizers. The accumulated amount was more influenced by the applying of foliar fertilizers and less by the chemical ones. 5. As regarding the influence of foliar fertilizers on maize grain quality it can be observed that the amount of protein and fats submitted higher values in variants where foliar fertilizers have been applied compared to the control variant, and the best results were obtained in the variant in which product Timasol was applied (15-15-30), 2 treatments (15.63% protein and 4.76% fats).

REFERENCES

1. Antohe I., Cosmin O., Sarca Tr., Dicu Georgeta, Naidin C., Năescu V., 2006, High yielding, draught resistant maize hybrids with good quality traits, An. INCDA Fundulea LXXIV. 2. Gheorghe D., 2000, Influence of fertilization on wheat and maize in different crop rotations on irrigated sandy soils, Papers SCCCPN Dăbuleni, vol XII, ISBN 973-657- 094-0, Sitech Craiova, pp. 31-40.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

3. Gheorghe D., 2001, The influence of fertilization wheat and maize cultivated on irrigated sandy soils, Role of Fertilisers in Sustainable Agriculture, Proceedings. CIEC 21-22 august 2000 Suceava – Romania, Bucharest. 4. Gheorghe D., Croitoru Mihaela, 2006,The influence of rotation and fertilization on the quantity and quality of corn grown on sandy soils. International Symposium,, Nutrient management for improving crop quality and conservation, 13-14 July 2005, Craiova, Romania, AGRIS – Editorial of agricultural magazines, Bucharest, pag.299-311. 5. Grecu C., Legman V., 1994, Content and production of protein, fat and starch grain hybrids and maize at Turda during 1987-1991, Research contributions to the development of agriculture, Volume V, 127-141. 6. Idikut L., Atalay A. I., Kara S. N., Kamalar A., 2009, Effect of hybrid on starch protein and yieds of maize grain, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8 (10), 1945-1947, ISSN, 1680-5593. 7. Voichița Has, Haș I., Antohe I., Ana Copândean, Elena Nagy, 2010, Variability in production capacity and grain quality in maize hybrids from different FAO maturity groups, Year INCDA Fundulea, Vol LXXVIII, no. 1 2010, Genetics and Plant Breeding. 8. Hegyi Z., Pok I., Berzy T., Pinter I., Marton L. C., 2008, Comparison of the grain yield and quality potential of maize hybrids in different FAO maturity group. Acta Agron. Hung., 56; 161-167. 9. Matei Gh., Gheorghe D., Elena Roșculete, Imbre F., Ileana Cojocaru, 2009 Research on the influence of crop rotation and fertilization on production and quality in maize grown on irrigated psamosoil in southwest Oltenia. Journal of Agricultural Science Research, 41 (I). , 2009. 10. Osorno, J. M., Carena, M.J., 2008 – Creating groups of maize genetic diversity for grain quality: implications for breeding. Maydica, 53: 131-141. 11. Pollak, L.M., Scott, M.P., 2005 – Breeding for grain quality traits. Maydica, 50: 247- 257. 12. Sin Gh., 2007, Agronomic research in field crops. Year. INCDA Fundulea, Vol LXXV, 2007 Jubilee Vol. 13. Sin Gh., Elena Partal, 2010, The Influence of rotation and fertilization on maize and wheat yields in the context of climate changes. Year. INCDA Fundulea, Vol XVIII, No.1, 2010 Agrotechnics of cultures.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CERCETĂRI PRIVIND EFICACITATEA UNOR PRODUSE NATURALE BIOSTIMULATOARE ACCEPTATE DE NORMELE AGRICULTURII BIOLOGICE ÎN CREŞTEREA RANDAMENTELOR ŞI CALITĂŢII PRODUCŢIEI DE PEPENI VERZI

RESEARCH ON THE EFFICACY OF ORGANIC BIOACTIVE PRODUCTS ACCEPTED BY THE FARMING NORMS IN INCREASING YIELDS AND QUALITY OF WATERMELONS

Authors: Mihaela Croitoru, Toma V., Rățoi I., Elena Ciuciuc

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Key words: sandy soil, watermelons, quality, efficiency

ABSTRACT

În general, produsele naturale biostimulatoare aplicate încă de la plantare au rolul de a stimula demarajul culturilor printr-o bună înrădăcinare, favorizează o bună alimentare a plantelor prin solubilizarea elementelor nutritive din sol şi luptă eficient împotriva stresului hidric, termic şi osmotic. De asemenea, stimulează fotosinteza plantelor favorizând acumularea clorofilei în frunze, a glucidelor în fructe, a substanţei uscate cât şi a vitaminei C. Rezultatele obţinute în acest an evidenţiază un conţinut mai mare de clorofilă, azot, fosfor şi potasiu în plantele de pepeni verzi în variantele în care au fost aplicate produse naturale biostimulatoare. Cât priveşte calitatea fructelor, în variantele în care au fost aplicate produse naturale biostimulatoare au fost obţinute valori ale indicilor de calitate mai mari sau comparabile cu varianta martor. Căt privește producția de fructe cele mai mari sporuri de producție de 12,5% s-au obținut atunci când s-a folosit produsul Fertiactil GZ și 10,2% când s-a folosit produsul Bionat pe un agrofond de 30 t/ha gunoi de grajd.

In general, organic bioactive products applied at planting are intended to stimulate the start of crops through a good rooting, favours a good plant food by solubilising the nutrients from the soil and fights effectively against stress, thermal and osmotic forces. Also, stimulating photosynthesis in plants favours the accumulation of chlorophyll in leaves, carbohydrate in fruits, dried substance and C vitamin. The results of this year highlights a higher content of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the watermelon plant in the natural where biostimulators products have been applied. As for the quality of the fruit, in which they organic bioactive products were applied values of quality indices were obtained greater than or comparable to the witness. Regarding the production of fruit the highest increase of 12.5 % of production was obtained when the Fertiactil GZ product was used and 10.2% when the product has been used on a agrofond by Bionat 30 t/ha of manure.

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide grafting has emerged as a necessity, in the first place in the fight against fusarium and verticilium to melons and watermelons. Research made in different parts of the world have pursued both reaction of grafted plants to diseases and the achievement of profitable yields and quality in relation to technological pursued factors (Mikel et al., 2004,

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Rivero et al., 2004, Bruton, 2005, Roberts et al.,, 2005, Ozlem et al., 2007, Proietti et al., 2008). Research conducted in the period 2010-2011, focussed on the effectiveness of organic bioactive products recommended for biological cultures with applicability to the soil and by foliage treatments in watermelon crops with grafted plants, mulched with polythene. Grafting watermelons is known in our country by a limited number of specialists, and its testing was done in particular to melons and less to watermelons. On the psamosoils of southern Oltenia was shown that watermelons grafted onto the rootstock Macis F1 of the species Lagenaria sycelaria is characterized by large force increases, given by the length of vegetative growth, length of haulm and strong development of root system, with achieving higher yields of very good quality (Toma V., et al., 2007, Ciuciuc Elena et al., 2007, Kevin Magee, 2007).

MATHERIAL AND METHODS

Biostimulating products from plant extracts or seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum-type and products obtained from natural organic residues have been experimented. The background was achieved by fertilizing with 30 t/ha of manure. Variants considered in the study: - A1 – Untreated (agrofond 30 t/ha manure) - A2- Treatment at planting with 1l/plant Viostar solution 0.5% (5500 l/ha solution + 4 foliar treatments with Viostar 0.5%); - A3 – Treatment at planting with 1l/plant Fertiactil GZ solution 0.5% (5500 l/ha solution) + 4 foliar treatments with Fertiactil 0.5%; - A4 – Treatment at planting with 1l/plant Bionat solution 0.5% (5500 l/ha solution + 4 foliar treatments with Bionat 0.5%). The experience was placed in randomized blocks, in four repetitions. The experimental plot area is 18 m2. The production of grafted seedlings was done in solar greenhouses. The watermelon hybrid Crisby F1 was cultivated. Grafting was done in cleft, on the Macis F1 rootstock of the species Lagenaria syceraria according to the technology developed by RDCFCSS Dăbuleni. The age of the grafted seedling was 35 days. Density of plants was 5555 plants/ha and was achieved by planting the seedlings at the distance of 1.5 m between rows and 1 m between plants on the row. Weed control and soil aeration was done by 4 mechanical works performed by milling and 4 manual hoeing. In order to combat pathogens four treatments with Bordeaux mixture were performed. We have made the following observations and measurements: -date of the beginning of flowering, the binding of the first fruits and the harvest; -the content of chlorophyll and carotene within leaves: * the contents of chlorophyll (a + b) (mg/g) – the colorimetric method; * the contents of carotene (mg/g) - colorimetric method; -NPK leaves content: * total nitrogen (%) - Kjeldahl method; * total phosphorus (%) - the colorimetric method; * the total potassium (%) - flame photometric method; -biochemical content of fruits: * total dry matter (%)- gravimetric method; * carbohydrate (%) – Fehling Soxleth method ; * titratable acidity (g malic acid/100g f.s.); - titrimetric method; *C vitamin (mg/100 g f.s.) - iodometric method; - production of fruit (t/ha) 40

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The treatments with organic bioactive products resulted in getting increases of production ranging from 5 t/ha when Viostar product has been applied and 10.2 t/ha by Bionat treatment. For watermelon mulched crop the bioactive organic products Fertiactil GZ, Viostar and Bionat had a similar efficacy. The effectiveness of fertilization with organic bioactive products is derived from analysis of the average production of the years 2010 and 2011 (table 1) . It is shown that the agrofond of 30 t/ha manure, at the organic watermelon crop with grafted plants, mulched and irrigated by dripping, the application of Fertiactil GZ and BIONAT 0,5%, 1l/ plant planting + 4 foliar treatments, brings production increase of 12.9 t/ha, respectively 10.2 t/ha. Table1 Influence of treatments with organic bioactive products on ecological culture of watermelons with grafted plants (2010-2011) Production Average Difference Significatio Variant of fertilization (t/ha) production % (t/ha) n 2010 2011 (t/ha) Untreated (agrofond 30 t/ha of 36.0 68.3 52.1 100.0 Mt. Mt. manure) Viostar solution 0,5% 38.2 82.1 60.2 115.5 +8.1 - Fertiactil GZ solution 0,5% 39.8 90.3 65.0 124.7 +12.9 * Bionat solution 0,5% 37.9 86.7 62.3 119.5 +10.2 - LSD 5 % =11.0; LSD 1% - 16.2 Treatments with organic bioactive products have increased the average weight of the fruit. Bionat treatments have been highlighted which prompted increases in the weight of fruit with 9.5% on average for the years 2010 and 2011(Table 2). Table 2 The average weight of watermelons by fertilizing with organic bioactive products (2010-2011) The average individual fruit weight (g) Average Variant of fertilization 2010 2011 (g) (%) Untreated (agrofond 30 t/ha of manure) 4 326 8 495 6410 100.0 Viostar solution 0.5% 4 435 8 849 6642 103. 6 Fertiactil GZ solution 0.5% 4 363 8 687 6525 101.7 Bionat solution 0.5% 5 037 9 009 7023 109.5

Application of organic bioactive products on watermelons with scope in plant and fruit growth on an agrofond of 30 t / ha manure led to increased plant metabolism. Determination on the content of chlorophyll, carotene and macroelements (N, P, K) of watermelons leaves in the phase of intensive fruit growth highlighted the role of organic fertilization and foliar application of organic products on plant growth and development . The average results of years of experimentation on the leaves of watermelons grafted plants in chlorophyll and carotene are presented in table 3. It is found that fertilization with GZ Fertiactil products and Bionat applied to 30 t/ha manure determines increased chlorophyll content from 5.62 mg/g f.s. to 7.34 mg/g f.s., respectively 7.07mg/g. The increase of chlorophyll and carotene content in leaves ensures growth rate of photosynthesis and thus of production. The use of Fertiactil GZ and Bionat products determines significant increases of macroelements in leaf content. Compared to the 41

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 control, agrofond 30 t / ha manure, it is found that in the leaves of grafted plants treated with the products cited above, the nitrogen content increased from the value of 2.54% to the value of 3.34% respectively 3.23 %. Phosphorus content increased from 0.16% to 0.22% in the variant treated with Fertiactil GZ and 0.31% in the variant treated with Bionat, and potassium content increased from 2.28% to 2.93 % respectively 2.63%. It can be concluded that treatment with bioactive organic products Fertiactil GZ and Bionat contributes to the improving of provision with nutrients to watermelon grafted plants (Table 4). The results concerning production quality are listed in table 5. It is shown, from the data of this table, that treatments with organic bioactive products determines increases of the biochemical components that characterize fruit quality of watermelons. Compared to the agrofond version 30 t/ha manure, by treatment with Fertiactil GZ and Bionat, fruit content in dry total matter increased from 9.9 % to 10.4%, respectively 11.5%, carbohydrate content of 7.35% to 8.52%,respectively 8.00%, in C vitamin content from 6.27 mg/100 g f.s. to 13.64 mg/100 g f.s. respectively 11.88 mg/100g f.s. Regarding the acidity of the fruit it is found that by applying treatments with organic bioactive products a slight downward trend is registered. The conclusion, is that on the moderate agrofunds of manure (30 t/ha), treatments with organic bioactive products determine the increase of watermelon fruit quality produced in biological cultures with grafted plants. For determining the economic efficiency (Table 6) average yields achieved during experimentation were taken into account, also technological costs specific to the culture of watermelon grafted plants, the treatment application costs and with harvesting. Prices of inputs and the of production valorisation were calculated at the 2011 level. By applying treatments with organic bioactive products, the amount of costs of production has increased in comparison with the agrofond version from the 17 823 RON/ha at 20 878 RON/ha to variant treated with Fertiactil GZ and at the 18 896 RON/1ha Bionat treated variant. At the average price of recovery the watermelons of 400 RON/t production value was calculated, which ranged from 20 840 RON/ha to version agrofond and 26 040 RON/ha the variant treated with Fertiactil GZ. As a result of lower costs and of the high production value, revealed that treatment with Bionat is the most profitable, profit being calculated as 6 024 RONha, at a rate of 31.8% profit.

CONCLUSIONS

1. On the background of 30 t/ha manure, the treatments with organic bioactive products have determined production increase of 12.5 % when the Fertiactil GZ product was used and 10.2% when Bionat treatments were made. 2. The organic bioactive products applied at planting are intended to stimulate the start of crops by a good rooting, favouring good plant food by leaching nutrients from the soil and fight effectively against water, heat and osmotic stress. Also, they stimulate plants photosynthesis favouring the accumulation of chlorophyll in leaves, carbohydrate in fruits, dry substance and vitamin C. 3. The results obtained show a greater content of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in watermelons in the versions in which natural biostimulator products were applied. 4. As for the quality of fruit, in versions in which natural biostimulator products were applied values of quality indices greater than or comparable to the version control were obtained.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

5. On the agrofond of 30 t/ha manure, treatments with organic bioactive products are economically efficient, treatment with Bionat being the most cost effective, with a profit of 6 024 RON/ha, at a profit rate of 31.8%.

REFERENCES

1. Benny Bruton, 2005 - Grafting watermelon onto squash or gourd rootstock. Makes Firmer, Healthier Fruit, Agricultural Research; 2. Elena Ciuciuc, V. Toma, Mihaela Croitoru, 2007 - Research on influence of grafting on green melons under different conditions of protection, Works CCDCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XVI. Craiova,Publisher SITECH; 3. Mihaela Croitoru, Elena Ciuciuc, V, Toma . 2007 - Research on influence of grafting on the quality of the melons grown in green houses and low type tunnel by mulch, Works CCDCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XVI. Craiova, Publisher SITECH; 4. A. Miquel, J. V. Maroto, A.San Bautista, C. Baixauli, V. Cebolla, B. Pascual, S. Lopez, J. L. Guardiola, 2004 - The grafting of triploid watermelon is an advantageous alternative to soil fumigation by methyl bromide for control of Fusarium wilt, Scientia Horticulturae, vol.103, pag. 9-17; 5. A. Ozlem, O. Nilay, G. Yesemin, 2007 - Effect of graftyng on watermelon plant growth, yield and quality, Journal of Agronomy, nr. 6(2), p. 362-365; 6. Simona Proietti, Rauphael Youssef, Colla Giuseppe, Cardarelli Mariateresa, De Agazio Marina, Zacchimi Massimo, Rea Elvira, Moscatello Stefano, Battistelli Alberto, 2008 - Fruit quality of mini- watermelon as affected by grafting and irrigation regimes, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 88. number 6, pp. 1107-1114; 7. M. Rivero, J., M. Ruiz, L. Romero, 2004 - Iron metabolism in tomato and watermelon plants. Influence of grafting, Journal of plant nutrition, vol. 27, N.o. 12, p. 2221-2234; 8. V. Toma, Elena Ciuciuc, Mihaela Croitoru, Marieta Ploae, 2007 - The behaviour of the watermelons are grown in sandy soil cultivation grafted on from southern Olteniei, Works CCDCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XVI. Craiova, Publisher SITECH; 9. V. Toma, Mihaela Croitoru, Marieta Ploae, 2007 - Research on fertilization and density planting crops of watermelons grafted on sandy soil, Works CCDCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XVI. Craiova, Editura SITECH.

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Table 3 Influence of fertilization with organic bioactive products on the contents of chlorophyll and carotene in the leaves of plants, grafted melons (2010-2011)

Variant of fertilization Chlorophyll (a+b)mg/g f.s. Carotene mg/g f.s. 2010 2011 Average 2010 2011 Average Untreated (agrofond 30 t/ha of manure) 5.74 5.51 5.62 1.31 1.20 1.25 Viostar solution 0,5% 6.40 7.13 6.76 1.28 1.64 1.46 Fertiactil GZ solution 0,5% 7.11 7.57 7.34 1.76 1.47 1.61 Bionat solution 0,5% 6.49 7.65 7.07 1.18 1.86 1.52

Table 4 Influence of fertilization with organic bioactive products on the content of macrocells (N.P.K) of the leaves of plants, grafted melons (2010-2011) Nt Pt Kt Variant of fertilization (%) (%) (%) 2010 2011 Media 2010 2011 Media 2010 2011 Media Untreated (agrofond 30 t/ha of manure) 2.54 3.34 2.94 0.14 0.18 0.16 1.96 2.61 2.28 Viostar solution 0,5% 2.54 3.86 3.20 0.22 0.28 0.25 2.50 2.88 2.69

Fertiactil GZ solution 0,5% 3.26 3.42 3.34 0.18 0.26 0.22 2.35 3.51 2.93 Bionat solution 0,5% 2.96 3.50 3.23 0.26 0.36 0.31 2.78 2.48 2.63

Table 5 Influence of fertilization with organic bioactive products on biochemical components of fruits of watermelons from crop plants grafted melons (2010-2011) C Total dray matter Carbohydrate Titratable acidity Vitamine Variant of fertilization % % g malic acid on 100g f.s.* mg/100g f.s.* 2010 2011 Media 2010 2011 Media 2010 2011 Media 2010 2011 Media Untreated (agrofond 30 t/ha 8.9 10.9 99 0.11 0.17 0.14 8.30 6.39 7.35 11.0 11.44 6.27 of manure) 44

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Viostar solution 0,5% 11.0 12.0 11.5 0.10 0.17 0.14 10.59 7.08 8.84 17.60 9.68 13.64

Fertiactil GZ solution 0,5% 10.7 10.1 10.4 0.13 0.12 0.13 10.18 6.86 8.52 15.84 11.44 13.64

Bionat solution 0,5% 10.1 9.9 10 0.11 0.15 0.13 9.63 6.38 8 11.44 12.32 11.88

Table 6 Economic efficiency of treatments with organic bioactive products growing of watermelons with grafted plants. Expenditure on Direct technological products that costs without Costs of Total Cost Value of Profit Production stimulate Rate of Variant of fertilization fertilising and harvesting expenditur price production (RON nutrient profit (%) (t/ha) harvesting treatments fertilization (RON/ha) e (RON/ha) (RON/t) (RON/ha) /ha) (RON/ha) (RON/ha)

Untreated (agrofond 30 t/ha of manure) 52.1 16760 - 1063 17823 342.1 20840 3017 16.9

Viostar solution 0.5% 60.2 16760 1250 1228 19238 319.5 24080 4842 25.1

Fertiactil GZ solution .5% 65.1 16760 2790 1328 20878 320.7 26040 5162 24.7

Bionat solution 0.5% 62.3 16760 865 1271 18896 303.3 24920 6024 31.8

-mulch-culture with polyethylene foil drip-irrigated and average; - price of 400 RON/t recovery

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEEDS OF THE WEED SPECIES AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS L. AND AMARANTHUS HYBRIDUS L.

Author: Cveta Moskova

University of Forestry, Sofia, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., Bulgaria, phone: +359 884 266 371,

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: A. retroflexus L., A. hybridus L., scanning electron microscopic analysis

ABSTRACT

The material used for the scanning electron microscope studies was taken from the seeds of the species Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Amaranthus hybridus L. Thirty seeds of each species, harvested in different years, have been examined and analyzed. The objects were observed directly without preliminary physical and chemical treatment. The applied methodology in the study follows Terzijski. Biometric indicators for the size of the seeds of both amaranths have been taken. The meridional axis and equatorial diameter of the seed have been measured. Scanning under electronic microscope reveals thicker seed shell in the Аmaranthus retroflexus L. species, which accounts for stronger water absorption and respectively slower exiting latency. The more folded seed surface in Аmaranthus hybridus L. accelerates the dehydration during seed maturation and allows soil particles to stick on the seeds, which facilitates their germination. The study under digital microscope has shown that the seeds of the two Amaranth species have similar oval/elliptic shapes and their surface is bright and smooth.

INTRODUCTION

The scanning electron microscope studies have been used in order to obtain the necessary information for morphological differentiation of the Amaranth species and to determine their eco- geographical characteristics and mineral nutrients in the seeds (Kozma, 1978; Terzijski and Cheshmedziev, 1994; Tompáné, 1981, 1984; Kharitonashvili et all., 1989).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Material from the seeds of the two Amaranth species - Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Amaranthus hybridus L. has been used in the present studies. Whole-seed samples as well as cross-cut samples have been analyzed. Biometric indicators for the seed dimensions have been determined using digital microscope - Motic BA 210 (Motic Images Plus version 2.0). The meridional axis and equatorial diameter of the seed have been measured and the reliability of the deviations has been evaluated using the Student’s t-criterion.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In order to determine the reasons for the differences between the germination of the two Amaranth species, a study of the dimensions and shape of their seeds has been carried out. The meridional axis and equatorial diameter of seed from Аmaranthus retroflexus L. and Аmaranthus hybridus L. have been measured using a digital microscope. The mean arithmetic values and their deviations by indications of the two seed groups have been determined. The reliability of the deviations has been evaluated using the Student’s t-criterion. The average value for the meridional axis of Аmaranthus retroflexus L. is x = 1163,91 µm with a deviation of S x = 12,75 µm. For the same indicator of Аmaranthus hybridus L. the average value is = 1125,51 µm with a deviation of S = 11,37 µm. Regarding this indicator, the deviation, amounting to 39,4 µm, has been verified with a level of significance Р5%. The seeds of Аmaranthus retroflexus L. have shown bigger meridional axis in comparison with the seeds of Аmaranthus hybridus L. The same dependency has been observed regarding the equatorial diameter. The difference between the equatorial diameters of the two Amaranth species amounts to 55,39 µm. This difference is reliably (with a level of significance Р0,1% ) bigger in favour of Аmaranthus retroflexus L. The conducted digital microscopic study has shown that regarding the shape, the seeds of the two Amaranth species have identical oval-elliptical outlines. Data from the implemented measurements and the main parameters are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Biometric indicators of the dimensions of seeds from A. retroflexus L. and A. hybridus L., µm. Meridional axis Equatorial diameter of the seed Species (min-max) (min-max)

A. retroflexus L. = 1163,91 = 914,90

A. hybridus L. = 1124,51 = 859,51

So far there is no data in the literature about the characteristics of the SEM-surface of the seeds. During a microscopic observation the seeds of the two species are shiny and smooth. The analysis of the scanning electron microscopic photographs and visual observations determine the ultrasculpture surface of the seeds’ spermoderm as relatively uniform (Figure 1a; 2a). The spermoderm of the seed surface has cells which are difficult to distinguish. The external architecture of the spermoderm in both species is relatively smooth. The outer peiclinal walls of the palisade epidermal cells in the periphery are slightly distinguishable. The surface is covered with slightly distinguishable unevenly distributed cuticle folds in the area of the most protruding polar axis of the seeds. In the comparative analysis of the surface, more closely distributed cuticle holes have been observed in 47

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Аmaranthus hybridus L. in comparison with Аmaranthus retroflexus L., where they are small in number, uneven and chaotically scattered. No wax formations on the surface have been observed in the studied species (Figure 1b; 2b). The comparative homogeneity of the submicroscopic surface of the spermoderm defines this characteristic as low informative for distinguishing between species due to the unclear outlines of the surface structures. Despite the relatively high uniformity in the details of the microscopic and submicroscopic features of the spermoderm, differences in the thickness of the seed coat have been observed during examination and measurement of the thickness in the polar area of the cross-cut seeds (Figure 1с; 2с). The relatively thicker seed coat of Аmaranthus retroflexus L. accounts for more difficult water absorption and slower exiting latency, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The scanning electron microscopic analysis has determined thicker seed coat in the species Аmaranthus retroflexus L., which accounts for more difficult water absorption and slower exiting latency, respectively. 2. The more strongly corrugated seed surface of Аmaranthus hybridus L. accelerates the dehydration during the seed maturation and allows for retention of soil particles around them, which facilitates their germination. 3. The digital-microscopic study has shown that regarding the shape, the two Amaranth species have identical oval-elliptic, shiny and smooth outlines.

REFERENCES

1. Kharitonashvili L. et all., 1989. The study of pollen in different types of the flower Vitis vinifera L. by scanning electron microscope. Soobsh. Akad. Nauk Gruz. SSR 136, 653- 656 2. Kozma P., 1978. Study of vine pollen with scanning electron microscope. Kertészeti Egyetem Közleményei 42 (2), 23-39 3. Terzijski D., I. Cheshmedziev, 1994. Scanning electronmicroscopic investigation of spermoderm of Allium, Nectaroscordum and Ipheion species. God. Sof. Univ. ”Sv. Kl. Ohridski”, Biol. fak., 2 Bot., 85: 95-101 4. Tompáné K., 1981. Scanning electron microscopic characteristics of pollen of geographic-ecologic vine variety groups. Kertészeti Egyetem Közleményei 45, 91-100 5. Tompáné K., 1984. Scanning electron microscopic characteristics of pollen taken from vine intra and interspecific hybrids. Kertészeti Egyetem Közleményei. Budapest

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Figure 1а (Amaranthus retroflexus l.)

Figure 2 а (Amaranthus hybridus l.)

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Figure 1в (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)

Figure 2в (Amaranthus hybridus L.)

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Figure 1с (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)

FIGURE 2с (Amaranthus hybridus L.)

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CERCETĂRI PRIVIND COMBATEREA CHIMICĂ A BURUIENILOR LA ARAHIDELE CULTIVATE PE PSAMOSOLURILE IRIGATE DIN SUDUL OLTENIEI

RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN PEANUTS GROWN ON IRRIGATED PSAMOSOILS IN SOUTHERN OLTENIA

Author: Milica Dima

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords : herbicide, peanut, sandy soils

ABSTRACT

Pe psamosolurile din sudul Olteniei, folosirea îngrăşămintelor şi a apei de irigaţie oferă condiţii favorabile de creştere şi dezvoltare pentru plantele cultivate, dar în aceeaşi măsură şi pentru buruieni. Cultura arahidelor este foarte sensibilă la îmburuienare. De aceea, combaterea buruienilor este o verigă foarte importantă în tehnologia de cultură a arahidelor. Toate erbicidele testate sunt selective pentru arahide (nota 1). Cel mai scăzut grad de îmburuienare la recoltare sub influenţa erbicidelor (8,6-10,6%) comparativ cu martorul neerbicidat, s-a înregistrat prin erbicidarea culturii de arahide cu Treflan 4 l/ha aplicat ppi + Pivot 0,75 l/ha aplicat postemergent I + Select 2,5 l/ha aplicat postemergent II şi cu Mecloran 6 l/ha aplicat ppi şi postemergent I + Pivot 0,75 l/ha aplicat postemergent II.

On psamosoils in southern Oltenia, use of fertilizers and irrigation water provides favorable conditions for crop growth and development, but equally for weeds. The peanut crop is very sensitive to weed. Therefore, weed control is a very important link in the technology of peanut crop. All herbicides tested showed selectivity in peanut plant (note 1). The lowest degree of weeding to harvesting under the influence of herbicides (8.6 to 10.6%) compared with the unherbicide control was recorded by peanut crop herbicide Treflan 4 l / ha applied ppi + Pivot 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent I + Select 2.5 l / ha applied postemergent II and Mecloran 6 l / ha applied ppi and postemergent I + Pivot 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent II. . INTRODUCTION

On psamosoils in southern Oltenia, the use of fertilizers and irrigation water provides favorable conditions for growth and development for crops but for weeds equally. Chemical control of weeds creates favorable conditions for the complete mechanization of crops, while facilitating the increase of efficiency of certain agrophytotechnical measures and culture parameters of them (Sarpe, N., et al., 1976). The peanut crop is very sensitive to weed. Therefore, weed control is a very important link in the technology of peanut crop.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Research carried on by Şarpe, N., Chichea,I., Pop,L., revealed the possibility of weed control in the peanut crop by means of herbicides.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The research was conducted between 2001-2003, the experience being placed in a 3- year crop rotation: wheat-peanut-corn standing in the field after randomized block method. The experience comprised a number of 7 variants and was carried out taking into account the culture technology of peanuts on the sandy soils, produced by RDCFCSS Dabuleni. In order to establish a strategy with broad spectrum for monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed control in peanut culture four herbicides were studied: Treflan, Mecloran, Pivot, Select. Things to be determined: - the selectivity of herbicides graded by EWRS scale (grade 1-selective, grade 9-unselective); - the effectiveness of herbicides on weeds degree by EWRS scale degrees (Grade 1 very good effectiveness, grade 9- very weak effectiveness); - the degree of weed at harvesting: by EWRS grades (1-9) and gravimetric bygroups of weeds; - some elements of productivity: no. pods/plant, pod production/ ha. Pod production was calculated at 9% STAS moisture. Interpretation of research results was performed by analysis of variance method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The selectivity of herbicide is caused by the place where to the treatment is done, by the properties of herbicide and climatic and soil conditions. The results obtained on the selectivity of herbicides, indicate that all tested products, which are applied to the soil surface as pellicular and generally have a low solubility, are selective for plant (grade 1) (table 1). These herbicides migrate a few inches into the soil and become toxic to weeds that germinate in this layer, while being selective for the culture. Selectivity of herbicides applied in vegetation (Pivot, Select, Mecloran) is based either on a specific enzyme or hormonal system or on some own metabolites, able to participate in the rapid degradation of the herbicide or its binding and immobilization of (Berca, M., 1996) . Observations and measurements made in the uncultivated version revealed the presence of the following species of weeds before the postemergent I treatment. Cynodon dactylon 44,5% Sorghum halepense 32,8% Xanthium strumarium 11,8% Chenopodium album 1,4% Solanum nigrum 2,8% Abutilon teophrasti 6,6% Analyzing the effectiveness of postemergent applied herbicides, the postemergent I treatment with Pivot 0.75 l / ha, herbicide acting systemic, translocated in the plant through the root system, had a good efficacy in dicotyledonous weeds. The application of this product

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 caused the reduction of weeding degree with 72-78% compared to the variant when herbicide was not used, where the weeding degree was 85% (grade 7.70) (table 2). In controling monocotyledonous weeds, the best results were obtained by using Select herbicide,in a dose of 2 l / ha. The EWRS grading performed before harvesting show the lowest degree of weeding (grade 2.16) with Treflan herbicide in a dose of 4 l / ha applied ppi + Pivot in a dose of 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent I + Select, in a dose of 2.5 l / ha applied postemergent II. Observations carried out before the harvest- when, in the variant witness II, uncultivated, the EWRS grade reached the maximum (grade 9), highlight the ineffectiveness of the herbicidation only with Mecloran 6 l / ha both preemergent and postemergent, variant where the degree of weeding was graded 5.50. Table 1 Results on the selectivity of herbicides applied to peanut crop Tested Herbicides Doze(l/ha) Epoch of EWRS application grade Control 1-cultivated - - - Control 2-uncultivated - - Treflan 4 ppi Billon 1 Pivot 0.75 postemergent I Treflan 4 ppi Billon 1 Select 2 postemergent I Treflan 4 ppi Billon 1 Pivot 0.5 postemergent I Select 2.5 postemergent II Mecloran 6 ppi Billlon 1 Mecloran 6 postemergent I Mecloran 6 ppi Billon 1 Mecloran 6 postemergent I Pivot 0.5 postemergent II

The results regarding the efficacy of the herbicide, gravimetrically determined at the peanut crop harvesting (table 3) show, compared to the witness II-uncultivated, the variants herbicidated with Treflan- 4 l/ha applied ppi + Pivot-0.75 l/ha applied postemergent I + Select- 2.5 l/ha applied postemergent II and Mecloran-6 l/ha applied ppi + Mecloran-6 l/ha apply postemergent I + Pivot-0.75 l/ha applied postemergent II. In these variants of herbicides, weed weight was of 8-10%, compared to witness where herbicide was not used, where 3491 kg/ha of weeds were found. In terms of weed weight divided into groups, one can notice - when the land was uncultivated and herbicide was not used, a quantity: 1717.5 kg / ha annual monocotyledonous (49.2%), 800 kg / ha of perennial monocotyledonous (22.9%), 973.5 kg / ha annual dicotyledonous (27.9%). Compared to this option, the best weed control of annual monocotyledonous weed was achieved when the Select postemergent I treatment was applied in a dose of 2 l / ha (105 kg / ha). The postemergent I herbiciding with Pivot 0.75 l / ha 54

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+ Select 2.5 l / ha postemergent II, provided the most effective weed control (71.5 kg / ha) of monocotyledonous perennial weeds. Exceeding a certain limit of weeding degree produces disorders in plant metabolism, with negative consequences on resistance to stress conditions. Measurements regarding the water regim in plant (free water and bound water), emphasizes the negative effect of the high degree of weeding on the capacity of hydrophilic colloids from the leafs to store water at the cellular level, due to the competition in terms of water consumption. Table 2 Results regarding the efficacy of herbicides in weed control in peanut crop Tested herbicides Doze Epoch of Effectiveness (EWRS note) (l/ha) aplication the day the day Before before before harvest trat.pos trat.postII tI Control1-cultivated - - 1 1.66 1.85 Control2-uncultivated - - 6.85 7.70 9.0 Treflan 4 ppi Billon 3.66 3.16 6.16 Pivot 0.75 postemergent I Treflan 4 ppi Billon 3.33 3.16 4.0 Select 2 postemergent I Treflan 4 ppi Billon 2.16 1.66 2.16 Pivot 0.5 postemergent I Select 2.5 postemergent II Mecloran 6 ppi Billon 4.17 4.66 5.50 Mecloran 6 postemergent I Mecloran 6 ppi Billon 3.5 4.0 4.0 Mecloran 6 postemergent I Pivot 0.5 postemergent II

Variants with good weed control have a lower percentage of the value of free water and a higher content of bound water which accentuates plant resistance to drought and better targeting of it for plant productive consumption and harvest increase. There is a strong correlation between the degree of weed control and the content of bound water of leaves, highlighting through higher values of bound water (2.9 to 3.1) variants in which the degree of weed control was the most high appreciated following the degree of weed control at harvest time, having values between 92-94% (table 4). High content in bound water positively influences drought resistance of the species because the plant competes with the weeds with for water factor. More adapted to natural conditions and natural selection growth rythm, because consumption of the water and nutrients is always in favor weeds. Number of pods per plant varies depending on the variants of herbiciding, indirectly correlated with the weeding degree.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 3 Results regarding the efficacy of the herbicide for the control of weeds in peanut crop -Gravimetric determinations at harvest- Weight of weeds Total weight Doze Epoch of Monocot. Monocot. Dicotyled. Tested herbicides (l/ha) aplication annual perennial anuale (kg/ha) (%) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Control 1-cultivated - - 173.5 42 55.5 271 7.7 Control2-uncultivated - - 1717.5 800 973.5 3491 100 Treflan 4 ppi Billon 790 825 485 2100 60.0 Pivot 0.75 post I Treflan 4 ppi Billon 105 477 923 1505 43.1 Select 2 post I Treflan 4 ppi Billon 125 71.5 103.5 300 8.6 Pivot 0.75 post I Select 2.5 post II Mecloran 6 ppi Billon 950 1073 705 2728 78.1 Mecloran 6 post I Mecloran 6 ppi Billon 148 168 56.5 372.5 10.6 Mecloran 6 post I Pivot 0.75 post II

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Compared with the witness 2 - uncultivated, where there are 11.8 mature pods per plant (table 5) we can see the efficacy of all variants of herbiciding in which the number of pods per plant ranged from 19.8 to 28.6 pods the plant. The best results were obtained by herbiciding the culture with Treflan herbicide 4 l / ha applied ppi + Pivot 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent I + Select 2.5 l / ha applied postemergent II, followed by alternative herbicides Mecloran 6 l/ha applied ppi + Mecloran 6 l/ha applied postemergent I + Pivot 0.75 l/ha applied postemergent II. Analyzing the production results obtained under the influence of herbicidation (table 5) it is shown a strong correlation between these and the value of productivity elements. Variants with the best results on weed control showed maximum values in terms of number of pods per plant and the level of production. Compared with the uncultivated witness, where a production of 700 kg / ha was obtained, the variants where the herbicide was used have achieved very significant spore in all the variants in which herbicides were applied, ranging from 1000-1572 kg / ha. The production from all variants where the herbicide was used below that achieved in the witness cultivated three times, the best results being obtained by herbiciding the culture with Treflan 4 l / ha applied ppi + Pivot 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent I + Select 2.5 l / ha applied postemergent II when an yield of 2272 kg / ha was obtained, and with Mecloran 6 l / ha applied ppi and postemergent I + Pivot 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent II, in which a yield of of 2160 kg / ha was achieved. The results obtained in the variant where the herbicide was not used, with an yeld of 700 kg / ha, highlights the importance of herbicides and maintenance applied to peanut crop on the iirrigated psamosoils. Table 4 Influence of the degree of weed control on some physiological indices in different types of herbiciding The degree The water content of plant Doze Epoch of of weed (%) Tested herbicides (l/ha) aplication control at free water water harvest (%) water related related Control.1cultivated - - 94 73.4 3.1 Control2 uncultivated - - 0 83.5 1.1 Treflan 4 ppi Billon 66 80.6 1.2 Pivot 0.5 post I Treflan 4 ppi 81.6 1.8 Billon 87 Select 2 post I Treflan 4 ppi Billon 92 78.5 2.9 Pivot 0.75 post I Select 2.5 post II Mecloran 6 ppi Billon 75 80.2 1.4 Mecloran 6 post I Mecloran 6 ppi Billon 92 79.2 2.5 Mecloran 6 post I Pivot 0.75 post II

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CONCLUSIONS

1. All tested herbicides on peanuts showed selectivity for plant (grade 1). 2. Postemergent I use of herbicide with Pivot (0.75 l / ha) had a good efficacy in dicotyledonous weed control, reducing the weeding degree with 72-78% compared with the version where the herbicide was not used. 3. The lowest degree of weeding at harvesting, under the influence of herbicides (8.6 to 10.6%) compared with the witness where the herbicide was not used, was recorded by herbiciding the peanut crop with Treflan 4 l / ha applied ppi + Pivot 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent I +Select 2.5 l / ha applied postemergent II and with Mecloran 6 l / ha applied ppi and postemergent I + Pivot 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent II. 4. The percentage of bound water with values between 1.2 to 3.1% decreases with the increasing weed degree, due to competition for water factor between plants and weeds. 5. Low level of weeding leads to the normal development of plant metabolism in terms of how to distinguish the generative organs, especially in terms of ensuring a good cultural hygiene and in terms of redundancy of a large amount of water for the productive use of peanut plants. 6. Compared to the three times hoeing witness which recorded 27.3 pods per plant and a production of 2375 kg / ha, appreciable results were obtained (24.2 to 28.6 pods per plant and production of 2160 - 2272 kg / ha) in variants with herbicide Treflan 4 l / ha applied ppi + Pivot 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent I + Select 2.5 l / ha applied postemergent II and Mecloran 6 l / ha applied ppi and postemergent I + Pivot 0.75 l / ha applied postemergent II. 7. Unherbicidation and work of hoeing failure led to a very significant reduction in obtained production (700 kg / ha).

