Winter 2006 Number 62 The ARCHAEOLOGIST

This issue: ARCHAEOLOGY AND URBAN REGENERATION

Conservation area appraisal: a key regeneration tool p12

Reviving Southampton’s French Quarter p16

The archaeology Institute of Field Archaeologists of town commons SHES, University of Reading, Whiteknights PO Box 227, Reading RG6 6AB p33 tel 0118 378 6446 fax 0118 378 6448 email [email protected] website www.archaeologists.net C ONTENTS

1 Contents 2 Editorial 3 From the Finds Tray 5 Disciplinary procedure Andrew Taylor 6 British Archaeological Awards 2006 Defending historic buildings in the regeneration process Lynne Walker page 16 10 12 Conservation area appraisal: a key regeneration tool Christopher Catling 14 Urban regeneration and commercially viable, sustainable heritage solutions Neil Macnab 16 Reviving Southampton’s French Quarter Richard Brown 18 The historic environment and regeneration of 20th-century social housing Jonathan Smith 20 SHARP practice: regenerating Royal Arsenals in Europe Rob Whytehead and Mark Stevenson 23 Urban waterfronts in Wales Andrew Marvell and Kate Howell 26 Little Houses make a big difference in historic small towns Robin Turner and Derek Alexander 28 Great Yarmouth: urban regeneration and the Archaeological Map Ken Hamilton 30 Archaeology and regeneration in Leicester Chris Wardle and Richard Buckley 33 The archaeology of town commons Mark Bowden, Graham Brown and Nicky Smith 34 Worcester: urban regeneration and archaeological partnerships Robin Jackson, Martin Watts and James Dinn 36 Rediscovering medieval Salford – archaeology and urban regeneration Norman Redhead 38 Chester: Contrasting approaches Dan Garner and Mike Morris 40 The All Party Parliamentary Archaeology Group Christopher Catling page 23 42 Archaeologists, abstract artists, and oral history: British Waterways restoration programme in Stourport Justin Hughes 43 New books reviewed: Shoreline management review and JNAPC code of practice for seabed development Paola Palma and Dave Parham 44 Capturing the public value of heritage: the proceedings of the London conference 25-26 January 2006 Christopher Catling 45 Obituary – Richard Avent page 28 46 Obituary – David Wilson 47 New members 48 Members news

Winter 2006 Number 62 1 This edition of TA takes us into urgent national UK National Commission for UNESCO and Chair concerns with urban regeneration. Many in the of its Culture Sector Committee (and past Chair of FROM THE FINDS TRAY wider world think that, to be effective, such IFA); and David Breeze, until recently Chief regeneration must consider people’s need for Inspector of Historic Scotland, who has wide identity and a sense of place, which in turn means responsibilities for world heritage sites, especially being able to read and understand the physical on the Roman frontiers, and is chair of British fabric of the communities and thus respect their Archaeological Awards. own place and contribution to history. And who better than archaeologist to make this happen? Meanwhile, IFA’s HLF-supported Bursary scheme is The history may be Roman (Chester), medieval progressing well. Five placements are up and Advisory Committee for Historic (Southampton) or 1970s (Southwark), but running, with RCAHMS, University of Winchester, Wreck Sites (ACHWS) archaeologists will always make a valuable ADS, English Heritage and Worcestershire County ‘Mapping Medieval Townscapes’ The ACHWS was set up to advise contribution. We hope that the selection of case Council. We are recruiting for a sixth placement Queen’s University Belfast and the ADS have launched Government on the suitability of wreck histories presented here will inspire even greater with Cardiff University, and preparations for ‘Mapping Medieval Townscapes: a digital atlas of the sites to be designated for protection on involvement of archaeologists in regeneration further placements are underway. new towns of Edward I’, on http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/ the grounds of historical, archaeological teams in the future. catalogue/resources.html?atlas_ahrb_2005. Created by or artistic interest in accordance with Keith Lilley, Chris Lloyd and Steve Trick, the atlas uses the Protection of Wreck Acts 1973. Its At IFA’s AGM in October, Mike Dawson described Alison Taylor mapping as a medium to explore how urban landscapes Annual Report 2005 is now available to download from the activities of IFA in the past year, David Baker were shaped in the middle ages. This atlas project has Maritime Archaeology pages of English Heritage’s website reported on the work he is doing on stewardship of deepened understanding of the forms and formation of (www.english-heritage.org.uk). Hard copies of the Report are the historic environment, and Kate Geary on the medieval towns, combining GIS and Global Positioning available free from [email protected]. proposed new qualification in archaeological Systems to map and analyse medieval urban landscapes. practice. A Council for 2006/7 was voted in nem con, amendments were made to the Code of conduct, [email protected] adding sexual orientation and religious belief to the list of factors that may not be discriminated against, Reducing archaeological risk in and requiring at least IFA pay minima for construction More World Heritage employees. A minor change to special all interest For construction clients and contractors, The Antonine Wall, Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and the twin group by-laws was a requirement that officers failure to follow archaeological good monastery of Wearmouth and Jarrow have been chosen as the should normally be members of IFA. Full wording practice and comply with planning UK’s next three nominations to become World Heritage Sites. of these changes can be downloaded from guidance during the planning, design and The Antonine Wall was built by Antoninus Pius following the www.archaeologists.net. construction process can lead to delays, re-conquest of southern Scotland in AD142. From 142 to legal proceedings and damage to about 165 it was the north-west frontier of the Roman Two new honorary MIFAs, both eminent in their reputations. The Construction Industry Empire. It would form an extension to the Frontiers of the own right as well as having given great service to Research and Information Association Roman Empire Transnational World Heritage Site presently IFA, were voted in. These were Sue Davies, Chief Prof David Breeze, (CIRIA) new project Managing consisting of Hadrian’s Wall and the Upper Raetian German Executive of Wessex Archaeology, member of the new Hon MIFA archaeological risk in construction (RP741), Limes. with a project team comprising CIRIA, Museum of London Archaeology Service Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is one of the world’s most spectacular (MoLAS), Scott Wilson and IFA, aims to achievements of waterways engineering. It was a pioneer of develop a best practice guide for cast iron construction and the highest canal aqueduct ever construction clients and contractors on built. The Anglo-Saxon monastery at Wearmouth and Jarrow managing risks and maximising benefits was the creation of Benedict Biscop, who returned from from archaeology on construction sites. Rome determined to build a monastery ‘in the Roman Notes to contributors The guide will enable the user to manner’. Bede was a member of the community from the age Themes and deadlines always welcome. It is intended to make TA digitally available to EDITED by Alison Taylor, IFA, understand and comply with planning of seven. Spring: Archaeological Field Survey institutions through the SAL/CBA e-publications initiative. If this SHES, University of Reading, guidance on archaeology and the historic deadline: 15 December 2006 raises copyright issues with any authors, artists or photographers, Whiteknights, PO Box 227 environment, integrating archaeology into please notify the editor. Short articles (max. 1000 words) are READING RG6 6AB the project process, and will demonstrate Summer: Post-medieval archaeology preferred. They should be sent as an email attachment, which must the ways in which archaeology or heritage in Britain include captions and credits for illustrations. The editor will edit and DESIGNED and TYPESET by matters may enhance or add value to a deadline: 15 March 2007 shorten if necessary. Illustrations are very important. These can be Sue Cawood development. Contact Sarah Reid at Contributions and letter/emails are supplied as originals, on CD or as emails, at a minimum resolution of CIRIA, Classic House, 174-180 Old Street,

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Opinions expressed in The Archaeologist are those of the authors, Section of turf ramparts of the Antonine Wall

and are not necessarily those of IFA. Editorial

2 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 3 FROM THE FINDS TRAY DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE Andrew Taylor

