DOCSLIB.ORG

CONCEPTUALISING SUSTAINABLE FUTURE LANDSCAPES: a Case Study with Communities of the Oil and Gas Exploration Region Nigeria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CONCEPTUALISING SUSTAINABLE FUTURE LANDSCAPES: a Case Study with Communities of the Oil and Gas Exploration Region Nigeria CONCEPTUALISING SUSTAINABLE FUTURE LANDSCAPES: A case study with communities of the oil and gas exploration Region Nigeria In fulfilment of the requirements for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Maimuna Lami Saleh-Bala Faculties of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Architecture Planning and Landscape Newcastle University July 2017 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my late father, Alhaji Abdu Ali (1942-1995). Who had desired this PhD. but did not live long enough to witness it come true. May Allah grant him Al Jannatul Firdaus. ii Abstract The Federal government of Nigeria has undertaken social intervention programmes in the oil and gas exploration Region since 1960 producing an average of one programme each decade to address the underdevelopment of the Region. This underdevelopment appears to be as a result of the devastating effects of the oil spills and gas flaring in the Region. This has affected community wellbeing and connection with the landscape as over 94% are small communities in rural landscapes. The result is loss of livelihood, social disintegration and disruption of economic activities locally and nationally. The most recent government intervention programme is the Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan (NDRDMP) of 2006 with the goal of sustainable development of the Region. This thesis therefore aligns with the argument that spatial planning is the critical sector to examine, as the problem of the Niger Delta Region is presently predominantly that of landscape degradation. Landscape planning is essential in planning for sustainability; to improve the quality of the environment at the community level it aspires for quality environments. But what vision should guide landscape planning and the future landscape change of the Region? A review of the relevant literature indicates that emerging theories view the landscape as a holistic representation of the interaction between human and natural processes and a need for transdisciplinary planning. The thesis supports this view and argues for creating a future landscape vision with the communities who live and work the landscape of the Region. Hence an empirical study of types of communities that define the Region was conducted. Using an interpretivist theoretical perspective and guided by questions posed by the Carl Steinitz Framework Model of 1990 (revised 1995; 2012) a case study approach and a variety of data collection tools appropriate to demographic groupings were employed. The findings provided insights from an analysis of the narratives of different demographic groups on the community landscape representations. Four landscape types were identified as well as various political and economic impacts on the landscape. Oil and gas exploration activities were seen not always to be the direct driver of the cultural landscape changes. The thesis demonstrated that engaging the community can help to identify the different drivers of landscape change relating to each landscape type examined. It also outlined possible change drivers for future landscapes. An implication for landscape planning is the importance in considering how future landscapes can be effectively conceptualised in a situation where the community landscapes are predominantly small and in rural settings. iii Acknowledgements I cannot find words to adequately express the depth of my appreciation for the invaluable support, critique and guidance from my two supervisors, Ms. Maggie Roe and Dr. Ian Thompson. I am lucky to have been taught by them at the Masters level in1995 and to be supervised by them at the PhD level. They were always there at every point. I had numerous challenges but they successful eased the path through quality supervision and guidance. I also appreciate Dr. Suzanne Speak for her useful and critical comments during my progression on e-portfolio. I wish to acknowledge the former Dean HASS, Prof Neill Marshall and the DVC Professor Suzanne Cholerton for their role in ensuring I went for my fieldwork after easing out all controversies. I acknowledge all APL staff and in particular Prof. Patsy Healey for her useful comments at one of my seminars. I kept those comments as check list throughout my study. My immense appreciation to the Post Graduate School Secretary, Mrs Marian Kyte whose door is always open for our myriads of challenges. The journey to the membership of the gold standard British Doctorate presented a unique set of challenges however I received support, assistance and guidance from so many people, in ways too numerous to elaborate here. However, I wish to acknowledge