REFERENCES

1. Berca, M., 1996 - Weed control in crops. Farmer Magazine. 2. Pop, L. Chiche, I., Sarpe, N., 1981 - Rational use of herbicides. Symposium Constanta. 3. Pop, L., Bârnaure, V. et al., 1986 - Culture peanuts, Ceres Publishing, Bucharest. 4. Săulescu, A. N., Săulescu, N.N., 1967 - Field experience, Agro Publishing, Bucharest 5. Sarpe, N. et al., 1976 - Integrated control weeds. Herbicides, Ceres Publishing House, Bucharest. 6. Sarpe, N., Chichea, I., Pop, L.1981- Integrated control of weeds in crops, Ceres Publishing House, Bucharest.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 5 The influence of herbicidation on some elements of productivity and on the production of peanut pods Average production(2001-2003) Number of Dose Epoch of Relativ The difference Testate herbicides mature pods/ Production Semnifica (l/ha aplication producţion compared to plant (kg/ha) tion (%) witness(kg/ha) Witness 1cultivated - - 27.3 2375 100 Mt. Mt. Witness2uncultivated - - 11.8 700 29,5 -1675 000 Treflan 4 ppi

Billon 22.2 1880 79.1 - 495 00 Pivot 0.75 post I Treflan 4 ppi

Billon 26.3 2000 84.2 -375 00 Select 2 post I Treflan 4 ppi Billon Pivot 0.75 post I 28.6 2272 95.6 -103 - Select 2.5 post II Mecloran 6 ppi

Billon 19.8 1700 71.6 -675 000 Mecloran 6 post I Mecloran 6 ppi Billon Mecloran 6 post I 24.2 2160 90.9 -215 - Pivot 0.75 post II LSD 5% = 261 kg/ha LSD 1% = 367 kg/ha LSD 0.1% = 510 kg/ha

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

INFLUENŢA DENSITĂŢII DE PLANTARE ASUPRA PRODUCŢIEI ŞI CALITĂŢII LA UNELE SOIURI DE CARTOF CULTIVATE PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE

RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF PLANTING DENSITY ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOME POTATO VARIETIES GROWN ON SANDY SOILS

Authors: Milica Dima, Aurelia Diaconu , Mihaela Croitoru, Marieta Ploae

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: potato, productivity, density, quality

ABSTRACT

Soiul luat în cultură, densitatea de plantare, alături de alte verigi tehnologice sunt doar o parte din factorii tehnologici care conduc la reuşita culturii de cartof pe solurile nisipoase, unde condiţiile de stres termo -hidric din lunile de vară aduc prejudicii majore producţiei atât cantitativ cât şi calitativ. Stabilirea desimii optime de plantare trebuie să se efectueze în funcţie de soi, marimea tuberculilor plantaţi, nivelul de fertilizare şi condiţiile de mediu. Soiurile studiate au reacţionat diferit în funcţie de densitatea plantelor şi au înregistrat producţii diferite. Rezultatele înregistrate la CCDCPN Dăbuleni cu privire la producţia de tuberculi comerciabili obţinuţi arată că cea mai mare producţie de tuberculi comerciabili de 52,31 t/ha s-a obţinut la soiul Cosmos plantat la densitatea de 63000 plante/ha. Rezultatele obţinute, cu privire la calitatea tuberculilor de cartof în funcţie de densitatea de plantare, arată că, cu cât numărul de plante /ha creşte, calitatea tuberculilor se diminuează, cu mici diferenţe în funcţie de soiul luat în studiu.

The cultivar, planting density, along with other technological links are only a part of the technological factors that lead to the success of the potato crop on sandy soils, where thermo-hydric stress conditions in summer months are very harmful to the production both quantitatively and in terms of quality. Establishing optimum planting density should be made depending on the variety, planted tuber size, level of fertilization and environmental conditions. The studied varieties reacted differently depending on the density of the plants and have different yields. The results obtained at RDCFCSS Dăbuleni on the production of commercial tubers show that most of the production of commercial tuber of 52.31 t / ha was obtained from Cosmos variety planted at a density of 63000 plants / ha. The results obtained, on the quality of potato tubers, depending on the density of planting, show that as the number of plants/ha increases, the quality of the tubers diminishes, with slight differences depending on the studied variety.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

INTRODUCTION

The potato is a plant with high ecological plasticity, that can be grown in our country, in all areas starting from South un to North, from plains to mountain area. Achieving production depends on a complex of biological, environmental and technological factors. The potato is a species achieving high yields, but also very demanding regarding environmental conditions (climatic) and technological. Related to planting density research have been conducted and has been found that potato production depends on the number of main stems per unit area (Berindei et al., 1976). It is generally known the ability of potato to deliver a large number of strains from existing stumps on the tubercle thus ensuring a density that can be easily planned per unit area. This feature, also depends in its turn on the cultivar and on the size of planting material (Chichea I., 2000). Ana Craciun, 1994, showed that planting density should be determined by the size of tubers used for planting, variety, production purposes and agrofond. It also shows that the number of stems per plant increases with the capacity size of the planted tuber and level of fertilization and reaches optimum at a density of 50000-60000 plants / ha then decreases.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The density of plants per hectare influence their metabolism by coverage degree of sandy soils by competition at nutrition area with water and minerals from these poor and dry soils.Plant density influences the brightness at foilage level by shading, leaf transpiration rate by density and rate of photosynthesis by competition in nutrient area. We studied the influence of planting density of potatoes in some varieties on production and nutritional quality of tubers. Studied factors: Factor A - potato variety:

a1- Tampa a2- Ruxandra

a3- Redsec a4- Tresor

a5- Dacia a6- Cosmos Factor B- planting density

b1- 33000 plants/ha b2- 44000 plants/ha b3- 63000 plants/ha During the growing season observations and biometric determinations were conducted regarding: emergence date, time of flowering, plant size, number of main stems / plant, photosynthesis and transpiration. At harvest, in addition to the total production of tubers, the tuber number and weight per hotbed, regarding different sizes were determined: fractions bigger than 35 mm and fractions less than 35 mm. In the laboratory we have determined the content of dry soluble substance, dry solid substance, sugars, vitamin C. 61

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Emergence was approximately uniform in all varieties, the average period of the 6 varieties being of 27 days, noting the emergence period between 19.04-23.04. Regarding the average time period from emergence to blooming, it is observed to be of 25-29 days, noting as flowering period the interval between 18.05-20.05. Biometric measurements performed on plant waist revealed a variability in the length of the stem. Plant height at tested cultivars ranged from 26.6 cm at Dacia variety grown at a density of 33000 pl / ha and 40.3 cm at Cosmos variety grown at a density of 63000 pl / ha. After performing visual observations and calculating the number of main stems / plant at the 6 varieties testedone can notice that the average number of main stems / plant has values between 3.3 at Tampa variety and 5.3 at Ruxandra variety. Table 1 Observations on emergence, flowering, plant hight, number main stems/plant Variety Density Data rise Data Hight plant No.main No.main flowered (cm) stems stems /plant /ha Tampa 33000pl/ha 21.04 19.05 27 3.6 118800 44000 pl/ha 29.3 4 176000 63000pl/ha 32 3.3 207900 Ruxandra 33000pl/ha 21.04 19.05 30.3 4.3 141900 44000 pl/ha 34.3 5.3 233200 63000pl/ha 37 4.3 270900 Redsec 33000pl/ha 21.04 20.05 29.3 4.6 151800 44000 pl/ha 30.6 4 176000 63000pl/ha 31.3 4.3 270900 Tresor 33000pl/ha 23.04 19.05 30.3 5 165000 44000 pl/ha 28.7 5 220000 63000pl/ha 30 4.3 270900 Dacia 33000pl/ha 19.04 19.05 26.6 3.6 118800 44000 pl/ha 31.3 3.9 171600 63000pl/ha 27.3 4 252000 Cosmos 33000pl/ha 23.04 18.05 37.3 5 165000 44000 pl/ha 37 4.6 202400 63000pl/ha 40.3 4.3 270900

The elements of production capacity determined by weighing and counting have been the number and weight of tubers / plant on size fractions.Regarding the influence of the cultivar combination x planting density (table 2) on the number of tubers / plant one can see that their number at tuber fraction bigger than 35 mm decreases with density increase. The highest number of tubers / plant (11.7) fraction bigger than 35 mm was recorded at a density of 33000 plants / ha for Redsec variety followed by Tresor variety with 11.4 tubers /plant at the density of 33000 plants / ha. Results on total production of obtained tubers show that the variety Redsec gets 69.2 t / ha at the density of 44 000 plants / ha and 68.13 t / ha at the density of 63 000 pl / ha. Adding

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 valule to total production was the large amount of tubers small fraction (less than 35 mm) which is of 25.64 t / ha at the density of 63 000 pl / ha and of 21.25 t / ha at the density of 44 000 pl / ha, quantity which is not iimportant in economic terms. The quantity of tubers small fraction that can not be sold increases with the increasing of density. Analyzing the influence of variety (table 3) one can see that good yields were obtained from commercial tubers (fraction bigger than 35 mm) at Redsec varieties (42 t / ha), Cosmos (41.48 t / ha), Tresor (37.28 t / ha). Plant density influence leaf transpiration rate by density and photosynthesis rate by competition in nutrient area. In the phase of intensive tuber growth the rate of photosynthesis showed different values depending on variety and plant density (table 4). 2 -9 AM-values ranged between 13.57 to 15.14 micromoles CO2/m /sec at Timpa variety,15.01 2 to 16.23 micromoles CO2/m /sec the Ruxandra variety, 13.96 to 17.89 micromoles 2 2 CO2/m /sec the Redsec variety, 13.16 to 16.39 micromoles CO2/m /sec the Tresor,variety, 2 14.83 to 14.99 micromoles CO2/m /sec the Dacia variety and from 14.00 to 17.01 micromoles 2 CO2/m /sec the Cosmos variety. At 12 AM, values of photosynthesis rate ranged between: 10.62 to 12.04 micromoles 2 CO2/m /sec at Tîmpa variety, 10.27 to 11.62 at Ruxandra variety, 11.24 to 12.57 micromoles 2 2 CO2/m /sec at Redsec variety, 10.7 to 12.16 micromoles CO2/m /sec the Tresor,variety, 10.30 2 to 18.84 micromoles CO2/m /sec at Dacia variety and from 10.35 to 15.95 micromoles 2 CO2/m /sec in Cosmos variety. 2 At 15AM values ranged between: 11.14 to 13.31 micromoles CO2/m /sec at Timpa variety, 2 from 10.78 to 12.15 micromoles CO2/m /sec the Ruxandra variety, from 11.52 to 13.80 variety 2 Redsec, from 10.11 to 11.20 micromoles CO2/m /sec the Tresor variety, 10.78 to 12.10 2 2 micromoles CO2/m /sec the Dacia variety and from 10.37 to 14.68 micromoles CO2/m /sec the Cosmos variety. Varieties behave differently depending on the density of plants per hectare. Foliar transpiration ranged between: 2 2 -1.84 mmol H2O/m /sec the variety Tampa (at 33000 pl / ha) and 3.80 mmol H2O/m /sec the variety Redsec (at 63000 pl / ha) at 9 AM; 2 2 -8.62 mmol H2O/m /sec the variety Dacia (from 63000 pl / ha) and 7.88 mmol H2O/m /sec the 2 variety Tresor (63,000 pl / ha) and 7.09 mmol H2O/m /sec the variety Cosmos (44000 pl / ha) at 12 AM. Atmospheric midday drought doubled the values of transpiration rate in the mentioned varieties. Varieties that reported very low transpiration rate at this time were: Tampa (at 33000 pl / ha) 2 2 value of 3.74 mmol H2O/m /sec and variety Redsec of 3.13 mmol H2O/m /sec (33000 pl / ha) at 9; The results obtained on the quality of potato tubers depending on planting density show that potato plants have well capitalized the densities 44000pl/ha and 33000pl/ha /plant.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 2 The influence of factor combination (variety x density) on the production No.of tub/pl Prod.of tub.>35 No.of tub/pl.<35 Prod.of tub. <35 mm Total prod. of tub. Variety Density >35 mm mm mm No Ranking t/ha Ranking No Ranking t/ha Ranking t/ha Ranking 33000pl/ha 6.7 C 18.09 H 29.0 A 9.39 CDE 27.5 E Tampa 44000 pl/ha 9.3 ABC 29.05 EFG 7.6 B 20.11 ABC 49.17 BC 63000pl/ha 6.8 C 30.91 EFG 6.5 B 12.47 BCDE 43.4 CD 33000pl/ha 9.9 ABC 31.95 EFG 15.6 AB 17.96 ABCD 49.91 BC Ruxandra 44000 pl/ha 7.4 BC 30.37 EFG 9.4 B 18.16 ABCD 48.53 BCD 63000pl/ha 8.9 ABC 38.75 BCDE 8.0 B 13.93 ABCDE 52.68 BC 33000pl/ha 1.7 A 35.55 DEF 6.1 B 7.52 DE 43.08 CD Redsec 44000 pl/ha 9.5 ABC 47.94 AB 11.4 B 21.25 AB 69.2 A 63000pl/ha 9.9 ABC 42.5 ABCD 9.8 B 25.64 A 68.13 A 33000pl/ha 11.4 A 36.19 CDEF 5.4 B 10.99 BCDE 47.17 BCD Tresor 44000 pl/ha 6.6 C 29.02 EFG 6.3 B 11.65 BCDE 40.67 CDE 63000pl/ha 8.4 ABC 46.62 ABC 4.9 B 8.92 CDE 55.54 ABC 33000pl/ha 8.6 ABC 21.6 GH 11.9 B 20.23 ABC 41.84 CDE Dacia 44000 pl/ha 9.3 ABC 27.46 FGH 10.5 B 21.73 AB 49.18 BC 63000pl/ha 7.3 BC 26.81 FGH 13.6 B 22.16 AB 48.97 BC 33000pl/ha 11.0 A 29.45 EFG 5.4 B 4.22 E 33.68 DE Cosmos 44000 pl/ha 10.3 AB 42.68 ABCD 4.3 B 7.3 DE 50.0 BC 63000pl/ha 10.4 AB 52.31 A 2.7 B 7.26 DE 59.6 AB LSD005 3.397 10.54 14.5 11.77 15.12

Table 3 The influence of variety on aspects of productivity Soiul Nr.of tub/pl Prod.of tub.>35 mm Nr.of tub/pl.<35 mm Prod.of tub. <35 Total prod. of tub. >35 mm mm Nr Ranking t/ha Ranking Nr Ranking t/ha Ranking t/ha Ranking Tampa 7.62 C 26.02 C 14.37 A 13.99 BC 40.01 C Ruxandra 8.74 ABC 33.69 B 10.98 AB 16.68 ABC 50.37 B

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Redsec 10.4 AB 42.0 A 9.1 AB 18.14 AB 60.13 A Tresor 8.82 ABC 37.28 AB 5.53 B 10.52 CD 47.8 BC Dacia 8.44 BC 25.20 C 11.98 AB 21.37 A 46.66 BC Cosmos 10.57 A 41.48 A 4.13 B 6.26 D 47.74 BC LSD 005 1.961 6.084 8.372 6.795 8.732

Table 4 The influence of planting density on physiological processes 2 2 Density Photosynthesis(micromoli CO2/m /s) Transpiration(mmoli H2O/m /s) Variety (pl/ha) Hour 9 Hour 12 Hour 16 Hour 9 Hour 12 Hour 16

33000 13.57 10.62 11.15 1.84 3.74 5.70 Tampa 44000 14.91 11.31 11.14 2.53 4.54 5.61 63000 15.14 12.04 13.31 2.58 4.50 7.02 33000 15.01 10.70 11.88 2.74 5.54 5.79 Ruxandra 44000 15.33 10.27 10.78 2.23 4.35 6.13 63000 16.23 11.62 12.15 2.14 5.72 8.43 33000 13.96 11.24 11.52 3.60 3.13 5.61 Redsec 44000 17.69 12.57 13.13 2.79 5.62 6.38 63000 17.89 11.40 13.80 3.80 5.40 5.50 33000 14.02 10.70 10.69 3.92 5.20 6.45 Tresor 44000 13.16 12.16 10.11 3.05 7.12 6.68 63000 16.39 10.64 11.20 3.11 7.88 4.82 33000 14.83 10.30 12.10 2.92 5.44 5.13 Dacia 44000 14.91 10.60 11.51 3.73 5.09 6.86 63000 14.99 10.84 10.78 3.35 8.62 8.79 33000 14.00 10.35 10.37 2.66 7.09 7.04 Cosmos 44000 15.22 13.78 12.94 3.29 6.50 7.91 63000 17.01 15.95 14.68 3.24 5.73 6.27

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

The dry total substance showed values ranging from 17.90% to Cosmos variety at a density of 63 000 plants / ha and 30.90% for variety Ruxandra at a density of 44000 plants / ha. With the accumulation of the dry total matter the amount of water in tubers decreases per percentage. The dry soluble substance ranged from 3.20% to Cosmos variety at a density of 63000 plants / ha and 6.00% from Ruxandra variety at a density of 44000 plants / ha. Carbohydrate content in potato tubers ranged from 1.25% to Ruxandra variety at a density of 63000 plants / ha and 2.28% from Tresor variety at a density of 63000 plants / ha. Tubers acidity was very little influenced by planting density. As C vitamin content, it presents higher values in Redsec, Tresor varieties and the density 33000 plants / ha and the varieties Tampa, Dacia, Cosmos and the density 44000 plants / ha. The highest values were obtained in Dacia variety 33-44000 plants / ha at 30.60 to 30.96 mg/100g fresh substance. Table 5 Biochemical composition of potato tubers depending on variety and planting density Titratable Total Soluble Carbohy acidity Density dry Water substa C vitamin Variety drates g malic (pl/ha) matter % nce mg/100g % acid/ % % s.f. 100g s.p 33000 21.30 78.70 5.00 1.33 0.25 15.74 44000 19.50 80.50 5.00 1.39 0.23 26.40 Tâmpa 63000 22.60 77.40 4.40 1.30 0.25 22.00 Average 21.13 78.90 4.80 1.34 0.24 21.38 33000 23.10 76.90 5.30 1.28 0.16 18.84 44000 30.90 69.10 6.00 1.36 0.16 22.00 Ruxandra 63000 29.30 70.70 4.80 1.25 0.16 18.48 Average 27.77 72.23 5.37 1.30 0.16 19.77 33000 21.10 78.90 4.50 1.33 0.22 24.64 44000 21.00 79.00 4.50 1.52 0.22 15.84 Redsec 63000 18.50 81.50 4.00 1.45 0.23 22.88 Average 20.20 79.80 4.33 1.43 0.22 21.12 33000 23.70 23.70 4.30 2.13 0.14 30.20 44000 22.90 77.10 4.30 2.28 0.14 26.40 Tresor 63000 22.20 77.80 4.00 2.28 0.15 27.28 Average 22.93 77.07 4.20 2.23 0.14 27.96 33000 24.90 75.10 5.20 1.72 0.15 30.60 44000 22.00 78.00 5.00 1.82 0.16 30.96 Dacia 63000 21.70 78.30 5.00 1.99 0.17 26.20 Average 22.87 77.13 5.07 1.84 0.16 29.25 33000 20.60 79.40 3.70 2.13 0.15 20.76 44000 21.90 78.10 4.20 2.06 0.16 22.56 Cosmos 63000 17.90 82.10 3.20 1.93 0.17 18.76 Average 20.13 79.87 3.70 2.04 0.16 20.69

Analyzing the influence of planting density on the nutritional quality of the tubers, from the results obtained and presented in table 6 we can see an accumulation of major biochemical components analyzed with the increasing of number of plants / ha up to the

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 density of 44000 plants / ha. The best results were obtained from a number of 44000 plants / ha and 33000plants / ha. By increasing density of culture one can ensure from the begining a greater leaf area and high photosynthetic efficiency. While advancing in vegetation and plant growth, the overlapping of foliar floors occurs, shading occurs and as a consequence the initial positive effect of density becomes negative. In these cases, the plants with a high density elongate in their search for light, shadow forms and foliar device is not fully utilized. (Chichea I., 2000). Table 6 The influence of planting density on the biochemical composition of potato tubers Titratable Total Soluble acidity dry Water Carbohydrates C vitamin Density(pl/ha) substance g malic matter % % mg/100g % acid/ 100g % s.p s.p 33000 22.45 77.55 4.67 1.65 0.18 23.43 44000 23.03 76.97 4.83 1.74 0.18 24.03 63000 22..03 77.97 4.23 1.70 0.19 22.60

If we analyze the influence of variety in the study, the results obtained and presented in table 7, show more significant differences between the varieties studied. The varieties Ruxandra, Tresor and Dacia were evidenced by a higher content of dry, total, solid soluble substance and Dacia and Tresor varieties had notably a higher content of vitamin C. Table 7 The influence of variety on the biochemical composition of potato tubers Aciditate Vitamina Total dry Soluble titrabilă Water Carbohydrates C Soiul matter substance g acid % % mg/100g % % malic la s.f. 100g s.p Tâmpa 21.13 78.90 4.80 1.34 0.24 21.38 Ruxandra 27.77 72.23 5.37 1.30 0.16 19.77 Redsec 20.20 79.80 4.33 1.43 0.22 21.12 Tresor 22.93 77.07 4.20 2.23 0.14 27.96 Dacia 22.87 77.13 5.07 1.84 0.16 29.25 Cosmos 20.13 79.87 3.70 2.04 0.16 20.69

CONCLUSIONS

1. Studied varieties reacted differently depending on the density of plants and recorded different productions. 2. Analyzing the influence of variety, one can certify that that best yields of commercial tubers were obtained (fraction greater than 35 mm) at Redsec varieties (42 t / ha), Cosmos (41.48 t / ha), Tresor (37.28 t / ha). 3. Plant density affects physiological processes through cultivar competition in the area of nutrition (water and minerals), the degree of coverage and shade of plants and microclimate created between ridges.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

4. Analyzing the influence of planting density on the nutritional quality of the tubers, from the obtained results one can observe an accumulation of major biochemical components analyzed with the increase of the number of plants / ha up to the density of 44 000 plants / ha. The best results were obtained from a number of 44000 plants / ha and 33 thousand plants / ha. 5. The dry total substance showed values ranging from 17.90% to Cosmos variety at a density of 63 000 plants / ha and 30.90% for Ruxandra variety at a density of 44000 plants / ha. Dry soluble substance ranged from 3.20% to Cosmos variety at a density of 63000 plants / ha and 6.00% from Ruxandra variety at a density of 44000 plants / ha. 6. Carbohydrate content in potato tubers ranged from 1.25% to Ruxandra variety at a density of 63 000 plants / ha and 2.28% from Tresor variety at a density of 63000 plants / ha. 7. Tubers acidity was very little influenced by planting density.

REFERENCES

1. Chichea I., 2000, Early potatoes and summer, Ed. ALMA, Craiova. 2. Crăciun Ana, 1994, Optimum planting density depending on variety and phyto measures potato, Papers. Annals of the Institute for Research and Production of Potato, vol. XXI, Braşov. 3. Geremew E. B., Steyn J. M., Annandale J. G., 2007, Evaluation of growth performance and dry matter partitioning of four processing potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultual Science, vol. 35, 385-393. 4. Gherghi A. et al., 1983, Biochemistry and physiology of fruits and vegetables Ed. Academiei RSR, Bucureşti 5. Kellock Tony, Toolangi, 1995, Potatoes: factors affecting dry matter. Agriculture Notes, ISSN 1329-8062. 6. Lorinczi Adina, 1997, Potato quality, concepts and requirements Papers. Annals of the Institute for Research and Production of Potato vol. XXIV (volum jubiliar), Braşov. 7. Mureşan S., Olteanu Gh., Tănăsescu Eugenia, 1980, Potato quality control, Technical guidance, 96-106.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CERCETARI PRIVIND INFLUENTA FERTILIZARII FOLIARE SI RADICULARE ASUPRA PRODUCTIEI DE PORUMB IN CONDITIILE SOLURILOR NISIPOASE

RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF RADICULAR AND FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON THE MAIZE PRODUCTION IN CONDITIONS OF SANDY SOILS

Authors: Drăghici Iulian1, Reta Drăghici1, Mihaela Croitoru1, Matei Gheorghe2

1Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

2 Faculty of Agriculture, Craiova, Romania, Romania, Phone: +40 (0) 251 418 475; email: [email protected];http://www.agro-craiova.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: plant, productivity, photosynthesis, perspiration, protein

ABSTRACT

Datorită continuţului scăzut de materie organică (0,59%), conţinutului ridicat de nisip grosier, 74,34% şi foarte scăzut de argilă 2,5-3%, solurile nisipoase oferă condiţii pedoclimatice favorabile levigării nitraţilor proveniţi din diferite surse şi posibilitatea trecerii acestora în apele freatice de suprafaţă. În scopul diminuării impactului pe care aceste însusiri deficitare ale solului le au asupra plantelor la porumbul cultivat pe solurile nisipoase, cercetările realizate la CCDCPN Dăbuleni în perioada 2011-2012 au avut ca obiectiv optimizarea creşterii şi dezvoltării plantelor de porumb sub influenţa fertilizării radiculare si foliare. Rezultatele obţinute reliefează obţinerea unor sporuri de producţie la porumb de 4545-4615 kg/ha prin asigurarea unei nutriţii echilibrate cu N150P80K80 şi aplicarea fracţionată a dozei de azot (1/3 din doză la semănat +2/3 din doză în vegetaţie, când plantele au 6-8 frunze). Fertilizarea foliară cu Timasol, care are în compoziția sa N15 P15 K30 + 13 microelemente, aplicată pe un agrofond de N150P80K80, a condus la înregistrarea celor mai bune rezultate în desfăşurarea proceselor fiziologice din plantă, (rata a fotosintezei, de -2 -1 -2 -1 36,34 μmol CO2 m s , consum de apă prin transpiraţie de 5,97 mmol H2O m s ). La porumbul cultivat pe solurile nisipoase conţinutul de proteină din bob a fost influenţat atât de regimul de nutriţie al plantei cât şi de condiţiile climatice ale anului, acesta oscilând în limitele 10,8-15,63% proteină brută.

Due to the low content of organic matter (0.59%), high content of coarse sand, 74.34% and very low in clay 2.5-3%, sandy soils provide favorable pedoclimatic conditions for the nitrates, originated from different sources, to leach and their possibility of passing in surface phreatic waters. In order to diminish the impact these deficient qualities of soil have on maize plants grown on sandy soils, research conducted at RDCFCSS Dabuleni in 2011-2012 aimed at optimizing the growth and development of maize plants under the influence of root and foliar fertilization. The obtained results emphasize yield increases in maize of 4545-4615 kg / ha by ensuring a balanced nutrition with N150P80K80 and fractionated application of nitrogen dose (1/3 of the dose at sowing and 2/3 dose in growth, when the plants have 6-8 leaves). Foliar fertilization with Timasol, which has in its composition N15 P15 K30 + 13 microelements affixed to an agrofond N150P80K80 has led to the recording of the best results in the development of plant physiological processes -2 -1 (photosynthesis rate, 36.34 micromol CO2 m s , water consumption by transpiration of 5.97 mmol

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

-2 -1 H2O m s ). At the maize grown on sandy soils the protein content in the grain was influenced both the by plant nutrition as well as climatic conditions of the year, oscillates within the limits 10.8 to 15.63% crude protein.

INTRODUCTION

In conditions of sustainable agriculture, obtaining high and stable yields in maize cannot be conceived without a controlled application of fertilizers with macro and micronutrients, as a means to render the nutrients back to soil, nutrients extracted with harvest (Yu H., G. Chen, D. Liu, 2009). The conditions of soil fertility are a significant problem that determines the development of the root system. If fertile soils, the roots go deeper in the underground and are more ramified than in less fertile soils (Florin Crista and al., 2010). The foliar fertilizers are unanimous considered stimulating and corrective products of the mineral nutrition with secondary, fertilizer role, which determines a significant increase of the productive consumption of elements from the soil, without substituting the fertilization methods through root system, compared to which foliar fertilizers have an additional (complementary) role to balance and optimize that system of fertilization applied to agricultural plants (El Hallof Nóra, 2007, Dana Daniela and al., 2008, Rusu M. and al., 2008). Due to the low content of organic matter (0.59%), high content of coarse sand, 74.34% and very low in clay 2.5-3%, sandy soils provide favorable pedoclimatic conditions to the leaching of nitrates originated from different sources and their possibility of moving in surface phreatic waters (Croitoru Mihaela and Soimu Toma, 2001, Marinică Gh. and al., 2003). In order to diminish the impact that these deficient qualities of soil have on maize plants grown on sandy soils, research conducted at RDCFCSS Dabuleni in 2011-2012 aimed at optimizing the growth and development of maize plants under the influence of root and foliar fertilization.

MATHERIAL AND METHODS

Researches have been carried out in the years 2011-2012 at RDCFCSS Dabuleni at maize crop, located in conditions of irrigation on a sandy soil with low natural fertility, characterized as follows: 0.76 to 0.98% humus, 0.037 to 0.054% Ntotal , 28-44 ppm Pmobile; 66-108 ppm K accessible, pH(H2O) 5.4 to 6.9. The researches aimed at the optimizing of growth and development of maize plant, from point of view of the development of physiological processes, plant productivity and the quality of obtained production. In this sense, the focus was on the influence of root fertilization with NPK and the time of nitrogen dose application as well as the foliar fertilization influence, applied in two stages of maize growth: 4-5 leaf and 6-8 leaf, correlated with the root fertilization with NPK. The variants of foliar and root fertilization are presented in Tables 1 and 2. During the period of vegetation the intensity physiological processes in plants was monitored with LCpro + Portable photosynthesis System device and at the harvest quantity and quality, by protein content were determined. Observations and measurements were made according to experimental technique and the results were interpreted through analysis of variance and using mathematical correlations.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Analysing the evolution of climatic conditions during the growing season of maize in the years 2011 and 2012, compared to multi annual average, one can notice a tendency of increased drought, by increasing the air temperature with 1.250C and reducing rainfall with 53.65 mm (Figure. 1). If thermal regime registered during this period (air temperature> 100C) has been favorable to the growth and development of maize plants, the soil water reserves and registered rainfall were insufficient to plant consumption of 7760 m3/ha (Marinică Gh. Şi col., 2003), being necessary completion by applying irrigation. Ensuring a balanced nutrition with N150P80K80 determines the obtaining of differences in production of 4545-4615 kg/ ha, statistically ensured as very significant compared to unfertilized control (table 1). On sandy soils poor in organic matter, the use of nitrogen from fertilizer is limited by losses that occur through leaching. The results obtained by fractionated application of nitrogen dose (1/3 of the dose at sowing + 2/3 of the dose in growth, when plants have 6-8 leaves) leads to the reducing of these losses and getting the best production results from maize grown in sandy soil conditions (8156 kg/ha).

Figure 1 Climatic conditions during the growing season maize on sandy soil

Table 1 Influence of fertilization with NPK and the time of nitrogen application on the yield, obtained to maize grown on sandy soils, 2011 Fertilization variant Grain yield Difference

No. kg/ha The time of nitrogen kg/ha % kg/ha Semnificance application 1 N0P0K0 - 3328 100 Control Control 2 N0P80K0 3772 113 444 - 3 N0P0K80 3643 109 315 - 4 N0P80K80 4381 132 1053 - 5 N50P80K80 seeding 4967 149 1639 * 6 1/3 seeding+2/3vegetation 5164 155 1836 **

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7 vegetation 5716 172 2388 ** 8 N100P80K80 seeding 6148 184 2820 *** 9 1/3 seeding+2/3vegetation 7246 218 3918 *** 10 vegetation 6823 205 3495 *** 11 N150P80K80 seeding 7943 239 4615 *** 12 1/3 seeding+2/3vegetation 8156 245 4828 *** 13 vegetation 7873 237 4545 *** LSD 5% - 1249 kg/ha LSD 1% - 1673 kg/ha LSD 0.1% - 2408 kg/ha

The production results obtained in 2012, emphasize the role of foliar fertilization in forming elements of productivity to maize, table 2. Compared to the unfertilized witness, the foliar fertilization has brought increases of production by 3-86%, depending on root fertilization with NPK. The maximum of production, of 5899 kg / ha, was registered in foliar fertilized variant with Timasol which has in the composition N15P15K30 + 13 microelements on the agrofond of N150P80K80. The results of production obtained in maize, in the two years of study, by root fertilization with N150P80K80 are significantly influenced by the climatic conditions of the year, therefore the extreme drought from 2012 has helped at the reduction with 3077 kg /ha of maize production this year (5079 kg/ha) compared with 2011 (8156 kg/ha).

Table 2 Influence of root and foliar fertilization on the yield obtained to maize grown on sandy soils, 2012 Fertilization variant Grain yield Difference kg/ha % kg/ha % Semnifi No. Composition Kg/ha Name cance (N-P-K + micronutrients) 1 Untreated - 2090 100 Mt. Mt. 2 Green Plant 26-5-12+Zn 3254 155 1164 **

3 N0P0K0 Green Plant 20-20-20+microelem. 3889 186 1799 *** 4 Green Plant 9-45-15+6 microelem 3016 144 926 * 5 Timasol 15-15-30+13 micro 2936 140 846 * 6 Untreated - 3704 100 Mt. Mt. 7 Green Plant 26-5-12+Zn 4444 120 740 -

8 N150P0K0 Green Plant 20-20-20+microelem. 4709 127 1005 * 9 Green Plant 9-45-15+6 microelem 4206 114 502 - 10 Timasol 15-15-30+13 microelem 5105 137 1401 ** 11 Untreated - 5079 100 Mt. Mt. 12 Green Plant 26-5-12+Zn 5265 103 186 -

13 N150P80K80 Green Plant 20-20-20+microelem. 5423 107 344 - 14 Green Plant 9-45-15+6 microelem 5106 101 27 - 15 Timasol 15-15-30+13 microelem 5899 116 820 ** LSD 5% = 795 kg/ha LSD1% = 1080 kg/ha LSD0.1% = 1447 kg/ha

Analyzing the functional relationship between the production of maize plant and the photosynthesis, registered in 15 variants of root and foliar fertilization, one can observe a

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 positive correlation, which shows the increasing of the obtained production in maize at the same time with the increase of intensity of the plant photosynthetic process, a phenomenon very well revealed by linear regression, whose coefficient r = 0.704 ** highlights a distinct significant correlation between cause and effect, Figure 2.

Figure 2 Correlation between photosynthesis and grain yield to maize grown in different variants of root and foliar fertilization, 2012

In conditions of a temperature of 41.2 to 43.20 C at the surface of maize leaf, it has been shown a negative correlation between transpiration and photosynthesis, highlighted by second degree polynomial function (r = - 0.672 **), figure 3. We notice a decrease in the rate of CO2 accumulation through the photosynthesis process along with the increasing of water losses, through transpiration. The highest rate of photosynthesis, 36.34 μmol CO2 -2 -1 -2 -1 m s was recorded at a water consumption through transpiration of 5.97 mmol H2O m s , in the foliar fertilized variant with Timasol, which has in composition N15 P15 K30 + 13 micronutrients, on the N150P80K80 agrofond.

Figure 3 Correlation between transpiration and photosynthesis to maize grown on sandy soils

The protein content of grain maize is influenced by genetic factors and external conditions. Climatic conditions, soil and plant nutrition create greater differences in terms 73

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 of protein content of maize grain, than genetic factors. Thus, in 2011, the protein content was comprised between 10.8-14.7%, showing a linear correlation, significantly positive between the increasing of nitrogen dose and grain protein (Fig. 4). In 2012, the drought has contributed to the increasing of protein content in the grain, this fluctuating within the limits 14.63 to 15.63% (Fig. 5). In meteorological conditions of the year 2012, the foliar fertilization led to the differentiation of the protein content in the grain, but insignificantly (r = 0.655).

Figure. 4 Correlation between nitrogen fertilization and grain protein content to maize grown on sandy soils, 2011

Figure 5 Influence of foliar fertilization on the protein content to maize grown on sandy soils, 2012

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CONCLUSIONS

1. Ensuring a balanced plant nutrition with N150P80K80 leads to the obtaining of production spores in maize of 4545-4615 kg / ha; 2. Fractionated application of nitrogen dose (1/3 of the dose at sowing + 2/3 of the dose in growth, when plants have 6-8 leaves) determines the achieving of the best production results from maize grown in sandy soil conditions (8156kg/ha); 3. Foliar fertilization with Timasol, which has in its composition N15P15K30+13 microelements, affixed to an agrofond N150P80K80has led to the best results in the development of plant physiological processes (photosynthesis rate, 36.34 μmol CO2 -2 -1 -2 -1 m s , water consumption by transpiration of 5.97 mmol H2O m s ); 4. Protein content in grain maize was influenced by the regime of plant nutrition and climatic conditions of the year.