IFA Annual Conference, Permissions to excavate human remains in English Cathedrals 2–4 April 2007 In December 2005, the Coroners’ Section of the Home Office was Planned sessions include: Peter Hinton writes: ‘Ethical competence’ is the buzz phrase in professional institute circles at present, emphasising transferred to the Department for Constitutional Affairs (DCA), and Plough damage: just too big to handle? as a result licences for the removal of human remains are now issued that professionalism is about more than technical competence, involving as it does an understanding of an institute’s Steve Trow, English Heritage by the DCA. As Church of England cathedrals (in England) and their code of conduct and other guidance on acceptable, proper behaviour. From time to time there are concerns that IFA precincts are not covered by the faculty jurisdiction, the same licence Debating the ethics and values of heritage members may have breached our Code of conduct: it is important that these are investigated properly, and that justice is required for the removal of human remains as would normally be Mark Williams, Archaeological required for a site outside Church of England jurisdiction (ie DCA is done – and seen to be done. Recognising that our former disciplinary procedure was not adequate, at its AGM in 2005 Project Services and Liz Bates, licence). The Care of Cathedrals Measure 1990 does not provide any the Institute adopted revised disciplinary regulations. Clauses 38 and 39 of the regulations require a lay person (who is Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire exemption from the Burial Act 1857. not a member of the Institute) to conduct an annual review of cases, presenting his/her findings to Council and Great excavations John Schofield, English Heritage If you require a licence, contact Paul Ansell producing a report for publication summarising the cases. Below, Andrew Taylor, IFA’s accountant, sets out his analysis [email protected], 020 7340 6664 or John Thompson of our disciplinary work over the past year. Archaeology and the arts [email protected], 020 7340 6663. If you have any David Jennings and David queries or problems, contact Allie Nickell, [email protected], Wilkinson, Oxford Archaeology 020 7898 1862 The setting of cultural heritage features In July, assisted by Barbara Taylor who is also a lay protect the reputation of the profession and the Paul Masser and Richard Conolly, person, I reviewed all the paperwork relating to members of its representative body, or to avoid time- Headland Archaeology seven real or potential disciplinary cases since consuming and costly investigations. I can confirm September 2005. that there was no evidence whatsoever to suggest The archaeology of inclusion Low-level aerial photography that the Institute had been anything other than Tim Phillips, University of Reading In light of recent accidents with cherry pickers and the health and safety Three of the seven potential cases had reached a diligent in investigating the allegations made to it Visions of the future: live debates on big issues of working at heights on scaffolding etc, a new Aerial-Cam service is conclusion. One instance related to an allegation and the causes of potential concern that had come to issues in the historic environment aimed specifically at archaeologists’ needs for photography from a raised that work was inadequate: on the basis of the its notice. I found that the IFA had been extremely Peter Hinton, Institute of Field perspective. It provides a safe and effective way of photographically preliminary investigation the Vice Chair for thorough in its handling of all the cases, had Archaeologists recording with oblique and vertical shots from up to 22m above ground, Standards decided not to accept the allegation as complied fully with its regulations, and acted in a providing high quality images using a telescopic mast mounted on the the evidence showed there was no case to answer fair and proper manner. IFA workplace training back of a Landrover. Suitable for recording buildings, gardens, monuments (clause 6). In each of the other two cases the Kate Geary and Natasha Kingham, and archaeological excavations. For details contact adam@archaeology- allegations were received: both related to the A second part of the reviewer’s role is to comment Institute of Field Archaeologists safaris.co.uk provision of false information to the institute and in on possible improvements to the regulations and the Bells, whistles and machines that go Woodhenge, photographed by Aerial-Cam. © Stonehenge Riverside Project both cases the Executive committee accepted the procedures followed. The regulations appear to be fit ping! Recent advances and applications findings of the investigator (clause 9), issuing an for purpose and no changes are proposed. I made of archaeological science ‘advisory recommendation’ (clause 13b) and four recommendations regarding housekeeping, and Jane Sidell, Andrew David and recording it on the members’ files. also suggested that the Institute consider whether to Vanessa Straker, English Heritage set up a system to monitor compliance with the Four files were still ‘live’. In one case a disciplinary advisory recommendations it makes. In some cases Diggers Forum panel was in the process of being appointed (‘do this’) it will be easier than others (‘don’t do that Chris Clarke, IFA Diggers Forum (clauses 16-17), and in two others an allegation had again’), but it would enhance the credibility of the Regeneration and reform: the sector and been received and was being investigated (clauses Institute if it were able to monitor whether its our influence 9-13). In the remaining case the Chair had decided recommendations had been followed, and may give Catherine Cavanagh, IFA Buildings not to prepare or have prepared a formal allegation it the option of acting if they have not. Group at this stage on the basis that there were matters Three sheets to the wind? National that would be more appropriately resolved by Note: since this report a disciplinary panel has strategies for ship and boat remains discussion (clause 4): the Chair was in the process reached its conclusions on one of the cases and has Julie Satchell, IFA Maritime Group of arranging IFA facilitation of those discussions. recommended a sanction that has been accepted by the Executive committee. An appeal has been Pirates, plunder, professionalism? Part of the job of the reviewer is to assess whether received. Duncan Brown, IFA Finds Group there is any suggestion of ‘closing ranks’, and dismissing cases on spurious grounds either to Andrew Taylor

4 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 5 The first runner-up for the IFA Award was British Shoreditch Park Community Archaeology Project, a collaboration between the local community and Museum of London staff that examined remains of houses damaged by bombing during the Second Archaeological World War. Judges particularly likes the joint emphases on research and community outreach. The other runner up was the A421/A428 Exploring the Awards clay lands of Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire project, where excavations of eighteen sites were run by a 2006Alison Taylor productive partnership of Oxford Archaeology and Albion Archaeology, with CgMs as consultants. The biennial British Archaeological Awards ceremony for 2006, held this November in Working together on this major infrastructure project, they all had ‘an overt commitment to good Work in progress Birmingham, highlighted an array of interesting archaeological projects that ought to supported in the field and outreach programmes by quality research and public dissemination’. Research on Shoreditch Park Southend Borough Council. discredit any idea that British archaeology is somehow dominated by the need to please dividends included evidence for early colonisation Community of clay soils as settlements were moved from river Archaeology planners or has even become boring. Winners ranged from twelve year olds to professors The two Book Awards (popular and scholarly) had valley. Impressively, the first report has already been Project. and from local amateur groups to our largest commercial organisations, and projects an impressive collection of publications to choose circulated to 5000 households in the area. Photograph: MoLAS stretched from discovery of Palaeolithic tools on East Anglian beaches to 19th-century between. The judges complained that it was even Exploring the clay lands of Bedfordshire and difficult to divide books into the two categories, that factories, from excavations running for 27 years to the excitement of sudden unexpected Cambridgeshire project was also runner-up for the ‘popular books were also scholarly and the discovery. IFA members and RAOs were of course well represented throughout. Current Archaeology Developer Funded Award, scholarly books definitely readable’, which is a very but the overall winner was ‘the richest Anglo-Saxon healthy sign for archaeological publication and for burial since Sutton Hoo’ at Prittlewell in Essex. The archaeology itself. Again, IFA members excelled. remarkable discovery of this untouched royal burial Steve Burrow of the National Museum of Wales Local volunteers was superbly excavated by MoLAS, generously (which published the book) won the popular prize played an integral with The Tomb Builders in Wales 4000–3000 BC, role in the Whiteleaf described as ‘beautifully produced and illustrated, Hill Local Nature A Roman-British farnstead occupied from the 1st to 4th written in very accessible language’. Focusing on the Reserve Project, centuries AD on the edge of the Bedfordshire claylands, one people and their environment as much as the tomb winner of the IFA of 18 sites excavated along the route of the A421/A428 Great structures, this was acclaimed as a model of popular Award. Photograph: Barford Bypass and Caxton to Hardwick Improvements publication, especially as it gave inspiration to all Oxford Archaeology Requiem, winner of Scheme. The project by Albion Archaeology, Oxford readers to go out and explore the monuments the Scholarly Book Archaeology and CgMs was highly recommended for two themselves, taking with them real understanding. Award, ‘will be the British Archaeological Awards. Photograph: Edmund Nuttall plc Requiem: the medieval monastic cemetery in Britain by work of reference Roberta Gilchrist and Barney Sloane, published by for medieval MoLAS, again a very readable and well illustrated mortuary studies for years to come’

The IFA Award itself, for the best archaeological county council. Here, archaeological research project that demonstrated commitment to through fieldwork and museum archives and use of professional standards and ethics, was won by innovative conservation techniques were brought Buckinghamshire County Council for the together, and there was extensive community Whiteleaf Hill Local Nature Reserve Project, where participation plus integration with the natural work on an amazingly rich historic and natural environment. Judges were impressed by the The Tomb Builders, winner of the Popular landscape involved Oxford Archaeology in work successful partnerships, strong research focus and Book Award, ‘uncovers rthe complex initiated by community representatives and the education programme. nature of prehistoric burial monuments’