my mother Hajia Ladi Aliyu as well as guardians and Families. They are Prof. Ango Abdullahi, Late Mallam Muhtari Bello and Late Alhaji Yusuf Aboki for the best of support possible by fathers, and to these great women who have been mothers to me, Hajia Raula Ladi Abdullahi, Hajia Zainab Bello, late Hajia Magajiya Aboki and late Hajia Umma Amina Abdullahi. I thank most sincerely all the Abdu Alis and Ango Abdullahis, particularly, Ali Abdu Ali, Sanusi Abdu Ali and Asma’u Ango. I am also privileged to have other ‘families’ away from home here in Newcastle who I wish to appreciate. These are; the Dr. Jamil Yusha’us, the Dr. Bawas, the Dr. Garkuwas, the Dr. Akintomides, the Dr. Salaudeens, the Dr. Mukhtar Ahmeds and Dr. Shuaibu Dambattas, others are Mrs Muhammadia Siddiq, Sarah Hassen, Ayesha Debbie, Enny Sukana and Muntaz Begum. I will always remember the roles played by PTDF Scholars Forum, ISOC Newcastle, IDC Northeast and NMFUK Newcastle in providing motivation and supports, organising both religious and social events. My appreciation to Late Dr. Sani Makarfi, Brother Badrudeen Saulawa and Michael Henderson. I extend my unreserved appreciation to various groups and individuals during my fieldwork. They include then Minister of State for the Niger Delta Affairs Hon. Arc Darius Ishyaku, Obong Arc John and Dr. Mrs Eno Nyong, Obong E.C.D and Mrs Abia. My hosts the family iv of Capt. Bala and Olivia Thompson as well as others such as Mrs A. H. Iheanacho, Mr. and Mrs Bilfred Effiong, the management and students of Pegasus School Eket. My acknowledgement and appreciation to the Paramount Ruler Ibeno and his council of chiefs as well as the women group chieftaincy title holders Eket, the wives of village chiefs Eket- Udua clans, my fieldwork support team of Fabian Kunun, Okon and Ikenna Offor. The security for the fieldwork was arranged for by the Nigeria Armed Forces and I acknowledge with appreciation, the special roles played by Brig. General SD Bala (Rtd), General OF Azinta, General Mohammed and Col. MA Abdullahi and Col AS Abdullahi. I thank the body of truly global post graduate research students in APL and beyond. My interactions with them have been invaluable. I would like to say a big thank you especially to Dr Mohammed Alhaji, Dr Mehshad Radmehr, Dr. Olufemi Olajide, Dr. Toyin Akin, Dr. Pattamon Selanon, Dr Ni Agusinta Dewi, Dr Felix Ogele, Dr. Amira Hassenein, My pals Dr Nor Chiahemba, Charles Makun, Dhruv Sookhoo. Sarah Cahyidini, Goran Erfani, Dr Brian Peel, Dr Jenny Crawford and Maryam Kashia Garba. Most importantly I acknowledge with deep appreciation, my sponsors the Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF) Nigeria and especially thank the following for their important roles in getting me over here for the PhD as well as during my sojourn here; Prof. Mahmud Yakubu, Alhaji Lawal Samaila Yakawada, Alhaji Iro Danfoluti, Col UF Ahmed (RtD) and Hajia Amina Mohammed. I feel deeply indebted to my ‘clan’ for unconditional love. These are my three sons Amir, Buhari and Habib, my God-daughters Habiba Halilu and Kalthuma Muhammad and my God-granddaughter Maryam Farhana Dambatta for their unflinching support, spurring me on and believing I can make it. To them I say ‘I did it’! Thank you my ‘bestos’ Amina Umar, Hauwa Sani, Safiya Mohammed, Halima Hamid, Furera Isma Jumare, Umma Mohammed- Ali and Lubnah Imam. Umma Aboki, you were great with the boys, thank you. I acknowledge my External Examiner Prof Ingrid Sarlov Herlin for enjoying this thesis and presenting additional perspective to the study. I highly appreciate my internal examiner Dr. Cat Button who detailed out the revisions to ‘polish the thesis and make content justice’. I appreciate the HOD Dr AS Salisu, Dr Ruqqayah Tukur, Dr Amina Batagarawa as well as all staff of the Department of Architecture and those of the Landscape Architecture Program of the Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. And in conclusion I say, ‘Subhanallahi wabihamdihi Subhanallahi Azim’ in gratitude to the Almighty Allah. v Table of Contents CONCEPTUALISING SUSTAINABLE FUTURE ...................................................................... i LANDSCAPES: .................................................................................................................. i A case study with communities of the oil and gas exploration Region Nigeria ......................... i Dedication ........................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... vi List
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Open PDF 113KB