REFERENCES

1. Daniela Dana, Daniela Ştefănescu, A. Dorneanu, Maria Soare, Iulia Anton, Carmen Sârbu, Valentina Coteţ, L. Biveescu, Elana Istrati, 2008. Research on the influence of special foliar fertilization on production and nutrient concentration in hybrid seed of maize. The Conference XVIII-a SNRSS 2006, vol. 2, 52-65; 2. Crista Florin, Florin Sala, Isidora Radulov, Laura Crista, 2010. The impact of mineral fertilization upon some maize hybrids crop from zemun polje. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 42 (3); 3. Croitoru Mihaela, T. Şoimu, 2001. Researches concerning the evolution of nitrate content in soil and water, on sandy soils in southern Oltenia, Symposium Improvement low productivity soil of Oltenia, Craiova - Romania, 14-15 iunie; 4. El Hallof Nóra, 2007. Effect of nutrient supply on yield quality and quantity of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Acta Agronomica Óváriensis, vol. 49, number 2/1, University of West Hungary, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences,Mosonmagyaróvár, pag. 237-241; 5. Marinică Gh., D. Gheorghe, P. Ploae, Milica Baron, Floarea Ciolacu, Elena Ciuciuc, Reta Draghici, I. Draghici, Alisa Marinica, I. Ratoi, V. Toma, 2003. Research on the system of agriculture sands and sandy soils. Scientific papers RDSFCSS Dăbuleni, Vol. XV, Ed. SITECH, Craiova, ISBN 973-657-514-4; 6. Rusu M., Marilena Marghitas, Tania Mihaiescu, I. Oroian, AL. Todea, Mihaela Rusu, C. Bordea, C. Toader, 2008. Foliar fertilizers – agrochemical conditions of application. The Conference XVIII-a SNRSS 2006, vol. 2, 75-85; 7. Yu H., G. Chen, D. Liu 2009. Research and application of precision fertilization on maize. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, Volume 293,Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture II, Volume 1, eds. D. Li, Z. Chunjiang, (Boston: Springer), pag. 477-486.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

STUDII PRELIMINARE PRIVIND EVALUAREA RISCULUI PRODUS DE AGENŢII DE DĂUNARE ASUPRA CULTURII DE FASOLIŢĂ AMPLASATĂ ÎN CADRUL UNUI ASOLAMENT PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE

PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON RISK ASSESSMENT PRODUCED BY THE DAMAGING AGENTS ON COWPEA CROP IN A ROTATION LOCATED ON SANDY SOILS

Author: Reta Drăghici

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Key words: attack, yield, physiology, phytosanitary, plant

ABSTRACT

În scopul evaluarii riscurilor prezenţei agenţilor de dăunare din cultura de fasoliţă amplasată pe solurile nisipoase în anul 2012 la CCDCPN Dabuleni, în cadrul unei rotaţii: fasoliţă-secară-sorg s-a efectuat un studiu în cadrul unor variante de tratament fitosanitar, prin realizarea de corelaţii între gradul de atac şi desfăşurarea proceselor fiziologice din plantă şi producţia realizată. În anul 2012, plantele de fasoliță au fost infectate cu Virusul Cowpea aphid borne (Ga = 0-7,4%, ) Pseudomonas syringae pv. Vignae (Ga =17.3-34.7%), Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link (Ga = 11,1-31,7) și şi infestate cu Aphis fabae (F = 10-60%). Rezultatele obţinute au evidenţiat corelaţii pozitive între gradul de infestare cu agenţii de dăunare şi transpiratia plantei (r =0,574* to r =0,621**)şi negative între gradul de infestare cu agenţii de dăunare şi conținutul de clorofilă din frunze (r =- 0,607* ; r =-0,849**) Aplicarea a două tratamente fitosanitare cu produse sistemice şi de contact (Topsin 500SC – 0,07% + Calypso 480 CE în doză de 80 ml/ha) a condus la înregistrarea celor mai bune rezultate ale fotosintezei plantei şi producţiei de boabe obţinute (36,33 μmol CO2 m-2s-1; 2433 kg/ha).

In the purpose of assessing the risks of the presence of the pest agents in cowpea culture, located on sandy soils in 2012 at RDCFCSS Dabuleni, in a crop rotation: cowpea-rye-sorghum, a study was carried out in some phytosanitary treatment variants by achieving correlations between the degree of attack (Da%) or attack frequency (Fa%) and physiological processes in plant and the production of grain. The cowpea plants were infected with Virus Cowpea aphid borne (Da = 0 to 7.4%), with Pseudomonas syringae pv. Vignae (Da = 17.3 to 34.7%), Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link (Da = 11.1 to 31.7) and were infested with Aphis fabae (F = 10-60%). The results showed positive correlations, between the degree of infestation with the pest agents and plant transpiration (r =0.574* to r =0.621**) and negative correlations between the degree of infestation with pest agents and leaf chlorophyll content (r =- 0.607*; r =-0.849**). The application of two phytosanitary treatments cu systemic and contact products (Topsin 500SC - 0.07% + Calypso 480 EC at a dose of 80 ml / ha) has led to the recording of the best results of the plant photosynthesis -2 -1 and grain production obtained from cowpea (36.33 μmol CO2 m s ; 2433 kg/ha).

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

INTRODUCTION

The plant protection is one of the agricultural activities that pose a significant risk, for maintaining the land in good agricultural and environmental conditions (F. Reda et al., 2005, T.I. Ofuya, 2008). Researches conducted by Elena Petcu et al., 2007 have shown a strong correlation between microclimate, biological material and technological factors, in sense of modifying the physiological and biochemical processes involved in plant response to stress conditions. The results obtained by Cojocaru Doina et al., 1996, in Romania and E.E. Grings and S.S. Tarawali, 2010, in Senegal, emphasized the cowpea specificity for sandy soils and also the importance of the plant resistance to infection with pathogens in the biological material selection. The study carried out in 2012 pursued the involvement of the attack degree of pathogens identified in cowpea on plant physiological processes and on the production obtained, to assess the risk produced in agro-forestry holdings on sandy soils.

MATHERIAL AND METHODS

In the purpose of assessing the risks from the damaging agents in the cowpea culture, a study was performed on the involvement of the pathogens in plant physiology and productivity, by achieving correlations between the degree of attack and the development of the physiological processes in plant and production obtained at harvesting. The research was conducted in 2012 at RDCFCSS Dabuleni, in an experience with 2 factors (Table 1), located on a sandy soil with low natural fertility (from 0.4 to 0.6% humus) in irrigation conditions. Ofelia cowpea variety was sowed in a crop rotation: cowpea-rye-sorghum, located at approx. 100 m from acacia curtain, and the phytosanitary treatments were performed in vegetation, as follows: the first treatment was applied for 3-4 true leaf stage and the second treatment was applied during blossoming. Determinations and observations, concerning the attack frequency (Fa%) and degree of attack (Da%) of pest agents, were performed 10 days after treatment. Pest agents were identified in the culture of cowpea and the implication of the plant physiology and biology in the mechanism of plant defense against pest agents was studied. The obtained results were interpreted by achieving correlations between the frequency or degree of attack of the different pests and plant physiological processes as well as the implications of the attack over the grain yield.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Climatic data registered in 2012 during the cowpea vegetation (April to September), emphasize the increased atmospheric drought, due to the increase of the average air temperature with 2 °C and the reduction of the rainfall with 80.1 mm, compared with the multiannual average (Table 2). In terms of air relative humidity, it ranged between 47.7% in July and 76.8% in May, the lowest values being recorded in the summer months, July and August, when, in fact, the highest temperatures were also recorded. The too low air relative humidity has adverse effects on plants, intensifying the transpiration, with the appearance of wilting phenomena, that reduce the plant resistance to pests and disease attack.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 1 Studied factors A. Fungicides / dose B. Insecticides /dose

a1 - Untreated - b1 – Untreated - a2 – Dithane M-45 0.2% b2 – Faster 10 CE 0.03% a3 - Shavit F72 WP 0.2% b3 – Confidor Energy 0.1% a4 - Topsin 500 SC 0.07% b4 – Calypso 480 CE 80 ml/ha

Table 2 Climatic conditions during the cowpea and sorghum at the weather station of RDCFCSS Dabuleni IV V VI VII VIII IX Climatic element / month / decade Average

I 11.5 19.3 21.8 26.7 26.5 21.8 - II 13.2 15.8 24.1 26.5 21.7 18.8 - III 17 16.6 24 27.2 24.6 19.2 - Monthly average (0C)) 13.9 17.2 23.3 26.4 24.3 19.9 20.8 2012 Year Monthly maximum (0C) 29.4 31.8 37.8 41.4 42.6 32 42.6 Monthly Minimum (0C) -3.7 7.9 9.8 12.4 6.5 4.4 -3.7 Rainfall (mm) 66.6 93.8 32.4 8.2 21.8 8 230.8 Relative air humidity (%) 62.1 76.8 65 47.7 52.8 58.5 60.5 0 Average Monthly average ( C) 11.7 16.7 21.6 23 22.3 17.7 18.8 1956-2011 Rainfall (mm) 45.1 60 68 54.1 38.5 45.2 310.9

The temperature and precipitation influence the development of physiological and biochemical processes, which take place during plant growth and development, especially photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, enzymatic activity, water absorption and the mineral salts, which have a great influence on plant resistance to stress factors (Hamidou, F. and al., 2007). The results obtained to cowpea plant showed symptoms of the plant infection with Virus Cowpea aphid borne starting with 3-4 true leaves stage. The attack was manifested in terms of leaf mosaic, with deformation and reduce leaf area, the plants looking like bush and remaining small. The degree of Virus Cowpea aphid borne attack in cowpea plant ranged between 0 and 7.4%, being distinct significantly negative correlated with leaf chlorophyll content (r = - 0.849 **) and distinct significantly positive with the plant transpiration rate (r = 0.586 *), fig. 1, fig. 2. Against the background of 15.3 to 21.9 0C temperatures, associated with relative air humidity created especially through irrigation, in second decade of May favorable conditions of infections caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Vignae bacteria were achieved, starting with cotyledons phase, in the form of yellow brown small spots. The infection was also maintained in the first decade of June, when climatic conditions (average air temperatures ranging between 16.6 to 21.9 0C and a quantity of rainfall cumulated to 75 mm) were favorable in conducting the biological cycle of the bacterium. Observations carried out on the cowpea pods highlighted the sporadic emergence of disease symptoms in the form of circular spots, that have acquired a brown color with a brown - reddish edge. The pods attacked by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Vignae formed 78

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 smaller grains, shriveled having brown spots on the tegument. The degree of the attack produced by bacteria ranged from 17.3 to 34.7%, existing a significant negative correlation with chlorophyll content in the plant (r = -0.607 *) and distinct significantly positive with the plant transpiration (r = 0.621 **) fig. 1, fig. 2. At the end of June and early July, cowpea plants were infected with Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link. The symptoms of attack were observed during the phenophases of flowering and pods forming, on the underside face of leaves, on stems and pods in the form of powdery brown – reddish pustules, composed of fungi spores. Later, in August, in the place of pustules with spores, especially on the underside face of leaves, small dusty brown blackish pustules with fungi spores content have appeared. Brown reddish spots on the leaf petiole and on the pods were observed. The degree of attack produced by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link was negatively influenced, distinctly significant by chlorophyll content of the plant (r = - 0.652 **) and positively significantly by the process of plant transpiration (r = 0.574*).

Figure 1. Correlations between the chlorophyll content and degree of attack of pathogens to cowpea

Figure 2. Correlations between the plant transpiration and degree of attack of pathogens to cowpea

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

The microclimate achieved in the sandy soil area was favorable to infestation of cowpea plant with aphids (Aphis fabae) in first stages of the plant growth and therefore to infection with Virusul Cowpea aphid borne because aphids constitute a vector for the transmission of the virus. The observations and measurements conducted have highlighted the interaction between the attack frequency produced by aphids as well as the degree of attack produced by the infection of plants with Virusul Cowpea aphid borne (Fig. 3). As the aphid infestation was higher the attack degree produced by virus registered higher values, the relation between cause and effect is significantly distinct positive.

Figure 3. The correlation between attack frequency produced by aphids (Aphis fabae) and degree of attack of viruses (Cowpea aphid borne virus) to the culture of cowpea

The degree of attack produced by pathogens (the average attack produced by the three pathogens: Cowpea aphid borne virus, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Vignae, Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) (Link) as well as the attack frequency produced by aphids have significantly influenced the process of photosynthesis of plant during blossoming (Table 3). With the increase of the degree of pest pathogens the process of plant's perspiration has increased to the detriment of intensity of accumulating CO2 through the photosynthesis process. The intensity of the attack of the pest agents (pests and diseases) also differentiated productivity results. The production differences achieved through the phytosanitary treatments were statistically assured between the limits 371 - 1376 kg / ha. So, the maximum production of 2433 kg / ha was recorded in the variant where the attack of pest was controlled by phytosanitary treatments with systemic and contact fungicides and insecticides (Topsin 500 = 0.07% + Calypso 480CE = 80 ml/ha). The obtained research results show that plant own defense mechanisms against potential pathogens are highly complex and the plant defense response is influenced by the physiological stage of the plant, by the type of the pathogen, by the attack mode "chosen by aggressor", by the intensity and duration of the attack and, not least, by the environmental conditions.

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Table 3 The influence of phytosanitary treatment on the interaction: Degree attack / attack frequency x Photosynthesis x Productivity to the culture of cowpea Experimental Attack pesting agents Kg/ha variant Photosynthesis -2 -1 The difference Da% Fa% μmol CO m s No. A x B 2 Yield compared to control pathogens aphid / Significance 1 a1b1 24.6 60 16.09 1057 martor 2 a1b2 20.3 33.3 21.43 1137 80 3 a1b3 21.0 26.6 23.4 1137 80 4 a1b4 20.2 26.6 22.35 1216 159 5 a2b1 15.3 53.3 27.49 1137 80 6 a2b2 13.3 26,6 28.88 1296 236 7 a2b3 15.5 23.3 26.99 1428 371* 8 a2b4 11.0 20 27.08 1348 291 9 a3b1 14.2 60 26.15 1639 582** 10 a3b2 12.7 20 28.87 2169 1112*** 11 a3b3 10.8 20 29.83 2221 1164*** 12 a3b4 10.4 17.6 36.13 2169 1112*** 13 a4b1 16.1 56.6 20.93 1587 530** 14 a4b2 12.4 26.6 26.51 2221 1164*** 15 a4b3 12.4 16.6 33.68 2328 1271*** 16 a4b4 11.8 10 36.33 2433 1376*** LSD 5% 327 LSD 1% 456 LSD 0.% 634 Degree of pathogen attack (Da%) x Grain yield (kg / 2 y = 5.984x – 290.1x+4574 r = - 0.762** ha) Aphids attack frequency (Fa%) x Grain yield (kg / 2 y = 1.369x – 119,6x+3704 r = - 0.745** ha) Plant photosynthesis (micromol CO m-2s-1) x Grain y = 69.62x – 222.8 2 r = 0.753** yield (kg / ha)

CONCLUSIONS

1. Poor climatic conditions recorded in the sandy soils have created an unfavorable impact on plant physiology, increasing plant transpiration, with the emergence of withering phenomena, which reduced the plant resistance to diseases and pests; 2. At cowpea, the infection with pathogens was positively correlated with the plant's transpiration and negatively with the photosynthesis and the chlorophyll content of leaves; 3. In 2012, cowpea plants were infected with Virus Cowpea aphid borne (Da = 0-7.4%), Pseudomonas syringae pv. Vignae (Da =17.3-34.7%), Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link (Da = 11.1-31.7) and Aphis fabae (F = 10-60%); 4. Between the grain yield obtained from cowpea and infection caused by pest agents negative correlations have been highlighted, assured in terms of statistics (r = - 0.745 **, r = - 0.762 **); 5. The application of two phytosanitary treatments with systemic and contact products (Topsin 500SC – 0.07% + Calypso 480 EC at a dose of 80 ml / ha)

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

resulted in the registration of the best results of the plant photosynthesis and grain -2 -1 production obtained from cowpea (36.33 micromol CO2 m s ; 2433 kg / ha).

REFERENCES

1. Baniţă Emilia, Păunescu Gabriela, Luca Emilia, Oana Maria, Oncică Fraga, Naidin C., 2002. Foliar diseases of wheat in Oltenia. Ed. Alma Craiova, pag. 70-91; 2. Chunshan Guo, Wei Cui, Xue Feng, Jianzhou Zhao and Guihua Lu, 2011. Sorghum Insect Problems and Management. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011, 53 (3): 178–192; doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.01019.x 3. Cojocaru Doina, Nicolaescu Maria, Severin V., Stancescu C., Bleoju Maria, 1996 – The mosaic and bacterial disease of cowpea. Test. Mijl. Prot. Plant., vol. XXIV, pag. 65 – 70 4. Grings E.E. and S.S. Tarawali, 2010. Cowpea in evolving livestock systems. 5th World Cowpea Research Conference Theme: “Improving livelihoods in the cowpea value chain through advancement in science”, 27 September–1 October, 2010, Senegal 5. Hamidou, F., Zombre, G. and Braconnier, S., 2007. Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Cowpea Genotypes to Water Stress Under Glasshouse and Field Conditions. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 193: 229–237. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-037X.2007.00253.x 6. Ofuya T. I., 2008. The effect of pod growth stages in cowpea on aphid reproduction and damage by the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora (Homoptera: Aphididae). Annals of Applied Biology Volume 115, Issue 3, pages 563–566, December 1989 published online 26 FEB 2008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1989.tb06578.x 7. Petcu Elena, Ţerbea Maria, Lazăr Cătălin, 2007 – Researchs in the field plant physiology from Fundulea. Plant physiology, N.A.R.D.I .Fundulea, Vol.LXXV, Volume Anniversary , 56 - 58.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

MANAGEMENTUL APLICĂRII ÎNGRĂŞĂMINTELOR CU NPK ÎN ROTAŢIA: FASOLIŢĂ-SECARĂ-SORG ÎN CONDIŢIILE SOLURILOR NISIPOASE

MANAGEMENT OF NPK FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN CROP ROTATION: COWPEA-RYE-SORGHUM IN CONDITIONS OF SANDY SOILS

Authors: Reta Drăghici1, Drăghici Iulian1, Aurelia Diaconu1, Mihaela Croitoru1, Matei Gheorghe2

1Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

2 Faculty of Agriculture, Craiova, Romania, Phone:+40 (0) 251 418 475; email: [email protected]; http://www.agro-craiova.ro /

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: fractional fertilization, quality, plant physiology, productivity

ABSTRACT

Regimul de hrană al solurilor nisipoase este deficitar faţă de cerinţele plantelor şi de aceea asigurarea elementelor nutritive necesare creşterii şi dezvoltării acestora se poate realiza prin folosirea raţională a îngrăşămintelor. În condiţiile practicării unei agriculturi durabile pe solurile niosipoase, cercetările au fost dirijate spre un alt tip de de sistem de fertilizare, cu doze mai reduse de îngrăşăminte, dar cu alegerea momentului de aplicare în funcţie de necesităţile plantelor. Rezultatele obţinute în 13 variante de fertilizare cu NPK experimentate în cadrul unui asolament amplasat pe solurile nisipoase subliniază înregistrarea unor sporuri maxime de 88% la fasoliţă, 140% la secară şi 194% la sorg, comparativ cu varianta nefertilizată. Aplicarea fracţionată a azotului (1/3 la semănat+2/3 în vegetaţie) a determinat sporuri ale producţiei de 9,3% la fasoliţă, 16,2% la secară şi 26,6% la sorg, comparativ cu aplicarea azotului 100% la semănat. În perioada de vegetaţie a fasoliţei şi sorgului s-au evidenţiat corelaţii pozitive distinct semnificative între fertilizare și procesul de fotosinteză (r = 0,924**; r = 0,962** ) și negative între fertilizare și procesul de transpirație al plantei (r= - 0,700**; r= - 0,258). Fertilizarea cu NPK, cu aplicarea fracţionată a azotului a condus la creşteri ale procentului de proteină din bob cu 0,5% la fasoliţă, 2.2% la secară şi 4,2% la sorg.

The sandy soil fertility is deficient compared to the plants requirements and therefore ensuring the nutritive necessary elements for their growth and development can be achieved through rational use of fertilizers. In the practice of sustainable agriculture on sandy soils, research have been directed to a different type of fertilization system with lower doses of fertilizer, but choosing the application moment depending on plant requirements. The results obtained in 13 variants with NPK fertilization, experimented in a crop rotation, located on sandy soils, emphasizes the registration of maximum increases of 88% for cowpea, 140% for rye and 194% in sorghum, compared with the unfertilized variant. The fractionated application of nitrogen (1/3 at sowing +2 / 3 vegetation) resulted in obtaining production increases of 9.3% in cowpea, 16.2% in rye and 26.6% in sorghum, compared with 100% nitrogen application at sowing. During the cowpea and sorghum vegetation distinct significant positive correlations have been highlighted between fertilization and process of photosynthesis (r = 0.924 **, r = 0.962 **) and negative between 83

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 fertilization and the transpiration of the plant (r = - 0.700 **, r = - 0.258). The NPK fertilization with the fractionated application of nitrogen resulted in increases of grain protein percentage by 0.5% in cowpea, 2.2% in rye and 4.2% in sorghum.

INTRODUCTION

Due to low content of organic matter in sandy soils, for the success of most crops large amounts of chemical fertilizers are necessary , which may often lead to groundwater pollution with nitrates, taking into account the deficient hydro-physical properties, in terms of retention of the chemical elements (Gheorghe D. and I. Draghici, 2003). To conserve and increase the soil fertility, soil and water protection, it is necessary for fertilization to be under control, so as to ensure optimal use by the grown plants, of the nutritive elements in soil and of those resulting from mineral and applied organic fertilizers. Extending the arid areas having visible accents of desertification, determines the orientation in capitalizing of sandy soils to new concepts by which the current practices are harmoniously combined with new techniques by which to diminish the negative effects of climate changes on the disturbance of the processes related to carbon assimilation (perspiration, photosynthesis and respiration), (Maestri E., and al., 2002; Beáta Barnabás and al., 2008). In this context, choosing the assortment of plants and nutrients application study it is imposed as a necessity for obtaining high yields, safe and stable, in the areas subjected to aridisation (Dodson R.B., 2005¸ Draghici I., 2009).

MATHERIAL AND METHOD

The research was conducted during 2011-2012 at RDCFCSS Dabuleni in a crop rotation cowpea - rye - sorghum, located under irrigation system on a sandy soil with low natural fertility. There were studied different variants of fertilization with NPK and fractionated application of nitrogen. The NPK doses were established according to culture, being coded as in Table 1 and the phase for the application of nitrogen in vegetation was determined by culture: at cowpea, in 4-5 true leaf stage, on rye - early spring (early March), the sorghum in phase of 6-8 leaves of the plant. Laboratory measurements were conducted, concerning the soil chemical characteristics by determining total nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, organic carbon and soil reaction. Physiological processes of the plant were monitored with the device LCpro + Portable System photosynthesis and at harvest total protein in grain and production were determined with the Perten device (grain quality analyzer). The results were statistically interpreted, by analysis of variance and using mathematical functions. Table 1 Doses of NPK applied to plants located in crop rotation under sandy soils Nutrients Doses of nutrients to crops cowpea rye sorghum

Nitrogen N0 0 0 0

N1 30 50 50

N2 60 100 100

N3 90 150 150

Phosphorus P0 0 0 0

P1 60 80 80

Potassium K0 0 0 0

K1 60 80 80 84

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The soil analysis on which experience (Table 2) was placed highlights a low nitrogen supply (0.03 to 0.08%), good in mobile phosphorus (75-105 ppm), and low to medium in exchangeable potassium (55-95 ppm). The variation in climatic conditions may lead to changes in accessibility and potassium absorption by plants and the moisture deficit in the soil registered at a time requires the increased application of fertilizer with potassium to combat its low accessibility. Organic carbon presented values between 0.11% - 0.46%, which means an extremely low humus content (0.18 to 0.79%) and soil reaction was moderately acidic to neutral (pHH2O 5, 3 to 6.81). Table 2 Chemical characteristics of sandy soil from RDCFCSS Dabuleni Fertilization variants Phosphorus Potassium Carbon Nt The time of nitrogen mobile exchangeable organic pH No. NPK % H2O application ppm ppm % 1 N0P0K0 0.05 95 55 0.4 5.87 2 N P K 0.06 85 57 0.27 5.92 0 1 0 - 3 N0P0K1 0.06 79 73 0.25 6.24 4 N0P1K1 0.05 88 60 0.34 6.66 5 100% at seeding 0.03 80 71 0.27 6.81 6 N1P1K1 1/3 seeding+2/3 vegetation 0.06 88 65 0.46 6.45 7 100% in vegetation 0.06 100 75 0.21 6.09 8 100% at seeding 0.08 102 81 0.25 5.3 9 N2P1K1 1/3 seeding+2/3 vegetation 0.07 104 65 0.18 5.5 10 100% in vegetation 0.04 89 83 0.2 6.06 11 100% at seeding 0.04 105 65 0.26 5.84 12 N3P1K1 1/3 seeding+2/3 vegetation 0.07 75 66 0.2 6.13 13 100% in vegetation 0.05 95 95 0.11 6.34

The results obtained from cowpea, sorghum and rye highlighted the importance of ensuring a balanced nutrition and the particularity of the fractionated application of nitrogen on sandy soils (Table 3). Cowpea, leguminous plant with special biological and morphological peculiarities (very strong root system with a high power absorption, waxy stratum on the leaves, which prints a greater resistance to thermo-hydric stress conditions and the possibility of biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen with the help of symbiotic bacteria genus Rhizobium), has reacted very significantly to fertilization with NPK. The yield has registered increased until allocating a N60P60K60, with nitrogen applying of 1/3 of the dose at sowing and 2/3 of the dose in vegetation. Increasing the nitrogen dose at 90 kg / ha has led to the decrease of grain production, due to the action of nitrogen on vegetative growth at the expense of the generative ones. The role of a leguminous plant in crop rotation is confirmed by research at sorghum in semi-arid areas, of eastern Ethiopia by Y. Tefera and T. Tana, 2002, which highlighted the reducing of fertilizers’ dose to sorghum interspersed cultivated with leguminous crop, due to capitalization of the nitrogen symbiotically fixed by them. Grain sorghum reacted positively trough yields of 7911 kg / ha by N150P80K80, fertilization with nitrogen application: 1/3 of the dose at sowing and 2/3 of the dose in vegetation. The same variant of fertilization has registered the best results in rye. Analyzing the maximum response of the three plants to chemical fertilization, a maximum production spore of 88% in cowpea, 140% in rye and 194% in sorghum is emphasized, compared with the unfertilized variant.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 3 Influence of fertilization on the grain yield obtained to plants grown in a crop rotation on sandy soils Cowpea Rye Sorghum Doses of The application time of No. NPK nitrogen kg/ha % kg/ha % kg/ha %

1 N0P0K0 1491 100 1385 100 2687 100

2 N0P1K0 1690 116 1460 105 2811 105 - * 3 N0P0K1 1833 125 1422 103 2518 94 * 4 N0P1K1 1894 130 1566 113 3148 118 5 100% at seeding 2173*** 149 2191*** 158 4191* 156

1/3 seeding+2/3 *** *** ** 6 N P K 2392 164 2499 180 4434 165 1 1 1 vegetation 7 100% in vegetation 2143*** 147 2621*** 189 4470** 166 8 100% at seeding 2517*** 172 2775*** 200 4542** 169

1/3 seeding+2/3 *** *** *** 9 N P K 2752 188 3287 237 5135 191 2 1 1 vegetation 10 100% in vegetation 2390*** 164 3230*** 233 5300*** 197 11 100% at seeding 2171*** 149 2872*** 207 6250*** 232

1/3 seeding+2/3 *** *** *** 12 N P K 2072 142 3336 240 7911 294 3 1 1 vegetation 13 100% in vegetation 1932** 132 3248*** 234 7509*** 279 LSD 5% 21.6 28.8 41.9 LSD 1% 29.10 38.6 56.1 LSD 0.1% 38.4 50.7 74.1

Analyzing the time of nitrogen application in the three crops sowed on sandy soils, the best results are highlighted in application 1/3 of the nitrogen dose at sowing and 2/3 of the nitrogen dose in vegetation (Fig. 1). Compared with the 100% nitrogen application at sowing, the fractionated application resulted in production increases of 9.3% in cowpea, 16.2% in rye and 26.6% in sorghum. When applying the 100% dose in vegetation, decreases in production were recorded, at all plants, the biggest loss being achieved in cowpea.

Figure 1. Influence of the time application of nitrogen technological dose on the yield from the crops in a rotation on the sandy soils 86

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Between the dose of nitrogen ( applied 1/3 at sowing and 2/3 in vegetation) and the grain yield obtained in the crop rotation: cowpea - rye - sorghum there were established positive significant correlations in rye and sorghum and negative correlations in cowpea (Fig. 2). For sorghum and rye, the increasing of nitrogen dose up to N3 (N150), determines increases of production, however in cowpea, the exceeded the nitrogen dose N2 (N60) lead to yield decreases. In conditions of leaf surface temperature of 36.2 to 37.60 C and atmospheric pressure of 1014 to 1017 atmospheres, the rate of photosynthesis and plant perspiration was influenced by fertilization applied within the 13 experimental variants in sorghum and cowpea (Fig. 3, Fig. 4). The interaction of the technological factor with the plant physiological processes has been highlighted by mathematical functions, being established distinct significant positive correlations between fertilization and the process of photosynthesis (r = 0.924 **, r = 0.962 **) and negative between fertilization and the perspiration of the plant (r = - 0.700 **, r = - 0.258). In sorghum, the photosynthesis rate has a linear growth correlated with an efficient water consumption, lost through perspiration along with the optimal allocation of the three macroelements in N150P80K80, variant, with nitrogen applying: 1/3 of the dose at sowing and 2/3 of the dose in vegetation. At cowpea crop, the N60P60K60 fertilization was the best valorized, with nitrogen application: 1/3 of the dose at sowing and 2/3 of the dose in vegetation. At a balanced nutrition of cowpea plant with NPK , there has been a maximum accumulation of CO2 through the photosynthesis process and a minimal loss of H2O by transpiration, thus a distinctly significant correlation standing out, between fertilization and photosynthesis rate and an insignificant correlation between transpiration rate and fertilization.

Figure 2. Correlation between the dose of nitrogen and the production obtained in an crop rotation located under sandy soil

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Figure 3. Correlations between physiological processes of plant and fertilization variant to the culture of sorghum (hour 12 – air temperature 37.60C )

Figure 4. Correlations between physiological processes of plant and fertilization variant to the culture of cowpea (hour 12; air temperature 36,20C )

The determinations on grain quality of cowpea, rye and sorghum emphasize differences in protein content, depending on the applied fertilizer (Table 4). Compared to the unfertilized witness, fertilization with NPK and with fractionated application of nitrogen led to increases in grain protein percentage, by 0.5% in cowpea, 2.2% in rye and 4.2% in sorghum.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 4 Influence of fertilization on grain protein content to plants grown in a crop rotation on sandy soils Fertilization variant Protein (%) No. NPK The time of nitrogen application Cowpea Rye Sorghum

1 N0P0K0 - 22.2 10 7.6 2 N0P1K0 22.1 10.3 8.1 3 N0P0K1 22.6 10.2 8.1 4 N0P1K1 21.8 10.5 8.2 5 N1P1K1 100% at seeding 22.2 10.6 8,5 6 1/3 seeding+2/3 vegetation 21.2 10.9 8,8 7 100% in vegetation 22.6 10.8 10.6 8 N2P1K1 100% at seeding 22.2 10 10.6 9 1/3 seeding+2/3 vegetation 22.7 10.4 11.1 10 100% in vegetation 22 11.2 11 11 N3P1K1 100% at seeding 22.2 10.8 10.9 12 1/3 seeding+2/3 vegetation 22.1 12.2 11.8 13 100% in vegetation 22.2 12.2 11.7

CONCLUSIONS

1. Chemical analyzes of soil highlight a low nitrogen supply (0.03 to 0.08%), good in mobile phosphorus (75-105 ppm), and low to medium in exchangeable potassium (55-95 ppm). 2. The NPK fertilization has led to the registration of maximum production increases of 88% in cowpea, of 140% in rye and 194% in sorghum, compared with unfertilized variant. 3. Cowpea has registered a maximum of production (2752 kg / ha) to N60P60K60 allocation and rye and sorghum grain have achieved a maximum production at N150P80K80 fertilization (3336 kg / ha rye and 7911 kg / ha sorghum) 4. The fractioned application of nitrogen (1/3 at sowing +2/3 in vegetation) resulted in production spores of 9.3% in cowpea, 16.2% rye and 26.6% in sorghum, compared with 100% nitrogen application at sowing. 5. During cowpea and sorghum vegetation positive correlations between fertilization and process of photosynthesis (r = 0.924 **, r = 0.962 **) and negative correlations between fertilization and the perspiration of the plant (r = - 0.700 **; r = - 0.258) have been highlighted. 6. Compared with the unfertilized control, fertilization with NPK and with fractioned application of nitrogen has led to increases in grain protein percentage by 0.5% in cowpea, 2.2% in rye and 4.2% in sorghum.

REFERENCES

1. Beáta Barnabás, Katalin Jäger & Attila Fehér, 2008. The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant, Cell and Environment (2008) 31, 11–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01727.x

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2. Dodson R.B., F. M. Hashem, I. Javaid, J. Joshi, A. L. Allen, T. E. Devine, 2005. Effect of Water Stress on the Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Genotypes in the Delmarva Region of the United States. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, volume 195, issue 3, DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-037X.2005.00155.x 3. Draghici I., 2009 - Grain sorghum, corn alternative culture of heat stress and water specific sandy soils. "Environment and agriculture in arid regions, First edition, Estfolia Publishing, Bucharest, 2009, ISBN: 978-973-7681-68-3. 4. Gheorghe D., I. Draghici, 2003 - Features of fertilization of cereals and industrial crops under specific ecopedological sandy soils. Symposium: Diversifying assortment fertilizers and improve their quality in relation to requirements of sustainable agriculture. International Scientific Centre of Fertilizers. Romanian National Branch of CIEC - 30 to 31 October 2003. SC. SOFERT SA Bacau (ISBN). 5. Maestri E., Klueva N., Perrotta C., Gulli M., Nguyen T. & Marmiroli N., 2002. Molecular genetics of heat tolerance and heat shock proteins in cereals. Journal of Plant Molecular Biology 48, 667–681 6. Tefera T., T. Tana, 2002. Agronomic Performance of Sorghum and Groundnut Cultivars in Sole and Intercrop Cultivation under Semiarid Conditions. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol 188, p. 212-218, doi: 10.1046/j.1439-037X. 00553.x

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

CONTRIBUTII LA IMBUNATATIREA TEHNOLOGIEI DE CULTURA A PIERSICULUI CULTIVAT PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE DIN SUDUL OLTENIEI

CONTRIBUTIONS TO IMPROVING CULTURE TEHNOLOGIES OF PEACHES GROWN ON SANDY SOILS IN THE SOUTH OF OLTENIA

Author: Anica Durău

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: sandy soils, peach trees, technology.

ABSTRACT

Factorii tehnologici cu implicatii majore in obtinerea unor productii mari si de calitate, la piersicul cultivat pe solurile nisipoase sunt: distanta de plantare pe rind si forma de coroana, sistemul de intretinere a solului, fertilizarea chimica, organica si foliara. O talie redusa a pomilor combinata cu aplatizarea coroanelor permite o plantare mai deasa, asigurind totodata mecanizarea corespunzatoare a lucrarilor si patrunderea usoara a luminii la frunze si fructe. Forma de coroana cordon vertical s-a dovedit a fii pretabila pentru toate distantele de plantare studiate, fiind usor de realizat si intretinut, productiile de fructe avind valori cuprinse intre 15,9 t/ha la distanta de 2m, 10,3t/ha la distanta de 2,5m si 7,9t/ha la distanta de 3 m. Fertilizarea organica contribuie deasemenea la obtinerea unor productii ridicate de piersic. In conditiile solurilor nisipoase cea mai mare productie de fructe de 9,6 t/ha s-a obtinut prin fertilizarea organica cu 60t/ha gunoi de grajd. Alaturi de fertilizare, sistemul de intretinere a solului este unul din verigile importante in tehnologia culturii piersicului pe solurile nisipoase. Din rezultatele obtinute s-a constatat ca cea mai mare productie de fructe la piersic s-a obtinut la sistemul de intretinere ogor negru 8,2 t/ha.Folosirea fertilizantilor foliari in tehnologia de cultura a pirsicului pe solurile nisipoase, constituie un mijloc important de asigurare a elementelor nutritive ce conduce la imbunatatirea proceselor de crestere si fructificare.Cea mai buna varianta de fertilizare foliara este cea cu Folibor in doza de 5 l/ha, productia obtinuta fiind de 12,4 t/ha.

Technological factors with major implications in obtaining high yields and quality in peaches grown on sandy soils are planting row distance and shape of the crown, soil maintenance system, chemical, organic and foliar fertilization. A small size of the trees combined with the flattening on the crowns allows a dense planting, also ensure proper mechanization of work and easy penetration of light to the leaves and fruits. The vertical belt crown form was proved to be suitable for all planting distances studied, easily made and maintained, leading to fruit production ranging between 15.9 t / ha at a distance of 2 m, 10.3 t / ha at a distance of 2.5 m and 7.9 t / ha at a distance of 3 m. Organic fertilization also contributes to obtaining high yields of peach. Under sandy soil conditions the average fruit production of 9.6 t / ha was obtained by fertilization with organic manure 60 t/ha. Besides fertilization, soil maintenance system is one important link in the peach crop technology developed on sandy soils. The results obtained that the biggest peach fruit production was obtained in the orchard grown in the black soil system 8.2 t/ha. The use of foliar fertilizer on the peaches grown on sandy soils is an important means of providing nutrients that

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 lead to the improved growth and fructification processes. The best way to apply them is with foliar fertilizer Folibor at a rate of 5 l/ha. The obtained production was 12,.4 t/ha.

INTRODUCTION

In order to efficiently sandy soil area concerns the main objectives were to establish the productive potential technological links to peach Research has revealed high adaptability and production capacity of stone fruit species (Cociu. V. and colab. 1981, Antonia Ivaşcu, Viorica Bălan 1991, Antonia Ivaşcu, Bereşiu Ileana, 1994, Antonia Ivaşcu, Murvai Monica, Popa Elena, 1993. A basic factor for the growth and fructification of trees grown on sandy soils is the concern to preserve and increase the fertility of these poorly fertlie soils. Choosing the range of fruit species with high plasticity to the eco pedologicals conditions, establishment of the appropriate technological links is essential in obtaining fruit production, safe and stable. (Antonia Ivaşcu 1991,1992, Cociu V. 1993, Antonia Ivaşcu, Ionescu P, Dumitru Liliana 1997). Directing to the actuality problems presented hereinbefore, in the present paper is presented some results obtained on peach species.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The researches were carried out at RDCFCSS Dabuleni. The biological material being represented by a peach tree in orchard of peach tree orchard established with the Redhaven variety. The applied agrotechnics in experimental orchard was elaborated at RDCFCSS Dăbuleni accordingly the species of the peach tree needs. The soil on which were located the experiences is a typical antropic soil covering with clay. The fertility of the soil is thin, contained in hummus being of 0.18-0.58%, the total nitrogen of 0.021-0.032%, P-AL 12-32 ppm, K-AL 27-31.9 the ppm. The soil reaction of the is slightly acid toward to neutral of 6.5-6.9. The technological factors with great implications on the productive potential they were: optimum plating density and crown shape, the support system, the organic mineral and foliar fertilization. The use of foliar fertilization in the peach tree culture technology the sandy soils represent an important way to improve the growth and fructification process.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results obtained it revealed that the peach variety Redhaven showed that the planting distances (between the tree rows) the higher fruit yield was obtained on vertical cord, crown shape, with the values ranging between (15.9 t / ha at a distance of 2 m, 10.3 t / ha at a distance of 2.5m and 7.9 t / ha at a distance of 3 m). The study demonstrated that the best crown shape for the peach tree Redhaven was the vertical cord (table 1). At other types of crown were obtained yields lower than the vertical cord. The small size habit combined with the peach tree crowns flattening allows a more dense plating, while ensuring appropriate mechanization of work and easy penetration of light on leaves and fruit. The crown form of is one of the decisive factors for the efficiency of the peach tree culture.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 1 The fruit production at Redhaven peach tree cultivar according the plating distance and crown shape Planting The obtained Relative Compared to distance Crown shape production production control Significance between trees t/ha increase% t/ha Vertical cord 15.9 123.25 3.6 * 2 m Time-bush 13.7 106.20 2.4 Flattened -Palm 12.3 100.00 0 Vertical cord 10.3 128.70 2.3 * 2.5m Time-bush 9.0 112.50 1.3 Flattened -Palm 8.0 100.00 0 Vertical cord 7.9 175.50 3.4 * 3m Time-bush 5.3 117.70 0.8 Flattened -Palm 4.5 100.00 0 LSD 5% 2.37 LSD 1% 4.74 LSD 0.1% 6.69

The fertilization has the role to assured permanently an optimum level of elements into the soil and the foliage in order to realize the prerequisite growth equilibrium according the trees needs and an abundant fructification year by year. From the results obtained in the production we consisted that higher productions of fruits were obtained to the level of organic fertilization of 40 and 60 t /ha manure. Analyzing the influence of the variants of chemical fertilization we consisted, that related control – the unfertilized variant, most big productions of fruits were obtained in the variant fertilized with N100 P80 K100 where the increases in production are considered as distinct and very significant with values of 1.7 to 2.7t/ha (table 2).