6 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 7 industries and were appreciated as an inspiring beaches demonstrated advanced hand-axe in archaeology rewarded a different sort of venue. technology now thought to be evidence for the individual achievement, that of John Barnett, who earliest known occupation not only in Britain but in has published a whole series of books and articles The Young Archaeologist of the Year Award, the whole of northern Europe. These three sharp- on the archaeology, especially the industrial organised by CBA’s Young Archaeologists’ Club, sighted amateur archaeologists were the worthy archaeology, of the Peak District. His prolific work was a formal finale to a fun weekend that had taken winners of Tarmac’s Finders Award. is even more valuable for being published at many Club members behind the scenes of various different levels, significantly raising the profile of Birmingham heritage attractions. Their two winners The Silver Trowel Award for the greatest initiative archaeology in the Peak District. for this year’s theme of ‘Buildings’ were Rachel Taylor and Yvette Taylor (no relations but a significant surname), for studies of a Cambridge Still digging at primary school and a Somerset windmill. Piddington Roman villa, with yet Not surprisingly, given the standard and quantity of another building work underwater today, there were six high quality discovered just publications short-listed for the Keith Muckelroy outside the villa. Rachel Taylor (second from right) and Yvette Memorial Award for maritime archaeology. The Photograph: Roy Taylor (second from left) with their families at overall prize for ‘an amazing achievement’ went to Friendship-Taylor the National Trust’s restored back-to-back houses Julie Gardiner and Michael Allen for Before the Mast: in Birmingham. Photograph: Young Life and death aboard the Mary Rose, published by the Archaeologists Club (your editor is pale at Mary Rose Trust, with considerable input from thinking that this really is archaoeology) Wessex Archaeology. Apparently, a daunting 54 experts were co-ordinated to produce the catalogue, book (and beautifully designed by TA’s designer explanation and analysis – and this is only Volume Sue Cawood), won the Scholarly Book Award. The 4. The judges commented on how much the book book was described as ‘a groundbreaking piece of was used by land archaeologists as well as the synthesis and analysis exemplifying the impact of maritime kind, and how it will be a standard archaeology alongside little-known documentary reference work for us all for a long time to come. sources. This is an exemplary approach to burial studies that will be the work of reference for Other prize winners on the day included the medieval mortuary studies for years to come’. Channel 4 Television Awards. The Broadcast Award went to The First Emperor, produced by Lion

Winners of the Association for Industrial Television for Channel 4, the Non-Broadcast Category The current Archaeological Award for Prittlewell went Sixteenth-century Archaeology prize were, most appropriately, the to Sean Caveille for a series of interviews about to Southend on Sea Borough Council (their The Custard Factory – once dinner ware SPACE Organisation for regeneration of the Custard television archaeology, and the ICT Award to Stan representative is being cuddled by Mick Aston) and home of Bird’s Custard, now a Prittlewell, ‘the remarkable illustrated in Before Factory itself, where the awards ceremony was Beckensall and Aron Mazel for Northumberland Rock MoLAS (Ian Blair, far right). Photograph: David Weight catalyst for creative people in discovery of this untouched royal the Mast: Life and held. Bird’s Custard Factory really was the place Art: Access to the Beckensall Archive. This remarkable the West Midlands and host burial’. Photographs: MoLAS death aboard the that the stuff we ate in our childhood was invented archive includes over 6000 rock art images plus for the British Archaological Mary Rose, winner and manufactured by Alfred Bird and his son, panoramic virtual reality views, all of which can be Awards 2006 of the Keith because his wife was allergic to eggs. The derelict searched in various ways, and is a celebration of the Muckelroy industrial buildings have now been reborn as an work of the prolific Stan Beckensall. The Upper Nene Memorial Award arts and media quarter and centre for creative Archaeological Society won not only the Mick Aston Award for the presentation of archaeology but also the Graham Webster Laurels, for work over 27 years at Piddington Roman villa. In addition to significant new information, with a Claudian fort now suspected beneath the villa structure, the Friendship- Taylors and the Upper Nene Archaeological Society have trained their own volunteers, are publishing results as fascicules and have also restored a redundant chapel for storage and display as there was nowhere else in Northamptonshire to deposit finds. Nearly all if this work was through voluntary effort.

Discoveries by Mike Chambers, Bob Mulch and Paul Durbridge of flint tools on East Anglian

8 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 9 Historic Farm Buildings Conference Yorkshire. DEFENDING Tithe Barn Bolton Abbey Estate HISTORIC BUILDINGS in the regeneration process

Lynne Walker DANGERS IN REGENERATION The urban regeneration of cities and towns, though welcome in many ways, has led to a number of cases where advice and gentle pressure can make an essential difference. Obvious cases are industrial sites – maltings, cotton mills, pottery works, ironworks and paper mills etc that are no longer in production. Their value now lies in the development potential of the site, with key Heritage October 2006 that many more Victorian ADACTUS buildings often proposed for residential use (loft- houses in the Pathfinder areas are to be refurbished alterations to style living in Manchester for example), and minor rather than demolished. We must however bear in workers’ housing, buildings (which often played a part in the mind that refurbishment comes in many forms. Every Street, processes carried out on site) usually marked for ADACTUS schemes in Whitefield, Lancashire and Nelson, Whitefield, demolition, with a substantial element of new build, Moss Side, Manchester see the exteriors of terraces Lancashire. usually of many storeys. retained but the interiors gutted so that the plan is Photograph: Sylvia completely re-ordered. Service areas become living Wilson ATTRITION AND SUBDIVISION rooms and former parlours become kitchens facing There are also less obvious forms of attrition. For onto the main street, the back of the house is open example, subdivision of a Victorian or Edwardian from ground floor to roof slope, one bedroom is lost villa for residential accommodation might involve and in some cases the traditional Lancashire single- insertion of a lift shaft through a prestigious storey kitchen to the rear is demolished for french entrance hall, or partitions breaking through doors overlooking the back alleys. Other notable sites where we became involved were the Royal 41 Pilcher Gate, Nottingham – proposed for decorative plasterwork and obscuring the original Worcester Porcelain site in Worcester, the Ironworks ADACTUS demolition. Photograph: the Georgian Group plan form of the building (as illustrated in Bristol). Or it may be the loss of an 18th-century merchants site, St Edmondsbury in Bury St Edmunds and the refurbishment of house (eg 41 Pilcher Gate, Nottingham), which has Nailsworth Maltings, Stroud. terrace housing Moss Side In TA 55 I talked about one of the CBA’s been added to in the 19th century as the building dropped in status to be used for warehousing and This is just a snapshot of some of the 4000 cases we Manchester. cases; the Cambridge Nuclear Bunker then manufacturing: we need to make a case for the receive annually. On top of these, this year we Photograph: Sylvia (thoughtfully described as the ugliest value that we believe these changes add to the organised a regional historic farm buildings Wilson listed building in Britain). Initially building and its site within the Lace Market conference on behalf of the Historic Farm Buildings Conservation Area, rather than accept that they Forum at Bolton Abbey estate Yorkshire. There we proposed for partial demolition which detract from the building. The same applied to the looked at questions of conversion of traditional (would have seen one wall left standing) Church Inn, Bury, which was proposed for farm buildings, at new design in the landscape and we have since advised on a new demolition for road widening and a Morrisons at appropriate new uses for farm buildings. We also opened our headquarters, St Mary’s House, 66 application which retains the building supermarket. Bootham, York, for Heritage Open Days. We held for storage use with minimal external WORKERS’ HOUSING two introductory days on e-planning for our change, and a recording condition for My final example relates to the misguided idea that volunteers and took part in a pilot scheme with archival purposes. That’s encouraging and regeneration requires demolition of workers’ other national amenity societies and six selected housing. How good it is to see in the government’s local authorities to monitor the effect of the changes Lynne Walker we do have other examples where we response to the Culture, Media and Sports in the planning system. And 2007 looks like being Historic Buildings Officer believe we have made a difference. Committee Report on Protecting and Preserving our another interesting year. Council for British Archaeology