    Written evidence submitted by Humanists UK (IRN0004) ABOUT HUMANISTS UK At Humanists UK, we want a tolerant world where rational thinking and kindness prevail. We work to support lasting change for a better society, championing ideas for the one life we have. Since 1896, our work has been helping people be happier and more fulfilled. By bringing non-religious people together we help them develop their own views and an understanding of the world around them. Together with our partners Humanist Society Scotland, we speak for 100,000 members and supporters and over 100 members of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group. Through our ceremonies, pastoral support, education services, and campaigning work, we advance free thinking and freedom of choice so everyone can live in a fair and equal society. We work closely with Humanists International, founded in 1952 as the global representative body of the humanist movement, with over 170 member organisations in over 70 countries, and of which our Chief Executive is also the current President. We are also a member of the European Humanist Federation (EHF). We have good relations with the UK Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office (FCDO), meeting regularly with ministers and officials. We are on the steering group of the UK Freedom of Religion or Belief (FoRB) Forum and are an active member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on FoRB. We are accredited at the UN Human Rights Council – the only national humanist group to hold such accreditation – and make interventions there every session. We contribute annually to Humanists International’s Freedom of Thought Report1; and co-founded the End Blasphemy Laws campaign,2 which has successfully prompted ten countries to repeal their blasphemy laws since it was founded in 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Demography and Medical Education Among Nigerian Final Year Medical Students-Implication for Regional and Human Resource Developm
    tion Rese a ar uc c Bakare, J Health Edu Res Dev 2015, 3:3 d h E & h D DOI: 10.4172/2380-5439.1000150 t l e a v e e Journal of l H o f p o m l e a n n ISSN:r 2380-5439 t u o J Health Education Research & Development Research Article Open Access Demography and Medical Education among Nigerian Final Year Medical Students-Implication for Regional and Human Resource Development Bakare MO1,2* 1Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria 2Childhood Neuropsychiatric Disorders Initiatives (CNDI), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria *Corresponding author: Bakare MO, Consultant Psychiatrist, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria, Tel: +2348036244222; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: Dec 05, 2015; Acc date: Dec 28, 2015; Pub date: Dec 30, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Bakare MO, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Objective: This study examined the influence of demography such as gender, age, marital status and religion on medical education among final year medical students in different geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study that drew a total of seven hundred and fifty seven (757) final year medical students from ten (10) randomly selected fully accredited medical schools out of a total of twenty seven (27) fully accredited medical schools in Nigeria. Demographic information was obtained from the medical students following completion of their final year postings.
    [Show full text]
  • Money and Politics in Nigeria
    Money and Politics in Nigeria Edited by Victor A.O. Adetula Department for International DFID Development International Foundation for Electoral System IFES-Nigeria No 14 Tennessee Crescent Off Panama Street, Maitama, Abuja Nigeria Tel: 234-09-413-5907/6293 Fax: 234-09-413-6294 © IFES-Nigeria 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of International Foundation for Electoral System First published 2008 Printed in Abuja-Nigeria by: Petra Digital Press, Plot 1275, Nkwere Street, Off Muhammadu Buhari Way Area 11, Garki. P.O. Box 11088, Garki, Abuja. Tel: 09-3145618, 08033326700, 08054222484 ISBN: 978-978-086-544-3 This book was made possible by funding from the UK Department for International Development (DfID). The opinions expressed in this book are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IFES-Nigeria or DfID. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements v IFES in Nigeria vii Tables and Figures ix Abbreviations and Acronyms xi Preface xv Introduction - Money and Politics in Nigeria: an Overview -Victor A.O. Adetula xxvii Chapter 1- Political Money and Corruption: Limiting Corruption in Political Finance - Marcin Walecki 1 Chapter 2 - Electoral Act 2006, Civil Society Engagement and the Prospect of Political Finance Reform in Nigeria - Victor A.O. Adetula 13 Chapter 3 - Funding of Political Parties and Candidates in Nigeria: Analysis of the Past and Present - Ezekiel M. Adeyi 29 Chapter 4 - The Role of INEC, ICPC and EFCC in Combating Political Corruption - Remi E.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Exclusion of Nigerian Elderly Population and the Strategies & Innovative Tools to Include All