Table 2 The production of fruits at Redhaven peach tree cultivar according the organo- mineral fertilization system The rate of The rate Relative Difference The obtained organic chemical production compared to Significance production t/ha fertilization fertilization increase % control t/ha

Manure 20 t/ha N0P0K0 5.5 100.00 0 Control

N50P40K50 7.0 127.27 1.5 *

N100P80K100 7.2 130.90 1.7 **

N0P0K0 6..6 100.00 0 Control

Manure 40 t/ha N50P40K50 8.7 131.81 2.1 **

N100P80K100 9.3 140.90 2.7 ***

N0P0K0 7.4 100.00 0 Control

Manure 60 t/ha N50P40K50 9.4 127.02 2.0 **

N100P80K100 9.6 129.72 2.2 *** LSD 5% 1.08 LSD 1% 1.52 LSD 0.1% 2.15 The soil management system of keep the soil is some from the important links in the technology of the culture of the peach tree conducing to the full manifestation 93

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 of genetic appropriations ale of the kinds, especially longevity and productivity. From the results obtained under the specific conditions of the year on the sandy soils, the higher fruit productions were obtained on the peach trees with support system grown under black soil management system (table3).

Table 3 The production of fruits at Redhaven peach tree cultivar depending the black field system and level of fertilization The Relative Difference system of Variant of chemical The obtained production compared to Significance keep the fertilization production t/ha increase % control t/ha soil

N0 P0 Ko 3.5 100.0 0 N P K 4.0 114.28 0.5 Black field 50 0 0 N50 P40 K50 5.9 168.57 1.6 **

N100 P80 K100 8.2 234.28 4.7 *** LSD 5% 2.00 LSD 1 % 2.81 LSD 0.1% 3.95

The analysis of the statistical calculation of mineral fertilization variants within black field maintenance system found that related to unfertilized only in fertilized variant with N100 P80 K100 the production achieved a difference of 4.7 t / ha provided to be statistically significantly positive. On the natural upkeep system on the differences related the control variant was not ensured from statistically point of view. Table 4 The production of fruits at Redhaven peach tree cultivar depending the natural upkeep system and mineral fertilization The soil Variant of The obtained Relative Difference maintenance chemical production production compared to Significance system soil fertilization t/ha increase % control t/ha

N0 P0 Ko 3.2 100.0 0 Mt

Natural N50 P0 K0 3.5 109.3 0.3

vegetable N50 P40 K50 3.5 109,3 0.3

N100 P80 K100 5.1 159.3 1.6 LSD 5% 2.56 LSD 1% 4.59 LSD 0.1 % 10.92

The use of foliar fertilizers in the peach tree growing technology the on the sandy soils represent a very important sequences for the improvement of the process of growth and fructification. The latest research at national and international level shows the essential role of boron in plant nutrition and opportunities for increasing production by using boron fertilizers. At peach orchard, the foliar fertilization with a dose of 5 l/ha Folibor and boron complex applied at a rate of 5 l/ha lead to increases in production ranging between 0.55 and 4.05 t /ha. By application of Cupribor fertilizer the increases in production obtained related to Control were of 2.9 t / ha provided separately statistically significant (Table 5).

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 5 Influence of foliar fertilization with boron on peach tree fruit production The obtained Relative Difference Variant production production compared to control Significance of foliar fertilization t/ha increase % t/ha Control - Unfertilized 8.3 100.0 Mt. Acid boric 0,15% 8.9 0 - Folibor 5 l/ha 10.4 +0.55 +2.10 * Folibor standard 5 l/ha 12.4 148.0 +4.05 *** Cupribor 5 l//ha 11.2 134.6 +2.90 ** Bor complex 5 l/ha 12.4 148.0 +4.02 *** LSD 5% 1.65 LSD 1% 2.29 LSD 0.1% 3.16

CONCLUSIONS

1. The crown shape is an essential element of the fruit growing technology of which depends the tree productivity and the-productive potential of the peach orchards during the exploitation period. 2. The crown shape is adequate for all studied plating distances, is easy to be formed and keep. 3. Under the conditions of sandy soils the best yield was obtained at fertilization with

manure 60 t/ha and in the variant with chemical fertilization of N100 P80 K100. 4. One of the best soil management system in the peach orchards established on sandy soil is the black field. 5. The most valuable variant of foliar fertilization was the one with Folibor at a rate of 5l/ha.

REFERENCES

1. Antonia Ivaşcu, Viorica Bălan, 1991. The new assortment of nectarin recommended for the southern zone of Romania. Horticultura nr 7-8.. 2. Antonia Ivaşcu, Bereşiu Ileana, 1994. Researches concerning the of a behavior kinds of fated peach trees varieties for the industry. Scientific Papers ICPP Piteşti vol XI 1994. 3. Antonia Ivaşcu, Murvai Monica, Popa Elena, 1993. The behavior to frost of sone nectarine and hybrids of under the conditions of the Bucharest zone. Scientific paper USAB. 4. Antonia Ivaşcu, 1991. New orientations in the culture of the peach tree in România. Horticultura nr . 5 5. Antonia Ivaşcu, 2002. We rediscover the peach tree. The publishing house UNIVERSITAS COMPANY-BUCUREŞTI. 6. Cociu V., 1993.The culture of the peach tree in house-keeping. Editura Ceres 7. Cociu V., Mihăescu G., Mănescu Creola, Lenina Valentina, 1981. The culture of the peach tree. The publishing house Ceres Bucureşti.

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

VINEYARD MICROREGIONING IN KRAMOLIN (SUHINDOL AREA) BY GIS

Kiril Popov1, Julieta Arnaudova2

1University of Forestry - Sofia 2Agrarian University – Plovdiv

Key words: Geographic Information System, regioning, microregioning, soils, climate, vine

ABSTRACT

Suhindol area is famous for its red wine grape varieties and is one of the approved areas for growing the variety Gamza. GIS (Geographical Information Systems) were used for vineyard microregioning in this area. Climate parameters were identified by simulation optimization. An analysis of suitable soils for vineyard growing was made based on the existing soil map of the area. The optimal conditions for the development of each vine variety were identified for each microregion, using preliminary defined limiting conditions. Three microregions were outlined for the production of good quality dry red wine and table grapes. Specific varieties and suitable vine rootstocks were defined, depending on the soil and climatic parameters.

INTRODUCTION

The territory of Suhindol Municipality belongs to the Pre-Balkan physical and geographical region, characterized with low elevations. The average height above sea level is 300-400 m. The highest location within the boundaries of the municipality is Suhindol Peak with 482 m.a.s.l. The relief is complex, diverse and rugged – plain, hilly and semi-mountainous with prevalence of hilly terrains. The surrounding hills are composed of limestone of different composition, namely, compact, coquinoid to marlstone known as the Urgonian-Barremian type. The region is open to the north- east along the waterlogged basin of Rossitsa river. The lowest areas on this territory are along the valley of Rossitsa river at 130-150 m.a.s.l. The high parts are located on karst limestone rocks while river deposits (alluvium) prevail in the terrace of Rossitsa river. The continental climate is softened by “Alexander Stamboliiski" Dam, the semi- mountainous terrain, rugged relief and forest nature of the land. The climate in this area is favorable for the development of viticulture and growing high quality grapes. It is characteristic for the Middle (or Hillock) region of the Danube undulating valley, which is part of the moderately continental European climatic area. It is characterized with a hot and comparatively dry summer and cold winter. The average annual air temperature in this area is 11°C. The coldest month is January with an average monthly temperature of +1.2°C and the warmest – July with an average of +21.8°C. The total air temperature during vegetation, measured by the Suhindol Meteorological Station, was 3700.3°C and the length of the vegetation period – 218 days. The annual precipitation was within 530 - 650 mm. Sunlight period during vegetation was 1806 hours, of which 745 hours during active vegetation (April-June), 650 during grain filling (July-August) and 411 during grape ripening (September-October).

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The area of Suhindol, which encompasses the territory of Suhindol, Kramolin, Koevtsi, Byala Cherkva and Byala Reka, belongs to the Northern viticultural region. Viticulture and wine production have been a major occupation in this area for centuries, therefore, it was among the first to be approved for the production of vine seedlings, viticulture and wine production. The first Cooperative of Viticulture and Enology was established here in 1909. This is a large area and the study was carried out only on the territory of Kramolin village, known for one of the best Gamza wines. A database for GIS was compiled for the purpose of viticultural microregioning that accounted for the complex influence of all important factors in the development of vine varieties as well as decreased and facilitated the process of microregioning (Arnaudova and Popov, 2010). The project required to combine data on the geographic location and microclimatic characteristics of the studied area and present them as digital matrices. The suitable mathematical methods used as well as the relational languages for deriving and processing of the necessary information gave the opportunity to perform a multi- factorial analysis when selecting information (Arnaudova, 2008). The purpose of the present project was to outline the microregions on the territory of Kramolin (Suhindol area) by means of GIS.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The materials and methods of data processing were described in detail in previous publications (Arnaudova, 2008; Arnaudova and Popov, 2010) and included the following: 1. Preparation of materials and data for GIS Graphic information - digital cadastre map and map of reclaimed property in the studied area. The digital model format was ZEM, CAD. Information source: the Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Agency; - digital large-scale soil map of the area 1:10,000. The soil maps reflected in detail the boundaries between the separate soil types within the frames of a single study. Information sources: The Soil Resources Agency and the Institute of Soil Science “Nikola Pushkarov”; - topographical maps in a scale 1:25,000 and digital elevation matrices (DEM); Attributable information soil diversity – physical and chemical parameters; relief – inclination, exposure and slope length; biological requirements of grape varieties, grown for different purposes, to climate and soil. 2. Mathematical processing of data: - regression analysis was used to derive mathematical models of the polynomial type I and II. The insignificant coefficients were evaluated by Student’s criterion (Mitkov and Minkov, 1993); - the evaluation of total vegetation air temperature in °С allowed to derive the regression correlation between exposure and the calculated total vegetation air temperature in оС (Arnaudova, 2008). 3. Solving an optimization assignment. The mathematical formalization of the assignment to select a site for vine varieties was made under the following prerequisites:

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Identification of microclimate parameters of the studied territory in compliance with the conditions for yield formation and grape quality, depending on the relief and landscape characteristics; Complete evaluation of the effect of accompanying factors on site selection for the specific variety and identification of the direction of grape production: average annual temperature, minimum and maximum temperature by month and other factors, affecting grape growing and its quality; The identification of land boundaries with the suitable climate for a certain grape variety was followed by a study of the opportunity to ensure the optimum conditions for vineyard development. An analysis of suitable soils and microrelief was made, taking into consideration the limitations. This stage allowed for flexibility in site selection for a specific variety. 4. Application of GIS Development of Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN) for relief surface, temperature distribution, slopes and exposure; Combining layers with different information allowed for applications, necessary for vine varieties’ microregioning – map of reclaimed property, soil map and topographic map, etc.; Development of thematic maps that represented cross-sections of the common map by a certain type of graphic or attributable information. Relational languages

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Natural conditions Climatic The relief of the territory of Kramolin is diverse and complex – plain to hilly with 250-450 m.a.s.l. and inclinations of 1 to 12° with diverse exposure, most often to the south, north and east. The northern part, which has a higher above-sea level, has a plain to hilly relief with an inclination of 1 – 6°. The correlation (Tsum = 3813 - 0.308*H, R2 = 0.94 at significance of α = 0.95 and validity limits of 60

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H Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (m) Vabel 41 30.ІІІ 1.ХІ 3501.6 216 11.ІV 25.Х 197 -20.4 -17.0 24.9 21.1 Novachene 50 29.ІІІ 31.Х 3687.1 215 18.ІV 17.Х 182 -25.3 -21.3 25.9 22.1 Svishtov 235 27.ІІІ 4.ХІ 4024.3 222 23.ІІІ 27.Х 218 -20.4 -15.8 26.3 23.0 Suhindol 235 29.ІІІ 2.ХІ 3700.3 218 5.ІV 26.Х 204 -19.0 -17.6 27.3 21.9 Elena 329 17.ІV 14.Х 3063.8 180 17.ІV 22.Х 188 -24.5 -21.8 22.4 19.5 Veliko 198 30.ІІІ 16.Х 3476.2 200 22.ІV 5.Х 166 -22.6 -19.1 24.6 21.1 Tarnovo Pavlikeni 136 29.ІІІ 2.ХІ 3660.4 218 19.ІV 21.Х 185 -24.8 -20.0 26.1 22.0 Sevlievo 197 24.ІІІ 13.Х 3264.5 203 28.ІV 6.Х 161 -27.2 -23.6 23.8 20.6 Legend: 1 – average initial date of the average 24-h air temperature of 10°C in spring; 2 – average final date of the average 24-h air temperature of 10°C in autumn; 3 – total temperature of the vegetation period with air temperature above 10°C; 4 – duration of the vegetation period (days); 5 – average date of the last spring frost; 6 – average date of the first autumn frost; 7 – duration of the frost-free period (days); 8 – absolute annual air temperature minimum (°C); 9 – average absolute air temperature minimum (°C); 10 – highest average temperature of the warmest month (July) in °C; 11 – average temperature of the warmest month (July) in °C. Table 2 Agro-climatic parameters of vine by humidity conditions (80% availability) Annual amount Precipitation amount Station precipitation (mm) (mm) for IX and X Troyan 649.7 62.0 Lovech 569.1 41.4 Pleven 482.1 37.0 D. Mitropolia 422.6 28.4 Somovit 403.6 33.6 Vabel 441.4 38.1 Novachene 417.9 35.6 Svishtov 447.3 30.3 Suhindol 515.3 37.1 Elena 651.2 49.2 Veliko Tarnovo 582.3 41.4 Pavlikeni 472.3 37.2 Sevlievo 538.4 43.2

The temperature zones in the area of Kramolin village were specified on the basis of the climatic data. A regression model of the temperature sum was developed for this purpose by means of statistical processing (Mitkov and Minkov, 1993). The height above sea level was adopted as an independent variable – H (m) and the total vegetation temperature sum in °C – Tsum. – as dependent, (fig. 1).

Tsuм = 3813 - 0.308*H (1.1) R2 = 0.94 at a level of significance α = 0.95 validity limits 60

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T = 3813 - 0.308*H 3820

3800

3780

3760

3740

3720

3700

Total vegetation temerature sum in С sum temerature Totalvegetation 3680

3660 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 Height above sea level Н (m)

Fig. 1. Correlation between the total air temperature sum during the vegetation period and height above sea level within the interval of 120-450 m

The correlation obtained was the linear function of the total air temperature sum depending on the height above sea level within the valid interval (H – 60-450 m). The temperature sum was observed to decrease with height increase. The following correlations of the effect of height above sea level (H, m) on the sum of annual precipitation (Wsum) (1.2) and precipitation for the months of September and October (IX and X) – WIX-X (1.3) were received as a result of the statistical data processing: Wsum = 401.9517 + 0.5874*H (1.2) R2 = 0,883 at significance level α =0.95 validity limits 60

WIX-X = 33.481 - 0.0157*H (1.3) R2 = 0,833 at significance level α = 0.95 validity limits 60

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Fig. 2. TIN surface of the relief Distribution of the total vegetation air temperature in °C.

Fig. 3. Distribution of the total air temperature in °C

The complexity of the relief affected the developed model (Fig. 3) and gave us the picture of the distribution of the total vegetation temperature sum during the vegetation period in the separate relief sectors of the terrain. Due to the small difference in temperature sums (less than 100°C) that wouldn’t affect the development of vine varieties, it is recommended to outline just a single temperature zone Distribution of the annual precipitation sum and the precipitation for the months of September and October (ІХ and Х) in mm. - the annual precipitation sum in the studied area was within 537-700 mm. - the precipitation sum for September-October (ІХ and Х) was 25.7-29.9 mm. 101

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Geology and geomorphology The high parts of the area were built upon karst limestone rocks while river deposits (alluvium) prevail in the terrace of Rossitsa river. Soil Part of the territory of the Suhindol area is within the North Bulgarian forest steppe zone and part in the semi-mountainous zone. The prevailing soil diversity in this location is as follows: medium-leached Chernozems (Haplic Chernozems) (6362 da), low-clay Rendzins (Rendzic Leptosols) (3200 da), alluvial-deluvial and deluvial soils (Eutric Fluvisols) (1314 da), dark-grey forest soils (Luvic Faeozems) and light-grey forest soils (Leptic Leptosols) that occupy large areas but are not suitable for viticulture. Content of physical clay in the plough and sub-plough soil layers The content of clay in the soils of this area varies within 43 – 64%, the prevailing soils being as follows: heavy sandy-clay and low-clay with physical clay content within 45 – 64%. There is a higher content of physical clay in the sub-plough soil layer, except for shallow soils.

Fig. 4. Soil map

Soil reaction (pH) Soils are characterized as low-acid, neutral and alkaline, depending on their reaction (рН in Н2О). Organic matter content of soil (humus %) and depth of the humus horizon (cm) The soils are characterized with good humus storage (2-4%). The depth of the humus horizon is 30-40 cm. This horizon occasionally reaches up to 120 cm in alluvial- deluvial soils. Strength of soil profile cm The soils in the area of Kramolin are characterized with profile strength of 60 – 180 cm.

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Identification of viticultural microregions The obtained climatic data and analysis of soils, participating in the evaluation of their suitability for growing different vine varieties (Tables 3, 4 and 5), allowed for the following limitation conditions: red wines total vegetation temperature – 3600-3900°C; annual precipitation – 600-700 mm; precipitation for September and October – 110 mm; mechanical composition of the plough layer with physical clay content of 30-45%; humus content in percentage 2-3 %; soil reaction according to pH – from slightly acid to slightly alkaline and alkaline; soil strength over 50 cm and effect of the soil-forming rock. table grapes total vegetation temperature – 3600-3900°C; annual precipitation – 600-700 mm; precipitation for September and October – 110 mm; mechanical composition of the plough layer with physical clay content of 20-45 %; humus content in percentage – 3- 4 %; soil reaction according to pH – from slightly acid to slightly alkaline and alkaline; soil strength over 50 cm and effect of the soil-forming rock. The climatic, soil and relief data for the Suhindol area lead to the identification of three microregions with different soil diversity and total vegetative temperature (Fig. 5). The first microregion – encompasses the plain and hilly territories in the central and northern part with an area of 6598.1 da. Orography and above-sea level: The suitable terrains in this area have a small inclination and were 400-500 m.a.s.l. Climatic conditions: The total air temperature sum during the vegetation period was 3660-3680°, the annual precipitation sum – 655-690 mm and the precipitation in September-October – 25.7-26.7 mm. Inclination – 1-3°, 3-6º; Exposure - diverse; Subsoil water level – 10 m;

Fig. 5. Microregion map of the territory of Kramolin village

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Map of the microregions on the territory of Kramolin village, Suhindol area Microregion I Microregion II Microregion III

The first microregion – encompasses the plain and hilly territories in the central and northern part with an area of 6598.1 da. Orography and above-sea level: The suitable terrains in this area have a small inclination and were 400-500 m.a.s.l. Climatic conditions: The total air temperature sum during the vegetation period was 3660-3680°, the annual precipitation sum – 655-690 mm and the precipitation in September-October – 25.7-26.7 mm. Inclination – 1-3°, 3-6º; Exposure - diverse; Subsoil water level – 10 m; Soil conditions – soil diversity is represented by medium-leached and carbonate Chernozems (Table 3). In terms of physical clay content they are light-clay (57-59%). Soil profile depth is 70-110 cm. Humus content is 2.2-2.7 % and humus horizon depth reaches 35-55 сm.

Table 3 Characteristics of soil diversity in the first microregion by FAO (2006) Description (in Clay in Depth of Inclination

Teoharov 2004, plough рН in Humus Humus Strength CaCO3 in º Area in

FAO 2006) layer % Н2О % cm in сm da

Calcaric 59.1 8.0 2.5 40 70 from the 235.6 Chernozems 3-6 surface Haplic 59.1 7.0 2.7 55 110 2017.7 Chernozems 90 1-6 Haplic 57.4 6.8 2.7 35 80 3255.5 Chernozems 60 1-6 Haplic 59.7 7.0 2.2 35 80 1089.3 Chernozems 90 0-3 6598.1

Suitable varieties and rootstocks: varieties – red wine varieties – Merlot, Pinot Noir, Bouquet, Evmolpia, Plovdiv Malaga; rootstocks – Chasselas х Berlandieri 41 B, Berlandieri х Riparia SO4; table varieties – Super Early Bolgar, Armira, Black Pearl, Pleven, Lyubimets, Mechta, Dunav, Ryahovo, Blyan, Breeze, Katya, Elitsa, Svilena, Lazur; rootstocks – Rupestris do Lot, Berlandieri х Riparia SO4. The second microregion encompasses the southern slopes in the hilly parts of the territory with an area of 1314 da. Orography and above-sea level: The terrains are located at 300-370 m.a.s.l. Climatic conditions: The total air temperature during the vegetative period was 3680- 3700°; annual precipitation was 615-655 mm and precipitation in September – October – 25.7-26.7 mm. Inclination – 1-3º;

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Exposure – diverse; Subsoil water level – 10 m; Soil conditions – soil diversity comprises alluvial-deluvial and deluvial-meadow soils (Table 4). Soils are light-clay by physical clay content (52-55%). Soil profile depth is 160-180 cm. Humus content is 3.1-3.2 % and the depth of humus horizon reaches 85- 125 сm.

Table 4 Characteristics of soil diversity in the second microregion by FAO (2006) Description (in Clay in Depth of Inclination

Teoharov 2004, plough рН in Humus Humus Strength CaCO3 in º Area in

FAO 2006) layer% Н2О % cm in сm da Eutric Fluvisols 52.1 6.8 3.1 85 180 100 1-3 581.7 Eutric Fluvisols 55.3 7.2 3.2 125 160 90 1-3 732.3 1314.0

Suitable varieties and rootstock: varieties – table – Bolgar, Italia, Muscat D’hamburg, Alphonse-lavallée, Palieri, Chaush, Queen of the Vineyard, Super Early Bolgar, Armira, Black Pearl, Pleven, Lyubimets, Mechta, Dunav, Ryahovo, Blyan, Breeze, Katya, Elitsa, Svilena and Lazur; rootstocks – Rupestris do Lot, Berlandieri х Riparia SO4. The third microregion – encompasses the southern parts of the territory with an area of 3200 da. Orography and above-sea level: This area has the lowest above-sea level – 200-300 m. Climatic conditions: The total air temperature during vegetation was 3700-3740°, total annual precipitation – 537.1-615 mm and precipitation in September-October – 27.8- 29.8 mm. Inclination – 6-12º; Exposure – southeast; Subsoil water level – 10 m; Soil conditions – soil diversity is represented by Rendzins (humus-carbonate) (Table 5). Soils are characterized as heavy sandy-clay by physical clay content (43 %). Soil profile depth is 50 cm. Humus content of soil is 2.5 % and humus horizon depth – up to 40 сm.

Table 5 Characteristics of soil diversity in the third microregion by FAO (2006) Clay in Description by рН in Humus Humus Strength Depth of Inclination in Area in plough FAO Н О % cm in сm CaCO º da layer% 2 3

Rendzic 43 8.0 2.5 40 50 from the 3199.8 Leptosols 6-12 surface

Suitable varieties and rootstocks: varieties – red wine – Gamza, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Bouquet, Evmolpia, Plovdiv Malaga, Ruen, Thracian Glory; rootstocks – Chasselas х Berlandieri 41 B, Ferkal; table – Bolgar, Italia, Muscat D’hamburg, Alphonse-lavallée, Palieri, Chaush, Super Early Bolgar, Armira, Black

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Pearl, Pleven, Lyubimets, Mechta, Dunav, Ryahovo, Blyan, Breeze, Katya, Elitsa, Svilena, Lazur; rootstocks – Ferkal, Berlandieri х Rupestris 110 Richter. Discussion The complex research on the climatic and soil conditions and factors on the territory of Kramolin (Suhindol area) resulted in the identification of a single temperature zone with a total temperature of 3652-3742° during vegetation that is suitable for growing both red wine and table vine varieties with different periods of grape ripening – from the earliest to the latest. The following parameters were established – average duration of the vegetative period (218 days) and average monthly temperature of the warmest month – July – (+21.8оC) that were fully agreeable for the normal vine development and good grape ripening of the varieties, proposed to be grown in all three microregions. The annual precipitation sum was within 537 – 700 mm, i.e. fully satisfactory for the water requirements of the wine vine varieties. The obtained thematic maps of the distribution of air temperature and precipitation enabled the evaluation of the climate for the specific area studied. Suitable soil diversity was also mapped. The developed models for the Suhindol area gave a full characteristic of the soil and climatic parameters and an opportunity to outline the boundaries of viticultural microregions in the land of Kramolin village. The most common and suitable soil diversity was identified as well – medium-leached Chernozems (Haplic Chernozems) (6362 da), light-clay Rendzins (Rendzic Leptosols) (3200 da), alluvial-deluvial and deluvial soils (Eutric Fluvisols) (1314 da). Chernozem soils (Haplic Chernozems, Calcaric Chernozems) in the First Microregion are light-clay (57.4-59.7% clay content), which is a prerequisite for heavier red wines. This requires a more specific vinification technology and longer maturity. The outlined microregions on the territory of Kramolin gave a full description of the soil and climatic conditions and a possibility to identify the viticultural regions. The developed models will help farmers to decide how to use their land and select the suitable varieties. The microregioning project on the territory of Kramolin in 1997 identified four microregions (Popov et al., 1997). The inspection of the terrain at that time lead to the study of the soil diversity, suitable for vineyards, including white wine varieties. Due to the fact that the above-mentioned soil diversity (deluvial-coluvial soils – carbonate, medium and heavy sandy clay; Rendzins – medium sandy clay) were not mapped on the soil map, used for the present study, they were not included in the microregioning process.

CONCLUSION

1. The complex study of the climatic and soil conditions and factors lead to the optimized identification of the microclimatic parameters of the studied territory and complete evaluation of the effects of accompanying factors as well as the climatic zones and soils, most suitable for vineyards. 2. The application of GIS outlined the boundaries of three microregions on the territory of Kramolin (Suhindol area). 3. The data on the climate and soil diversity allow for the selection of suitable varieties for good quality dry red wines and table grapes to be grown in

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the three microregions. Suitable rootstocks were proposed based on the data about soil carbonate content.

REFERENCES

1. Arnaudova, J. and K. Popov, 2010. Application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in microregioning of vine varieties in Bulgaria. Agricultural Science, ХLІІІ, (5): 28-33 (Bg); 2. Arnaudova, J. and K. Popov, 2011. The use of GIS in viticulture microregioning in the area of Suhindol. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 17 (No 3) 2011, 357-363; 3. Arnaudova, J., 2008. Optimization models for vine varieties microregioning using Geographical Information Systems. Thesis Summary, Agrarian University – Plovdiv, 35 рр. (Bg); 4. FAO, 2006. World reference base for soil resources. Rome Italy, 131 p. 5. Mitkov, A. and D. Minkov, 1993. Statistical methods for farming equipment studies, part II. Zemizdat, 368 pp. (Bg); 6. Popov, K., 1997. Microregioning of the viticultural potential of Bulgaria – organization and structure. Viticulture and Enology, XLV, (4): 26-28 (Bg); 7. Popov, K., 1998. Peculiarities of vineyard regioning. Viticulture and Enology, XLVI, (4): 27-28, (5), 26 (Bg); 8. Popov, K., K. Katerov, M. Penkov, D. Babrikov, S. Pandeliev and B. Mandjukov, 1997. Regioning of the viticultural potential of Bulgaria. Suhindol area (abstract). Viticulture and Enology, XLV, (6): 28-30 (Bg); 9. Teoharov, M., 2004. Correlation of soils reflected on the map and Bulgarian classification with the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRBSR, 2002), Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Ecology (4): 3-13 (Bg).

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EFFECT ON DECOMPOSITION ACCELERATOR OF MICROORGANISM ON MAIZE STRAW IN DIFFERENT WATER AND NITROGEN CONDITION

Authors: Ling WANG1, 3, Guiqin Hao2, Ling He3, Nuan GENG1, Shuhua RU1, Shiyou SUN1, Guoyin ZHANG1

1Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, 050051;

2 Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, 050031;

3 College of Resources and Environment Science, Agricultural University of Hebei，Baoding, 071001)

Key words: water and nitrogen, decomposition accelerator of microorganism, maize straw, effect of decomposition ABSTRACT

In different water and nitrogen condition, the effect on decomposition accelerator of microorganism on maize straw was researched. The results showed that after 60 days of decomposition, pH of the decomposition of maize straw was between 7.24~8.76. The experiment treatments with the same decomposition accelerator but different water and nitrogen were significantly different. The Sense degree of decomposition was rising with the increasing of water and nitrogen. Total N and Total P with decomposition accelerator Jinkuizi and Ruili were higher than others. Total N values were 1.66% and 1.60%, and Total P values were both 0.09%. Total K (3.64%) with decomposition accelerator Ruili (EM bacteria) was maximum value. Comparing with CK, Total N、Total P and Total K were improved 28-29%. Decomposition accelerator Ruili with the treatment 60%water and 0.4%Nitrogen appeared the best effect, that the Total carbon was the minimum value 48.28%. And C/N of decomposition of maize straw was about 35. The maize straw with appropriate microorganism and suitable water could be accelerated to decompose. And adding nitrogen could balance C/N in soil. Both of them could increase the organic matter of soil. 【Meaning of research】Nowadays the development of agriculture meets with the severe situation that the quality of soil was declining in China［1. The area of high and stable yields land was decreasing. And two-thirds of the land was the field with lower yield［2］. The decomposition of maize straw returning to the field could increase the organic matter in soil, and it played a positive role in soil improvement［3］. Maize was one of main food crop in China. The area of maize always occupied about a third of the arable land from 1980 to 2011［4］. So the resource of straw was extremely abundant. However there were some shortcomings in the present decomposition, such as the low available and easy loss nutrients, and low quality of the decomposition of maize straw［5］. 【Review of research】Some chemical additives to the decomposition of maize straw were reported in recent years. Qirong Shen researched the function of dilute acid hydrolyses adding to the decomposition of maize straw［6］, and he found that complex organic substances decomposed into small molecules. It was reported that adding calcium superphosphate to the decomposition of maize straw could increase the content of organic phosphorus and improve the activity of alkaline ［7］ phosphates . Kejun Mou researched that FeSO4 was added into the pig manure and straw

A funding program supported by National Key Technology R&D Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period (2012BAD15B02) , by Geological Survey Program of Ministry of Land and Resources of People’s Republic of China (200040007-3-11), The natural science foundation of Hebei Province( C2013301068), and Technology R&D Program of Shijiazhuang in Hebei Province (12149392A). † Correspondence author: Guoyin Zhang (1962-), male, Master's degree, Researcher of Soil quality and fertilizer, E- mail：[email protected] The first author: Ling Wang(1981-), female, Doctoral candidate, Asocciate researcher of agricultural enviornment, E- mail：[email protected]. 108

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［8］ - composting . Total N was increasing by 5.3% than CK, and the content of NO3 -N was 969 mg·kg-1. At present, the research on microorganism in accelerating the decomposition of straw is in the ascendant.【The point cuts of this article】Choosing different decomposition accelerators of microorganism, regulating the water、C/N、pH to affect the process of decomposition of maize straw against the problems that the maize straw was not easy to decompose. Based on finding out the best parameter of decomposition and microorganism accelerator of decomposition of maize straw, quick decomposition of maize straw, reducing the nitrogen losses and the treatment of maize straw in separated countryside China formed technologies. It’s meaningful to prevent the deterioration of arable soil, improve the land productivity and keep the sustainable development of land resource.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Materials The decomposition accelerators of microorganism were respectively that: - Jinkuizi: The effective strains are bacillus subtilis, and viable count ≥ 0.2 billion / g, N+P2O5+K2O=>21.0%, produced in Gugangdong province. - Bangfute: The effective strains are bacillus subtilis, and viable count ≥ 0.5 billion / g, produced in Hebei province. - Ruili: The effective strains are EM bacteria, and viable count ≥ 0.5 billion / g, produced in the city of Shijiazhuang. - Ruilaite: The effective strains are the mixture of yeast, cellulose-decomposing bacteria and lactobacillus, and viable count ≥ 0.2 billion / g, produced in Shandong province. 2 . Design of Experiment The experiment designed two treatments of water, four treatments of decomposition accelerators, and four levels of nitrogen to regulate C/N, and CK without any additives and only water treatment, there were 34 treatments totally with three repeats in the same condition. The maize straw was stacked in a pile with 3 layers which each layer was about 15-20 cm, and then mixed decomposition accelerators of microorganism and water with nitrogen. Each pile that the weight was 4kg was packaged by plastic sheeting. The initial content of water in maize straw was 53.8%, and the weight of adding water was 2.4kg. The whole decomposition process was 60 days. There are the details of the experiment design in Tab.1. 3. Analysis Methods PH of the decomposition of maize straw was analyzed by pH meter. Sense degree of [9] decomposition chose the visual observation . Total carbon was analyzed in K2Cr2O7— [10] H2SO4 oxidation method . The decomposition of maize straw was heating digestion in H2SO4-H2O2. Total nitrogen was analyzed by Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method. Total phosphorus was analyzed by molybdenum blue photometric method. Total potassium was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer[11].

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Table 1 Design of Experiment Secondary Secondary Serial Decomposition Water Nitrogen Serial Decomposition Water Nitrogen Treat Dose Treat Dose Number Accelerator （%）（%） Number Accelerator （%）（%） Number Number 1 Jinkuizi Ⅰ 0.2% 0 0 18 Ruili Ⅱ 0.2% 0 0.4 2 Jinkuizi Ⅱ 0.2% 0 0.4 19 Ruili Ⅲ 0.2% 0 0.8 3 Jinkuizi Ⅲ 0.2% 0 0.8 20 Ruili Ⅳ 0.2% 0 1.2 4 Jinkuizi Ⅳ 0.2% 0 1.2 21 Ruili Ⅴ 0.2% 60% 0 5 Jinkuizi Ⅴ 0.2% 60% 0 22 Ruili Ⅵ 0.2% 60% 0.4 6 Jinkuizi Ⅵ 0.2% 60% 0.4 23 Ruili Ⅶ 0.2% 60% 0.8 7 Jinkuizi Ⅶ 0.2% 60% 0.8 24 Ruili Ⅷ 0.2% 60% 1.2 8 Jinkuizi Ⅷ 0.2% 60% 1.2 25 Ruilaite Ⅰ 75 g/ hm2 0 0 9 Bangfute Ⅰ 75 g/ hm2 0 0 26 Ruilaite Ⅱ 75 g/ hm2 0 0.4 10 Bangfute Ⅱ 75 g/ hm2 0 0.4 27 Ruilaite Ⅲ 75 g/ hm2 0 0.8 11 Bangfute Ⅲ 75 g/ hm2 0 0.8 28 Ruilaite Ⅳ 75 g/ hm2 0 1.2 12 Bangfute Ⅳ 75 g/ hm2 0 1.2 29 Ruilaite Ⅴ 75 g/ hm2 60% 0 13 Bangfute Ⅴ 75 g/ hm2 60% 0 30 Ruilaite Ⅵ 75 g/ hm2 60% 0.4 14 Bangfute Ⅵ 75 g/ hm2 60% 0.4 31 Ruilaite Ⅶ 75 g/ hm2 60% 0.8 15 Bangfute Ⅶ 75 g/ hm2 60% 0.8 32 Ruilaite Ⅷ 75 g/ hm2 60% 1.2 16 Bangfute Ⅷ 75 g/ hm2 60% 1.2 33 Only water — 0 60% 0 17 Ruili Ⅰ 0.2% 0 0 34 CK — 0 0 0

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Effect on pH of decomposition of maize straw with different accelerator

Jinkuizi Bangfute Ruili Ruilaite 10 9 8 7 6

5 pH 4 3 2 1 0 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ

Fig 1. Effect on pH of decomposition of maize straw with different accelerator

The change of pH was an important index of biological oxidation in decomposition process and microbial activities, and suitable pH could make the microorganism to effectively play the role[12]. From the Fig.1, we can know that pH of the decomposition of maize straw was between 7.24~8.76. There were 75% treatments below pH 8.0. Therefore the decomposition of maize straw slightly alkaline.

Table 2 Comparison of effect on decomposition accelerator on maize straw in different water and nitrogen condition Decomposition Index Sense Water Total Total Total Total C/N pH accelerator degree of (%) N P K C decompo (%) (%) (%) (%) sition CK — + 51.90 1.19 0.07 2.60 66.94 56.42 7.56 Only water — ++ 71.45 1.46 0.08 3.30 68.37 46.98 7.87 Total Maximum ++++ 71.45 1.66 0.10 3.64 79.92 77.25 8.76 characteristics Minimum ++ 46.19 0.86 0.06 0.88 48.28 36.04 7.24 Average — 58.61 1.21 0.08 2.15 66.42 56.29 7.88 Standard — 5.70 0.21 0.01 0.88 6.46 10.74 0.37 deviation Coefficient — 0.10 0.17 0.13 0.41 0.10 0.19 0.05 of variations Jinkuizi Maximum ++++ 68.32 1.66 0.10 1.39 75.62 77.25 8.19 Minimum ++ 53.46 0.98 0.07 0.88 60.74 39.50 7.24 Average — 60.61 1.27 0.09 1.12 67.61 55.44 7.64 Standard — 5.45 0.27 0.01 0.15 4.37 12.86 0.36 deviation Coefficient — 0.09 0.21 0.08 0.13 0.06 0.23 0.05 of variations 111

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Bangfute Maximum +++ 64.63 1.36 0.08 2.50 79.92 68.83 8.76 Minimum ++ 50.08 0.95 0.07 0.89 62.85 58.65 7.61 Average — 57.64 1.10 0.07 1.62 70.11 64.35 8.11 Standard — 5.45 0.14 0.003 0.75 5.43 4.03 0.40 deviation Coefficient — 0.09 0.13 0.04 0.46 0.08 0.06 0.05 of variations Ruili Maximum ++++ 64.02 1.60 0.09 3.64 74.66 58.50 7.95 Minimum ++ 48.50 1.16 0.06 2.59 48.28 36.04 7.48 Average — 58.54 1.36 0.08 3.05 61.56 45.56 7.72 Standard — 4.63 0.13 0.01 0.38 9.25 8.82 0.16 deviation Coefficient — 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.19 0.02 of variations Ruilaite Maximum ++++ 64.98 1.31 0.07 2.97 72.88 69.54 8.67 Minimum + 46.19 0.86 0.06 2.34 58.14 50.72 7.69 Average — 56.89 1.10 0.07 2.59 66.10 60.95 8.09 Standard — 5.76 0.16 0.003 0.23 4.21 6.42 0.34 deviation Coefficient — 0.10 0.14 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.11 0.04 of variations

2. Sense degree of decomposition According to the color, smell, touch, the changes of hypha and so on, the sense degree of decomposition was classified to +、++、+++、++++、+++++. The sense degree of decomposition of CK and Only water were +、++. The coefficient of variations of the different decomposition accelerator under the same water and nitrogen level were very low. However the experiment treatments with the same decomposition accelerator but different water and nitrogen were significantly different. The Sense degree of decomposition was rising with the increasing of water and nitrogen. Under the same water level, the sense degree of decomposition of treatment Ⅲ and treatment Ⅳ were same, and treatment Ⅶ and treatment Ⅷ were same. 3. Changes in nutrients of decomposition of maize straw with different accelerator In order to research the effect on different decomposition accelerator of microorganism, the content of Total nitrogen,Total phosphorus,Total potassium in the decomposition of maize straw were analyzed. From the Tab.2 & Fig.11, the result showed that the coefficient of variation of Total nitrogen and Total phosphorus of every treatments were not high, 0.17and 0.13. Total nitrogen Total phosphorus Total N and Total P with decomposition accelerator Jinkuizi and Ruili were higher than others. Total N values were 1.66% and 1.60%, and Total P values were both 0.09%. Total K (3.64%) with decomposition accelerator Ruili was maximum value. Comparing with CK, Total N,Total P and Total K were improved 28-29%. The maize straw with appropriate microorganism and suitable water could be accelerated to decompose.