10 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 11 Interpretation panels Volume II, which contains a litany of regrettable unlisted buildings, ‘landmark’ buildings, important parks to the city centre that will be enhanced in such will enable visitors planning decisions such as the main entrance to the trees and tree groups, scheduled monuments and a way as to lead visitors past the city’s historic to understand the cathedral precinct where ‘twenty-two listed archaeological sites, designated landscapes, historic jewels. And not only has it identified key sites significance of buildings were demolished for the rebuilding of St shop fronts, street lights, signage and paving, open where large scale development will benefit the city; Twelfth-century St Mary’s heritage structures Mary’s Square, together with a remarkable group of spaces, views and anything else that contributes to it has contributed to the way that those buildings Gate, once the main entrance along the route from 15th-century timber framed cottages’. the area’s historical or architectural character. will be designed, with respect to local building to Gloucester’s abbey (now peripheral car parks Features that have a negative impact are also materials, the scale, rhythm and patterning of cathedral) precincts is a little to the city, such as Recovering from past mistakes identified. elevations, the views and the landscaping – known jewel of Gloucester’s the neo-Gothic Today Gloucester City Council is working to recover buildings that contribute to and enhance the sense heritage: new routes are stone monument, from past mistakes. With the County Council and Analysis leads to a management plan for preserving of Gloucester as a specific and unique historic place, planned to bring visitors into erected in 1862 the South West Regional Development Agency it set what is good and working to remove or reverse rather than an anywhere city. the city from peripheral car to commemorate up Gloucester Heritage Urban Regeneration what is bad. Just how far this can go depends on the parks via this gate and thus a bishop of Company in 2003 which secured funds from ODPM budgets and determination of the local authority. Christopher Catling encourage a richer visitor Gloucester who (now DCLG) for an area regeneration framework Sadly some local authorities do very little and the The Conservation Studio experience and a wider was burned on the for the city centre. First, a rapid characterisation conservation area might as well not be designated. [email protected] awareness of Gloucester’s site in 1555 study was commissioned from Alan Baxter Others take a more proactive stance: they consult rich heritage Associates with a brief agreed with English local communities on the draft report and Heritage, which considered historical development incorporate their views; they encourage local in macroscopic terms, while Cirencester-based communities to take responsibility and apply for Conservation Studio undertook a thorough review grants; produce design guidance for the area for to provide fine-grained detail. investors and architects and also for householders, as Islington has just done, encouraging them to Empowering conservation maintaining the historic character of their properties Conservation areas are often overlooked as a (inside and out). conservation tool. They were the brainchild of the Civic Trust and enshrined in the 1967 Civic Conservation area appraisals can identify Amenities Act, giving local planning authorities unauthorised alterations, leading to appropriate Conservation area appraisal: statutory duty to identify and designate ‘areas of action, and local authorities also have the right to special architectural or historic interest, the apply for an Article 4(2) Direction under the Town a key regeneration tool character or appearance of which it is desirable to and Country Planning Act (General Permitted preserve or enhance’. Subsequent legislation (most Development) Order 1995 which removes permitted Christopher Catling recently the Planning (Listed Buildings and development rights that householders might have to C Conservation Areas) Act 1990) has reinforced these change doors or windows or build extensions without planning permission, and usually to abide People who care about heritage often complain that little powers to control development and demolition within conservation areas, and placed an additional by a design code. attention is paid to the historic environment in duty for regular reviews. Best Value Performance Indicators now require reviews every five years, An archaeological exercise regeneration schemes and local development frameworks, consultation with the local community and Above all, as in the case of Gloucester, conservation but this is not always so. In Gloucester, for example, publication of management plans for enhancement. area appraisal, by looking critically and in detail at a There are now over 7000 conservation areas in whole city, building by building, plot by plot, asking the City Council has used conservation area appraisals England. Cotswold District Council currently holds what history gives each area its essential character, and management plans as key tools for the regeneration the record for the largest number with a total of 144. has enriched the regeneration process. This is Gloucester has thirteen, covering the city centre and basically an archaeological exercise in interpretation process, and is using archaeologists to ensure that several historic suburbs. undertaken from an unusual perspective. It reveals understanding underpins design decisions. hidden gems and ensures that nothing will be swept The emphasis is very much on the appearance of away in the name of regeneration that is of the area, which is frustrating for archaeologists who archaeological, historical or architectural value. Many visitors assume that Gloucester’s appearance want more than a pretty façade, but the powerful must be the result of bombing or of 1960s’ utopian presumption against change and the terms used in In Gloucester it identified opportunities to enhance planning visions. In fact, most damage was wrought conservation area appraisal do allow scope for archaeological sites (St Oswald’s Saxon Priory, for to the medieval heritage in the late 1930s when identifying and mapping historical and example) and reveal long-hidden historical assets, ‘slum clearance’ programmes resulted in demolition archaeological features that make an area special. such as Gloucester prison, sited on a Norman castle Conservation area appraisal has identified St Mary de Lode as an underused heritage asset. of scores of timber-framed buildings, many on long and a pioneering example of 18th-century prison Though hardly evident from the exterior, this is a Saxon church, close to the site of the city’s narrow plots that dated from the early 10th-century Appraisal, analysis and action reform – relocating the prison establishment will Saxon quay. It replaced a timber mausoleum of 5/6th century date, which was in turn built over refounding of this royal city by Aethelflaeda, Lady Appraisal includes a report and comprehensive enable this underutilised archaeological and a large Roman building (still visible beneath the floor at the west end of the nave). Plans are of the Mercians. The scale of damage is summed up photographic record, along with a coded map that historical asset to be brought into community use. being drawn up to cure the damp problems caused by the concrete render and to encourage in David Verey’s Buildings of England Gloucestershire shows such positive features as listed buildings, key It has identified walking routes from peripheral car greater community use of a church that is currently locked most of the time

12 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 13 Metropolitan District Council. It involves Group to develop heritage construction skills for Urban regeneration and commercially viable, regeneration of the historic Wakefield waterfront industry which will be taught at the new campus. area, including Calder Navigation Warehouse, sustainable heritage solutions Neil Macnab adjacent to the Aire and Calder Navigation. The Consideration of the heritage asset has influenced scheme comprises sympathetic conversion of three this regeneration scheme and been an important listed mill complexes as part of extensive mixed-use factor in the development of design solutions. The development which will revitalise and give a development as a whole has benefited from the sustainable future for this derelict district on the design and setting of the nearby Llanthony Secunda edge of Wakefield. CTP St James Ltd has provided a Priory and the challenge of innovative design. robust business case, which has attracted public sector grants to enable the listed buildings to be MARRYING HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND retained and converted. The scheme has enabled CONTEMPORARY DESIGN waterfront areas and features to be opened up to the All these projects demonstrate that there can be public and will bring this part of Wakefield back successful marriages between the public and private into the town centre. It also will complement other sectors, and historical context and contemporary regeneration initiatives within the town. Extensive design. The direct benefits to heritage are a public consultation has engendered great support combination of preservation in situ and sustainable, with increased understanding of the area’s sympathetic restoration and reuse within GLOSCAT pre-excavation industrial archaeology. contemporary townscapes. These developments can plan, revealing pile positions aid regeneration of larger areas by drawing people and areas that require LLANTHONY WHARF: MEDIEVAL PRIORY AND in, providing upgraded facilities and public open excavation. MODERN COLLEGE space and creating new sustainable communities. © Scott Wilson Scott Wilson were appointed by GLOSCAT (a college/campus for 16+ education and technical Heritage consultants must be able to understand the The experience of Scott Wilson Heritage Group, which has been working Benefits that flow from this mixed-use regeneration skills) to design an archaeological strategy for wider aspects and implications of commercial in the UK regeneration sector since 2002, shows that in most cases include reuse and conversion of listed buildings, preservation of nationally important archaeological development as well as the economic forces that particularly derelict canal-side warehouses, and remains associated with, but outside, the scheduled drive regeneration. Our role also encompasses regeneration, though led by the public sector, cannot be delivered unless revitalisation of a run-down area on the edge of area of Llanthony Secunda Priory (part of the larger design of imaginative and innovative solutions the private sector is also involved. Heritage is important, but one of many Gloucester city centre. Llanthony Secunda Priory, a Gloucester Quays Regeneration Scheme). The within complex multi-faceted projects. Public sector elements within any regeneration scheme. This article illustrates the scheduled monument at the heart of the development will house the new college. Research support is important within regeneration, and approach we have taken in some key projects. development area, will be enhanced and brought and evaluation informed sensitive design of heritage is an important element allowing back into the public domain, with long-term plans foundations, including particular pile settings, pile individual projects to stand apart. It is important, for its care, use and appreciation. types, concrete beams and the spanning of however, to realise as professionals that GLOUCESTER QUAYS: HISTORIC BUILDINGS archaeological remains. We worked closely with regeneration will not occur without private sector SECURED FOR THE FUTURE The development scheme enjoys public support and design engineers, the Gloucester City Council development skills. This regeneration scheme covering 25 acres is bisected has done much for the heritage within Gloucester. It archaeology officer and English Heritage. by the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal and incorporates should, however, be borne in mind that heritage was Neil Macnab 14 listed canal-side structures, a conservation area and not the main driver: without the factory outlet, Made ground was stripped to expose archaeological Senior Archaeological Consultant GLOSCAT during Llanthony Secunda Priory. Development will regeneration would not be commercially viable and horizons which were cleaned, planned and assessed. Scott Wilson excavation, looking comprise private residential and affordable housing, listed buildings would not be refurbished Collaborative design then resulted in the option of a The Design Innovation Centre towards Llanthony new highway infrastructure, a canal bridge and a sympathetically. Combining private sector skills and pile grid and spanning regime to allow 95% of the 46 The Calls, Leeds LS2 7EY Secunda Priory. factory outlet as well as retail, hotel and leisure heritage has created a development scheme that is archaeological remains to be preserved. These © Scott Wilson facilities and a new further education college. creative, vibrant and dynamic, mixing contemporary revealed evidence for medieval cloisters, providing design and historic structures to produce modern information on their layout, form, function, date and development with a sustainable future. Gloucester character. Evidence for medieval burial practice Quays is providing a real stimulus for other within the priory cloister area was also revealed. regeneration schemes within Gloucester. Beneficial aspects of this regeneration project WAKEFIELD WATERFRONT: INDUSTRIAL include preservation of the majority of these ARCHAEOLOGY AND REGENERATION nationally important archaeological deposits, the This major urban regeneration project in the north sensitive design and setting of the new building in of England is being undertaken by CTP St James Ltd relation to the Priory, and creation of a with partners British Waterways and Wakefield contemporary but complementary environment within the heart of the Gloucester Quays. The archaeological investigations raised local interest in Downings Malthouse, Grade II listed Canal-side heritage, and GLOSCAT are now working with warehouse, Gloucester Quays © Peel Holdings English Heritage and the National Heritage Training