    International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue VII, July 2019|ISSN 2454-6186 Social Exclusion of Nigerian Elderly Population and the Strategies & Innovative Tools to Include All Atumah, OSCAR N1 & Ekele, PETER E.2 1,2Department of Sociology, University of Abuja, Abuja Nigeria Abstract:- The population of the older adults in Nigeria and disability and contributed to the reduction of the severity of indeed globally, has continued to rise with increasing life disabilities. expectancy. In Nigeria, the elderly population are disproportionately affected by poverty and diseases, and are at It is my argument that given the appropriate social higher risk for social exclusion. With the absent of a defined supports and security, the aging population can be expected to social security benefit, the need for social inclusion for the live a relatively healthy life, and will age gracefully. elderly has become greater because family support for the Population aging is clearly shown to have titanic elderly is gradually fading and may become a thing of the past in transformative force on all aspects of society, ranging from the near future. The 2030 agenda for the Sustainable health, economy, security, employment opportunities, family Development Goals (SDGs) is emphatic on the mantra "No one structure, housing resources, and transportation services left behind," with particular focus on the vulnerable including the elderly. In this paper, pieces of literature on social exclusion (World Health Organization, 2011; United Nations, 2015 as experienced by the Nigeria elderly were reviewed to identify the Cited in Animasahun & Chapman, 2017; Ebimgbo, Atumah & key areas where social exclusion are concentrated and to suggest Okoye, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Theologian, Musician, Author and Educator
    Theologian, Musician, Author and Educator The gift collections of Dr. Jon Michael Spencer A Catalogue of Books, Microfilm, Journals and Vertical Files Donated to the L. Douglas Wilder Library Virginia Union University Compiled by Suzanne K. Stevenson, Special Collections Librarian Michelle A. Taylor, Technical Services Librarian Library Bibliography Series ©Spring 2002 1 PREFACE Since 1998, Dr. Jon Michael Spencer has donated more than 1,100 books from his personal research library as well as selected journals, microfilm of historic papers and research documentation to the L. Douglas Wilder Library at Virginia Union University. The subject areas reflect his specialties in the history and theology of African-American sacred and secular music, African history and slave culture, and African-American history and sociology. The collection includes a significant number of hymnals from various denominations. The former University of Richmond music and American studies professor is now a professor of religious studies at the University of South Carolina. He earned a music degree from Hampton University and completed graduate work in music composition as well as theology at Washington University and Duke Divinity School. Spencer donated this extensive collection to VUU for several reasons. Until the summer 2000, he was a resident of Richmond and VUU was the city’s African American university. As well, VUU has a School of Theology and Spencer has published extensively in the area of religion. Finally, his architect father, John H. Spencer, participated in the design of the Wilder library. It is in the elder Spencer’s name that Dr. Spencer has donated his collections. The books are housed in the library’s closed collections.
    [Show full text]
  • An Appraisal of the 2004 National Policy on Population for Sustainable Development
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 5 No 23 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy November 2014 An Appraisal of the 2004 National Policy on Population for Sustainable Development DR. A.D. Shofoyeke National Institute for Educational Planning and Administration, (N.I.E.P.A, Nigeria), Ondo Email: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p2520 Abstract This paper sought to appraise the extent to which the2004 population policy objectives and targets have been achieved ten years after its enunciation. Secondary data obtained from Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook (2013) and United Nations Statistics (2013), UNESCO (2011), UNICEF and other relevant literatures were used to compare the population targets with a view to determine their achievement and prospect of achieving the objectives. The study found that population growth rate reduced from 2.9% in 2004 to 2.5% in 2008 and 1.999% in 2009 but later rose to2.55% in 2012. Apart from the reduction being contestable, population analysts argued that inflation and harsh economic conditions are responsible and not strictly government conscious efforts which resulted in oscillating growth. Target of fertility reduction is far from being achieved as evidenced by the increase in the rate which increased from 5.2 in 2004 to 5.5 in 2013 instead of reducing to 4.0. Infant morbidity and mortality still remains high at 72.97 deaths /1000 live births in 2013 which raises doubt of achieving target of 45 per 1,000 in 2015 as a result of childhood diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, and malnourishment.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Examining the Status of the English Language in Anglophone