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Fig. 2. Treatments 1-4 Fig. 3. Treatments 5-8 Fig. 4. Treatments 9-12

Fig. 5. Treatments 13-16 Fig. 6. Treatments 17-20 Fig. 7. Treatments 21-24

Fig. 8. Treatments 25-28 Fig. 9. Treatments 29-32 Fig. 10. Only water and CK

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Total N (%) Total K (%) Total P (%) 4.0 0.12 3.5 0.10 3.0 0.08 2.5 2.0 0.06 1.5

0.04 Total P (%) P Total 1.0 0.02

0.5 Total N(%)、Total K(%) N(%)、Total Total

0.0 0.00

1 3 5 7 9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 CK Fig.11 Changes in nutrients of decomposition of maize straw with different accelerator

4. Changes in Total carbon and C/N of decomposition of maize straw with different accelerator

Total carbon(%) C/N 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

Total carbon(%)、C/N Total 10

1 3 5 7 9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 CK Fig.12 Changes in Total carbon and C/N of decomposition of maize straw with different accelerator

The organic matter in the decomposition of straw is the important base of forming the organic matter and humus in soil. It played an non-substitutable role in improving the structure and fertility of soil. The result suggested that Total carbon in the decomposition of maize straw of 68% treatments were lower than CK. The maize straw with appropriate microorganism could be accelerated to decompose. Decomposition accelerator Ruili with the treatment 60%water and 0.4%Nitrogen appeared the best effect, that the Total carbon was the minimum value 48.28%. And C/N of decomposition of maize straw was about 35.

CONCLUSION

After 60 days of decomposition, pH of the decomposition of maize straw was between 7.24~8.76. The experiment treatments with the same decomposition accelerator but different water and nitrogen were significantly different. The Sense degree of decomposition was rising with the increasing of water and nitrogen. Total N and Total P 114

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 with decomposition accelerator Jinkuizi and Ruili were higher than others. Total N values were 1.66% and 1.60%, and Total P values were both 0.09%. Total K (3.64%) with decomposition accelerator Ruili was maximum value. Comparing with CK, Total N 、Total P and Total K were improved 28-29%. Decomposition accelerator Ruili (EM bacteria)with the treatment 60%water and 0.4%Nitrogen appeared the best effect, that the Total carbon was the minimum value 48.28%. And C/N of decomposition of maize straw was about 35. The maize straw with appropriate microorganism and suitable water could be accelerated to decompose[13-14]. And adding nitrogen could balance C/N in soil. Both of them could increase the organic matter of soil.

REFERENCES

1. Cao Z.H, Zhou J.M..The Quality of Soil in China. Beijing:Sceince Press, 2008:5-8. 2. Strategy research team in agriculture area in Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Development Route of Agricultural Technologies of China from Now to 2050, Beijing: Sceince Press, 2009:32-38. 3. Xu M.G, Zou C.M, Qin D.Z. Nitrogen transformation and usage in rice paddy under the condition of integrating fertilization with organic manure and chemical fertilizers. Papers collection of academic conference on nitrogen cycling and agricultural enviornment. 2001:8-16. 4. National bureau of statistics of China. 2009 China Rural Statistical Yearbook.Beijing: China Statistic Press,2009:128-129. 5. ZHeng M. Q, LI S.M. Effect of Different Decomposition Accelerators on Maize Stalk. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2001,29(6):23~25. 6. Shen Q R, Xu Y. Spectral analysis of dissolved organic matter derived from rice straw after chemical treatment. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2005,25(5):211-215. 7. Biswas D R, Narayanasamy G.Rock. Phosphate enriched compost: An approach to improve low-grade Indian rock phosphate. Bioresource Technology, 2006,97:2243- 2251. 8. Mu K J, Wang P. Nitrogen conservation effects of conditioner in pig manure and straw composting. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2008(7):122-130. 9. Raj D, Antil R S. Evaluation of maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared from agro-industrial wastes. Bioresource Technology, 2011(102): 2868-2873. 10. Dong M., Investigation and Analysis of the Terrestrial.Beijing: Standards Press of China,1997:5. 11. Lu R K. Analytical, Methods for Soil and Agricaulture Chemistry. Beijing: China Agricultural Scientech Press,2000. 12. Li G Y, Li J. Study on bacteria communities of straw-decomposing inoculant and the dynamic change in the pcocess of fermentation[D]. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Master Dissertation. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007:44-45. 13. Wang H., Wang Y.L,Wang J. Effects of Maize Straw Decomposition on Soil Available Nutrient by Multiple Factors Interaction. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24（12）：298-300. 14. ZHAI X.C., LIU M., LI Z.P. Effect of Different Additives on Decomposition of Rice Straw. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012,45 (12):2412-2419.

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APPLICATION OF BLACK SEA SAPROPELLES AS AMENDMENT BY GROWING OF VEGETABLE CROP SEEDLINGS

N.Nikolov1, N.Shaban2

1 Plovdiv Agriculture University, Bulgaria;

2 University of Forestry – Sofia, Bulgaria

Corresponding author: Nidal Thabit Shaban [email protected]

Key words: sapropelles, natural fertilizer, tomatoes , paprika, eggplant, Vertisol

ABSTRACT

A study was made on the effect of application of sapropelles as an amendment for vegetable crops. The mеdian results obtained from two years pot plant experiments was shown that in an amount 0.2% - 0.6%, sapropelles improve the growing of seedlings by the vegetable crops tomatoes, paprika and eggplant (a number of leaves, a height and width of the central stem) by the used substrate Vertisol-manure mixture.

INTRODUCTION

The deep water Black Sea sediments (sapropelles) represent an unique nature phenomena. Their origin according Dimitrov at all, (1988, 1999), have started 11 000 years ago, when the salt waters have passed to the Black Sea, after an ecological cataclysm. As a consequence the more from the available flora and fauna perished and formed about 2 meters sediments on the sea bottom. An idea for application of sapropelles in the agriculture practice grounds on the application of lake and marsh sapropelles by Bmins, (1994). An important motive for the investigation according Dimitrov at all, (2000) (N.Nikolov, N.Shaban, Personal communication) is the favorable macro- and microcomponential composition of sapropelles. Georgiev, (2005) has established that they improve the agrotechnical properties of soils and stimulate the growth of plants. The seedlings production according to Michov at all, (2001), is an important stage of the vegetable crops vegetation, which influents on the quality and the yield of the plant production. An important condition for obtaining of qualitative seedlings is a mineral nutrition of plants. The nutrition elements in soils and substrates are in comparatively low quantities. The biggest part of them takes an iron - from 300 g/kg -1 to 38 g/kg -1, but this element is needed in insignificant quantity. Potassium and calcium are necessary in much more bigger quantities. The average percent of such important for the plants macroelements as nitrogen and phosphorus is about 40 times less in comparison to the iron. According to Gorbanov at all, (2005) it requires soils and substrates to be enriched additionally with organic-mineral fertilizers. The aim of present work was to study the opportunity for application of sapropelles as a natural fertilizer by growing of seedlings tomatoes, paprika and eggplant.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

1. Elemental analysis. A sample of sapropelles was taken from a depth 1200 m. The content of К, P, Si , Ti , А1, Са, Na., as well as some microelements as Fe, Мп, Mg, Сг, Mo, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni and the heavy metal Pb was determined in the form of oxides. An inductively coupled emission spectrometry (Jobni Yvon Emission - JY 38 S. France) was used. The quantitative measures were carried out with apparatus ICP. 2. Pot plant experiment. The trials were settled over 10 plants in variety, every of them in five replications. Air dry sapropelles, screened by sieve 1 mm in an amount 0,2% - variety I, 0.4% - variety II and 0.6% - variety III, was added to a soil-manure mixture and regularly irrigated. The kind of the soil used was Vertisol. The correlation soil : manure was 1:1. After incubation period of a month, the plants of vegetable crops tomatoes paprika and eggplants were planted out in plastic plant pots with diameter 100 mm and an amount of the soil-manure mixture – 0.5 kg. The values of pH after 1 and 2 months incubation of the detached variants in H2O medium were determined by pH-meter, model ОР-211/1, (ISO 10390). The LSH of the trial samples was made by standard method, Georgiev et all, (2007). 3. Biometric analysis. The biometric analyses of the vegetable crops tomatoes, paprika and eggplant, (including a height, a width of the central stem and number of leaves) was made by a standard method, Dimova et all, 2005. The measuring by tomatoes were made at the phase “forming of two racemes” and for paprika and eggplants in a phase fifth – sixth leave, before their planting at a permanent place. The data of the morphological investigations were processed mathematically, Shanin, 1977. For comparison of the data from the variants the following coefficients were used.

(x  x ) 2 1. V.C.: S=±  0 n 1 S - median quadrature deviation x0 – median arithmetical value, n – a number of measurings 100.Sx Sx%  2. Index of the exactness of the median arithm. Value: x

2 - Error of the median arithmetical value (x  x0 ) Sx    Sx n(n 1)

By S % < 10% - the variability is insignificantly 10% < S% < 20% - a median variability, S% > 20% - the variability is significantly By Sx%  2 - high exactness, Sx%  3 - median exactness, Sx%  5 - low exactness. High exactness means that x good enough characterize the general totality. Abbreviations: LSH - limited soil hygroscopy; V.С. - variety coefficient

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data for a content of macro- and microelements in the used sapropel sample are shown at tables 1, 2. The loss while heated at 1273 K was 199.7 g.kg -1 (table 2), due mainly to a presence of organic matter. The data analysis for macro- and microelements show that their content in the sapropelles was much more, than in the soils and substrates

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№ Sample Сг Mo Zn Mn Pb Cu Ni oxides g/t g/t g/t g/t g/t g/t g/t

1 Sapropelles 50.00 36.40 65.82 383.42 28.22 36.63 49.75

Table 2 Chemical composition of sapropelles. Content of micro- and macroelements

Sample SiO2 TiO2 А12О3 FeO/ МпО MgO СаО Na2O К2О Loss /%/ Oxides % % % % % % % % % by 1273 K

Sapropel 39.76 0.70 11.69 4.57 0.04 2.68 15.46 2.13 1.83 19.97

The analysis for the results of pH values of the manure-soil mixtures was shown that pH increases to the neutral medium, in dependence of the incubation period and the content of sapropelles. This was the most expressed by the variants with 0.6% sapropel. The change was significant after a month and after two months was insignificant. At the control samples pH varied about 6. (table 3). It was established too that sapropelles increase the LSH of the trial samples from 11.2 g.kg -1 to 46.0 g.kg -1, in dependence on the sapropel content. (table 3). It is favorable for a normal vegetation of vegetable crops, which at the early growing phase require soils and substrates with good water-physical properties and pH in borders 6.0 – 7.0.

Table 3 Limited soil hygroscopy (LSH) and рН of the incubated with sapropelles manure-soil samples

№ Variety рН (H2O) after time LSH one month two months /%/ 1 I 6.74 6.77 101.12 2 II 6.83 6.86 102.55 3 III 6.95 6.97 104.60 4 Control 6.1 6.05 100

Biometric analyses The data from the biometric analyses (table 4) show that by variants I, II, III, the central stem at the tomato plants was more higher, than the control samples from 4.0% to 22% in dependence of the sapropel amount. With most higher stems are the plants in variety II – 22% according to the control and with 11% according to the median value of the trial. The width of the stems at the variants I and II was 5% more and variety III – 9 % more, than the control (table 5) The number of leaves was bigger too – from 4.0% to 20% (table 6) Table 4 Hight of the central stem at the tomato plants № Varieties Median value 2S V.C. % to Control % to the median

n value 1 Control 18.2 1.68 10.38 100 91 118

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2 I 19.0 4.02 23.73 104 95 3 II 22.2 2.03 10.27 122 111 4 III 20.3 3.47 19.16 112 102 5 X 19.92

Table 5 Width of the central stem at the tomato plants № Varieties Median value 2S V.C. % to the % to the median

n Control value 1 Control 0.44 0.01 11.36 100 96 2 I 0.46 0.01 10.56 105 100 3 II 0.46 0.01 10.86 105 100 4 III 0.48 0.03 8.33 109 104 5 0.46

Table 6 Number of leaves at the tomato plants № Varieties Median value V.C. % to the % to the median Control value 1 Control 5.4 0.48 10 100 87 2 I 5.6 0.48 9.64 104 90 3 II 7.6 0.48 7.10 141 123 4 III 6.2 0.39 7.09 115 100 5 6.2

There was no difference by the height of the stems at the paprika plants between the variants with sapropelles and the control. (table 7). The V.С. was 37.78, which shows that the variability was significant. The data for the width of the central stem show that most widely are the plants of variety III – with 9.0% more than the control and 4.0% more in comparison to the median trial value. (table 8) The V.С for the width of the central stem was 22.3, which shows that the variability was with a median force. The data from table 9 show that with biggest number of leaves was the paprika plants from the variety III - 10% according to the control and 5.0 % according to the median trial value. The variability was insignificant - V.С. doesn’t surpass 10.78.

Table 7 A hеight of the central stem at the paprika plants № Varieties Median value V.C. % to the % to the median Control value 1 Control 16.3 4.67 24.78 100 119 2 I 15.8 6.90 37.78 97 116 3 II 11.0 2.08 16.36 67 80 4 III 11.6 2.40 17.83 71 85 5 13.67

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Table 8 A width of the central stem at the paprika plants № Varieties Median value 2S V.C. % to thye % to the median

n Control value 1 Control 0.3 0 0 100 107 2 I 0.3 0 0 100 107 3 II 0.26 0.067 22.30 87 93 4 III 0.26 0.067 22.30 87 93 5 X 0.28

Table 9 Number of leaves at the paprika plants № Varieties Median value V.C. % to the % to the median Control value 1 Control 9.66 0.65 5.90 100 95 2 I 11.00 1.15 10.00 104 98 3 II 10.33 0.65 5.51 107 102 4 III 10.66 1.32 10.78 110 105 5 10.16

The results obtained by the eggplant show that, stems with biggest height have the plants from variety II - 57%, according to the control and 19% according to the median trial value (table 10). The data at table 11 show that with the most videly stems are the plants from variety I - 15% was the correlation against the control and 7.0% against the median trial value. The number of leaves was biggest by the plants from variety I – 20% was the correlation against the control and 20% against the median trial value. (table 12) The effect of introduction of Black sea sapropelles was studied by production of seedlings by the vegetable crops tomatoes, paprika and eggplants. It was established their influence on the following growing indices: a height and a width of the central stem and number of leaves. A dominating influence upon the growing appearances by the tested plants have the content of microelements in sapropelles, but there’s no strict linear dependence sapropel amount into growing indices. The result obtained have shown that sapropelles could be successfully used as a ferlilizer for soils and substrates, poor of micro- and macroelements. Table 10 Hight of the central stem at the aubergine plants № Varieties Median value V.C. % to the % to the median Control value 1 Control 8.6 0.67 6.74 100 76 2 I 12.16 2.72 19.40 141 107 3 II 13.5 0.57 3.70 157 119 4 III 11.3 0.65 5.04 131 99 5 11.39

Table 11 Width of the central stem at the aubergine plants № Varieties Median value V.C. % to % to the median Control value

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1 Control 0.40 0 0 100 93 2 I 0.46 0.067 12.60 115 107 3 II 0.43 0.06 13.25 108 100 4 III 0.43 0.06 13.25 108 100 5 X 0.43 Table 12 Number of leaves at the aubergine plants № Varieties Median value 2S V.C. % to Control % to the median

n value 1 Control 5.0 0 0 100 100 2 I 6.0 0 0 120 120 3 II 4.33 0.66 13.30 87 87 4 III 4.66 0.66 12.36 93 93 5 4.99

CONCLUSIONS

Incubated even in insignificant amount – 0.2%-0.6%, sapropelles stimulate the growth of the stem, as well as the leaves forming. The sapropelles increase the limited soil hygroscopy of soil-manure substrates from 11.2 g.kg –1 to 46.0 g.kg –1.

REFERENCES

1. Bmins Т.S.,1994, The Black Sea sapropelle slim. Composition, geneses and perspectives of its using, Dissertation, OMGOR, CNPM, NANU, p.258 (Ukr) 2. Dimitrov P. D. Dimitrov, D.Solakov,1999, Application of Black Sea bottom sediments for natural ecological fertilizer and recultivation of exhausted soils. Intern. Conf. Geology and Mineralogy Resources of The Black Sea”, Kiev, 24- 28 November , N.182, p.418. (Ukr) 3. Dimitrov P., N. Simeonova, M. Kamburova, Cv. Moskova, P. Zapryanova, D. Dimitrov, D.Solakov, Amendment for soils and substrates, 2000. BG Patent № 63868, p.3 4. Dimitrov P. V.Velev, 1988, Opportunities of using of deep-water sapropeloide slimes of Black Sea for agrobiological and industrial purposes. Ocealology, book 17, Sofia p.92-95 (Bg). 5. Dimova D., E.Marinkov 2005, Experimental action with biometry. Acad,Publ. Agr.Univ.Plovdiv (Bg), pp.263 6. Georgiev G. Cv., 2005, Biological products with grow regulating and pesticide properties. Sofia News, Bulletin BAS, № 9825, vol.III p.1-2 (Bg). 7. Georgiev G., K. Darjonov, S. Dulov, N.Uzunov, A. Ovcharova, 1991, Manual of agriculture land improvement. Zemia, Sofia. p.7-19 (Bg) pp.179 8. Gorbanov St., L. Stanchev, Y. Matev, T.Tomov, G. Rachovski, 2005, Agricultural chemistry. Publ. Dionis, Sofia, p.15-18 (Bg).pp.478 9. Michov Kr., N. Panayotov, St. Filipov, T. Babrikov., 2001, Manual for vegetable and seed production. Acad, Publ. Agr.Univ.Plovdiv , p.22-28(Bg). 10. Shanin Y. 1977, Methodology of field experience. Acad.Publ., BAS, Sofia, p.136-146 (Bg) pp.383

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ASPECTE FIZIOLOGICE LA PORUMBUL CULTIVAT PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE

PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MAIZE CULTIVATED ON SANDY SOILS

Authors: Marieta Ploae1, Draghici Iulian1, Reta Draghici1, Matei Gheorghe2

1Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

2 Faculty of Agriculture, Craiova, Romania, Phone:+40 (0) 251 418 475; email: [email protected]; http://www.agro-craiova.ro /

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Key words: hybrid, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, leaf transpiration

ABSTRACT

În perioada 2010-2012 la C.C.D.C.P.N. Dăbuleni s-au efectuat cercetări privind comportarea fiziologică a hibrizilor de porumb cultivati pe solurile nisipoase. Cercetările efectuate au scos în evidenţă comportarea diferită a acestora sub influenţa factorilor stresanţi de pe nisipuri. Astfel, rata fotosintezei si ratei transpiraţiei foliare au prezentat o variaţie diurnă sub influenţa condiţiilor climatice şi a genotipurilor studiate. Sub aspectul fotosintezei, valori ridicate s-au inregistrat la hibrizii Olimpius, Milcov, F947/05, F 223/06, F 178/08. In timpul acţiunii cumulate a factorilor stresanţi de la orele 12-15, s-a remarcat o variatie mare a ratei transpiraţiei foliare, cu 2 valori maxime de 7 - 9 milimoli H2O/m /sec., la hibrizii Danubian, Mostiştea si valori minime la 2 Rapsodia si Crişana (1-2 milimoli H2O/m /sec).

In 2010-2012 period at the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, researches have been conducted on the physiological behavior of maize hybrids grown on sandy soils.The researches revealed their different behavior under the influence of stress factors on the sands. Thus, the rate of photosynthesis and leaf transpiration rate showed a diurnal variation, under the influence of climatic conditions and the genotypes studied. In terms of photosynthesis, high values were recorded in Olimpius, Milcov, F947/05, F 223/06 and F 178/08 hybrids. During the combined action of stress factors at 12-15 o’clock, a large variation of leaf 2 transpiration rate was noted, with maximum values of 7-9 mmol H2O/m /sec., to Danubian and 2 Mostiştea hybrids and minimum values to Rapsodia and Crişana (1-2 millimoles H2O/m /s).

INTRODUCTION

The negative effects of drought are irreversible and they manifest both on photosynthesis and growth processes and on the differentiation and formation of generative organs, leading to a significant reduction in grain production Milica and Balotă,1997). It has been established that variants with improved drought resistance are characterized by a low speed of leaf dehydrationr, with a high proportion of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid total and reducing sugar, dry matter and water bound (Hare ,P.D. and colab. 1999 ), and reduced damage. In the exacerbated conditions of drought and heat, of soil and plant dehydration,one can observe differentiated reactions in the varieties of maize, - resistant and non-resistant to drought by adapting the photosynthetic function to these 122

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 conditions. The maize has C4 type photosynthesis valorizing more effectively the CO2, by maintaining it in the perivascular sheath within the leaves. In the early stages of vegetation, high temperature is a stronger stress factor than the lack of water, with direct and immediate effect on the photosynthetic apparatus. The heat works by degrading the chlorophylls in the chlorophyll antenna, especially of the "a" chlorophyll and photo inhibition of assimilation device. Differential response of genotypes can be highlighted within 24-48 hours of exposure to 35°C. Genotypic and environmental variations including soil and climate act through physiological processes, determining both plant growth and yield formation in relation to quality and quantity (Elena Petcu, 2008 ;) When drought is installed in the grain filling period the assimilated cannot be transferred from the stem and production is drastically reduced. By guiding the agrotechnical factors, irrigation, (Irrig L.Drain, E., 2000) the photosynthetic efficiency of plants and production quality can be increased. (Bray, E.A., 1997). Internationally, research in maize physiology focused on the molecular mechanism of inhibition of photosynthesis (Cornia, G., 1994), the structural and functional reorganization of photosystems, (Giardia, MT, et al 1996), the genetic control of resistance to stress (Rhodes , D., 1994), the role of proline accumulation under stress (Raymond, J.M., 2002)

MATHERIAL AND METHODS

The research was conducted in an experience in randomized blocks with 4 repetitions. Maintenance works were performed according to the crop technology of corn on sandy soils. Specific climatic conditions of each year have differently influenced the physiological processes in plants. Maize varieties and hybrids studied in the 2010-2012 period are presented in the tables below. In the period 2010-2012 determinations on phases of vegetation of diurnal variation of physiological processes were carried out: Leaf transpiration rate and Photosynthesis rate with L.C-PRO+ device. During the vegetation, data were recorded: air temperature, active radiation in photosynthesis, rainfall.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In climatic conditions of year 2010 (Table 1), active radiation in the photosynthesis was influenced by the presence of clouds in the early hours of the morning. Thus, in the morning, at 9 o’clock, active radiation values were low, oscillating between 797 micromoles/m2/sec. at F -126/06 hybrid and 1014 micromoles/m2/sec, at F - 44/06 hybrid; After the clouds have broken, at 12 o’clock, at noon, the active radiation values increased, oscillating between the 1240 micromoles/m2/sec to F-272/06 hybrid and 1416 micromoles/m2/sec, to F- 44/06 hybrid. At 13 o’clock values remained high between 1253 micromoles/m2/sec to F - 44/06 hybrid and 1581 micromoli/m2/sec to the F- 947/05 hybrid. Leaf structure influences the amount of radiation absorbed by each hybrid during determinations. The maximum of absorbtion of active radiation was recorded at 12 o’clock at F- 44/06 and F-947/05 hybrids. The amount of radiation received at the leaf level by each hybrid will influence the rate of photosynthesis during day, the values recorded were: 2 - At 9 o’clock between 11.18 micromoles CO2/m /sec at the Olimpius variety and 2 23.44 micromoles CO2/m /sec the Olt variety; 2 - At 12 o’clock between 18.35 micromoles CO2/m /sec at F-125/06 hybrid and 24.61 2 micromoles CO2/m /sec at F-223/06 hybrid;

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2 - At 15 o’clock between 13, 33 micromoles CO2/m /sec to Olympus and 37.32 2 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at the F - 947/05 hybrid . Olimpius variety recorded the highest yield of 7994 kg / ha and hybrid F- 947/05 recorded 7021 kg / ha, although the rate of photosynthesis was maximum at 15 AM. To be noted that the assimilated are not always routed towards the corn cob, but can be used in vegetative growth of plants. In the climatic conditions of the year 2011 (Table 2), active radiation in photosynthesis recorded high values ranging between: - At 9 o’clock between 1008 micromoles/m2/sec, at F- 475M hybrid and 1624 micromoles/m2/sec at the Rapsodia hybrid; - At 12 o’clock between 1364 micromoles/m2/sec, at F-475 M hybrid and 1594 micromoles/m2/sec at the Faur hybrid; - At 15 o’clock between 1059 micromoles/m2/sec, at the Olimpius hybrid and 1656 micromoles/m2/sec to Crişana hybrid. Hybrids have captured a large amount of active leaf radiation. The rate of photosynthesis had the following values: 2 - at 9 o’clock between 11.13 micromoles CO2/m /sec at the Faur hybrid and the 2 30.71 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at the Mostiştea hybrid; 2 - At 12 o’clock between 14.86 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at the Crişana hybrid and 2 36.11 micromoles CO2/m /sec to Olimpius hybrid; 2 - At 15 o’clock between 10.24 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at the Crişana hybrid and 2 26.73 micromoles CO2/m /sec to F-475 M hybrid. The Mostiştea, Olimpius and F-475 M hybrids showed the highest values at the rate of photosynthesis and the assimilates are directed at differently at grain level. Production of these varieties ranged between 6624- 6928 kg / ha. To be noted here is the Rapsodia maize hybrid that recorded high values during the 2 day, ranging from 20.89 to 33.29 micromoles CO2/m /sec, in the moments of measurement and also recorded the highest yield of 9785Kg/ha. The maize hybrids more resistant to drought maintain high photosynthesis rate all day, thus easily exceeding the stressful conditions on sand. In terms of 2012 (table 3) active radiation had the following values: - at 9 o’clock between 1083 micromoles/m2/sec, at F- 67/08 hybrid and 1426 2 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at the Olt hybrid; - at 12 o’clock between 1255 micromoles/m2/sec at F-475 maize hybrid and 1609 micromoles /m2/sec, to F -178/08 hybrid ; - At 15 o’clock between 1302 micromoles /m2/sec, at the Olt hybrid and 1720 micromoles /m2/sec, at the F-376 maize hybrid. Photosynthesis rate recorded the following values: 2 - At 9 o’clock between 13.62 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at the Mostiştea maize hybrid 2 and the 33.87 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at Rapsodia hybrid; 2 - At 12 o’clock between 10.86 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at the F 178-08 maize 2 hybrid and 24.07 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at the Milcov maize hybrid; 2 - At 15 o’clock between 13.43 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at F- 474 hybrid and 24.47 2 micromoles CO2/m /sec to F- 178-08 hybrid. The Rapsodia, F-178-08 and Milcov hybrids registered maximum values at the photosynthesis rate this year and yields ranging from 5420-6088 kg / ha, less than in 2010-2011. The increase in photosynthetic active radiation 2 to 1537 micromoles/m /sec increases the rate of accumulation of CO2 in leaves of maize (figure 1). ln sandy soil conditions there is a diurnal variation of photosynthesis process maize plant, depending on the variety (figure 2).

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Table 1 Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate in maize - 2010 Photosyntethic activ radiation Photosynthetic rate 2 2 Hybrid micromoles/m /sec micromoles CO2/m /sec 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock OLIMPIUS 801 1246 1531 11.8 19.28 13.33 MILCOV 851 1318 1570 19.74 20.16 19.22 F-947/05 859 1253 1581 20.98 23.18 37.32 F-22/06 871 1317 1421 15.96 24.16 28.65 F125/06 797 1410 1315 17.92 18.35 27.60 F-44/06 1014 1416 1253 17.67 20.19 18.98 F-223/06 830 1248 1596 19.31 24.61 20.49 OLT 853 1353 1300 23.44 22.18 20.94 F-228/06 776 1306 1544 20.53 21.33 25.79 F-272/06 910 1240 1354 16.89 24.97 21.03

Table 2 Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate in maize -2011 Photosyntethic activ radiation Photosynthetic rate 2 2 Hybrid micromoles/m /sec micromoles CO2/m /sec 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock OLIMPIUS 1212 1501 1059 18.33 36.11 18.05 MILCOV 1439 1565 1217 12.06 31.54 10.60 F-475M 1008 1364 1537 23.17 16.32 26.73 MOSTIŞTEA 1377 1509 1415 30.71 32.28 22.01 CRIŞANA 1065 1436 1656 14.03 14.86 10.24 OLT 1170 1477 1287 15.09 33.13 23.97 F-376 1011 1594 1577 12.77 24.51 12.15 PARTZAN 1493 1526 1260 22.56 28.38 17.25 FAUR 1193 1594 1643 11.13 22.71 14.72 RAPSODIA 1624 1567 1315 26.71 33.29 20.89

Fig. 1. Corelation between active radiation and photosynthesis rate (O’clock 15, July, 2011)

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Table 3 Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate in maize -2012 Photosyntethic activ radiation Photosynthetic rate Hybrid 2 2 micromoles/m /sec micromoles CO2/m /sec 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock MILCOV 1393 1275 1444 18.02 24.07 19.15 MOSTISTEA 1220 1529 1482 13.62 22.73 20.89 F-475M 1119 1255 1509 18.25 20.26 13.43 CRISANA 1367 1408 1315 20.15 16.77 16.49 OLT 1426 1434 1302 22.67 15.32 18.20 F-376 1335 1245 1720 27.00 14.52 15.01 F-67/08 1083 1472 1389 14.36 14.77 20.57 F178/08 1341 1609 1511 24.02 10.86 27.47 RAPSODIA 1454 1601 1634 33.87 11.62 17.10 Danubian 1387 1563 1666 28.15 11.34 16.82

Maize hybrids: H1-OLIMPUS H2-MILCOV H3-F-947/05 H4 -F-22/06 H5-F-125/06

Figure 2. Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate in maize -2010

In climatic condition of 2010-2011 period, (table 4) the transpiration rate value were as follows: 2 At 9 o’clock between 1.28 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the F 223/06 maize hybrid and 3.35 2 millimoles H2O/m /sec, to Olt maize hybrid; 2 At 12 o’clock between 2.08 millimoles H2O/m /sec the variety F125/06 and, 3.18 millimoles 2 H2O/m /sec to Olimpius maize hybrid; 2 At 15 o’clock between 2.40 millimoles H2O/m /sec, to the Olimpius maize hybrid and 6.75 2 millimoles H2O/m /sec to F 947/05 maize hybrid: In terms of 2011 transpiration rate values were as follows: 2 At 9 o’clock between 1.15 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the F 223/06 maize hybrid and 3.09 2 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the Olimpius maize hybrid; 2 At 12 o’clock between 1.72 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the F125/06 maize hybrid and, 4.98 2 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the F 44/06 maize hybrid; 2 At 15 o’clock between 1.14 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the Olt maize hybrid and 3.54 2 millimoles H2O/m /sec, to F 44/06 maize hybrid; In terms of 2012 (table 5) transpiration rate values were as follows: 126

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2 At 9 o’clock between 1.14 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the Mostiştea maize hybrid and 4.04 2 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the F 178/08 maize hybrid. 2 At 12 o’clock between 1.12 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the Rapsodia maize hybrid and, 9.10 2 millimoles H2O/m /sec to Danubian hybrid; 2 At 15 o’clock between 2.11 millimoles H2O/m /sec, at the Crişana hybrid and 7.74 2 millimoles H2O/m /sec, to Mostiştea hybrid.

Table 4 Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration rate in maize 2010-2011 Hybrid Ttranspiration rate Ttranspiration rate 2 2 milimoli H2O/m /sec milimoli H2O/m /sec 2010 2011 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock OLIMPIUS 2.49 3.18 2.40 3.09 2.99 1.29 MILCOV 2.47 2.65 2.58 2.08 2.69 1.47 F-947/05 1.75 3.18 6.75 1.97 2.44 2.23 F-22/06 1.78 2.64 4.45 3.31 3.14 1.97 F125/06 2.81 2.08 4.90 1.31 1.72 1.50 F-44/06 1.76 2.80 4.74 1.97 4.98 3.54 F-223/06 1.28 3.10 5.25 1.15 3.01 2.60 OLT 3.35 2.90 4.37 2.43 4.67 1.14 F-228/06 2.30 2.74 4.36 1.42 4.21 2.58 F-272/06 2.69 2.92 4.47 2.58 4.96 2.48

Table 5 Diurnal variation ofleaf transpiration rate in maize-2012 2 Hybrid Leaf transpiration rate- milimoli H2O/m /s 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock MILCOV 1.26 1.42 6.70 MOSTISTEA 1.14 3.60 7.74 F-475M 1.57 2.57 5.92 CRISANA 2.30 3.02 2.11 OLT 2.84 4.53 2.15 F-376 3.70 4.45 6.85 F-67/08 2.15 3.69 5.03 F178/08 4.04 1.98 4.33 RAPSODIA 3.92 1.12 4.56 DANUBIAN 3.43 9.10 6.13

CONCLUSSIONS

1. The varieties and maize hybrids behaved differently under physiological aspect in the climatic conditions of the research period. 2. The photosynthesis rate presented a diurnal variation under the influence of climate and of the studied hybrids. High values were recorded at Olimpius, Milcov, F947/05, F 223/06 and F 178/08 hybrids. 3. Foliar transpiration rate oscillated greatly in some hybrids being maximum with 2 values between 7-9 millimoles H2O /m / (Danubian, Mostiştea) and in others being

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2 reduced to 1-2 millimoles H2O/m /s (Rapsodia, Crisana) during the action of the combined stress factors at 12 -15 o’clock. 4. The maize hybrids resistant to drought will be promoted in crop on sandy soils.

REFERENCES

1. Bray, E.A., 1997. Plant responses to water deficit.Trends Plant. Sci 21,129-133; 2. Cornic G.,1994. Drought stress and high light effects on leaf photosynthesis. Oxford, U.K., Bios Scientific Publishers; 3. Elena Petcu, 2008. Impact of climate change on plants: DROUGHT. Domino Publishing 2008; 4. Giardi, M.T. and colab.,1996. Longterm drough stress induced stuctural and functional reorganiztţion of photosystem II.Planta 199:118-125; 5. Hare, P.D. and colab., 1997. Metabolic implications of stress induced praline accumulation in plants. Plant Growth Regulation 21, 79-102; 6. Irrig,L., Drain E., 2000. Journal of irigation and drainage engineering Vol. 126 , nr.4 215-222; 7. Raymond, J.M., Smirnoff, N., 2002. Proline metabolism and transport in maize seedlingsat low water potential. Anals of Botany 89, 813-823.

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VARIATIA DIURNA A PROCESELOR FIZIOLOGICE LA FLOAREA SOARELUI DIURNAL VARIATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SUN FLOWER PROCESSES

Authors: Marieta Ploae, Draghici Iulian, Reta Draghici, Dima Milica

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: climatic conditions, sandy soils, photosynthesis, transpiration

ABSTRACT

In perioada 2010 -2012 la Centrul de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Cultura Plantelor pe Nisipuri Dabuleni s-au efectuat cercetări privind comportarea unor hibrizi şi soiuri de floarea soarelui în condiţiile de stres hidric şi termic de pe solurile nisipoase. După rezultatele cercetărilor efectuate se vor selecta soiurile cu potenţial fotosintetic ridicat şi o transpiraţie foliară redusă, pentru a reduce consumul de apă prin irigare. Soiurile care îşi reduc intensitatea transpiraţiei foliare sub acţiunea factorilor de stres sunt tolerante şi rezistente la secetă.

In the period 2010-2012 at the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, researches were carried out on the behaviour of hybrids and varieties of sunflower under hydric and thermal stress on sandy soils. After the results of the research varieties with a high photosynthetic potential and low leaf perspiration will be selected in order to reduce water consumption through irrigation. Varieties that reduce the intensity of leaf perspiration, under the action of stress factors are tolerant and resistant to drought.

INTRODUCTION

Climatic conditions of the sand allow the cultivation of heliophile plants such as sunflower. This specie shows anatomical structural and physiological adaptations, that gives it a greater tolerance to drought. The drought resistance of sunflower is explained by the large number of stomata on a leaf, deep root system that explores soil, and water stress tolerance after research done by: (Merien, 1990; Sandras V.O and colab.1992 Lawlor D.V.1995 Vrinceanu A.V.2000). In water stress conditions the leaves wither due to excessive sweating that closes stomata and reducea photosynthesis by interrupting gas diffusion at the cellular level. According to Petrovic M., and colab., 1992 limiting leaf transpiration is done by lowering leaf area and stomatal closure. Following Belhassen et al., 1996, increased hair growth of leaves maintains a humid atmosphere and diminishes water loss through sweating.

MATHERIAL AND METHODS

Experience was placed in randomized blocks and maintenance works were those provided in the technology of plant growing on sandy soils.

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Duringt the period 2010-2012 determinations of diurnal variation of physiological processes were carried out, on phases of vegetation, such as: - Leaf transpiration rate; - Photosynthesis rate with L.C-PRO + device During the vegetation data were recorded concerning: - Air temperature; - Active radiation in photosynthesis; - Rainfall;

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In the climatic conditions of the year 2010 (Table 1) active radiation in photosynthesis had the following values: - At 9 o’clock values ranged between 993 micromoles/m2/s at the Venus variety and 1119 micromoles/m2/s to the Splendor variety ; - at 12 o’clock the active radiation values in photosynthesis ranged between 1408 micromoles/m2/s the Performer variety and 1577 micromoles/m2/s on the Justin variety; - at 15 o’clock the active radiation values ranged between 1387 micromoles/m2/s variety to Venus and 1630 micromoles/m2/s variety Performer.one can observe the increase of active radiation in photosynthesis on leaf apparatus, recording peaks at 15 o’clock in all studied varieties. Varieties which have absorbed the largest amount of leaf radiation there are: Performer, Justin and Splendor varieties. The rate of photosynthesis recorded the following values in sunflower being dependent on variety and climatic conditions: 2 - At 9 o’clock between 16.77 micromoles CO2/m /s on Performer variety and 23.24 2 micromoles CO2/m /s to Favorites variety; 2 - At 12 o’clock values were between 12.90 micromoles CO2/m /s on Justin variety 2 and 26.12 micromoles CO2/m /s to the Saturn variety; - at 15 o’clock, the values of photosynthesis rate ranged from 10.16 micromoles 2 2 CO2/m /s, by variety Saturn from 29.61 micromoles CO2/m /s, by Justin variety. It is noted that varieties recorded maximum values of photosynthesis rate were Favorit, Saturn and Justin varieties. It is noticed that the varieties that registered maximum values in photosynthesis rate were: Favorit, Saturn and Justin. The diurnal variation chart of photosynthesis shows that some species recorded maximum values at 12 o’clock (Jupiter, Sandrina, Saturn), others at 15 o’clock (Favorite, Performer, Splendor, Justin). Varieties with high photosynthetic potential under the action of stress factors on sands are more tolerant and drought resistant recording production between 3052 -3315 kg / ha.