14 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 15 Southampton was one of England’s leading medieval ports. During the 13th century and again Reviving in the 15th century its trade in commodities such as wine, wool and cloth made it one of the most prosperous and cosmopolitan towns in the country. Southampton’s From the later 16th century much international trade was lost to other ports (principally London) and Southampton suffered a long decline, until its French Quarter fortunes revived with the growth of passenger trade to America in the mid 19th century. Richard Brown

I Devastation New development in the historic During the Second World War the city suffered devastating bombing, and post-war reconstruction core of Southampton, informed by paid little regard to the historic character of the old historical research and excavation, town. Medieval property plots were widened or is reinstating elements of the ignored, building heights increased, and the construction of the Castle Way inner ring-road in the medieval street pattern that had 1950s sliced through the medieval gridded street been lost during unsympathetic pattern. post-war reconstruction. In 2000 Southampton planning department adopted the ‘Southampton Old Town development strategy’. The aim of this was ‘to rediscover, conserve, enhance and redefine the Old Town’s historic I Fossilisation for a thousand years Polymond, after whom it was subsequently named. The site under excavation character’. Although few timber-framed buildings Pits and structures of late Saxon to 12th-century During the 15th century Polymond Hall was home (High Street to the right, survived war and redevelopment, Southampton still date apparently formed part of a rapidly developing to an Italian merchant and to the Venetian Castle Way to the left of the has a rich legacy of historic vaulted cellars and Street. The whole effect is a development in but loosely structured settlement. In the 13th ambassador, and exotic pottery has been recovered photograph). © Oxford stretches of town wall, over ninety listed buildings sympathy with its surviving medieval century the whole area was laid out anew, this time from a latrine in the courtyard. Archaeology and 45 ancient monuments. surroundings, a first step in enhancing an area on a formal grid pattern. Excavations revealed blighted by rapid post-war redevelopment. thoroughfares and tenement boundaries of the 13th A central courtyard was laid in the 16th century. I Blight and reinstatement century, defined by medieval and later cellar walls By the 1620s the property was described as a large Now, thanks to co-operation between Linden Homes Oxford Archaeology was appointed by CgMs that had largely survived until 1950. This house with outbuildings, stables, shops, cellars, Southern Ltd and the planning department, new Consulting, acting for Linden Homes, to excavate fossilisation of property boundaries allows us to gardens and orchards. The Nonconformist Watts apartments within the French Quarter have included the area in advance of construction. The site covers correlate the structural history of the site with family lived here from 1675 to 1737, and the house reinstatement of elements of the medieval street approximately 0.5 ha, with an impressive sequence artefacts and environmental evidence from nearly a was the boyhood home of the celebrated hymn pattern. Castle Way ring-road has been removed, of medieval vaulted cellars. The entire footprint of thousand 13th- to 19th-century backyard pits, writer Isaac Watts. His father, Isaac Watts Snr, ran a and the frontage of French Street has been pushed the development and all areas subject to below- cisterns and latrines, and with the wealth of boarding school and a small cloth factory at the site. back to its medieval line. Brewhouse Lane, a ground impact were excavated. documentary resources for the area. A wide range of 58 French Street, a medieval thoroughfare that may date from the origins of the finds includes exotic and rare pottery imports, a In 1737 the property was sold to the Woodford merchant’s house, adjacent medieval port in the late Saxon period, has been firing mechanism for a 14th-century crossbow, and family, who carried out extensive remodelling and to the site. © Oxford reinstated, allowing a line of sight from the High the stock of a 1940s’ chemist shop that was bombed renamed it Hampton Court. The Woodfords may be Archaeology Street to the medieval Merchant’s House in French into the medieval cellar below. The whole responsible for much of the assemblage will provide a massive demographic layout visible on the Royal dataset. Engineers’ Map of 1846, which shows a house built I Polymond Hall/Hampton Court: a Venetian around three sides of a ambassador and a nonconformist hymn writer courtyard garden with a One interesting property fronting onto French Street further garden to the rear. had been a timber building in the 10th to 12th During the 19th century the An unexpected medieval centuries but by the 13th century is identified in property became a post well-house (with 16th- documentary sources as the location of the ‘great office and then Hampton century rebuild) in the back stone houses of Richard of Leicester’, a leading Court Brewery. garden of tenement 237 townsman of his day. The property was acquired by Polymond Hall/Hampton St Denys’s Priory, probably in 1371 as the gift of Richard Brown Court. © Oxford Roger Haywode, and in the late 14th century it was Oxford Archaeology Reconstruction of the medieval cellar. © Oxford Archaeology the residence of another leading citizen, John [email protected]