    LJMU Research Online Tom-Lawyer, O and Thomas, M Re-examining the Status of the English Language in Anglophone Western Africa: A Comparative Study of Ghana and Nigeria http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/13934/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) Tom-Lawyer, O and Thomas, M Re-examining the Status of the English Language in Anglophone Western Africa: A Comparative Study of Ghana and Nigeria. English Linguistics Research, 9 (4). ISSN 1927-6028 (Accepted) LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact [email protected] http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ Re-examining the Status of the English Language in Anglophone Western Africa: A Comparative Study of Ghana and Nigeria Oris Tom-Lawyer1 & Michael Thomas2 1 Department of English and Literary Studies, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria 2 School of Education, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom Correspondence: Oris Tom-Lawyer, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Journal of Human Social Science
    Volume 2 Issue 3 8 version 1.0 Trans - Himalayan Nepal Evofit Facial Composites Challenges of Internal Democracy Enviromental Sculptures April 2011 Global Journal of Human Social Science Global Journal of Human Social Science Volume 2 Issu e 3 (Ver. 1.0) Global Association of Research Global Journals Inc. *OREDO-RXUQDORI+XPDQ Sponsors:Global Association of Research 6RFLDO6FLHQFHV Open Scientific Standards $OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG Publisher’s Headquarters office 7KLVLVDVSHFLDOLVVXHSXEOLVKHGLQYHUVLRQ RI³*OREDO-RXUQDORI+XPDQ6RFLDO 6FLHQFHV´%\*OREDO-RXUQDOV,QF Global Journals Inc. 165/164 D Vidhur Nagar $OODUWLFOHVDUHRSHQDFFHVVDUWLFOHVGLVWULEXWHG Indore, MP. India. Pin code: 452009 XQGHU³*OREDO-RXUQDORI+XPDQ6RFLDO Phone: 91-89890-06904 6FLHQFHV´ 5HDGLQJ/LFHQVHZKLFKSHUPLWVUHVWULFWHGXVH (QWLUHFRQWHQWVDUHFRS\ULJKWE\RI³*OREDO Offset Typesetting -RXUQDORI+XPDQ6RFLDO6FLHQFHV´XQOHVV RWKHUZLVHQRWHGRQVSHFLILFDUWLFOHV Global Journals Inc. Dean E-3130 Sudama Nagar, 1RSDUWRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHUHSURGXFHG RUWUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\IRUPRUE\DQ\PHDQV Indore, MP. India. Pin code: 452009 Phone: 91-731- HOHFWURQLFRUPHFKDQLFDOLQFOXGLQJ 4203357 SKRWRFRS\UHFRUGLQJRUDQ\LQIRUPDWLRQ VWRUDJHDQGUHWULHYDOV\VWHPZLWKRXWZULWWHQ SHUPLVVLRQ Packaging & Continental Dispatching 7KHRSLQLRQVDQGVWDWHPHQWVPDGHLQWKLV ERRNDUHWKRVHRIWKHDXWKRUVFRQFHUQHG Global Journals, India 8OWUDFXOWXUHKDVQRWYHULILHGDQGQHLWKHU FRQILUPVQRUGHQLHVDQ\RIWKHIRUHJRLQJDQG QRZDUUDQW\RUILWQHVVLVLPSOLHG Find a correspondence nodal officer near you (QJDJHZLWKWKHFRQWHQWVKHUHLQDW\RXURZQ ULVN To find nodal officer of your country,
    [Show full text]
  • The Biafran War and Its Societal Ramifications/ Der Biafra-Krieg Und Seine Gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen
    The Biafran War and its societal Ramifications/ Der Biafra-Krieg und seine gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen Vorwissenschaftliche Arbeit verfasst von Divina Ejidoh 8A Betreuungsperson: Mag. Brian Hatfield Abgabedatum SJ 2019/20 AHS 22 Theodor Kramer Straße A-1220 Wien Theodor Kramer Straße 3 Abstract This research paper sytematically examines the roots and course of what is sometimes known as the “Forgotten War”; the actual Biafran War of 1967-1970 in Nigeria. It does so via a review of the available literature and also through a series of personal inter- views. The paper begins with the statement that the war has become a sensitive topic that is largely avoided being discussed in today’s Nigeria or anywhere else in the world. This war mainly revolved around an ethnic group, the Igbo tribe, that wanted independence and to withdraw itself from the State of Biafra. After a geographical and demographic account of Nigeria, the paper proceeds by intro- ducing the oral and cultural roots within Nigeria, exposing some seeds of unrest, before examining the eruption of the Biafran conflict. It additionally covers and comments on the interventions of colonizers and Christian missionaries, leading to the outbreak of the actual conflict. The paper then chronicles the course of the war and details the social impact and lasting effects on the country, including the economy and the resultant refugee problem. It ex- amines humanitarian attempts to intercede and gives a cross generational analysis of the impact of the war on the Igbo tribe itself by providing three interviews with active members of the Biafran Community in Vienna as case studies.