Table 1 Diurnal variation of photosyntetic rate at sunflower VARIETY Photosyntetic activ radiaţion Photosynretic rate 2 2 micromoles/m /sec micromoles CO2/m /sec 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock FAVORIT 1081 1583 1510 23.24 19.92 24.59 PERFORMER 1003 1408 1630 16.77 18.24 27.25 SPLENDOR 1119 1501 1614 20.78 23.31 24.95 DANIEL 1108 1415 1630 2123 20.20 15.92 130

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JUPITER 1014 1462 1474 20.93 21.75 17.06 SANDRINA 1098 1516 1573 20.41 21.22 14.30 SATURN 1165 1526 1563 23.01 26.12 10.16 JUSTIN 1049 1577 1573 19.94 12.90 29.61 VENUS 993 1515 1387 16.32 17.64 18.29

In the climatic conditions of the year 2011 (Table 2) active radiation in photosynthesis varied as follows: - at 9 o’clock between 376 micromoli/m2/s the variety Sandrina and 483 micromoles / m2 / s Favorit variety . - at 12 o’clock values were between 1297 micromoles/m2/s Favorit variety and 1787 micromoles / m 2 / s at Justin ; - at 15 o’clock values were between 1472 micromoles/m2/s in Saturn variety and 1874 micromol /m2/s at Sandrina variety . In the early hours the sky was covered by clouds and the values were lower but the maximum wasre corded at 15 o’clock in all varieties studied. To be noted that the radiation intercepted by foliage device is influenced by the varieties studied because of the different foliar structure. Photosynthesis rate showed, under the influence of climatic conditions, a diurnal variation . 2 9 am - values were between 9.16 micromoles CO2/m /s Favorit variety and 10.61 2 micromoles CO2/m /s to Venus ; 2 - at 12 o’clock values ranged between 15.88 micromoles CO2/m /s the Favorit variety and the variety Venus 33.32 ; - at 15 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 16.34 to 34.06 micromoles 2 CO2/m /s at Favorit variety. Between photosynthetic active radiation and photosynthesis process registered at a time (O’clock 15) there is a distinct correlation significant (figure 1).

Table2 Diurnal variation of photosyntetic rate VARIETY Photosyntetic activ radiaţion Photosyntetic rate 2 2 micromoles/m /sec micromoles CO2/m /sec O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 FAVORIT 483 1297 1849 9.16 15.88 34.06 PERFORMER 389 1640 1851 10.61 29.08 26.39 SPLENDOR 415 1421 1812 9.41 15.93 20.60 DANIEL 460 1534 1815 10.05 33.31 29.92 JUPITER 394 1656 1929 10.27 23.60 29.52 SANDRINA 376 1511 1874 9.31 25.83 25.07 SATURN 425 1536 1472 9.45 26.33 26.32 JUSTIN 410 1787 1506 9.18 31.26 22.61 VENUS 389 1792 1676 10.61 33.32 16.34

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Figure 1 Correlation between photosynthesis rate and photosynthetic active radiation

In climatic conditions of 2012 (Table 3) active radiation in photosynthesis recorded high values ranging between: 2 - at 9 o’clock values ranged between 1199 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at Sandrina 2 variety and 1395 micromoles CO2/m /sec, by Favorit variety; 2 - at 12 o’clock between 1389 micromoles CO2/m /sec, at the Venus variety and 2 1803 micromoles CO2/m /s, at the Sandrina variety; - at 15 o’clocks values ranged between 1503 micromoles/m2/sec, at the Favorit variety and 1838 micromoles /m2/sec, at variety Flornil. Varieties Favorit and Flornil have had high values regarding the interception of active radiation in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis rate recorded higher values in these circumstances as compared to 2011. 2 - at 9 o’clock values were between 24.43 micromoles CO2/m /s, by the Venus 2 variety and 37.80 micromoles CO2/m /s, by the Performer variety; 2 - at 12 o’clock values ranged between 23, 03 micromoles CO2/m /s, by the Daniel 2 variety and 32.50 micromoles CO2/m /s, by the Venus variety; - at 15 o’clock, photosynthesis rate registered values ranged between 19, 29 2 2 micromoles CO2/m /s, by the Romina variety and 36.74 micromoles CO2/m /s, by HS-2811 hybrid. It is noticed that Performer variety recorded maximum value at 9 o'clock and Venus variety at 12 o'clock. It highlights a diurnal variation of photosynthesis in relation to genotype (figure 2).

Table 3 Diurnal variation of photosynthetic rate Variety Photosyntetic activ radiation Photosyntetic rate micromoli /m2/s micromoli CO2/m2/sec Ora 9 Ora 12 Ora 15 Ora 9 Ora 12 Ora 15 VENUS 1255 1389 1702 24.43 32.50 19.65 FAVORIT 1395 1704 1503 35.20 29.63 20.68 PERFORMER 1355 1656 1666 37.80 25.53 27.18

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ROMINA 1335 1603 1576 24.39 29.09 19.29 DANIEL 1302 1792 1803 30.78 23.03 26.54 FLORNIL 1362 1725 1838 37.25 32.14 24.04 SANDRINA 1199 1803 1779 31.44 29.38 25.22 HS2711 1379 1707 1743 34.93 23.03 27.54 HS2811 1242 1761 1699 33.28 29.19 36.74

Figure 2 Diurnal variation of photosynthetic rate

Leaf transpiration is very strong on sand, because the prolonged action during the growing season of water and thermic stress. The climatic conditions presented in Table 4 have influenced the speed and rhythm of physiological processes in plants. The high temperatures in air and on the surface of the soil, low air humidity, under 20%, increase inefficient water loss through excessive sweating. In climatic conditions of 2010 (Table 5) value of transpiration rate were as follows: 2 - at 9 o’clock between 3.53 millimoles H2O/m /s, by the Splendor variety and, 5.22 2 millimoles H2O/m /sec, by to Favorit variety; 2 - at 12 o’clock between 1.61 millimoles H2O/m /s,by the Performer variety and 6.76 2 milimoli H2O/m /s, by the Favorite variety; 2 - at 15 o’clock, values were between 5.45 millimoles H2O/m /s , by the Daniel 2 variety and 8.82 millimoles H2O/m /s, by the Justin variety. Varieties that lose a small amount of water through perspiration and have a higher rate of photosynthesis use irrigation water efficiently. In the climatic conditions of this year all varieties registered maximum values in foliar transpiration rate at 15 AM, when the stressor action.is high. Air relative humidity recorded minimum value 18-20%, air temperature maximum of 43 0C acted as dehydrated forces on the leaves in July. Therefore plant irrigation on sands is required in July-August removing the action of stress factors in the area . In terms of 2011 (Table 6) leaf transpiration rate values were between: 2 - at o’clock 9, between 1.59 millimoles H2O/m /s, at the Justin and 2.31 millimoles 2 H2O/m /s at the Venus variety;

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2 - at 12 o’clock between 1.61 millimoles H2O/m /s, at Performer variety and 6.76 2 millimoles H2O/m /s, at your Favorit variety; 2 - at 15 o’clock, transpiration rate values were between 4.24 millimoles H2O/m /s , by 2 the Performer variety and 7.44 millimoles H2O/m /s, by the Jupiter variety. The Favorit and Jupiter varieties have registered maximum values, during the day. The varieties registering high values in photosynthesis rate in the same conditions, use evaporated water by leaf transpiration efficiently. The other varieties are great water consumers because they lose it ineffectively by vaporization.

Table 4 Climatic conditions in the vegetation period of sunflower Climatic data- 2012 Month Average Maximum Average relative air Temperature Temperature humidity (oC) (oC) (%) JUNE 23.3 37.8 65 JULY 26.8 41.4 47.7 AUGUST 24.3 42.6 52.8 SEPTEMBER 19.9 32.0 58.5

Table 5 Diurnal variaţion of leaf transpiraţion rate -2010 2 Variety Transpiration rate (millimoles H2O/m /s) O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 Leaf surface temperature (o C) 35.5 39.0 40.1 FAVORIT 5.22 2.47 7.94 PERFORMER 4.74 3.04 9.69 SPLENDOR 3.53 4.31 7.31 DANIEL 4.89 3.15 5.45 JUPITER 3.69 4.27 8.76 SANDRINA 4.73 4.51 6.72 SATURN 5.01 3.15 6.78 JUSTIN 4.32 3.40 8.82 VENUS 3.79 3.99 5.71

Table 6 Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration rate -2011 Transpiration (millimoles H O/m2/s) Variety 2 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 Leaf surface temperature (o C) 24.0 29.5 32.9 FAVORIT 2.23 6.76 4.67 PERFORMER 1.97 1.61 4.24 SPLENDOR 1.70 2.27 5.52 DANIEL 1.94 3.06 6.55 JUPITER 1.95 3.66 7.44 SANDRINA 1.63 2.33 6.00 SATURN 2.70 4.28 4.72 JUSTIN 1.59 5.83 5.16 VENUS 2.31 4.71 5.56

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Table 7 Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration rate-2012 Transpiration rate (millimoles H O/m2/s) Variety 2 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 Leaf surface temperature (o C) 28.8 41.4 46.3 VENUS 4.95 11.13 13.60 FAVORIT 5.47 12.14 12.12 PERFORMER 5.88 10.28 11.87 ROMINA 4.15 11.25 13.23 DANIEL 5.62 13.59 13.44 FLORNIL 6.15 11.28 13.97 SANDRINA 5.80 13.01 14.15 HS2711 5.40 11.58 14.56 HS2811 5.61 12.70 13.69

In terms of 2012 climatic conditions (Table 7) that acted strongly as stress factors the leaf transpiration rate values have skyrocketed. 2 - At 9 o’clock ranged from 4.14 millimoles H2O/m /s the variety Romina and 6.15 2 millimoles H2O/m /s the variety Flornil; - At 12 o’clock water losses by leaf transpiraţion have doubled recording values of 2 2 10.28 millimoles H2O/m /s the variety Performer and 13.59 millimoles H2O/m /s the variety Daniel; - At 15 o’clock values remained high ranging between 11.87 millimoles. For sunflower, there is a positive correlation between photosynthesis and the rate of transpiration, water loss from the plant being productive (figure 3). ln sandy soil conditions there is a diurnal variation transpiration process plant, depending on the variety (figure 4).

Fgure 3 Corelation between photosyntetic rate and transpiration rate

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Figure 4 Diurnal variaţion of leaf transpiration

CONCLUSSIONS

1. Climatic factors during research have influenced the photosynthesis rate, depending on the time of measurements and studied varieties. The varieties that had maximum values of photosynthesis rate, were Venus and Favorit in 2011, Venus and hybrid HS-2811 in 2012. 2. The rates of photosynthesis and transpiration showed a diurnal variation with maximum values at 12 and 15 o’clock, depending on the variety. The varieties with high values under stress factors are tolerant and drought resistant. 3. Varieties that recorded high values in photosynthesis rate were the most productive.

REFERENCES

1. Atanasiu L. and colab, 1992. Effect of water stress on the intensity of photosynthesis, chlorophyll pigments and assimilate accumulation in leaves at Helianthus anuus and Zea mays , Biological research ,veg., 2:89-100; 2. Belhassen, E. and colab., 1996. Looking for physiological and molecular markers of leaf cuticular transpiraţion using interspecific crosses between Helianthus agrophyllus and Helianthus annuus. Drught tolerance in Sunflower Symp. II Beijing China,39-44. 3. Lawlor, D. W., 1995.The efects of water deficit on photosynthesis. Enviroment and plant metabolism.Oxford, Bios Scientific Publishers,19-160. 4. Merrien, A.,1992. Some aspects of sunflower crop physiology.Conference, Pisa,Italy,I,481-498. 5. Petrovic, M., and colab.1992. Sunflower lines and hybride response to water stress, Helia,17:57-64. 6. Vrinceanu, A, V., 2000. Flowersun hybrida. Edit ceres,274-293. 136

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INFLUENTA FACTORILOR CLIMATICI ASUPRA PROCESELOR FIZIOLOGICE LA ARAHIDE CULTIVATE PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN PEANUTS CULTIVATED ON SANDY SOILS

Authors: Marieta Ploae, Milica Dima, Reta Draghici

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Keywords: genotypes, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, productivity

ABSTRACT

La Centrul de Cercetare pentru Cultura Plantelor pe Nisipuri, Dabuleni s-au efectuat in perioada 2010-2012 cercetări privind influenţa factorilor climatici specifici zonei asupra fiziolgiei unor linii şi soiuri de arahide in scopul selectării soiurilor tolerante şi rezistente la seceta pe baza unor criterii fiziologice (rata fotosintezei, rata transpiraţiei foliare). Factorii climatici din perioada de cercetare au influenţat ritmul şi viteza de desfăşurare a proceselor fiziologice studiate. Rata fotosintezei a prezentat o variaţie diurnă sub influenţa directă a condiţilor climatice din momentul determinărilor şi a soiurilor şi liniilor studiate. Rata transpiraţiei foliare a fost influenţată de temperatura şi umiditatea relativă a aerului din momentele determinărilor. Valori maxime s-au 2 îregistrat la soiul Tîmbureşti la ora 15 de 2,42 milimoli H2O/m /s (2010),la soiul Timpuriu de 2 China - 4,95 milimoli H2O/m /s (2011) şi la soiul Solar valoarea forte ridicată de 8,36 milimoli 2 H2O/m /s in condiţiile cu temperatura maximă în aer din 2012.

At the Research Center for Plant Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, a research has been conducted during 2010-2012 on the influence of area-specific climatic factors on the physiology of some lines and varieties of peanut, for the purpose of selecting the resistant varieties, drought tolerant based on physiological criteria (photosynthesis rate, leaf transpiration rate). The climatic factors, during the research period, have influenced the rhythm and speed of physiological processes studied on peanuts. The rate of photosynthesis showed a diurnal variation under the direct influence of the climatic conditions from the moments of measurements and of the varieties and lines studied. Leaf transpiration rate was influented by temperature and relative humidity of the air in the moments of determination. Maximum values were registered at the Timburesti at 15 PM 2 2 of 2.42 millimoles H2O/m /s (2010), at the China variety - 4.95 millimoles H2O/m /s (2011) and at 2 the Solar variety, the high raised value of 8.36 millimoles H2O/m /s, in accordance with the maximum temperature in the air from 2012.

INTRODUCTION

The change of climatic conditions in the sandy soils resulted in a reduction of plant species that adapts to prolonged stresfull factors. To remove the effect of the factors we will use new research methods and selection on physiological of species and varieties tolerant and drought resistant. The increase of air temperature to 43 0C (absolute maximum in 2007) and decrease air humidity below 20% act as dehydration forces on leaf apparatus, increasing the water evaporation through excessive leaf perspiration.

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Atmospheric drought closes leaf stomata at leaf level and discontinues CO2 diffusion in photosynthesi. (Milică C.I. and all., 1982). Enzymes can be thermical denatured and inactivated under the cumulative stressor (Athanasius L. and colab.1988) Pedological drought reduces water absorption on the roots and the evaporated water cannot be replaced through perspiration and thus te hydric balance of plants disrupts (Polixenia Nedelcu, 1975). The foliar dehydration reduces the rate of photosynthesis and increases leaf transpiration rate, and strong illumination of 100 000 lux during May, June, July and August may adversely affect photosynthesis by chloroplast photooxidation at leaf level (Boldor O. and all. 1981). By guiding the agrotechnical factors such as irrigation, fertilization, control, we can reduce stress factors. In this paper, some physiological aspects of peanuts under the influence of climatic factors are presented. The studied physiological processes, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, restore the tolerance and resistance degree to drought of the lines and varieties studied. As worldwide, there are cultivars created in ecological regions with similar climatic conditions, we can also introduce in crop, by selection on the basis of physiological and productive the species, the varieties tolerant and drought resistant.

MATHERIAL AND METHODS

Experience was placed in randomized blocks and maintenance were those provided in plant cultivation technology on sandy soils. In the period 2010-2012 determinations were carried out on phases of vegetation regarding diurnal variation of physiological processes as follows: - Leaf transpiration rate; - Photosynthesis rate with L.C-PRO + device During the vegetation period data were recorded: - Air temperature; - Active radiation in photosynthesis; - Rainfall; - Relative air humidity %

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The climatic conditions during the research presented in tables 1.2 3 and in different phases of vegetation, have influenced the studied physiological processes differently. In the year 2010 (Table 1) average air temperature ranged between 17,7 to 24,1, the maximum temperature between 32.5 to 38.5 oC and the average air humidity between 65.8 to 76.1%. The relative minimum humidity has decreased during the day at noon up to 16-20%. In 2011 (Table 2) maximum temperature ranged between 35.2 to 36.9 oC and relative humidity from 59.8 to 78.6%. In 2012 (Table 3) air temperature recorded high values in July-August ranging from 41.4 to 42.6 oC. Table 1 The climatic conditions in Year 2010 Month Climatic data- 2010 Average Maximum Average relative air Temperature Temperature humidity (oC) (oC) (%) JUNE 20.8 35.4 76.1 JULY 23.2 35.0 73.5

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AUGUST 24.1 38.5 65.8 SEPTEMBER 17.7 32.5 67.9

Table 2 The climatic conditions in 2011 Year Month Climatic data - 2011 Average Maximum Average relative air Temperature Temperature humidity (oC) (oC) (%) JUNE 21.1 28.1 65.3 JULY 23.5 36.9 78.6 AUGUST 22.7 36.9 65.4 SEPTEMBER 20.4 35.2 59.8

Table3 The climatic conditions in 2012 Year Month Climatic data - 2012 Average Maximum Average relative air Temperature Temperature humidity (oC) (oC) (%) JUNE 23.3 37.8 65 JULY 26.8 41.4 47.7 AUGUST 24.3 42.6 52.8 SEPTEMBER 19.9 32.0 58.5 Leaf transpiration rate (Table 4) has the following values: 2 - At 9 o’clock values were between 1.31 to T 58 line and 3.18 millimoles H2O/m /s the Timburesti variety; 2 - At 12 o’clocks between 0.97 millimoles H2O/m /s the Timburesti variety 2 and 1.98 millimoles H2O/m /s the Ying variety; - At 15 o’clocks between 1.02 millimoles/m2/s the T58 line T58 and 2.42 millimoles 2 H2O/m /s the Timburesti variety. Peanuts, plants that love light and heat, showed low levels of foliar transpiration rate, variety Tîmbureşti recorded a maximum at 15 o’clock. Photosynthesis rate (Table 5) was influenced by climatic conditions, by lines and varieties studied and by the time when the measurements were made. The values 2 recorded were: At 9 o’clock between 6.13 micromoli CO2/m /s the line T 58 and 18.10 micromoliCO2/m2/s the line HYY1; AT 12 o’clocks between 8.41 and micromoles 2 2 CO2/m /s the Velican variety and 17.28 micromoles CO2/m /s the line HYY1; At 15 2 o’clocks between 11.89 micromoles CO2/m /s the Velican variety and 17.54 to Dabuleni variety. Maximum values of photosynthesis rate were recorded in Dăbuleni variety, HYY1 where production was between 1462 to 1560 kg / ha compared to T 55 and T 58 lines which recorded the lowest yields of 595-706 kg / ha.

Table 4 Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration rate at peanut 2 Variety Transpiration rate ( millimoles H2O/m /sec ) 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock Dabuleni 2.67 1.72 1.29 T55 1.89 1.45 1.24

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T58 1.31 1.69 1.02 Velican 1.96 1.40 1.20 HYY1 3.40 4.07 1.41 Tîmbureşti 3.18 0.97 2.42 Viorica 1.56 0.98 2.36 China 2.32 1.84 1.05 Nyng 2.62 1.90 1.58 Turkey 2.66 0.98 1.17 Active radiation in photosynthesis had values recorded between 1245-1462 micromoles/m2/s at 9 o’clock, at 12 o’clock between 1369-1761 micromoles/m2/s at 15 o’clock betwen 1464-1748 micromoles/m2/s. The leaf apparatus absorbes differently the amount of radiations according to the structure of the leaf and the time of determination.

Table 5 2 Diurnal photosynthetic rate (micromoles CO2/m /s) at peanut Photosyntetic rate Photosyntetic activ radiaţion VARIETY 2 2 ( micromoles CO2/m /s) (micromoles /m /s)

9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock Dabuleni 20.38 16.96 17.54 1325 1369 1591 T55 9.21 12.48 17.18 1245 1689 1522 T58 6.13 13.19 14.02 1335 1695 1563 Velican 11.69 8.41 11.89 1402 1761 1464 HYY1 18.10 17.28 12.19 1343 1766 1645 Tîmbureşti 15.35 14.38 14.41 1364 1640 1666 Viorica 12.47 12.0 16.73 1449 1712 1712 China 11.94 13.56 15.17 1359 1583 1650 Nyng 12.97 15.53 10.72 1459 1606 1748 Turkey 13.85 20.0 13.98 1462 1712 1560

In the 2011 climatic conditions the physiological processes have been influenced by climatic factors, the phases of vegetation and varieties studied. This year we have introduced several varieties in crop. Leaf transpiration rate (Table 6) exhibited a diurnal variation with the following values: - At 9 o’clock values were between 1.22 millimoles/m2/s the Tîmburesti variety and 3.76 millimoles/m2/s the Venus variety; 2 - At 12 o’clock values ranged between 2.12 millimoles H2O /m /s to the China 2 variety and 4.95 milimoli H2O/m /s by Timburesti and Venus varieties. - At 15 o’clock values decreased in all varieties ranging between 1.10 millimoles 2 2 H2O/m /s the Viorica variety and 2.37 millimoles/m /s by Venus variety. Venus and Timburesti varieties have recorded the maximum values during the day. Worth mentioning, is that at 15 o’clock leaf transpiration reduced due also to the stomatal closure under stress factors (humidity 16%). Photosynthesis rate (Table 7) has the following values: 140

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2 -At 9 o’clock values ranged between 9.00 micromoles CO2/m /s at T3 line and 19, 2 85 micromoles CO2/m / the Dabuleni variety; 2 - At 12 o’clock values ranged between 6.06 micromoles CO2/m /s at L2 line and 2 16.26 micromoles CO2/m /s by L3 line; 2 - At 15 o’clock values ranged between 5,39 micromoles CO2/m /s the L2 line and 2 14,09 micromoles CO2/m /s the Timburesti variety. It is noted that line L2 registered minimum value and Dabuleni and Timburesti varieties, have recorded the maximum values at photosynthesis rate, which has also positively influenced the production of varieties. Active radiation in photosynthesis ranged between 1230-1632 micromoles/m2/s, at 9 o’clock and 1362 to 1805 micromoles/m2/s, at 12 o’clock and between 781-1320 micromoles/m2/s, at 15 o’clock. The varieties have absorbed differently the amount of radiation during the day. The radiations have directly influenced photosynthesis rate to the studied varieties. Table 6 Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration rate 2 Variety Leaf transpiration rate ( millimoles H2O/m /sec ) O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 Dabuleni 2.47 3.70 1.60 T55 2.23 2.56 1.69 Velican 2.91 3.59 1.45 Timp. De China 1.36 2.12 1.78 Shulamith 2.58 2.55 1.20 Timburesti 2.66 2.75 1.04 Viorica 2.44 2.96 1.10 Prov. ChinaII 1.60 2.98 1.47 Prov. Turc. 1.72 3.13 2.28 L1 2.01 3.11 1.43 L2 3.15 2.36 1.19 L3 1.76 3.28 1.96 Timburesti 3.76 4.95 2.02 T25 2.19 2.63 1.29 Solar 2.62 3,71 1.43 Jelud 3.13 4,13 1.35 Venus 1.22 4.95 2.37

Table7 2 Diurnal variaţion photosynthetic rate(micromoli CO2/m /s) Variants Photosyntetic rate Photosyntetic activ 2 2 micromoles CO2/m /s radiation micromoles /m /s Ora 9 Ora12 Ora 15 Ora 9 Ora 12 Ora 15 Dabuleni 19,85 13,10 10,36 1263 1761 1086

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T55 11.83 11.61 9.84 1568 1640 986 Velican 15.56 13.90 7.80 1230 1710 781 Timp. De china 15.26 9.35 10.94 1335 1606 970 Shulamith 14.32 10.55 8.46 1418 1774 1098 Viorica 13.26 9.23 7.10 1240 1787 785 Prov. ChinaII 11.96 9.19 6.11 1343 1362 792 Prov. Turc. 11.10 10.69 13.99 1632 1710 1320 L1 14.12 12.38 6.29 1349 1797 924 L2 14.09 6.06 5.39 1469 1723 1110 L3 9.00 16.26 7.55 1511 1725 890 Timburesti 18.00 11.35 14.09 1451 1715 875 T25 9.70 9.37 5.73 1449 1779 793 Solar 12.65 11.02 6.37 1325 1784 975 Jelud 15.32 12.11 7.29 1560 1805 1105 Venus 12.14 15.94 8.43 1317 1745 973

In figure 1, it is shown a positive correlation between photosynthesis and foliar transpiration in peanut crop.

Fig.1 The correlation between photosynthesis and foliar transpiration

In 2012 (Table 3) the climatic condition were unfavorable due to the prolonged action of stress factors with maximum temperatures in July and August at 41-42oC and minimum air humidity decreased to 16-18%. Regarding peanuts, researches were performed on 19 lines and varieties introduced in the crop on sandy soils. Physiological processes were influenced by the climatic factors, vegetation phase and varieties and lines studied. Photosynthesis rate (Table 8) recorded values between: 2 2 - at 9 o’clock 12.3 micromoli CO2/m /s (Dabuleni) and 29.04 micromoles CO2/m /s at HYY 1 line;

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2 - at 12 o’clock between 13, 04 micromoles CO2/m /s (HYY2 ) and 28.93 micromoles 2 CO2/m /s (Solar) 2 - at 15 o’clock between 11.50 micromoles CO2/m /s (Brazilian) and 28.21 2 micromoles CO2/m /s (HYY1). Peanuts are plants taht love light and heat and the have high values of photosynthesis rate at 12 o’clock. The highest value of photosynthesis was recorded at HYY 1 line with a yield of 2260 kg/ha line compared to the Brazilian variety, which recorded only 722 kg / ha. Varieties reacted differently to weather conditions, depending on the degree of adaptation to drought . From this group with good productions the following varieties stand out: Venus-1682 kg / ha, Solar-1460 kg / ha, HYY2-1369 kg / ha and line T 25 -2047 kg / ha. Leaf transpiration rate (Table 9) recorded the following values: 2 - At 9 o’clock between 1.17 millimoles H2O/m /s (Timburesti) and 3.54 millimoles 2 H2O/m /s (Solar) 2 -To 12 o’clock between 1.48 millimoles H2O/m /s (Dăbuleni) and 8.36 millimoles 2 H2O/m /s (Solar) 2 -At 15 o’clock between 1.34 millimoles H2O/m /s (Dăbuleni) and 8.22 millimoles 2 H2O/m /s (Velican). It is noted that Velican variety recorded maximum value at 15 o’clock the evaporated water being productively unexploited as it recorded the lowest production of 635 kg / ha. Varieties which reduce transpiration rate under the action of stress factors are more resistant to drought and irrigation uses less water. Therefore we will choose to expand in the crop on sandy soils the varieties with productive photosynthetic potential and reduced leaf transpiration. Although sometimes the photosynthesis rate registers high values, the assimilated are used in lush vegetative growth of the haulm. Table 8 Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate (micromoles Co2/m2/s) Genotype Photosyntetic rate Photosyntetic activ radiaţion 2 2 micromoles CO2/m /s micromoles/m /s O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 DABULENI 12.30 16.33 13.60 1183 1833 1833 BRAZILIAN 14.90 15.29 11.50 1322 1745 1883 T55 17.60 18.50 18.18 1268 1341 1614 T58 18.90 26.95 14.78 1148 1632 1817 T232 12.91 23.19 18.39 1215 1387 1823 T242 10.25 16.38 13.26 1011 1763 1887 BLANCA SANTA FE 14.14 19.63 14.01 1552 1774 1606 VELICAN 18.16 16.01 23.27 1462 1795 1836 TIMPURIU DE CHINA 13.07 28.51 16.34 1340 1846 1723 HYY! 29.40 21.45 28.28 961 1681 1782 HYY2 26.64 13.04 15.87 1480 1694 1844 HYY3 24.19 12.31 13.92 995 1653 1947 SHULAMIH 14.58 18.70 21.40 1384 1790 1733 TIMBURESTI 14.57 28.29 16.32 1086 1748 1911 TATU 13.28 24.14 15.23 1338 1784 1921 SOLAR 24.45 28.93 19.60 1570 1880 1364 JELUD 14.03 22.01 17.02 1054 1903 1937 T25 28.55 18.45 20.15 1140 1883 1877 VENUS 18.79 20.12 22.26 1132 1862 1745 143

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Table 9 Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration rate at peanut 2 Genotype Transpiration rate ( millimoles H2O/m /s O’clock 9 O’clock 12 O’clock 15 DABULENI 2.36 1.48 1.34 BRAZILIAN 2.60 1.68 2.10 T55 2.20 3.23 4.23 T58 2.40 5.73 4.82 T232 2.30 5.57 6.01 T242 1.40 4.71 4.95 BLANCA SANTA FE 2.10 5.71 6.58 VELICAN 2.13 5.66 8.22 TIMPURIU DE CHINA 2.19 7.43 3.98 HYY! 1.90 7.26 5.72 HYY2 1.98 5.21 6.52 HYY3 2.78 4.63 7.24 SHULAMIH 1.65 6.64 6.52 TIMBURESTI 1.17 6.82 8.10 TATU 2.49 7.92 9.11 SOLAR 3.54 8.36 4.36 JELUD 2.22 8.19 7.18 T25 3.42 5.26 7.52 VENUS 3.93 7.83 9.10

CONCLUSIONS

1. Climatic factors during the research period have influenced the rhythm and speed of studied physiological processes. 2. The photosynthesis rate showed a diurnal variation under the direct influence of the climatic conditions from the time of determination of the varieties and lines studied. 3. Rate of foliar transpiration was influenced of temperature and relative humidity of the air in determination moments. 4. During the climatic conditions of 2010 there were measured maximum values 2 of photosynthesis rate at 12 o’clock at HYY117 line, 28 micromoles CO2/m /s, and at 2 15 o’clock 17.54.micromoles CO2/m /s s in Dăbuleni variety. 5. During the climatic conditions of 2011 there were measured maximum values 2 at 12 o’clock 16.26 micromoles CO2/m /s L3-line and at 15 o’clock -14, 09 2 micromoles CO2/m /s Tîmbureşti variety. 6. During the climatic conditions of 2012 there were measured at 12 o’clock 2 Solar variety -28.93, and at 15 o’clock -line HYY1 28.21 micromoles CO2/m /s. 7. Leaf transpiration rate was influenced by temperature and relative air humidity from the time of measurements. 8. Maximum values were inregistered at the Tîmburesti at 15 o’clock of 2.42 2 2 millimoles H2O/m /s (2010), the Early of China variety by 4.95 millimoles H2O/m /s 2 (2011) and at Solar variety, high value of 8,36 millimoles H2O/m /s, in accordance with the maximum temperature in the air, of year 2012.

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REFERENCES

1. Acatrinei Gh., 1991 – Adjustment of Ecophysiological processes in plants. Publishing House Junimea, Iaşi 2. Atanasiu L. 1984. Plant Ecophysiology, Scientific and encyclopedic. Publishing House Bucureşti . 3. Atanasiu L.,Polescu Lucia 1988 – Photosynthesis or how plants turn sunlight. Publishing House Albatros Bucharest 4. Boldor O.,Raianu O.,Trifu M.,1981- Plant Physiology. Scientific and encyclopedic Publishing House Bucharest 5. Burzo I. et. al., 2004 – Crop physiology,Vol. I. Publishing House Ceres, Bucureşti 6. Milică C.I, Dorobanţu N., Polixenia Nedelcu.,1982. Plant physiology Scientific and encyclopedic. Publishing House Bucharest 7. Petcu Elena, 2008 – Impact of climate change on plants: drought. Publishing House Domino, Bucuresti 8. Sălăgeanu N., Atanasi L, 1981- Photoshyntesis, Publishing House Academiei Bucharest

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COMPORTAREA VIŢEI DE VIE ÎN IARNA 2011-2012 ŞI STABILIREA MĂSURILOR DE PREVENIRE ŞI REFACERE A PLANTAŢIILOR AFECTATE DE ÎNGHEŢ ÎN ZONA SOLURILOR NISIPOASE DIN SUDUL OLTENIEI

BEHAVIOUR OF VINES IN THE WINTER 2011-2012 AND ESTABLISHING OF MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION AND RECOVERY OF THE PLANTATIONS AFFECTED BY FROST IN THE SANDY SOILS REGION FROM SOUTHERN OLTENIA

Author: Răţoi Iulian

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Key words: vine, protection, minime temperature, sandy soils.

ABSTRACT

Schimbările climatice determină creșterea temperaturilor pozitive, dar şi la creşterea valorilor negative. Temperatura minimă negativ susţinută de viţă de vie este - 12...-15oC. În iarna 2011-2012 temperaturile minime negative au fost dăunătoare atât prin valoarea acestora cât și prin durată, pentru că această perioadă a durat 14 zile. În aceste condiţii, mugurii şi lemnul de viţă de vie, indiferent de varietate, au fost distruse înălțimii de 20 cm deasupra solului. În acest caz sarcina de rod a fost dificil de asigurat, în special pentru soiul de Rkațiteli, care a fost condus în formă semiânaltă, la o înălţime de 70 cm. Pentru soiul Roșioară sarcina de muguri s-a realizat prin creşterea numărului de elemente de rod iar la soiul Victoria 2 coarde au fost protejate prin așezarea acestora pe suprafaţa solului şi acoperirea cu pământ, astfel încât sarcina pe muguri a fost posibil de realizat.

Climatical changes determine to increse the positive temperatures but and increase in negative values. The minimum negative temperature supported of vines is - 12...-15oC. In 2011-2012 winter the minimum negative temperatures were damaging both their value and duration, because this period lasted 14 days. Under these conditions, the buds, and wood of vines, regardless of variety, held up to a height of 20 cm over the ground. In this case the load of fruit was difficult to secure, especially for the Rkaţiteli variety, which was conducted in the form at a height of 70 cm. For the Roşioară variety load of buds is satisfied by increasing the number by short elements of fruit and the Victoria variety were 2 cords on the surface of the ground and turned protected with soil, so that the burden on buds was possible.

INTRODUCTION

Vines cultivation, although its origins in wild vines, is sensitive to climatical factors, which values are over or under optimal limits supported by this species of cultivated plants, which in these conditions are stress factors. Thus, in the course of a year, is subject to the risks of any kind. The vine, in the repose period, is under the incidence to minimum negative temperatures and glazed frost, and in the period of vegetation, supports any 146

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 frosts or late spring hoarfrost, hails, drought and heat during the summer and any cold or late autumn hoarfrost. Also, the abundance of rainfall is harmful when it manifests during or immediately after blooming or in the maturation of the grapes. The cumulative effect of these factors is rarely met and when it happens, the production of grapes may be compromised for a period of 2-3 years. The extent of damage of the minimum negative temperatures is mentioned in the literature (Table 1). The most sensitive organ of the vine is the diaphragm suffering when the temperature drops to -12o ... -15 o C. Table 1 Influence of negative temperatures on buds of vines Temperature level The organ of vine The level of losses (%) -10o ... -12 o C The buds, in october-november period 90-100 -12o ... -15 o C The diaphragm According to variety -15o... -18o C The bud of winter of table grapes varieties According to variety -18 ... -21 o C The bud of winter of wine varieties According to variety -22 o C Living tissues of annual and biannual wood According to variety -24o ... -25 o C Living tissues of multiannual wood According to variety ( 3-5 hours)

The main buds (winter buds) surprised untempereds, during October - November, can be destroyed in 90 to 100% if there are temperatures of -10o ... -12 o C. Main varieties of buds with table grapes are more sensitive than those of wine grape varieties. They may be destroyed at temperatures of -12o ... -15 o C varieties of table grapes and at temperatures of -18 ... -21 o C a varieties of wine grape. At a temperature of -22 o C are affected in 75-100% live tissues and even half-chords, and at a temperature of -24...-250C, which is for 3-5 hours, suffer strong changes living tissue in the multiannual wood (Martin T., 1968; Oprean M.,1975; Oşlobeanu M., 1980; Ţârdea C., Dejeu L., 1995). In the sandy soils region from southern Oltenia minimum negative temperatures which affecting vegetative and generative principle organs of vines, varieties of table grapes, is recorded in 93% of years in the soil surface (snow surface), 80,6 - 90% of years at heights of between 80-160 cm, and varieties of wine grapes, the danger is manifested in 77% of years in the soil surface (snow surface) and 35.4-64% of years at a height of between 80-160 cm (Table 2). Table 2 Frequency of minimum negative temperatures on height 0-200 cm (Dăbuleni 1968-1998) Height (cm) Suraface of soil Absolute minime 40 cm 80 cm 120 cm 160 cm 200 cm (snow) temperature 0 no. no. ( C) no. no. no. no. % % % % year % year % years years years years s s under -15 2 6 3 9,7 3 9,7 7 13 6 19,4 10 32 over -15 29 93 28 90 28 90 27 87 25 80.6 21 67.7 over -18 24 77 22 72 20 64 14 45 11 35.4 9 29 over -21 15 48 10 32 7 22 6 19,4 6 19.6 5 16 147

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over -24 5 16 5 16 3 97 3 9,7 1 3 1 3 The temperatures recorded over the best for vines, are damaging both during active resting and in vegetation period (Table 3). Table 3 Influence of temperature on the organs of vines Level of temperature Effect of temperature 12-14o C in active period Untempering the organf vine 40 ± 5o C in vegetative period Hinding of pollenation, increase of offshoots, ceasing of photosintesis process

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Experimental observations and determinations consisted in determining the viability after negative minime temperatures registering in February month and recovery attempts to form (bilateral girdle) to Roşioară, Rkaţiteli and Victoria varieties.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

After a autumn and 27 days since January, quiet in terms of minimum temperatures, there was a period of about 15 days, respectively on 28 January and until 10 February, when the stock was well below the limit of resistance of stems, annual or multiannual wood (Table 4). This period began on February 28, when after a very favourable period for vine culture, with minimum temperatures positive or located in the 0 0C point, was registered a minimum temperature of -24.30C from 31 January, with an average temperature of -19.3 0C. The following day, on 1 February, the minimum temperature has reached the minimum negative history for this month, -27 0C, with an average of -19.3 0C, the temperature that has been repeated on 9 February, except that the media was something lower, namely -19.8 0C. At these temperatures were affected all organs of vines above the snow layer, whose thickness was 35-40 cm. The minimum negative temperatures were damaging both their value and duration, because this period lasted 14 days. Under these conditions, the buds and wood of vines, regardless of variety, held up to a height of 20 cm over the ground. Table 4 The temperatures recorded (0C) in the Decembre 2011-February 2012 period Date 1-31 Decembre 2011 1-31 January 2012 1-29 February 2012 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 1 -27 2 -7.1 -18.6 -12.1 3 -13.4 4 18.8 14.5 -10.2 5 19.2 -7.9 6 -9 7 -11.3 8 -18.2 148

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9 -27 10 -24.1 11 -16.4 12 -11.9 17 15.7 23 14.9 25 -7.8 -0.8 26 -7.8 27 -9.8 28 -17.6 29 -20.8 30 -22.7 31 -24.3 The thickness of the snow 35-40 cm

In this case the load of fruit was difficult to secure, especially for the Rkaţiteli variety, which was conducted in the form at a height of 70 cm (Photo 1). For the Roşioară variety load of buds is satisfied by increasing the number by short elements of fruit and the Victoria variety were 2 cords on the surface of the ground and turned protected with soil, so that the burden on buds was possible. Measures to prevent negative effects of minimum negative temperatures of vines in the winter - Protect all databases by performing with soil around vine. This work is required especially in the first three years after planting. - Cover the vine database with the soil result by performing the work of tilling autumn, with the return of clod to the vine row. - The protection of at least 2 cords located as close to the vine. Choose two cords oriented in the direction of the row, one on the right and the other to the left, as close to the vine. Clean the offshoots, it shortens the length of 12 – 14 buds, then rests on the surface of the ground and secured with a soil. - Maintenance of the vine database, in the case of forms of management on stem, a cord, and protecting it through with soil, in autumn, after the fall of the leaves.