16 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 17 as did Ronan Point in Canning Town. Following the monument to the Aylesbury (my own vote would be All photographs by partial collapse of Ronan Point in 1967, the system for one of the rather wonderful switch back ramps). Jonathan Smith was never used again Identifying success and failure Archaeological programme Information generated will be housed and exhibited The programme the Council is drawing up will in a dynamic ‘information hub’, a central building identify constraints the historic environment may that will also house the master planners. It will be a have on the master planning, and will build meeting place where people can add their community inclusion into the regeneration information and viewpoint. It will be multi-media programme via, in particular, appreciation of the and include on-site specialist staff. It has the recent past. Archaeologists have been commissioned potential to be both a celebration and condemnation, to produce a desk-based assessment of the estate. by the residents, of the successes and failures of their This will not only focus the subsequent intrusive estate: of the modernists’ visions, the social housing evaluation phase, but will also inform the master projects of the 1960s and 70s, of management by planners when they reinstitute a 19th-century street Southwark Council and of the passing of plan (a stated aim). These pre-planning democratically controlled, local social housing. investigations will model any buried archaeology and indicate likely constraints this will exert on By using the regeneration of an area’s historic The fourteen-storey slab Four- and fourteen- master planning, with mitigation strategies for any environment to develop inclusive engagement of its of Bradenham storey slabs with first significant elements. We are already able to require communities and by looking at that environment in overshadows residues of and second floor low-level building recording across the whole terms of its history, residents will take ownership of what it replaced walkways estate, with more detailed records of representative their past and their future. In a not atypical top- elements in advance of demolition. down approach, the chair of Southwark’s housing committee once stated that this ‘will be the biggest The historic environment wholesale clearance of 19th-century dwellings and Community excavations and oral history attack on bad housing conditions that this part of construction of ambitious, technically advanced, The archaeologists’ fieldwork will be communicated London has ever known’. I will leave you to ponder and regeneration of industrial-scale estates. Southwark architects to the community through press, posters and site whether this was uttered in 1965 or 2005 and how developed a scheme that Pevsner described as ‘the tours. Intrusive evaluations will lead into set-piece we change ‘slum clearance’ to ‘regeneration’ with 20th-century social housing most ambitious post-war development by any community training excavations for residents and more than semantics. London borough’. He noted that the preferred form school students. It is anticipated that these will Jonathan The London Borough of Southwark is due to was not the tower, but the ‘slab’, where the housing mainly deal with 19th- and 20th-century elements of Jonathan Smith Senior Archaeology Officer Smith regenerate more than 100ha of council housing. blocks are between four and fourteen stories high. the historic environment, with findings linked into The estate includes the longest housing block in oral history. About a quarter of residents have lived Southwark Council In this programme is the Aylesbury, a late 1960s Europe, built to an industrialised system. The slabs on the estate from the beginning and will have housing estate in the centre of the borough. It are grouped alternately around garage courts and memories of its 44-year life and of what it replaced. houses nearly 8000 residents, many suffering grassed areas. A major precept was separation of Oral histories will have a great deal to indicate Switchback ramps that grave social problems, and is famous, or traffic from pedestrians, which resulted in raised about the changing local social, demographic and would get my vote infamous, for contrasting reasons. walkways and bridges at second floor and higher economic situations, and of the success or otherwise levels. Construction began in 1967 and was of previous regeneration programmes. The estate is Firstly, viewers of Channel Four will be familiar completed in 1977. tarred as a failure: what do residents feel about this? with the estate as the subject of a branding clip (pan Was it ever a success? Was it doomed to failure? left across desolate, washing line and rubbish strewn, The site is of uncertain but probably low potential Should we have kept what it replaced? Why are run-down estate until the logo emerges amid the late for significant buried archaeological remains, but its similar estates, such as the Barbican in the City of brutalist structures). Situated close to the Labour standing structures are definitely notable in the London not viewed in a similar vein? Party’s old central office on Walworth Road, it was historic environment. They are representative of where Tony Blair delivered his first speech as Prime Southwark’s democratically-controlled social Building recording will include technical training for Minister. One implication of what he said was that housing, a category of building that had only about students and adults, and will encourage residents’ such ‘failing’ estates would no longer be tolerated fifty years of construction and is now starting to engagement with their estate’s history. Short films under New Labour. Nearly ten years on the decision disappear; its modernist architectural philosophy, will record how representative samples of residents has been made to proceed with regeneration. This whose genesis is in the designs and ideas for the move through and use the estate. Residents will will mean staged demolition and replacement with modern 20th-century industrial city inspired by Le narrate how they view and access the estate, how it at least twice the number of dwellings, built as low- Corbusier and, though modernist styles survive in has changed, how they would have chosen to change rise ‘traditional’ housing. individual buildings across Southwark, the it. Old photographs of the estate, its construction and Aylesbury represents one of the first and last what it replaced will be collected alongside Ambitious post-war development examples of large scale, modernist urban planning competitions of new photography, written Greater London Council’s architects in the 1960s were in the UK. It is also of technological significance, descriptions and paintings. A vote will decide which charged with solving London’s housing problems by having employed the Jasper 12M panel-built system element of the estate should be retained as a

18 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 19 centuries. In 1985 it was designated a site of ministerial interest. A current venture, the Malta at Cultural Heritage and added to the list of War Museum, gives people a chance to learn about SHARP PRACTICE: Andalucian Historical Heritage in 1988. Post- what happened at the individual and family level, medieval buildings north of the causeway supplied with access to wartime shelters kitted out with troop needs and facilitated ship building and repair. authentic donated material. Success of this venture regenerating historic military sites New buildings increased capacity during the is dependent upon other enterprises within the Succession War of 1700-14. The complex, guarded Three Cities working together to provide a in Europe by flanking batteries, was besieged by Napoleon, complementary package to entice visitors as well as and Cadiz became the focus of French-free Spain. providing a stronger lobbying voice. Mark Stevenson The Spanish congress in Cadiz drafted the new constitution here that became law in 1812. The site Defences and the prison at Tallinn English Heritage London Region has been One outcome was that methods in dealing with is therefore nationally important and provides key Battery, on the Baltic coast to the west of the main involved with regeneration of the former Royal heritage issues deserved a wider audience, and a anniversary dates by which to achieve the site’s harbour of Tallinn, was built by Czar Nicholas I in Arsenal, Woolwich site for over ten years. When European project under INTERREG IIIc would rehabilitation. 1827 as part of the Baltic defence system to protect the original masterplan was approved in 2000, the fulfill this aspiration. Finance from LDA and the the approach to St Petersburg. The arc-shaped three- landowners, London Development Agency, LDA, lead developer, Berkeley Homes (East Thames) Ltd, Maltese heritage storey building contained 162 cannons but was were well advanced in an extensive programme enabled 21st Century ERA Ltd to win support from ‘Three Cities’ is the main ancient settlement on never used in anger. Behind the main building two of remediation and basic maintenance of some of the European Union funding authority. Oxford Malta, built on tongues of land that project into the converging wings housed the officers, offices and the 22 Listed Buildings. Archaeology was invited to take part, having Grand Harbour. It was this feature that gave people other functions before use of the site changed in 1858 Detail of the central undertaken building recording and most of the their livelihoods in trade and in building and to that of a warehouse, flats and an Orthodox church. feature of the Real In 2001 English Heritage hosted a stakeholder archaeological fieldwork on site. repairing ships. The Knights arrived in 1530 and Carenero façade, seminar to identify what more needed to be done. fortified the Three Cities until a new capital, Following the Russian Revolution, Estonia declared Cadiz. © English Arsenal sites Valletta, was built on the far side of the harbour. In independence but was immediately overrun by Heritage Taking former arsenal sites as the common vehicle the Second World War Malta sustained almost Germany. Following the Estonian War of in looking at major historic brownfield sites, continuous bombing, and afterwards people Independence in 1920 Battery became first a partners are the University of Cadiz with the Real generally did not move back to bombed out ancient detention centre and then the central prison of Carenero and Suazo Bridge, Malta Heritage Trust with settlements, so the area became extremely poor. The Tallinn. In 1940 Russia captured Estonia, only for their Malta at War Museum and Shelters, Three Cities, Maltese have tended to focus on the period of the Germany to retake it in 1941. Battery was used as and the Estonian Arts Academy supported by the Knights of Malta to build a successful tourist trade part of the ‘final solution’, with a large number of Estonian Heritage Board with Battery on the Baltic but this has been to the detriment of their more people being transferred to the prison before being coast north of Tallinn. recent history. Enter the Malta Heritage Trust, which murdered. When Russia regained control of Estonia has taken on important neglected sites and following the war it continued the prison use of the Real Carenero developed tourist and, equally important, site, and across the country in the first four years Real Carenero, the old arsenal of the Suazo Bridge sites, in an area of saltmarsh guarding the causeway No.1 Dock, The that linked Cadiz with mainland Spain, has been Grand Harbour, largely neglected, and squatters and a scrap metal Three Cities, the business have taken up residence. Suazo Bridge is focus of several Roman in origin but was much repaired in later initiatives, public and private, that are now coming together to develop a common strategy

Fort St Angelo dominates the Grand Harbour of Malta within an extensive system of defences. © English Heritage