    [Show full text]
  • African Market Trends in Technology Services
    African Market Trends in Technology Services i African Market Trends in Technology Services © International Trade Centre 2020 The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. Street address: ITC 54-56, rue de Montbrillant 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Postal address: ITC Palais des Nations 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Telephone: +41-22 730 0111 Fax: +41-22 733 4439 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.intracen.org ii African Market Trends in Technology Services iii African Market Trends in Technology Services About the report Few studies examine information technology and business process management in Africa. This report, based on research and interviews, analyses the tech sectors of 11 African countries and examines enabling factors such as information and communication technology infrastructure, government incentives and the regulatory environment. One key finding is that trade and retail, financial services, healthcare and agriculture offer the most opportunities for tech firms. This publication shares insights that will guide companies interested in offering information technology and business process outsourcing services in Africa. The report is also valuable for stakeholders, including tech hubs and start-ups, investors and government organizations. Publisher: International Trade Centre Title: African Market Trends in Technology Services: 11 Country Profiles Publication date and place: Geneva, November 2020 Page count: 210 Language: English ITC Document Number: SEC-20-49.E Citation: International Trade Centre (2020). African Market Trends in Technology Services: 11 Country Profiles, ITC, Geneva. For more information, contact: Martin Labbé, [email protected] ITC encourages the reprinting and translation of its publications to achieve wider dissemination.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Change and Migration 3.2.4.4 Population and the Environment
    Population change and migration 3.2.4.4 Population and the environment What you need to know The Demographic Transition Model, its usefulness and shortfalls, key vital rates, age-sex composition, cultural controls Key concepts of natural population change and their application in contrasting physical and human settings. The concept of the Demographic Dividend The various causes, classes and impacts of international migration on host and destination regions/nations. Natural population change and the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) Natural population change refers to differences between birth rate and death rate (i.e. it does not factor in the rate of net migration). Birth rate is the number of births per 1000 people per year, while death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people per year. Where birth rate exceeds death rate there will be a natural increase whereas if death rate exceeds birth rate a natural decrease will occur. The term ‘actual increase/decrease’ refers to the net overall change when migration consequences are factored in to what is happening to the ‘natural’ rate of population change. Natural population change has been seen to follow a pattern as nations develop economically and socially, and is described in the Demographic Transition Model; a model that describes typical changes in birth rate, death rate and total population. The model has five stages: • Stage 1 – High fluctuating: both birth rate and death rate are high (approx. 40/1000 p.a.), with slight fluctuations resulting from climatic and socio-economic inputs (e.g. famine, pestilence, successful harvests etc.). The total population will only change periodically and over the longer-term will remain low as births are cancelled out by deaths.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Different Vernacular Architecture in Nigeria. International
    International Journal of African Society, Cultures and Traditions Vol.7, No.1, pp.1-12, February 2019 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) EXPLORING THE DIFFERENT VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN NIGERIA AUWALU, Faisal Koko College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University. ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on vernacular architecture and the various vernacular architecture in existence in Nigeria. Nigeria as a country is heterogeneous in both its socio- cultural structure and ideological perspective because of its ethnic diversity. This study therefore examines the vernacular architecture of Nigeria with focus on the three major ethnic groups which are the Hausa’s in the Northern Nigeria having Hausa Vernacular Architecture, the Yoruba’s in the South-Western Nigeria having Yoruba Vernacular Architecture and the Igbo’s in the South-Eastern Nigeria having Igbo Vernacular Architecture with focus on their culture, region and identity in order to have a proper perspective on the vernacular architecture of Nigeria. The vernacular architecture of the different ethnic groups in Nigeria are reflected through their culture, region and identity. Ethnic groups with similar culture, region and identity share similar architectural characteristics as it relates to their building layout, size of family, space organization, openings and fenestration, decorations used, roofing type adopted as well as the nature of Building materials used. As such, this paper suggest the classification of the vernacular architecture in Nigeria be considered from the cultural, regional and identity aspect due to the environmental, cultural and historical background in which vernacular architecture exist. KEYWORDS: Architecture, Culture, Nigeria, Traditional, Vernacular INTRODUCTION The term Vernacular is derived from the Latin word ‘vernaculus’, referring to ‘indigenous, native, or domestic’.
    [Show full text]