Measures of recovery of vines driving on stem For recovery of vine driving on stem will remove old wood and choose one or two shoots located as close to the vine. Remove all shoots of them, up to the first floor of support wires. Then, at the level of the first floor of the wires, if you use two shoots, they oriented one to the right, the other on the left, and shortens the length of 60 cm from the point of curvature, making a link to the curvature and the length of the shoots (Photo 2). So, these are the two cords. All shoots insert the length of the shoots, up to the height of the first floor of the wire is removed from the insertion point. If you use a single shoot, it is cleaning from theshoots as the previous situation, orients to the left or to the right, in the direction of the row, and shortens the length of 60 cm from the point of curvature (Photo 3). In this way is obtained a single power cord. For the training of the second power is the first shoot to the point of curvature, which is positioned on the bearing wires in the opposite direction. 149

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Photo 1. Form driving on stem in precedent years

Photo 2. Recovery of form on stem – two stem

Photo 3. Recovery of form on stem – one stem

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For recovery of classical forms (low) without protection, for exemple the Roşioară variety, for ensure the production levels will be cut short only, and will supplement their number of elemnts (Photo 4).

Photo 4. Classical (low) form without protectin at Roşioară variety

Photo 5. Classical (low) form with protection at Victoria variety

In the case of classical form (low) with protect, for exemple Victoria variety, who had two cords protegee, it will use 3-4 short elements at vine databasa (Photo 5). Grape production has been positioned at the base vines of the Roşioară variety (Photo 6). At Victoria variety the grape production it was positioned at the base of vines as well as at the level of the first floor of the wire (Photo 7).

Photo 6. Production at classical (low) form Photo 7. Production at classical (low) form without protection at Roşioară variety with protection at Victoria variety

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By the end of the vegetation period at the Rkaţiteli variety the form on stem was rebuilted (Photo 8).

Photo 8. Form on stem rebuilt at Rkaţiteli variety

CONCLUSIONS

1. Climatical changes determine to increse the positive temperatures but and increase in negative values. 2. The minimum negative temperature supported of vines is - 12...-15oC. 3. Under the conditions of absolute minimum values, over the threshold of tolerable, the culture of vines in sandy soils of the area is secure by protecting only, through one of the methods known, during the active rest. 4. To counter very high temperature pozive can be done through shading and irrigation.

REFERENCES

1. Martin T., 1968 - Viticultură. Editura didactică şi pedagogică Bucureşti. 2. Oprean M., 1975 - Viticultură generală. Editura didactică şi pedagogică Bucureşti. 3. Oşlobeanu M., 1980 - Viticultură generală şi specială. Editura didactică şi pedagogică Bucureşti. 4. Ţârdea C., Dejeu L., 1995 - Viticultură. Editura didactică şi pedagogică Bucureşti. 5. Stroe Marinela Vicuţa, Bucur Georgeta Mihaela, 2012 – Study regarding the influence of low winter temperatures between 2011-2012 on the viability of winter buds of some table grape varieties in the conditions of the didactic experimental field in Bucharest. Scientific papers of University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Horticulture, Series B. Horticulture, Volume LVI.

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CERCETĂRI PRIVIND ADAPTAREA SOIURILOR DE VIŢĂ DE VIE PENTRU VINURI ROŞII PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE DIN SUDUL OLTENIEI

RESEARCH ON SUITABILITY OF GRAPE VARIETIES FOR RED WINE ON THE SANDY SOILS FROM SOUTHERN OLTENIA

Author: Răţoi Iulian

Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Key words: vine, red wine, sandy soils.

ABSTRACT

Deşi toate vițele au intrat în vegetaţie după plantare, nu toate au fost capabile de a se dezvolta în mod normal, şi unele dintre acestea au fost pierit, la cea mai mare parte datorită faptului că procesul de înrădăcinare nu a avut loc, unele soiuri având o capacitate redusă de a se adapta la condițiile de sol de nisipos. Rata medie zilnică de creştere a lăstarilor a fost determinată în perioada 5 mai – 13 august, întrucât, după această dată cei mai mulți dintre lăstarii viţei de vie fiind afectați de principalele boli (mana) Plasmopara viticola și (făinarea) Uncinula necator. În general, rata medie zilnică de creştere a înregistrat valori subunitare. Vigoarea viței de vie s-a exprimat prin lungimea totală a creşterilor anuale, numărul de noduri formate pe un butuc şi suprafaţa foliară a plantei. Din cele12 soiuri numai unul a înregistrat o lungime totală a creşterilor anuale sub 200 cm/butuc, şi anume Pinot noir (167 cm/butuc) şi 3 soiuri sub 300 cm/ butuc, Băbească neagră (228 cm/butuc), Cristina (277 cm/butuc) şi Amurg (279 cm/butuc).

Although all vinese have entered into after planting in vegetation, not all were able to develop normally and some of them have been perished, the majority of the striking root process did not take place, some varieties with a low capacity to adapt to the soil conditions provided by psamosoils. The average daily rate of growth of shoots was determined during may 5 - august 13, whereas after that date most of the growth of the vines were affected by the main diseases of the Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator. In general, the average daily rate of growth of shoots of under one values. Vigour vines is played through the total length of annual increases, the number of nodes on the vine and the foliar surface of the plant.Of the 12 varieties only one recorded a total length of annual increases below 200 cm/vine, namely Pinot noir (167 cm/vine) and 3 varieties under 300 cm/vine and Băbească neagră (228 cm/vine), the Cristina (277 cm/vine) and the Amurg (279 cm/vine).

INTRODUCTION

Sandy soils are among the soil on which the vine give good results (Baniţă P., 1983), because to lower requirements of it to environmental factors, such as a high ecological plasticity. In the vineyards from sandy soil area to obtain wines in general, dry, weak, low acid (Baniţă P., Vlădoianu Em., 1984), because the pedological, the climatical, and the technological factors has a major effect on the quality of the grapes (Popescu Aghata şi colab., 2010; Cimpoeru Gh., Gheorghiţă M., 2010; Cocoş M., 2010; Ionică L., 2010; Munteanu Camelia at all., 2010).

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Although in the young period the wine obtained in these areas are pleasant to taste, as time goes on they lose in quality due to reduced acidity are preserved with weight and not develop the bouquet (Vlădoianu Em., 1979). The culture of new varieties, with domestic and foreign origin, is expected to increase in the acidity of the wine and alcohol content to print a high-quality wines.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

In the experience established in 2010, were studied the varieties following: Haiduc, Codană, Mamaia, Novac, Cabernet Sauvignon 33 Vl., Cristina, Pandur, Arcaş, Amurg, Pinot noir, Busuioacă de Bohotin, Băbească neagră. Were made the following observations and experimental determinations: - entry into the vines after planting vegetation; - the percentage of planting; - the number of eyes trained on the vine during the year; - the total length of the annual increases; - the number of shoots with more than 6 mm thick in the second bud. The fertilizing at planting was made with 60 t/ha manure, 400 kg/ha complex 15:15:15. In vegetative period, in May, were applied 100 kg/ha mineral fertilizer 15:15:15.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Climatical conditions, reregistered in 2010, were favourable for vine plantations of young (Table 1). Although all vinese have entered into after planting in vegetation, not all were able to develop normally and some of them have been perished, the majority of the striking root process did not take place, some varieties with a low capacity to adapt to the soil conditions provided by psamosoils. Some of these, few in number, have perished due to mechanical accidents. Vines varieties red wines had the best reaction to striking root, which means that it is a good adaptability on sandy soils (Table 2).

Table 1 Main climatical data from October 2009 to September 2010 at CCDCPN Dăbuleni weather station Month Air temperature (oC) Rainfall (mm) Air relative minime average maxime Year 2010 Average on umidity 55 years (%) X -24.5 -3.4 10.1 12.6 25.8 92.7 XI -15.8 -0.6 12.5 59.2 29.4 90.3 XII -8.3 5.8 22.4 54.0 26.8 74.9 I 0.0 12.1 22.7 38.4 43.7 75.8 II 5.8 16.8 30.1 99.6 46.7 73.0 III 6.9 20.8 35.4 121.4 63.2 76.0 IV 12.7 23.2 35.0 42.4 55.5 73.5 V 7.2 24.1 38.5 11.8 40.0 65.2 VI 4.8 17.7 32.5 9.6 46.8 67.9 VII -4.6 9.1 20.1 9.6 48.3 81.5 VIII -3.5 9.4 26.9 54.4 31.7 86.4 IX -17.8 -1.4 16.9 100.6 53.7 91.0 Total - - - 613.8 511.6 - 154

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Table 2 Percentage of vines normally developed at the end of the growing season to the varieties of grapes for the red wines Variety Number of Normal development Number of perished planting vines vines vines nr. % nr. % Haiduc 40 39 97,5 1 2.5 Codană 40 40 100 - - Mamaia 40 40 100 - - Novac 40 40 100 - - Cabernet Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl 40 40 100 - - Cristina 40 39 100 - - Pandur 40 39 97.5 1 2.5 Arcaş 40 40 100 - - Amurg 40 38 95 2 5 Pinor noir 40 36 90 4 10 Busuioacă de Bohotin 40 37 92.5 3 15 Băbească neagră 40 39 97.5 1 2.5

Six of the 12 varieties have not registered any loss, all vines have developed normal (Codană, Cabernet Sauvignon Cl 33 Vl, Novac, Cristina and Arcaş). The three of them perished one vine, the Amurg variety perished two vines, Busuioacă de Bohotin variety perished 3 vines and Pinot noir variety perished 4 vines. Percentage, losses have vacillated between 2.5 and 10 percent. The average daily rate of growth of shoots was determined during May 5 - august 13, whereas after that date most of the growth of the vines were affected by the main diseases of the Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator. In general, the average daily rate of growth of shoots of under one values (Table 3). Of the 12 varieties 3 were recorded more than one values, the average daily rate of growth of shoots, ranging between 1.05 cm/day/shoot at the varieties Cabernet Sauvignon Cl 33 Vl and Haiduc and 1.17 cm/day/shoot the Novac. Table 3 Average daily rate of growth of shoots on the vine (cm/day/shoot) with grape varieties for red wine Variety 05-14.07 15-24.07 25.07-03.08 04-13.08 Average

Haiduc 0.8 1.8 0.7 0.9 1.05 Codană 1.1 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.80 Mamaia 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.77 Novac 1.6 2.1 0.5 0.5 1.17 Cabernet Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.05 Cristina 1.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.00 Pandur 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.9 0.82 Arcaş 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.72 Amurg 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.65 Pinor noir 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.62 Busuioacă de Bohotin 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.77 Băbească neagră 1.0 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.67

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The value of 1 cm, the average daily rate of growth of shoots, was posted at the Cristina variety. Other varieties have recorded values of the daily average rate of growth of shoots between 0.62 cm/day/shoot the Pinor noir and v 0.82 cm/day/shoot the Pandur. And here it can be inferred that the varieties of grapes for the red wines have a greater degree of adaptability to the sandy soils from southern Oltenia and so will adapt better to the conditions, harsh, offered by this area. Vigor vines is played through the total length of annual increases, the number of nodes on the block and the surface of the plant (Table 4). Of the 12 varieties only one recorded a total length of annual increases below 200 cm/vine, namely Pinot noir (167 cm/vine) and 3 varieties under 300 cm/vine and Băbească neagră (228 cm/vine), the Cristina (277 cm/vine) and the Amurg (279 cm/vine). The most unnerving was the variety Cabernet Sauvignon Cl 33 Vl, which registered a value of cm/441 vine. The number of nodes on a vine in the course of the growing season is roughly proportional to the total length of annual increases, because although the largest number of knots formed the Cabernet Sauvignon Cl 33 Vl (126) the lowest number of knots formed the Busuioacă de Bohotin (52). Table 4 Vigor of vines in year I and II after planting to grape varieties for red wine Variety Total length of annual Number of nodes Number of shoots with increases /vine (cm) on a vine diameter over 6 mm/vine I Year II Year I Year II Year Haiduc 364 770 95 5 Codană 311 720 91 4 Mamaia 381 610 90 3 Novac 388 1020 101 3 Cabernet Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl 441 970 126 5 Cristina 277 760 67 4 Pandur 330 1150 83 4 Arcaş 359 1040 119 4 Amurg 279 1150 79 5 Pinor noir 167 920 55 3 Busuioacă de Bohotin 356 820 52 3 Băbească neagră 228 560 61 4

CONCLUSIONS

1. Although all vinese have entered into after planting in vegetation, not all were able to develop normally and some of them have been perished, the majority of the striking root process did not take place, some varieties with a low capacity to adapt to the soil conditions provided by psamosoils. 2. The average daily rate of growth of shoots was determined during May 5 - august 13, whereas after that date most of the growth of the vines were affected by the main diseases of the Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator. In general, the average daily rate of growth of shoots of under one values. 3. Vigour vines is played through the total length of annual increases, the number of nodes on the block and the surface of the plant. 4. Of the 12 varieties only one recorded a total length of annual increases below 200 cm/vine, namely Pinot noir (167 cm/vine) and 3 varieties under 300

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cm/vine and Băbească neagră (228 cm/vine), the Cristina (277 cm/vine) and the Amurg (279 cm/vine). 5. The number of nodes on a vine in the course of the growing season is roughly proportional to the total length of annual increases.

REFERENCES

1. Baniţă P., Vlădoianu Em., 1983 – Viticultura pe nisipuri. Editura CERES Bucureşti. 2. Cichi Daniela Doloris and al., Monitoring and evaluation of environmental factors incidence on biodiversity variability in wine-growing. Book of abstracts. International Society for Horticultural Sciense (ISHS)- First Symposium on Horticulture in Europe-Viena. 3. Cimpoeru Gh., Gheorghiţă M., 2010 – The content and the quality of wines obtained within the area of the hills and slopes belonging to the inferior Olteţ River: Iancu Jianu – Sarului Forest. Analele Universităţii din Craiova, vol. XV (XLXI). Editura Universităţii Craiova. 4. Cocoş M., 2010 – Studiul condiţiilor naturale şi tehnologice care definesc potenţialul vitivinicol al podgoriei Drăgăşani. Analele Universităţii din Craiova, vol. XV (XLXI). Editura Universităţii Craiova. 5. Ionică L., 2010 – Studiul influenţei conjugate a soiului, arealului de cultură şi a factorilor tehnologici de vinificaţie primară asupra compoziţiei şi calităţii vinurilor roşii. Analele Universităţii din Craiova, vol. XV (XLXI). Editura Universităţii Craiova. 6. Munteanu Camelia, Cocoş M., Cojocaru Ganelia, 2010 – Study of the anthocyanin potential of Novac and Negru de Drăgăşani grapes cultivated in various centres of Drăgăşani vineyards. Analele Universităţii din Craiova, vol. XV (XLXI). Editura Universităţii Craiova. 7. Popescu Agatha, Enache Viorica, Simion Cristina, Donici Alina, Tăbăranu G., 2010 – Research concerning grape quality in the hilly area of eastern Romania under climate change during the period 2007-2009. Analele Universităţii din Craiova, vol. XV (XLXI). Editura Universităţii Craiova. 8. Vlădoianu Emil, 1979 – Cercetări privind stabilirea tipului de vin ,,Roşior de Oltenia” pe nisipuile ameliorate din centrul viticol Dăbuleni. Analele Staţiunii de Cercetare – Dezvoltare pentru Cultura Plantelor pe Nisipuri Dăbuleni, vol. IV.

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EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURES APPLICATION RATES ON THE WHEAT YIELD AND SOIL NUTRIENTS AROUND BAIYANGDIAN LAKE

Authors: Ru Shuhua, Wang Ling, Geng Nuan, Sun Shiyou, Zhang Guoyin

Institute of Agro - Resourse and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, China Shijiazhuang 05005

Corresponding author: [email protected].

Keywords: Poultry manures; Soil; Nutrients; Accumulation

ABSTRACT

The research on the effect of poultry manures application rates on the wheat yield and soil nutrients around Baiyangdian Lake were carried out by two field plot experiments. The results showed that with the increasing amounts of the poultry manures, wheat yield increased obviously. Compared with the check treatment with no manures, wheat yield significantly increased when the application rates of poultry manures was 60 t/hm2 and 90 t/hm2, respectively. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total Zn contents increased obviously with the increasing rates of the poultry manures, respectively. Compared with the check treatment with no chicken manure, the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total P and total Zn content significantly increased by 26.24%, 32.07%, 42.09% and 19.10% when the rate of chicken manure were 150 t/hm2, respectively. Compared with the check treatment with no duck manure, the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total P and total Zn increased by 22.73%, 29.19%, 23.74% and 9.47% when the rate of duck manure were 150 t/hm2, respectively.The soil available nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and Zn supply could be maintained by the combined application of the low chicken or duck manure rate (15 t/hm2) and chemical fertilizer in the wheat season. The contents of soil nitrate, available phosphorus, available Zn significantly increased when the rate of chicken and duck manure were 90 t/hm2 and 150 t/hm2, respectively. The major soil nutrients and trace elements zinc could be accumulated by application of the excessive poultry manures.

INTRODUCTION

Baiyangdian is the largest freshwater lake in North China Plain, known as the " kidney of the North China " [1]. Water pollution is mainly caused by agricultural non-point source pollution. It is estimated that the amounts of poultry were 49.82 millions around Baiyangdian Lake in 2006. Due to the backward technology with proper treatments to harmless substance and recycling utilization of livestock and poultry manure, organic wastes have become the main source of rural non-point pollution. The best way to resolve this problem was to supply to the soil as organic fertilizers through proper treatments and entered nutrient cycling. But the use of chemical fertilizers was reduced to protect the ecological environment. It has the extremely vital significance to promote the sustainable development of agriculture by this way. The intensive breeding poultry manure not only contain more available nutrients such as N, P [2,3], also contain high amounts of trace elements such Zn [2,3,4]. Long term application of organic manure will cause the accumulation and leaching of nitrate, phosphorus in soil. The will result the pollution of surface water and groundwater. This has brought direct or potential threat to human 158

Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 health. Zn is an essential trace element for plant growth as a result of Zn lack, plant will appear nutrient deficiency symptoms. When the soil Zn content exceeds a certain limit, the root of the crop will be serious damage. The absorption of plants for water and nutrient is affected by root damage, resulting in poor growth and even death [5, 6]. Aiming at the nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc content generally higher status in poultry manure, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of poultry manures application rates on the wheat yield and soil nutrients around Baiyangdian Lake. It will provide the basis for the protection of farmland soil environment and human health.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted at Zhongliu villages of Anxin county in Hebei Province. The site was located in the warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. The mean annual precipitation and air temperature are 529.7 mm and 12.2 0C, respectively. The experiment was began in October 2009. Principal chemical properties of chicken manure, duck manure and soil at experimental site before sowing are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Principal chemical properties of tested soil and poultry manures Sample name Organic Total K(%) Total Zn(mg/kg) Total N（%） Total P（%） matter（%） Chicken manure 26.12 1.64 1.13 1.75 296.83 Duck manure 21.96 0.94 0.93 1.41 80.33 Soil 1 1.96 0.128 0.151 1.65 77.33 Soil 2 1.87 0.124 0.146 1.58 75.46 Note：Soil 1was the basic soil for chicken manure experiment. Soil 2 was the basic soil for duck manure experiment

1. Experimental Design The wheat varieties used in this study were Laoting 639. The poultry manures used was decaying chicken manure and duck manure. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. Seven chicken manure（CM）application levels were arranged. The treatments included CM0（no chicken manure, CM1（15 t/hm2), CM2（30 t/hm2), CM3（45 t/hm2), CM 4（60 t/hm2), CM5（90 t/hm2）and CM6（150 t/hm2). Seven duck manure (DM) application levels were arranged. The treatments included DM0（no duck manure, DM1（15 t/hm2), DM2（30 t/hm2), DM3（45 t/hm2), DM 4（60 t/hm2, DM5（90 t/hm2）and DM6 (150 t/hm2). Each treatment (application rate) was replicated four times in a total of 56 plots. Each plot was 4.0 m wide by 4.0 m long. According to the local chemical fertilizer application rates，the appropriate amounts of fertilizer at rate of 225 kg N /hm2, 150 kg P2O5 /hm2, and 150 kg K2O /hm2 were supplied. On the basis of measured and calculated nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium of chicken manure and duck manure, respectively, the chemical fertilizer made up no less than amount of the nutrients. Urea, superphosphate and potassium chloride were used. Half of urea was applied before sowing and the rest as top dressing when wheat turned green in spring. Poultry manures, superphosphate, potassium chloride were used as a basal fertilizer applied to the soil before sowing wheat. During the growth of wheat and corn the conventional management methods were used. 2. Sample Collection and Analytical Methods

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Soil basic samples were collected before experiment. Composite samples of the 0- to 20-cm soil layer, which was done by mixing equal soil sample amounts from five randomly selected sampling points within each plot, were obtained from every plot after wheat harvested. These samples were air dried and grinded to pass a 2-mm sieve for laboratory analysis. A small part of soil samples was grinded to pass a 0.149 mm sieve for laboratory analysis. The tested indicator included soil organic matter, total N, total P, total - Zn, NO3 -N, available P and available Zn. Wheat were harvested subdistrict alone and weighed to calculate the output. All the physical and chemical indicators using conventional soil agro-chemistry analysis method[7]. Subsamples of soil and plant samples were digested with a mixture of [8] conc. HCl-HNO3-HF-HClO4 . The total soil Zn and available Zn contents were determined using atomic emission spectroscopy. All data were analyzed using a SAS statistical package.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Crop Yield In the experimental conditions, with the increasing of chicken manure application rates, wheat yield was firstly increased and then decreased (Fig.1). Compared with CM0 (no chicken manure), the yield of wheat increased significantly by 11.95% and 11.79% when the rates of chicken manure were 45 t/hm2 and 60 t/hm2 respectively. But there were no significant differences between the treatments of chicken manure of more than 60 t/hm2 and CM0 treatment. Compared with DM0 (no duck manure), the yield of wheat increased significantly by 12.67% and 14.70% when the rates of duck manure were 60 t/hm2 and 90 t/hm2, respectively. But there were no significant differences between the treatments of duck manure of more than 90 t/hm2 and DM0 treatment. Thus, the appropriate amount of poultry manures application could increase the yields of wheat, but excessive application of poultry manures had little effect on wheat yield (Fig. 1).

） 6000 bc abc ab a abc

） a 6000 ab a ab ab c c b ab

kg/hm2 4000 （ kg/hm2 4000

（ 2000 2000

Wheat yield Wheat 0 DM0 DM1 DM2 DM3 DM4 DM5 DM6

Wheat yield Wheat 0 CM0 CM1 CM2 CM3 CM4 CM5 CM6 Different duck manure application Different chicken manure application

Figure 1 Effects of poultry manures application rates on the yield of wheat 2. Soil Nutrients - Soil organic matter Table 2 showed effects of poultry manures application rates on soil nutrients at wheat harvest periods. With increasing application rate of chicken manure and duck manure, soil organic matter content distinctly increased. In the wheat harvest period, compared with CM0 (no chicken manure), soil organic matter content of CM4, CM5 and CM6 treatment increased by 15.62% and 20.47%, 26.24%, respectively. Compared with

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DM0 (no duck manure), soil organic matter content of DM6 treatment increased by 22.73%.

Table 2 Effects of poultry manures application rates on soil nutrients Organic Treatment Total N（%） Total P（%） Total Zn（mg/kg） matter（%） CM0 2.25 de 0.128 b 0.163 b 81.67d CM1 2.13 e 0.127 b 0.166 b 80.13d CM2 2.17 e 0.131 b 0.164 b 80.83d CM3 2.44 cd 0.133 b 0.165 b 84.08cd CM4 2.60 bc 0.140 b 0.195 ab 87.65bc CM5 2.71 ab 0.145 ab 0.195 ab 91.11ab CM6 2.84 a 0.169 a 0.201 a 95.06a DM0 1.92 b 0.124 b 0.150 c 73.23b DM1 1.88 b 0.127 b 0.153 bc 74.79ab DM2 1.87 b 0.136 ab 0.163 abc 78.12ab DM3 1.93 b 0.142 ab 0.171 abc 79.51a DM4 2.07 bc 0.140 ab 0.179 abc 77.56ab DM5 2.15 ab 0.154 a 0.182 ab 79.46a DM6 2.36 a 0.160 a 0.186 a 80.17a

- Soil total N and soil nitrate nitrogen

Table 2 showed effects of different rate of poultry manures application on soil total N at wheat harvest periods. With increasing of chicken manure application, soil total N content increased. Compared with DM0 (no chicken manure), total N content in the soil in the CM6 treatment were significantly increased by 32.07%. With increasing of duck manure application, soil total N content increased, too. Compared with DM0 (no duck manure), total N content in the soil in the DM5 and DM6 treatment were significantly increased by 24.19% and 29.19%, respectively. Application of poultry manures could improve obviously soil N supply levels. Figure 2 showed effects of different rate of poultry manures application on the soil nitrate - nitrogen. Soil NO3 -N was directly absorbed by the plants and available for the plants. In - wheat harvest period, soil NO3 -N content of CM4, CM5 and CM6 treatment were — significantly increased by 88.10%, 78.02% and 88.40% compared with CM0. Soil NO3 N content in surface soil of CM1, CM2 treatment were similar to the control level. Application 2 - rate of chicken manure of 15-30 t/hm could basically keep soil NO3 -N content equivalent with the chemical fertilizer treatment during the whole wheat and corn growth period. Soil - NO3 -N content of DM2, DM3 DM4, DM5 and DM6 treatment were significantly increased - by 103.13%, 88.34%, 129.4%,189.7% and 278.1% compared with DM0. Soil NO3 -N content in surface soil of DM1 treatment were similar to the control level. Application rate 2 - of duck manure of 15 t/hm could basically keep soil NO3 -N content equivalent with the chemical fertilizer treatment during the whole wheat and corn growth period. A low amount of chicken manure or duck manure application respectively combined with a certain amount of fertilizer can keep soil nitrate nitrogen for the growth of wheat.

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60 a 60 a a a 50 50 b ab 40 bc 40 bc

c 30 c cd -N（mg/kg）

30 c - -N（mg/kg）

3 de - 3 20 20 e 10

10 Soil NO Soil

Soil NO Soil 0 0 DM0 DM1 DM2 DM3 DM4 DM5 DM6 CM0 CM1 CM2 CM3 CM4 CM5 CM6 Different duck manure Different chicken manure application application

Figure 2 Effects of poultry manures application rates on soil nitrate nitrogen - Soil total P and soil available P Table 2 showed effects of poultry manures application rates on soil total P at wheat harvest period. With increasing of chicken manure application, soil total P content increased. In the wheat harvest period, compared with CM0 (no chicken manure), soil total P content in the soil in the CM6 treatment were significantly increased by 42.09%. With increasing of duck manure application, soil total P content increased, too. In the wheat harvest period, compared with DM0 (no duck manure), soil total P content in the soil in the DM5 and DM6 treatment were significantly increased by 21.11% and 23.74%, respectively. Application of poultry manures could improve obviously soil P supply levels. Figure 3 showed effects of poultry manures application rates on soil available phosphorus. Soil available P is available as the direct source for plant. Soil available P is an important indicator of soil phosphorus supply level. It has been recently reported that long-term application of phosphorus fertilizer and poultry manures could significantly enlarge the soil available phosphorus pool [9]. In wheat harvest period, CM5 and CM6 compared with CM0 treatment were significantly increased by 28.91% and 111.8%. But CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4 and CK were the same level. DM5 and DM6 compared with CK were significantly increased by 56.06% and 170.8%. Soil available P content of DM1, DM2, DM3, DM4 treatments were similar to DM0 treatment.

）） 100 a 100 a

mg/kg 80

mg/kg 80 （（ b 60 b 60 bc bc bc c c c c bc c 40 c 40 20 20 0

0 P availableSoil DM0 DM1 DM2 DM3 DM4 DM5 DM6 Soil available P available Soil CM0 CM1 CM2 CM3 CM4 CM5 CM6 Different duck manure application Different chicken manure application

Figure 3 Effects of poultry manures application rates on soil available phosphorus

Application rate of duck manure at 15-60 t/hm2 could basically keep soil available P content equivalent with the chemical fertilizer treatment in the whole wheat and corn

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Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012 growth period. A low amount of chicken manure or duck manure application respectively combined with a certain amount of fertilizer can keep soil P supply for the growth of wheat. - Soil total Zn and DTPA Zn Fig.2 showed effects of poultry manures application rates on soil total Zn content. The soil total Zn content increased with increasing poultry manures application. The soil Zn content could be maintained by the combined application of poultry manures at low rate (15 t/hm2) and chemical fertilizer in the wheat season. Compared with CM0, for the CM4, CM5 and CM6 treatments, soil total Zn content significantly increased at wheat harvest period. The soil total Zn contents were increased 11.99%, 12.46% and 19.10%, respectively. Compared with DM0, for the DM3, DM5 and DM6 treatments, soil total Zn content significantly increased at wheat harvest period. The soil total Zn contents were increased 11.99%, 8.51% and 9.47%, respectively. With soil application of chicken manure, Soil total Zn content increased significantly larger than the duck manure. According to the 400 mg/kg of Zn maximum limit standard of mature compost in German[10], the total Zn content in chicken manure used in experiment was less than the required standards. A large amount of this poultry manures application for a long time would lead to the soil Zn accumulation. Figure 4 showed effects of poultry manures application rates on soil available Zn. DTPA-extractable Zn is closely related to Zn uptake by plants from the soil. DTPA- extractable Zn is one of the important indices showing plant available Zn in the soil. In the experiment application of poultry manures had a significant effect on soil available Zn content(Fig.4). Soil available Zn content increased remarkably with increasing of chicken manure application. Combined application of a low volume of chicken and duck manure (15 t/hm2 ) and a certain amount of chemical fertilizer could basically keep the surface soil available Zn content equivalent with separately application of chemical fertilizer. In the wheat harvest period, compared with CM0(no chicken manure), soil available Zn content of CM5 and CM6 increased significantly by 71.4% and 161.3%, respectively. Compared with DM0(no duck manure), soil available Zn content of DM5 and DM6 increased significantly by 54.3% and 72.9%, respectively. This showed that the manure of livestock and poultry had become important sources of Zn in soil. With reference to the soil available Zn evaluation index of Hebei province, when poultry manures application amount were 60 t/hm2, 90 t/hm2 and 150 t/hm2, soil available Zn content were higher than 2 mg/kg. The soil available Zn content was very high level. Chicken manure application in large quantities played the very vital role on increasing soil Zn supply capacity. However, duck manure application in large quantities played the very little role on increasing soil Zn supply capacity

2.5

（ 6,0 a a 2.0 5,0 bc 4,0） b bc bc ab 1.5 bc 3,0 bc bc

mg/kg c c c 1.0 2,0 c 1,0 0.5 Zn availableSoil 0,0 CM0 CM1 CM2 CM3 CM4 CM5 CM6 Zn（mg/kg） available Soil 0.0 Different chicken manure DM0 DM1 DM2 DM3 DM4 DM5 DM6

application Different duck manure application

Figure 4 Effects of poultry manures application rates on soil available Zn

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CONCLUSION

The soil organic matter content is closely related to the soil fertility. The changes of organic matter content directly reflects the level of the soil fertility [11]. Soil total nitrogen are different forms of nitrogen content in soil. It can be represented soil nitrogen supply level in a certain extent [12]. Zn is an essential trace element for plant growth, long-term application of poultry manures will significantly improve soil total zinc content[13]. In this study, with increasing of poultry manures application, the content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total zinc increased significantly. In this study, with the increase of the application rate of poultry manures, soil nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and available Zn content increased significantly. Compared with CK, soil nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and available Zn content significantly increased when the application rate of poultry manures was 90-150 t/hm2. When the application rate of chicken manure was 150 t/hm2, soil nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and available Zn increased by 88.39%, 121.5% and 161.3%. When the application rate of duck manure was 150 t/hm2, soil nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and available Zn increased by 278%, 156.1% and 72.9%. The application of a large number of poultry manures for long-term will directly result soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation. The soil nitrate nitrogen content showed a significant accumulation when the application rate of organic fertilizer ( cow manure 80 t/hm2+ chicken manure 60 t/hm2 ) [14]. The content of soil available phosphorus was increased by application of organic fertilizer, thereby improving the bioavailability of soil phosphorus [15-17]. Furthermore, organic fertilizer application affected soil Zn bioavailability significantly. Soil available Zn content increased with more organic fertilizers supply. This is because that organic fertilizers increase organic matters which can chelate with soil Zn on the one hand[18]. On the other hand livestock and poultry manure from factory farms contained high amounts of heavy metal Zn. The soil available nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and Zn supply could be maintained by the combined application of the low chicken, duck manure rate (15 t/hm2) and chemical fertilizer in the wheat season. Excessive application of chicken manure and duck manure have obvious accumulation of the surface soil nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and zinc. The proper application of poultry manures could significantly increase wheat yield, but the excessive application of poultry manures had not obvious effect on wheat yield.

REFERENCES

1. Xiangcan JIN, Hongliang LIU, Qingying TU. China Lake Eutrophication [M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1990, 13-19. 2. Lixian YAO, Guoliang LI, Zhi DANG. Major chemical components of poultry and livestock manures under intensive breeding[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006, 17(10):1989-1992. 3. Shutian LI, Rongle LIU, Hong SHAN. Nutrient Contents in Main Animal Manures in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(1):179-184. 4. Long CANG, Yujun Wang, Dongmei ZHOU, et al. Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiang-su Province[J]. Journal of Environmental Science,2004,16(3): 371-374.

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5. Lianggang ZONG, Yuan DING. Present Investigation on Synergism of Heavy Metals Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in Soil[J]. Agro_environmental Protection , 2001，20(2): 126-128. 6. Guoyi YANG, Fangbai LI, Hong-fu WAN, et al. Changes in the contents of heavy metals in pig manure composting[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2003,12(4)：412-414. 7. Rukun Lu. Method of Agro chemistry Analysis [M].Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000. 8. GB/T 17138-1997. Soil quality-Determination of copper, zinc by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. 9. Shanmin SHEN. The Scientific Value of Long-term Soil Fertility Experiment[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 1995, 1(1):1-9. 10. Verdonck O, Szmidt RAK. Compost specifications[J]. Acta Horticulturae，1998，469：169-177. 11. Zhiqing HAN, Dianxue ZHANG, Jieyuan WANG, et al. The effect of long-term fertilization on the relationship between dynamic changes of oxidation stability of soil organic matter and soil fertility [J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2000,23(3):31-35. 12. Xudong GUO, Bojie FU, Liding CHEN. The Spatio-temporal Variability of Soil Nutrients in Zunhua Plain of Hebei Province: Semivariogram and Kriging Analysis [J]. Acta Geographica sinica, 2000, 55(5):555-566. 13. Benyin LI, Shaomin HUANG, Yuting ZHANG, et al. Effect of long-term application of organic fertilizer on Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cd in soil and brown rice[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010,16(1): 129-135. 14. Di ZHANG，Muqiu ZHAO，Mingfen NIU，et al. Influence of Organic Manure Fertilization on Nitrate Accumulation under Protected Cultivation Condition[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010,33(6E)：115-119. 15. Yali Zhang, Qirong Shen, Cuiyu Cao. Effects of organic manure on soil organic phosphorus fractions and their bio-availability[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,1998,21(3):59-63. 16. Ku WANG, Dongfang HE. Effect of Organic Manure on Phosphorus-Supplying Capacity in Arid Red Soil[J]. Soil and fertilizer, 2001,(5): 19-22. 17. Franzluebbers A, Stuedemann J. Bermudagrass management in the southern piedmont USA[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002, 66(1): 291-298. 18. Lijuan YANG, Tianlai LI, Shu LIU, et al. Effect of Long-term Fertilization on the Availability of Zn in Vegetable Soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005,36(3):395-397.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT A funding program supported by National Key Technology R&D Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period (2012BAD15B02) and Natural Science Fund Project of Hebei Province (C201330106) and Agro-scientific Research Special Fund of Ministry of Agriculture (200903015).

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EFFECT OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON SPRING MAIZE YIELD AND SOIL NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN THE HEBEI PLAIN

Authors: Shiyou SUN, Mengchao LIU, Guoyin ZHANG, Shuhua RU, Baowen HAN and Liangliang JIA

Agro-resource and Environment Institute, HeBei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 598,Heping Street, 050051, Shijiazhuang.Country,China, Phone: +8631187652241, Fax: +8631187652141

Corresponding author: [email protected].

Keywords: Combined use of inorganic and organic fertilizer, Soil fertility, Wheat, Crop, Yield rise sustainable.

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted in Hebei province to study the effects of different nitrogen application strategies on spring maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrate accumulation in sandy soil. The result showed that the nitrogen application rate had a significant effect on the grain yield, straw yield and root weight. The nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity for the optimize fertilization (OPT) were significantly higher than the farmers’ fertilization practice (FP). The optimized fertilization (OPT) dramatically reduced soil nitrate accumulation rate in 0-120 cm soil depth layer from more than 300 kg/hm2 for FP to 150 kg/hm2 for the OPT treatment. And the OPT + organic manure (OPTM) treatment showed the potential of reducing soil nitrate accumulation rate to even lower than only reducing fertilization rate.

INTRODUCTION

Hebei Province is one of the main producing areas of maize in China. In order to get high yield for maize, farmers in Hebei province always applied too much nitrogen fertilizer on maize production. The statistics data in 2010 showed that total fertilizer in Hebei Province was 3.229 million tons, while the nitrogen fertilizer was 1.531 million tons which accounted for 47.4% of the total amount of fertilizers. The fertilizer application rate per hector was four times in 2010 than 1980 [1]. Nitrogen is important for plant growth and the reasonable rate nitrogen application means high yielding for maize [2-3]. The excessive nitrogen fertilizer application resulted in the decrease of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), low productive efficiency, resources waste, and the environment pollution, such as the decline of soil quality and the nitrate accumulation in soils [4], which may pollute the underground water. Therefore, how to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce nitrate leaching has become one of the main research targets in Hebei Province. In this study, a field experiment was carried out to test the effects of different nitrogen fertilization management strategies on spring maize yield, NUE and soil nitrate accumulation and migration. The aim of this study is not only to increase the yield of maize and the income of farmers, but also to improve NUE, and to decrease the potential of underground water nitrate pollution.