20 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 59 21 The canalised River Taff near the Millennium Stadium from the air. Prior to 19th-century canalisation the river followed a large PRACTICE meander, taking it under the site of the Stadium and along the SHARP Urban present streets before rejoining the present course by the bridges to carry the Great Western Railway (bottom of 60,000 Estonians were either killed or deported. named it the Royal Arsenal, and it grew with each photograph). This crossing effectively cut off the upper town Following Independence in 1991, Estonia joined the military action within the British empire. By the waterfronts reaches to all but the smallest river craft. © RCAHMW EU in 2004 and the prison finally vacated the site in First World War it occupied 1285 acres and 2005. Various schemes have been suggested but the employed 80,000 people, many of them women. recent declaration by the National Heritage Board is that it should be a cultural site. Between the wars there was some non-military in Wales work such as manufacture of milk churns and Woolwich Royal Arsenal locomotives, to ease unemployment. Then Andrew Marvell and Kate Howell The history of The Warren, Woolwich goes back to preparations for war were stepped up so that by hurried construction of the triangular Prince Rupert 1940 40,000 people were working here. The site was Fort at the edge of the marsh east of what is now eventually closed in 1967, with 500 acres given to Restored Shell Woolwich Ferry in 1667, to protect Woolwich the GLC to build Thamesmead. The western historic Foundry Gatehouse, dockyard and London from possible Dutch attack. core was the subject of clearance of many buildings Royal Arsenal, In the 18th century this fort disappeared under land and the remediation of an earlier infilled canal, Woolwich. reclamation as the site expanded to provide a wide before being sold to English Partnerships for £1 Waterfronts © Berkeley Homes range of arsenal functions. In 1805 George III re- with the aspiration to see the site regenerated. Major historic ports in south- are not static (East Thames) Ltd east Wales (Chepstow, Newport, SHARP’s diverse mix Cardiff and Swansea), followed relicts of the Each site and partner represent a diverse mix that by subsidary ports and major past but have has gives SHARP its richness and strength, enabling landing-places and havens, have the group to produce a clear guidance ‘blueprint’. been studied by Glamorgan- altered, and With a framework for regeneration of historic Gwent Archaeological Trust brownfield sites, each partner will be encouraged to with support from Cadw in order continue to develop specific guidance that fits its own planning, to inform and encourage future alter, with political and cultural context. conservation of a crucial heritage resource. changing The project was launched at Woolwich in December fashions and 2004 to a capacity audience, followed by two rounds Regional sites and monuments of partner meetings in each of the participating records, the National Monuments requirements. countries. Round one was primarily fact finding, the Record, documentary and second to meet local stakeholders, promote SHARP cartographic evidence and other published sources and provide a vehicle to raise local awareness. In formed a project database which was linked to each country there has been interest expressed by Ordnance Survey data using GIS. Historic maps national newspapers and television as well as were geocoded and overlaid with OS data, enabling regional and national politicians. In the second map regression. The course of rivers and position of round partners spoke in more detail with local waterfront features were plotted, the condition of representatives and discussed shared experiences in known sites ascertained and further unreported workshops, looking in detail at the six identified interests identified on site visits, and the potential themes: master planning, public/private for survival of maritime archaeological remains was partnership, heritage, tourism, education and assessed. Zoned maps were created to showing sustainable regeneration. areas of high, medium and low potential.

The two-year project is to culminate with a Waterfronts are not static relicts of the past but have Aerial view of Royal conference at Firepower! the Royal Artillery altered, and continue to alter, with changing Arsenal, Woolwich Museum, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, 6 February fashions and requirements. Indeed, the location of at near completion 2007. Admission is free but due to limited space, the modern docks in Cardiff, Newport and Swansea of the first main application will need to be made for a seat. are all some distance from the medieval harbours, phase of having moved downstream to accommodate regeneration. For further information: [email protected] passage of larger vessels. River courses alter over © Berkeley Homes time through natural erosion or silting. In Cardiff (East Thames) Ltd Mark Stevenson and Swansea, the rivers were canalised in the 19th [email protected] century to create an artificial topography.

22 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 23 Urban waterfronts can contain spectacular but fragile remains such as the Newport Ship,

excavated in 2002. These attract Great Western Wharf, immense public interest. Following Newport. Built by the East detailed recording, study and Usk Railways and Docks conservation the remains of the Company in the mid-19th Newport Ship will be displayed Century, it was envisaged near to the point of discovery. In that the wharf would themselves such remains provide a become part of a major focal point in a regenerated urban dock in competition with environment. © GGAT Newport Town Dock and the other wharfs established on the opposing bank of the Usk. Overtime the structure activities that took place, and demonstrate the scale became unstable and of sea-borne and river-borne commerce in the past. potentially dangerous and could not easily be Waterfronts at risk incorporated into Waterfront resources are at risk for a variety of redevelopment; it was fully reasons. The locations are increasingly under recorded and surveyed pressure from urban regeneration projects, and the before demolition. © GGAT desirability of waterside locations for residential, cultural and commercial developments can be seen in the number of schemes currently being planned modern environment. The differences and (ISBN 1-870419-05-7) has been prepared and and implemented across south-east Wales. Highlighting similarities of waterfront activities over time can be results have already been disseminated directly Engineering schemes to protect the modern the historic addressed, and continuities and changes of use to key audiences. waterfront settlements, such as flood alleviation environment understood. In maintaining a connection with the projects, can disturb features, artefacts and past, a deep-rooted sense of place can be Andrew Marvell and Kate Howell palaeoenvironmental deposits. Development of an area engendered, which will enhance the experiences of Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust pressure means these locations are increasingly built encourages those working in, living in and visiting waterfront Heathfield House upon, with loss to the cultural heritage resource, locations. Heathfield often in a piecemeal manner. respect for the Swansea The waterfront resource modern A booklet on the project, Wales, waterfronts and the SA1 6EL The fragile nature of many waterfront remains The cultural heritage resource of these waterfront world, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd [email protected] means they can be easily damaged. Wooden environment. locations takes many forms and may be visible or structures survive remarkably well when buried. It includes shipwrecks, wharfs, slipways waterlogged, but once this anaerobic environment is Development and other structures; transport infrastructure, disturbed, rapid decay begins. pressure means including roads, railways and canals; buildings including warehouses, churches and lighthouses, Why protect waterfronts? these locations and palaeoenvironmental information. Evidence are increasingly may be documentary and from oral history sources, The benefits of preserving the cultural heritage of or from pictographic, cartographic and waterfront locations include both social and built upon, with photographic records. economic advantages. The incorporation of historic loss to the features within new developments gives a project a cultural heritage Spectacular archaeological discoveries such as the unique aspect, creating a distinctive and Newport Ship excite us all, but apparently characteristic new environment that remains linked resource, often mundane remains include a lightship The Juno still with the past. In commercial schemes this in a piecemeal moored at Briton Ferry, which took part in the distinctiveness can be successfully marketed as a J-Shed SA1 Development, evacuation of Allied troops from Dunkirk. Whilst selling point. On a wider scale, the preservation of King’s Dock, Swansea. This manner. not always as visually exciting as boats and ships, the historic environment is vital for the expanding former warehouse building the information that can be gathered from surviving heritage tourism industry. has been renovated and structures, transport infrastructure and buildings is modernised, reversing its of great value when examining the nature and The value of preserving historic features is equally use as an industrial building extent of past exploitation of these waterfront areas. important in social terms. Highlighting the historic into a spacious apartment These features give an insight into the range of environment of an area encourages respect for the block. © GGAT

24 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 25 Little Houses make a big difference in historic small towns

Robin Turner and Derek Alexander Dymock’s Building: north façade, Dymock’s Building: north façade, before restoration. © NTS after restoration. © NTS