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MATERIAL AND METHOD

1. Experiment site description The site is located at Xinglong village which distanced about 5 km from Luan River in Hebei province. This site belongs to the north temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate. The average annual temperature is 10.5 ℃, with frost-free period 175 d. The average annual rainfall is 680.4 mm. The soil type is meadow with sandy loamy texture. The soil chemical characters are: soil pH is 5.54, soil organic matter content is 8.04 g/kg, and the content of total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available K is 0.365 g/kg, 34.35 mg/kg and 38 mg/kg, respectively. 2. Experimental Design The experiments included six treatments: Control (CK, without any fertilizer input), conventional fertilization (FP, farmers practice), optimize fertilization (OPT, based on soil test), optimized fertilization + organic fertilizer (OPTM), optimize fertilization + straw (OPTS) and control release fertilizer (CRF). The mounts of fertilizer in experiment were shown in Table 1. The applied fertilizer in the experiment was urea (N 46%) and organic fertilizer (cow dung N, 54%), triple superphosphate (P2O5, 46%) and potassium chloride (K2O, 60%) respectively. The amounts of N fertilizer were 1/3 of total as basal fertilization applied before sowing, and 2/3 applied at the 10 leaf stage (V10). For CRF treatment, all the control release fertilizer was applied before sowing as basal fertilizer and no topdressing during the whole growth stage. All P fertilizer and K fertilizer were applied as basal fertilizer. The experimental plots were randomly arranged in three replicates with 49 m2 of each plot. Maize variety, Zhengdan 958, was sow on May 9th, 2009 and was harvested on Sep. 9th, 2009. Irrigation and pest control were applied according to the customary manner of local farmers. Table 1 Different treatments of fertilizers（kg/hm2）

Treatment N P2O5 K2O Straw amount Quantity of organic fertilizer CK 0 60 90 0 0 FP 270 60 90 0 0 OPT 180 60 90 0 0 OPTM 126+54 60 90 0 9000 OPTS 180 60 90 5000 0 CRF 180 60 90 0 0

3. Sample collection and analysis Soil samples were collected at 3 leaf stage（v3), 6-7 leaf stage（v6-v7, 12 leaf stage（v12), Silking stage (R1) and harvest stages of spring maize respectively. The soil samples were collected by 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm, 60-80 cm, 80-100 cm and 100- 120 cm depth. The samples were then extracted by 1 mol/L KCL and measured for nitrate content by AA3 (Auto Analyzer-3, SEAL, Germany). At harvest stages, 2 representative maize plants were collected in each plot, and then divided into 4 parts of the roots, stems, leaves and grain. The plant samples were then dried to constant weight and to determine the total nitrogen content by using the semimicro Kjeldahl method [5]. 4. Data Analysis 167

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The data were analyzed by Microsoft Excel and SAS 8.0 software. N uptake (kg/hm2) = biomass of aboveground (kg/hm2) ×nitrogen content of aboveground plant (g / kg) / 1000 (1) Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (%) = (N uptake of crop with N - N uptake of crop without N) × 100 / N application rate (2) The physiological utilization rate of Nitrogen fertilizer (PUE) (kg / kg) = (the yield in the plot with nitrogen fertilizer – the yield in the plot without nitrogen fertilizer) / (N uptake in plot with nitrogen - N uptake in plot without N) (3) The partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFP) = crop yield per unit area / nitrogen rate per unit area (4)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Effects of different fertilization applications on spring maize yield The grain yield of CK was significantly lower than the other treatments. But there were no significant difference in grain yield for OPT, FP, OPTM, OPTS and CRF treatments. The results proved the over fertilization for FP treatments did not leading to high grain yield. The OPT treatment only use 2/3 N fertilizer of FP treatments, but get the highest grain yield of 10429 kg/hm2, about 2.9% higher than FP. The OPTM (optimize fertilization + organic fertilizer) got the highest straw yield (Stem + Leaf) of 9642 kg/hm2, and significantly higher than CK, FP, OPTS and CRF treatments. For the root weight, the OPT and OPTS were significantly higher than the other treatments. The higher root weight may mean higher nutrient uptake ability. The higher root weight for OPT and OPTS suggested the two treatments had the higher nutrient uptake potential than the other treatments. And the ratio of upland biomass vs root showed the OPTS got the lowest, and the OPT is the second lowest. The results suggested the optimum nitrogen supply could improve the maize root dry weight, while the excessive nitrogen fertilization may limit the root growth and reduce root dry weight.

Table 2 Effects of different treatments on spring maize yield and biomass Stem Leaf Straw Yield Grain weight Root weight Ratio of upland Treatment weight weight 2 2 2 2 2 (kg/hm ) (kg/hm ) (kg/hm ) biomass vs root (kg/hm ) (kg/hm ) CK 2767.36b 5350.19c 8117.6d 8860.5b 1296.31d 13.10

FP 2675.93b 6038.55ab 8714.5c 10205.5a 1950.9b 9.70

OPT 3239.78a 6157.99ab 9397.8ab 10429.49a 2077.69a 9.54

OPTM 3164.53a 6478.41a 9642.9a 10355.07a 1831.2c 10.92

OPTS 3197.08a 5836.16b 9033.2b 10203.02a 2106.21a 9.13

CRF 3032.31a 5661.95b 8694.3c 10286.18a 1937.86bc 9.79

2. Effects of different fertilizer treatments on nitrogen absorption efficiency of spring maize

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Table 3 showed N uptake of spring maize, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen physiological efficiency (PUE) and partial productivity (PFP) of nitrogen fertilizer of different fertilizer treatments. The OPT treatment got the highest NUE of 23.65%, compared with the FP treatments, the OPT had significantly increased NUE although it still could be improved. There were no significantly differences in nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE), but to the PFP, the OPT, OPTM, OPT+S and CRF treatments were significantly higher than FP treatments.

Table 3 Effects of different fertilizer treatments on N uptake and N fertilizer use efficiency N N- NUE NPE PEP Treatment 2 2 level（kg/hm ） uptake（kg/hm ）（%）（kg/kg）（kg/kg） CK 0 193.660 －－ -

FP 270 223.954 11.22 44.40 37.80

OPT 180 236.230 23.65 36.86 57.94

OPTM 180 226.215 18.09 45.91 57.53

OPTS 180 231.154 20.83 35.81 56.68

CRF 180 226.852 18.44 42.95 57.15

3. The effects of different fertilizer treatments on nitrate distribution in 0-120 cm soil profile The dynamic of soil nitrate content in 0-120 cm profile under different fertilization treatments was shown in Figure 1. The soil nitrate content changed with the maize growth development. And at whole growth of maize, the soil nitrate content for with N treatments were higher than CK in each depth soil profile. At 3 leaf stage of spring maize, the soil nitrate significantly affected by the basal fertilization, which the FP treatments reach high nitrate content at whole soil profile 0-120 cm depth. While at 5-6 leaf stage (Jointing), the soil nitrate content decline in each soil depth layers, but the FP treatments still keep high nitrate content at 0-20 cm depth soil layer. There were no significant differences in deeper soil layerss of 60-80 cm or 80-100 cm for all with N treatments. The soil nitrate content for FP treatment dramatically increased at 12 leaf stage (V12, anthesis stage), which could be attributed to the high fertilizer topdressing rate at V 5-6 stage. The soil nitrate content in whole soil profile for FP was significantly higher than the other treatments. This trend was kept at silking stage and harvest stage. The soil nitrate content for OPT treatments in whole maize growth stage kept at low level about 10-20 mg/kg in the 0-20 cm depth soil layer. The OPTS and OPTM seem to have the possibility of increasing soil nitrate content at early growth stage of maize, such as at the 3 leaf stage. But with the maize growth development, there were no significant differences for OPT, OPTM and OPTS at later growth stage of silking and harvest.

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- NO3 -N（mg/kg） 0 5 10 15 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0

) 40

cm ( 60

土层深度 80 soil deep(cm) soil

100

120 基础土 basic soil 苗期 seedling stage 拔节期 jointing stage

- NO3 -N（mg/kg） 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0

20 ） 40 cm CK （ FP 60 OPT

OPTM soil deep(cm) soil 土层深度 80 OPTS CRF 100

120 抽雄期 anthesis stage 吐丝期 silking stage 收获期 harvest time

- Fig.1 Effects of different fertilizer treatments on the contents of NO3 -N in the 0-120 cm soil layers

4. Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil nitrate-N accumulation The soil nitrate accumulation in 0-120 cm soil layers was shown in Figure 2. The accumulation rate of nitrate nitrogen for FP treatment was very high in all growth stage. The highest accumulation contents for FP were happened at 3 leaf stage and 12 leaf stage, which were over 300 kg/hm2. Even at the harvest stage, the FP treatment still keep more than 200 kg/hm2 nitrate nitrogen in the 0-120 cm soil depth profile. The high soil nitrate content may result to high environment pollution potential and nutrient resources waste. With lower nitrogen fertilizer input than FP, the OPT treatments (including the OPTM, OPTS and CRF treatments) significant decreased the soil nitrate accumulation than the FP treatment. It should be that the OPTM treatment got the lowest nitrate content of all growth stages and significant lower than FP, OPT, OPTS and the CRF treatments. This result suggested the OPTM treatment, which optimized fertilization with manure application, had the potential of reducing the environment risk while keeping high grain yield level.

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350.00 CK FP OPT OPTM OPTS CRF

300.00 ) 2 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 NO3-N(kg/hm 50.00 0.00 seeding jointing anthesis silking harvest stage stage stage stage time growth period

Fig.2 Effects of different fertilizer treatments on the soil nitrate accumulation in the 0-120 cm soil layers

CONCLUSIONS

1. In the spring maize planting system, optimized nutrient management (OPT) can significantly improve maize grain yield, straw yield and root dry weight. 2. The optimized fertilization treatment got the highest nitrogen use efficiency, but it still could be improved by reducing nitrogen input as the NUE Nitrogen use efficiency of the optimization treatments was only 24%. 3. The soil nitrate accumulation rate dramatically decreased due to reducing nitrogen fertilizer input for OPT treatments than FP. The OPTM treatment, which was optimized fertilization with manure input, significantly reduced soil nitrate accumulation rate than OPT treatment suggested the possibility of optimized nutrient management with manure input could help reducing the potential of nitrate leaching while keep high grain yield.

REFERENCES

1. China statistical yearbook in 2010 [M]. Beijing: China yearbook editorial, 2011. 2. Guo H. M., Wang H.T., Wang B., etc. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate and Topdressing stage on Yield and Economic Benefits in Wheat [J]. Agricultural Sciences in Shanxi, 2008, 36(11): 68-71. 3. Dai M.H., Tao H.B., Wang L.N., et al. Effects of Nitrogen Application Strategies on Matter accumulation. Transfer and Distribution in Spring Maize [J]. Agriculture boxeali Sinica，2008，23 (1):158-161. 4. Cui Z. L., Zhang. F.S, Chen X. P., et al. On-farm evaluation of an in-season nitrogen management strategy based on soil Nmin test [J]. Field Crops Research, 2008, 105:48–55. 5. Lu R.K. Analysis method of Soil Agricultural Chemistry [M]. China Agriculture Press, 2000: 308-309.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Supported by the project of Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest，No.200803036 and the project of Collaboration Romania-China

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COMBINED USE OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER FOR SOIL MAINTENANCE AND CROP YIELD RISE SUSTAINABLE

Authors: Suli XING, Mengchao LIU, Minggang XU

Agro-resource and Environment Institute, HeBei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 598, Heping Street, 050051, Shijiazhuang.Country,China, Phone: +8631187652148, Fax: +8631187652141.

Corresponding author: [email protected],

Keywords: Combined use of inorganic and organic fertilizer, Soil fertility, Wheat, Crop, Yield rise sustainable.

ABSTRACT

To tackle the problems such as lower soil organic matter(OM) concentration and soil N storage, descending increase potential of crop yield and low yield stability in Taihang Piedmont Plain, this paper studied the effect of combined use of inorganic and organic fertilizer on soil OM concentration, soil nutrients concentration such as nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P) and potassium(K), indicted the specified quantity and organic fertilizer kinds for match use.Field experiments were executed in Malan, Xinji, Hebei with 5 treatments in two fertility fields which were (i)Check with no fertilization(CK), (ii) NPK inorganic fertilizer(NPK), (iii)Crop straw residue recycling (S),（ⅳ）NPK+S and(ⅴ) NPK+Organic manure(mainly by horse manure) (NPK +M). After 4 years sited experiments, the treatment of “NPK+M” showed the best beneficial effect on both soil fertility and yield rise sustainble stability among all treatments in differnent fertility fields.Compared with CK, wheat yield had an increase from 75.64% to79.7%, the coefficient of yield rise sustainble stability(YRSC) increased by 3.03-3.19. Moreover, the concentration of soil OM, total N, available N, total P, available P and available K was increased by 14.59-19.2%, 5.7-14.81%, 10.38-24.30%, 8.63-10.89%, 93.19-107.24% and 17.69-55.18% respectively.

INTRODUCTION

In Taihang Piedmont Plain Region of Huabei, China, significant bad effect of excessive and absue rate of inorganic fertilizer application especially nitrogen had only recently been identified. In order to seek speed and highly yield, farmers payed more attention for the inorganic fertilizer for years especially nitrogen nutrient while neglected soil fertility maintenance and replenishment. At the first couple of years the crop yield had a bigger increase range by the impact of inorganic fertilizer indeed. Yet, with the years and years excessive rates of inorganic fertilization, soil texture got harder and harder, the soil fertility got reduced, the annual capacity and increase potential of crop yield reduced correspondingly. The beneficial effects of combined organic and inorganic nutrients on soil fertility had been repeatedly shown (Liu Di, 2008), yet there were no guidelines for the management. The challenge was to combine organics of differing kinds and quality with inorganic fertilizers to optimize nutrient availability to crops. This paper focused the effect of combined inorganic and orgainic nutrient in different fertility plot, in order to find the tactics to promote soil fertility and capicity for the crop yield rise sustainablility.

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MATERIAL AND METHOD

1. Design of Experiment The experimental sites selected for this study represented the tapical crop growing of Taihang Piedmont Plain, North of Huabei, China with light loamy soil. It located in N37°58′28″，E115°12′2″, Malan, Xinjin, Hebei province, It belonged to warm temperate continental monsoon climate zone with aboundant sunshine and heat resource that was of 12.4℃ of mean annual temperature，4369.2℃（or 281d）of the average annual accumulated temperature of ≥10.0℃, 488.2mm of the annual precipitation , 2629.5h of the annual sunshine duration, and 190d of the frost-free season. It had been one of the major grain production areas in Hebei province. Field trials were carried out during 2005 to 2008 on farmers fields in Malan, Xinji during the winter wheat growing season. The soil fertility nutrients concentration were listed as Table 1. Field experiments were randomized three replications in two different fertility level that was the higher fertility field (H fertility) and the lower fertility (L fertility) sites by five treatments that were (i) Check with no fertilization (CK), (ii) NPK inorganic fertilizer(NPK) , (iii)Crop straw residue recycling (S)，（ⅳ）NPK+S；(ⅴ) NPK+Organic manure(NPK +M) respectively. Each area of plot was 30m2. Fertiliser sources and rate in differnent 2 2 treatments were as follows: N rate 210 kg/hm , P2O5 rate 90 kg/hm and K2O rate 90 kg/hm2. Urea (46%) was the source of N fertiliser， DAP (Di Ammonium Phosphate,N 18%, P2O5 (46%) and Potash K2O (60%) was the source of Phosphorous fertilizer and potash (K) fertilizer respectively. Summer maize straw after autumn harvest with the rate 2 2 2 7500 kg/hm （dry weight）which was equal to N 65kg/hm ，P2O5 10kg/hm and K2O 80 kg/hm2 or organic carbon (C) 3000 kg/hm2 was source of treatment fourth crop straw residue recycling, while composted horse manure 4500 kg/hm2（dry weight）containing th 2 2 the equal N rate same as in maize straw of treatment 4 , P2O5 18kg/hm , K2O 56 kg/hm or orgainic C1500 kg/hm2 was source of orgainic manure fertilizer. All organic manure, crop straw residue, phosphorus, potash fertilizer and urea 75 kg/hm2 were applicated before crop growing basally while residue N fertilizer was applicated by top dressing during the begining of Jointing stage. Table 1 The nutrient concentration of plot soil OM Total N Total P Total K Available N Olsen P Available K H fertility 17.3 1503 176 2401 99.75 10.45 157.50 L fertility 13.0 948 185 2337 54.00 7.58 90.00

2. Items tested and method Soil and wheat plant samples of each plots would be collected when harvest stage. Soil tests items for analysing would be OM, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P, available K. Wheat plant would be harvested and tested grain yield. The soil OM tested by the potassium dichromate method，total N tested by kjeldahl method, total P tested by Alkaline fusion - molybdenum antimony colorimetric method, total K tested by flame photometric analysis, available N tested by NaOH-N method, available P tested by Olsen method, available K tested by 1mol/LNH4Oac extraction flame photometer method (Lu Rukun., 2000). 3. Data analysis by EXCEL and SAS soft.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1 The impact on soil OM concentration of combined use of inorganic and orgainzed fertilzer The effects of different treatments on soil OM in wheat were shown in the summary of Fig. 1. The response of combined the inorganic fertilizer and orgainic fertilizer was positive for the soil OM cconcentration after years experiments and the soil OM concentration was highly correlated with the organic matter supplied to the soil, it meaned the OM increased with the organic fertilizer increased both in two fertility level plots. The multiple correlation coefficient R2 was 0.9403 and 0.9451 respectively in H fertility field and L fertility field. At high fertility site, the soil OM concentration of the treatment ”NPK+M” was the highest, the annual average concentration was 20.23 g/kg, a increase of 2.63 g/kg that was 14.95% than ”CK”. Secondly was the treatment ”NPK+S”, the average OM concentration was19.65 g/kg, increased 1.96 that was 11.12% than ”CK”. The response to OM concentration of the other treatments sequence were ”S”,” NPK”,” CK”, that was 18.39 g/kg,18.21 g/kg and 17.34 g/kg respectively. The response trence in L fertility was similar as the response in H fertility.

24.00 y = 0.9882x + 16.123 R2 = 0.9403 22.00 21.27aA

） 20.22baBA 20.00

g/kg 18.39bcBA

（ 17.34bB 18.21bcBA 18.00 15.08aA 16.00 14.75aAB 13.48bBC 13.63bABC Average OM Average 12.96bC 14.00 y = 0.5518x + 12.327 R2 = 0.9451 12.00 CK NPK S NPK+S NPK+M Treatments H fertility L fertility Liner-H fertility Liner-L fertility

Figure1. The Soil OM concentration response at different sites

NB: Different lower case letter meaned the significant difference at 0.05 level while the capital form at 0.01 level, similarly herein after.

2. The effects on soil nutrients of combined use of inorganic and orgainzed fertilzer

a) The response on soil N for different treatments In H fertility field, the trends of Total N and Available N were generally similar (Fig 2,3), both the two parameters were shown” NPK+M” was the highest, that was 1160.1 mg/kg and103 mg/kg，increased 63.0 mg/kg and 9.7 mg/kg it meaned 5.70 % and 10.38 % compared with CK respectively. Mentioned of the treatment” NPK+S”, total N and Available N were 1142.3 mg/kg, and 98.7 mg/kg respectively, increased 44.2 mg/kg and 5.40 mg/kg than CK, it was 4.03 % and 5.80 %. Above showed the treatment of ”NPK+M” was of better effect on soil N storage than ”NPK+S”.

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In L fertility plot, Total N and Available N concentration responsed the similar trend as it was in H fertility. The” NPK+M” was the highest, 1052.7 mg/kg and 77.9 mg/kg respectively. It was signifcant higher compared with the treatment 1st to 3rd at 0.05 level, it increased 135.80 mg/kg and 15.23 mg/kg，that meaned 14.81 % and 24.30 %. While the total N and Available N of treatment ”NPK+S” was 1001.3 mg/k and 71.4 mg/kg，increased 8.40 mg/kg and 8.70 mg/kg compared with ”CK”, it equaled to 9.21 % and 13.9 %。 An overview of the effects of Combined use of inorganic fertilizer and orgainic fertilizer could be obtained by looking at the N measured above in different fields after 4 years experiments. It was to say that. The combined inorganic and organic fertilzation increased the concentration of total N and available N in H fertility soil and significant increased the concentration of total N and available N in L fertility soil condition. The equal rate of ”NPK+M” fertilizer, the response was higher in L fertility soil than in H fertility soil, the difference was around 3 times.

H fertility plot L fertility plot ） 1400.0 a a a a 1200.0 a a

mg/kg ab b b b （ 1000.0 800.0 600.0 400.0 200.0

0.0 Total N concentration N Total CK NPK S NPK+S NPK+M Treatments

Fig. 2 The response on soil total N for different treatments

120.0 H fertility plot L fertility plot a a a a 100.0 a a 80.0 ab ab ab b

60.0 ）

40.0 mg/kg

（ 20.0

0.0

Available N concentration N Available CK NPK S NPK+S NPK+M Treatments

Fig. 3 The response on soil available N for different treatments

b) The response on soil P and K The concentration of total P and available P revealved the similar increase trends with the organic fertilizer increased at the both two plots (Fig 4, 5.) Both the concentration of total P and available P of treatment ”NPK+M” were the highest among all the treatments, the total P was 200.6 mg/kg and 200.5 mg/kg at different fertility plots, increased 15.9 mg/kg and 18.9 mg/kg compared with CK, it meaned 8.63% and 175

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10.39%.While the available P concentration was 18.4 mg/kg and 15.9 mg/kg, increased 93.19% and 107.24%. Spoke of the treatment of ”NPK+S”, the concentration of soil total P was tested 190.5 mg/kg and 185.8 mg/kg respectively at different plots, increased 5.9 mg/kg and 4.22 mg/kg compared with CK, it meaned 3.17% and 2.32% for each. Accordingly, the available P was 15.6 mg/kg and 12.9 mg/kg, increased 64.14% and 68.00%. Moreover, there was a significant difference between ”NPK+M”, ”NPK+S”, ”CK” at 0.05 level at the both two plots. Above exhibited the follows:(ⅰ), the similiar basal P concentation in the soil of two fields was the reason of the similar number after years experiments(ⅱ) Combined use of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure enhanced the concentration of total P and available P at large scale with morethan double times.(ⅲ) There were a similar soil basall P level in local as of years P aplication, while the OM concentration did not reveal the soil P status. (ⅳ) The effect of ”NPK+M” on soil fertility was surper than ”NPK+S” under the same N content. There were not obvious response to the soil total K of different treatments as of highly K supplication potiential by soil inherently (Xing Suli, 2008, Xing Suli, 2007) (Fig. 6,7). There were significant differencial responding on available K by fertilization and did not affect the total K concentration. Soil available K increased with the fertilizer rates increased and the highest treatment was still ”NPK+M”, they were 149.2 mg/kg and 149.3 mg/kg at different plot that kept the same level roughly.

H fertility plot L fertility plot

） 210.0 205.0 a a a mg/kg 200.0 （ a 195.0 a a a 190.0 a a 185.0 a 180.0 175.0

170.0 Total P concentration P Total CK NPK S NPK+S NPK+M Treatments

Fig. 4. Responding on soil total P concentration of differnent treatments

） 50.0 H fertility plot L fertility plot a

mg/kg a a （ 40.0 a a 30.0 a b b a 20.0 a

10.0

0.0

Available P concentration P Available CK NPK S NPK+S NPK+M Treatments

Fig. 5. Responding on soil available P concentration of differnent treatments

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H fertility plot L fertility plot

） 2550.0 a a a 2500.0

mg/kg a a a （ 2450.0 a a a 2400.0 a 2350.0

2300.0

Total K concentration K Total 2250.0 CK NPK S NPK+S NPK+M Treatments

Fig. 6. Responding on soil total K concentration of differnent treatments

H fertility plot L fertility plot 180.0 a a a 160.0 a a 140.0 a ab 120.0 b b

） b 100.0

mg/kg 80.0

（ 60.0 40.0

20.0 Available K concentration K Available 0.0 CK NPK S NPK+S NPK+M Treatments

Fig. 7. Responding on soil available K concentration of differnent treatments

3. Effects on wheat Yield and Yield rise sustainable stability An overview of the effects of combined use of inorganic and orgainic fertilizer got be obtained by looking at the yield measured in different fields during 2005 to 2008. Compared with CK, the increased rate from different treatments of ”NPK”, ”S”, ”NPK+S” and ”NPK+M” were tested by 60.53%、6.89%、65.95%、79.70% respectively at H fertility plots and 51.15%, 1.63%, 63.21%, 75.64% for each at Lfertility plot. The treatment of ”NPK+M” showed the highest yield at both sites. The response on yield of both treatments of ”CK” and ”S” were lower and of no significant difference between them. Other treatments such as ”NPK”, ”NPK+S”, and ”NPK+M” were of higher increased on yield than the above two and there were not significant among the three treatments. While there were significant difference on the coefficient of yield rise sustainable stability (YRSC). YRSC in this paper was named the product of the average yield increased percentage of some case (AP) by significant difference years numbers between the case and CK (DN) in order to do comprehensive assessment for the durable effect by some cases. The formular could express: YRSC=AP x DN. So in this paper, the YRSCs both from high and low fertility were the biggest with 3.19 and 3.03 for each, then the treatment of ”NPK+S” with 2.64 and 2.53, the thirdly treatment of ”NPK” 2.42 and 1.53 respectively. If the fields applyed by crop straw only, the YRSC was the lowest and nearly no help for yield rise.

Table 2 Average yield with different fertilizer treatments( 2005 to 2008) Average Increased Yield Sites Treatment 2 Yield(kg/hm ) % YRSC CK 4519.4b H NPK 7154.6a 60.53 2.42 177

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S 4764.0b 6.89 0.28 NPK+S 7396.3a 65.95 2.64 NPK+M 8008.9a 79.70 3.19 CK 3184.0b 0.00 NPK 4812.7a 51.15 1.53 L S 3236.0b 1.63 0.07 NPK+S 5196.6a 63.21 2.53 NPK+M 5592.4a 75.64 3.03

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

1. The relation between the soil OM and combined use of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer The concentration of soil OM was of highly correlated with the organic matter. Although there was a quantity of organic carbon when the straw residue recycled to field, but it needed a relatively long time to be decomposed after the straw recycled directly to field, so it maybe one of the reasons of the ”NPK+M” was of the better effect on enhancing soil fertility. Therefore, the straw residue applicated after decomposition could be the better way to maintain the soil OM. For the different fertillity fields, the application of equal quantity organic fertilizer was of faster effect at lower fertility plots than the higher one for increase soil OM. 2. The relation between soil nutrients and the combined use of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer It was about 40 to 45% N uptaked by crop from soil was from organic N stored in soil. Apart from mineralized and uptaked by crop, the mostly organic N was storaged in soil and for update and supplymentary for soil N. While the inorganic N was nearly could not be storaged to soil OM, only when increased the organic C the soil organic N could be increased accordingly. Furthermore, the organic N recycled was easier mineralized than that in soil inherently and was easier to be uptaken by crop. [Zhu Zhaoliang, 1989, Zhang Guorong, 2009]. Longterm N or NPK inorganic fertilization could siginificantly increased soil Nitrate and Ammonia concentration, while it was neary did not effect the soil organic N [Rasmussen, P. E.,1988, Darusman,1991]. In this paper, the combined use of inorganic and organic fertiliser increased the soil total N and available N at higher fertility conditon (soil OM 17.0 g/kg) and significantly increased the above parameters concentration at low fertility condition (soil OM 13.0 mg/kg).The effect was around 3 times at H fertility than L fertility. The residual time of P fertiliser could be durabled for a long time, after once heavy P fertilization, the residual effect could be durabled morethan 10 years [Bolland,M. D. A, 1989, Lin Jixiong, 1995]. The combined use of inorganic and organic fertilizer increased the concentration of soil total P, increased availble P in large quantiy and available K siginificantly. In the study region, although the people had payed more attention to the inorganic fertilization, even more there was an abused and excessived inorganic fertilization especially N and P fertilization, so the Alsen P concentration was kept in the 15 mg/kg level, it lied in a kind of medium to high level among the local standard.But, eventhough more excessive even abuse N fertilizer applicated for years, the soil N storage still lied in around 950 mg/kg, it was a relatively low level. Apart from the soil N character, the neglect of the combined use of inorganic and organic may be the one of the major reasons.

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3. The relation between crop yield and the combined use of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer By this experiment we identified that the combined use of inorganic and organic fertilization, increased the soil OM and N storage, enhanced the soil available P in large quantity, significant increased the soil available K concentration, etc, all above were the major factors of increase yield and yield rise sustainable stability. In research region the optimum compost manure rate was 4500 kg/hm2, it was around 1500 kg/hm2 organic carbon. The effect of compost manure comibined with inorganic was better than the equal N rate straw residue combined with inorganic fertilizer. 4. Conclusion - The soil OM accumulation was highly corelated with the compost organic matter application to soil. - The combined use of inorganic and organic fertilizer, not only enhanced the crop yied but also enhanced yield rise sustainability. - The combined use of inorganic and organic manure, the impact was better than the combined use of inorganic and crop straw recycling.

REFERENCES

1. Liu Di, Fan Bingquan, Gong Mingbo., 2008 -The role of technology of straw returning to field in developing ecological agriculture, Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, Vol.24 B.J.China. 2. Lu Rukun., 2000 - The analysis method in soil agro-chemistryd, Chinese Agricultural and Science And Technology Press.B.J. China. 3. Xing Suli, Li Chunjie, Han Baowen., 2008 - Impact of long term potassium(K) fertilization on crop K uptake on wheat-corn rotation on in loamy fluvo-aquic soil, Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,Vol.23. S.J.Z.China. 4. Xing Suli, Liu Mengchao, Han Baowen., 2007 -Effects of 12-years continuous application of straw and K fertilizer on soil potassium concentration and distribution in fluvo-aquic soil, Chinese Journal of Soil Science, Vol.03.S.Y.China. 5. Zhu Zhaoliang, 1989- The questions about the soil nitrogen nutrient. Soil Sicience Process, Vol. 17. 6. Zhang Guorong, Li Jumei, Xu Minggang, 2009- Effects of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on rice yield and soil fertility, Scientia Agricultura Sinica.Vol.42.B.J.China. 7. Rasmussen, P. E. , Rohde, C. R., 1988- Long-term tillage and nitrogen fertilization effects on organic nitrogen and carbon in semiarid soil, Soil Science Society of America Journal.Vol. 52 . U.S.A. 8. Darusman, Stone, L. R. , Whitney, K. A., 1991-Soil properties after twenty years of fertilization w ith different nitrogensources. Soil Science Society of America Journal. Vol.55 .U.S.A. 9. Bolland, M. D. A. , Weatherley, A. J., Gilkes, R. J., 1989 -The long-term residual value of rock pho sphate and superphosphate fertilizers fo r various p lant species under field conditions. Fertilizer Research. Vol. 20..U.S.A 10. Lin Jixiong, Lin Bao, Ai Wei,1995- The sites trial of phosphorous residul effect and use efficiency. SOILS AND FERTILIZERS, Vol.6.China ACKNOWLEDGMENT Supported by the project of No. 2006BAD02A14, 2008BADA4B07, D2008001183, 200903

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STUDIU ÎN PLANTAŢIILE VITICOLE PENTRU VIN PLANTATE ÎN JUDEȚUL DOLJ PRIN PROGRAMUL DE RECONVERSIE - RESTRUCTURARE

STUDY ON VINEYARD AREAS FOR WINE PLANTED IN THE DOLJ COUNTY THROUGH RECONVERSION/RESTRUCTURING PROGRAMS

Authors: Cristina-Emanuela VLADU 1, Iulian RĂŢOI2

1Direction for Agriculture of Dolj County - I.S.C.T.V., 4 Ion Maiorescu, Craiova, România, tel. 0251 411 037, fax 0251 413 400 2Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail [email protected]; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Key words: community support, individual plans, reconversion, restructuring, vineyard campaign.

ABSTRACT

În România, ca stat membru al Uniunii Europene, din anul 2007, începand cu campania viticolă 2006-2007, a fost necesară aplicarea dispozițiilor din Regulamentul CE nr. 1493/1999 privind organizarea comună a pieţei de viţă de vie-vin. Alocarea de fonduri UE pentru a sprijini măsurile Regulamentului CE nr. 479/2008, capitolul I, secţiunea 1, Art 3, în sectorul de viţă de vie- vin, mai ales pentru reconversie/restructurare, a fost un succes la nivel naţional, fiind de fapt sectorul care a reuşit să absoarbă toate sumele alocate. Sprijinul comunitar prin programe de restructurare/reconversie a fost acordat într-o sumă forfetară, care a venit din fondurile europene de Garantare Agricolă - EAGF pentru fiecare măsură eligibilă, astfel încât să nu depășească 75% din costurile eligibile, pentru punerea în aplicare a măsurilor în cadrul programului de restructurare/reconversie. Obiectivele de de sprijin prin măsurile puse în aplicare în perioada 2006/2007 - 2013/2014 au fost: reducerea vârstei medii a plantațiilor de viță de vie în România, creșterea ponderii plantaţiilor pentru obținerea categoriilor de vinuri DOC şi IG şi creşterea competitivităţii producătorilor de vinuri.

Romania as a member state of the European Union, created since 2007, starting with 2006-2007 vineyard campaign, the necessary legislative framework for the direct application of the provisions of Commission Regulation (EC) no. 1493/1999 regarding the common organization of the vines-wine market. Allocation of EU funds to support measures according to R (EC) 479/2008, Chapter I Support programs, Section 1, Art 3 Support program in vines-wine sector, especially for reconversion / restructuring of vineyards was a success at national, being actually the sector which succeeded to absorb all assigned amounts. Community support programs for restructuring / reconversion was granted in a lump sum, which came from the European Agricultural Guarantee Funds - EAGF for each measure eligible so that they do not exceed 75% of the eligible costs for implementation of measures in the framework of the restructuring / reconversion programs. The objectives of this Community support measures implemented in wine years 2006/2007 - 2013/2014 were: reducing the average age of vineyard in Romania, increasing the share of wine plantations for obtaining DOC and IG wines and increase competitiveness of wine producers.

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Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

INTRODUCTION

To receive financial support for programs of restructuring/reconversion was necessary that applicants, individuals or legal entities, to prepare and to submit to the Counties Direction for Agriculture an individual plan for each program of restructuring / reconversion. For each individual plan, the minimum surface was 0.5 ha without specify an upper limit on its. Support programs minimum requirements in the restructuring / reconversion of vineyards were: reconversion by vineyards for wine grapes planting on the same site or on another site equivalent in area, relocation of parcels located in unfavourable conditions on other sites that provides climate and soil favourable conditions in the same area and modernize the farm management. During 2008 - 2013 period in the Dolj County were planted by accessing European funds for reconversion / restructuring of vineyards with wine grapes, a total area of 526.76 ha.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a statistical study on the establishment of vineyards which was done with community support throughout the period of implementation of these measures, namely the years 2007-2013, or wine years 2006/2007-2013/2014. The study was based on statistical data obtained from the Direction for Agriculture Dolj - ISCTV, which recorded and constituted committee for approving individual plans.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In the Dolj County, there are two areas where vines found good conditions to develop: the hilly area known for producing high quality wines and the south, on the sand, for yielding table wines. The wine centre from Dolj County in which were planted vines in 2008-2013 interval are spread mainly in the first area, on the hilly landscape. Of the total area of 526.76 hectares planted in Dolj County with community support for vineyards conversion / restructuring, 436.48 ha were planted in the hilly area, representing 83%.

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Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Figure 1. Distribution of localities in Dolj County in which were planted vines through restructuring / reconversion individual plans in 2008-2013 period

It can be mentioned that on the sandy area, through reconversion were planted vines in the two existing vineyards respectively Sadova-Corabia and Calafat wineries.

Table 1 Situation of vineyards established through conversion / restructuring in the main wine centres in Dolj County No. Planted area Viticultural center Localities crt. (ha) 1. Segarcea Segarcea 69.58 2. Cetate Galicea Mare 46.43 3. Cetate Cetate 53.24 4. Brabova Predeşti 143.63 5. Brabova Breasta 35.20 6. Pleniţa Orodel 30.00 7. Poiana Mare Ciupercenii Noi 78.00 8. Brabova Argetoaia 40.00 9. Segarcea Drănic 18.4 10. Dăbuleni Dăbuleni 12.28 Total 526.76

The eligible wine grape varieties, white, red and aromatic, authorized for planting were specified in Annex no. 2 of Order 247/2008, which clearly establish authorised varieties for each wine region existing in the country. In Dolj County, through reconversion / restructuring were planted eight white varieties: Chardonnay, Sauvignon, Riesling Italian, Tămâioasă Românească, Ferească Albă, Muscat Ottonel, Pinot Gris, Fetească Regală and five red varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Fetească Neagră, Pinot Noire and Syrah. Vineyard area planted with red varieties of 291.81 ha is higher with 57.06 ha compared with area planted with white varieties.

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Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

Table 2 Situation of varieties planted by reconversion / restructuring on Dolj County in 2008-2013 Surface Planted varieties (ha) Chardonnay 85.59 Sauvignon 62.96 Riesling Italian 30.64 Tămâioasă Românească 20.64 White varieties Fetească Albă 14.26 Muscat Ottonel 10.38 Pinot Gris 8.16 Fetească Regală 2.22 TOTAL 234.85 Cabernet Sauvignon 132.38 Merlot 85.17 Fetească Neagră 25.33 Red varieties Pinot Noire 44.49 Syrah 4.54 TOTAL 291.91

Out of 526.76 ha were planted with romanian varieties a number of 62.45 ha, respective 20.64 ha Tămâioasă Românească, 14.26 ha Fetească Albă, 2.22 Fetească Regală, 25.33 Fetească Neagră, the percentage representing only 12% of the area planted through reconversion / restructuring at Dolj County level. Rate of establishing a vineyard with European funds has been rising, with the exception of 2010, when it achieved a decrease. In 2013 were planted an area of 12.28 ha by delaying the execution schedule due to lack of seedlings, basically surface in this case is expected to be planted throughout the year 2012.

300

250

200

150 ha

100

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Surfaces 44,26 87,31 18,4 97,23 267,28 12,28

Figure 2. Situation of vineyard establishment with Community funds through conversion / restructuring

CONCLUSIONS

1. The financial support granted by European Union for restructuring programs / national conversion was a success, Romania absorbing all the funds allocated and even further to obtain supplementary funds for this domain.

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Annals of the Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Volume 19th, 2012

2. The annual rate for establishing the vineyards through reconversion / restructuring on Dolj County has been rising on study period, with the exception of 2010 year, reaching a maximum of 267.28 ha in 2012 campaign. 3. Given the rather large rate of vineyards areas deforestation recorded in recent years in Dolj County, and also the abandonment of some significant wine-growing areas, it is obviously necessary that the allocation of community funds to support the establishment of new vines plantations for wine grapes to continue and after 2014. 4. The increase in production of DOC and IG wines in Dolj County is guaranteed given that 83% of the area planted with vines is located in the hilly area well known for its favourable climatic conditions for vineyards. 5. Taking into account that the percentage of Romanian vine varieties planted was only 12% of all varieties planted it is necessary that the future legislative action to provide stimulating measures for mainly planting them.

REFERENCES

1. R(CE) 479/2008, capitolul I Programe de sprijin, Secţiunea 1, Art 3 Program suport – Norme care reglementează acordarea de fonduri comunitare statelor membre si modul de utilizarea a acestor fonduri. 2. Ord. 211/2007, pentru aprobarea Normelor de aplicare a programelor de restructurare/reconversie a plantaţiilor viticole derulate cu sprijin comunitar. 3. Ord. 247/2008, pentru aprobarea Normelor de aplicare a programelor de restructurare/reconversie a plantaţiilor viticole derulate cu sprijin comunitar pentru campania 2008/2009 – 2013/2014. 4. Ord. 269/2009, pentru modificarea si completarea Ordinului ministrului agriculturii si dezvoltării rurale 247/2008. 5. Ord. 73/2011, pentru modificarea si completarea Normelor de aplicare a programelor de restructurare/reconversie a plantaţiilor viticole, derulate cu sprijin comunitar pentru campanile 2008/2009 – 2013/20-2014, aprobate prin Ordinul ministrului agriculturii si dezvoltării rurale nr. 247/2008. 6. *** - www.madr.ro 7. *** - Statistical dates from Direction for Agriculture Dolj.

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