Almost from its inception in 1931, the National Trust Dymock’s burning secret for Scotland has been involved in saving small Dymock’s Building in Bo’ness, once ‘Glasgow’s east Dymock’s Building: 1.5m. There were two angled embrasures and what historic houses in declining Scottish burghs. In the port’, includes a 17th-century merchant’s house with iron pans, possibly appeared to be flues in the straight southern wall. process it has transformed historic towns such as fine panelled rooms, a yard with arched entrance for steeping fishing Heavily heat-affected, the walls of beach stones Dunkeld, Culross, the East Neuk of Fife villages – and lean-to stables. With its central location, the nets. © NTS overlay burnt sandy deposits, suggesting the and the vibrant communities that inhabit them. The dilapidated but historically important building was structure had been used as a kiln or furnace. It was Little Houses Improvement Scheme (LHIS) began in ideal for conversion through LHIS to amenity possibly a salt-pan, a common structure around the 1950s with a simple idea. Take over a historic housing for the elderly. Bo’ness in the 16th century. building in need of TLC; find the resources and restore it to the conservation standards of the day; Kirkdale Archaeology Ltd undertook detailed Archaeological work always attracts public interest then sell it on – almost inevitably at a loss – with a recording of the upstanding building and excavated and this project was no exception. Open days were Conservation Agreement or Burden that legally where building work would destroy buried well attended and primary schools took part in a protects its special qualities in the future. The Fife deposits. The results have enhanced our programme on ‘How to be a good archaeologist’ village of Culross is one of the best examples of this understanding of the town as well as transforming (www.ntseducation.org.uk). The local community regeneration; a concerted effort led to changing a our appreciation of the property, and have heavily took no time to warm to the project and to re- declining community into one that has become so influenced the final conversion scheme. The yard Dymock’s Building: establish ownership of the town’s history. proud of itself its burghers are proposing a realistic area revealed a sequence of intact cobbled surfaces, 16th-century salt bid for World Heritage Site status. with paving and post pads indicating 18th-century kiln? © NTS Detailed recording and research have provided a cart sheds and stables. It became evident that many remarkable insight not just into this structure but Recording and rewards surrounding structures had been reused for the origins and development of the late medieval More recent projects include a significant industrial purposes. During the 19th century two burgh of Bo’ness. The building is now a major archaeological component, and the scheme has been cast-iron pans, about 2m diameter and 1m deep, asset rather than a liability, and a further important in raising the profile of buildings were dug behind the house. These were initially substantial restoration project of the nearby archaeology in Scotland. The experience at Bo’ness thought to be tanks for the settling and separation of Hippodrome Cinema has become the next step in is typical: a semi-derelict and unvalued structure whale oil products, but chemical analysis of the changing the fortunes of the historic town turns out to be far more interesting than anyone residues failed to confirm this interpretation. could have imagined. The challenge is to make the Another possibility is that they were ‘barking pots’ Little Houses: the book case for this level of recording to the rest of the used to steep fishing nets. The base of one of the The fascinating history of the politics and buildings preservation trust movement, despite the enigmatic pans was recovered and incorporated in practicalities of NTS work with little houses over problems of raising even more money. The reward, the final layout of the courtyard. its first 75 years is told in Little Houses: the National of course, is that the enhanced historical importance Trust for Scotland’s Improvement Scheme for Small of the building leads to even greater civic pride, one Excavation west of the house revealed industrial Historic Homes by Diane Watters and Miles of the main aims of such projects. waste that had been dumped to extend the natural Glendinning, available from www.rcahms.gov.uk/ shoreline, resulting in construction of the town’s publications.html. With several important projects in train, LHIS remains a key West Pier around 1636. This dump underlay the earliest parts of the merchant’s house and sealed Robin Turner way in which NTS fulfils its statutory aim of promoting remains of an unsuspected massive, heavily burnt Head of Archaeology, National Trust for Scotland conservation, access and enjoyment of Scotland’s heritage. stone structure. Archaeology, both standing and below ground, is now an Derek Alexander integral part of the process, showing people that they can and Roughly spade-shaped in plan, this structure was Fife Harling stamp, featuring an LHIS NTS West Region Archaeologist, National Trust for should be proud of their local heritage. up to 9m across, with walls 1.8m thick surviving to restoration of The Nunnery, Culross Scotland

26 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 27 archaeological resources through urban Apart from avoiding roads, services, and known deposits beneath any proposed development within Great Yarmouth: characterisation (it includes the extensive urban Second World War bomb sites and air raid shelters, the town walls can be determined from the data survey of Great Yarmouth), website access to the the 114 boreholes were targeted on a pseudo- volume, and the nature of the deposits from adjacent historic environment record and explanatory texts, random basis but, where possible, within 50m of borehole logs. For example, during recent urban regeneration and determination of the depth and nature of the adjacent boreholes. Undisturbed samples were underpinning of the Town Hall, we provided both surviving archaeological deposits through a deposit recovered from the entire length of all boreholes. All borehole logs and interpolated sections of the ground and the model derived from targeted borehole investigations. samples were opened and logged in the laboratory beneath the Hall to the engineers and architects, by a geotechnical engineer and an archaeologist removing the need for exploratory boreholes and Archaeological Map • Extensive urban survey simultaneously, and then sieved for artefacts. The 3- reducing the overall cost of the project. The final This archaeological, historical, and character D locations of all artefacts recovered were recorded, results of the project will be used to write a Great assessment of Great Yarmouth is the pilot study for and entered into the borehole database. Borehole supplement to the Great Yarmouth Local Plan. Ken Hamilton the Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) of Norfolk. It logs were entered into a specific borehole database uses a spatial approach, similar to that developed in (Rockworks 2004), and interpolated into a 3-D data The deposit model has revealed significant Lancashire (2000-4), identifying historic character volume. The data volume was constrained laterally information about the physical formation of Great Heritage is at the forefront of Great Yarmouth’s zones surviving in modern Yarmouth, along with to the limits of the survey area. Yarmouth from AD1000 to the present. For example, regeneration, through the inteGREAT past character zones identified through historical it shows that the river Yare ran several metres east programme (involving Norfolk County Council, records and historic maps. Each character zone is The results can be used to produce of its current line in the medieval period. The land Great Yarmouth Borough Council and EEDA). accompanied by an explanatory text. palaeotopographies (apparent past land surfaces), was reclaimed throughout the medieval period, and which can be exported to appropriate visualisation the river had attained its present course by about YarmouthThe aim is to broaden the image and appeal of • Public access website software and displayed as contour plots or surface 1600AD. Yarmouth beyond that of a dedicated seaside The Great Yarmouth Archaeological Map website maps. Surface maps have proven to be extremely resort and to promote it as an historic town. (www.gyam.org.uk) is a significant outreach tool. It useful in outreach contexts, as a method of The Great Yarmouth Archaeological Map is an To this end, £3 million have been provided to comprises a database of all Norfolk historic visualising early Great Yarmouth. Overlaying ERDF Objective 2, English Heritage and Norfolk environment records for Great Yarmouth (with contour maps and surfaces with geo-referenced County Council project. restore and renovate historic buildings as part appropriate mapping), and a series of narrative web street plans allows the original contexts of surviving of the Townscape Heritage Initiative. Running pages which put the database records into context historic buildings to be determined. Ken Hamilton alongside this are several ERDF Objective 2 for the public. It also records, in non-technical terms, Norfolk Landscape Archaeology funded projects: the Great Yarmouth the methods and results of the Great Yarmouth • Project outcomes Union House, Gressenhall deposit modelling exercise. East Dereham, Norfolk NR20 4DR Archaeological Map, the Maritime Heritage The model has begun to play a role in development control in Great Yarmouth: the depth of archaeological [email protected] Initiative, which curates the Maritime East • The Deposit Model Archive, the Time and Tide Museum, restoration These are a common urban archaeological Coring in Market of Nelson’s Monument and the Priory Centre. management tool, usually derived from a synthesis Time and Tide Row. of past excavation records. However, there has been Museum. Photograph: Ken Archaeology’s input little archaeological intervention in the historic core Photograph: Norfolk • Hamilton The initial contribution of archaeology is the Great of Great Yarmouth, so data on the depth and nature Museum and Yarmouth Archaeological Map project, which aims of the archaeological deposits had to be derived Archaeology Service to improve understanding of Great Yarmouth’s from boreholes.

Faden’s map of Great Yarmouth (1797), showing the Rows, the walls, and the lack of extramural development

Distribution of GYAM boreholes

28 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 29 Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS) as their The collapsed wall Archaeology regeneration archaeological consultant. One difficulty was that of a Roman & there were standing buildings across much of the site, macellum (market many of which needed to be acquired and demolished hall) with bands of in before ground investigations could take place. As a Roman bricks, and consequence field evaluation was undertaken on a with traces of the Leicester phased basis between 2003 and 2006. Anglo-Saxon structure in the Although archaeological deposits, ranging from centre foreground. Chris Wardle and Richard Buckley mesolithic flints to 19th-century burials, were © ULAS present over most of the development site, there were only three sites covering about 1.76ha where eicester is a city with a long and illustrious influx of frame knitters in the late 18th century and extensive archaeological recording was necessary: St past. Its origins lay in the late Iron Age, and reached its zenith after the introduction of Peter’s Lane site, where the Church of St Peter, L in the mid-1st century AD its rise as an mechanisation in the late 19th century, collapsed in demolished in the 16th century, was identified and urban centre began. By the late 2nd century it was a the early 1970s. The city now finds itself urgently in where piles would have been driven through human discoveries of the excavation – the collapsed wall of a tribal capital, with defences enclosing some 47 need of regeneration, with low average incomes, remains (see TA 60, 26-7); Highcross Street, where large Roman building, almost certainly the macellum hectares of street grid in which there where many limited job opportunities, a poor housing stock and complex deposits of an important street frontage identified by John Wacher in 1958. The wall was at fine public buildings, including a forum-basilica, a poor external image. were affected; and Vine Street, where a multi-storey least 8m high and was constructed of granite rubble bath complex and at least one temple. car park was due to cut into important Roman with regular tile bonding courses. It had fallen across Against this background Leicester Regeneration deposits. a Roman street and the rubble contained traces of a Since the end of Roman rule the city’s fortunes have Company (LRC) was founded in 2001, with a brief to tile relieving arch and the jamb and arch of a Highcross Street: repeatedly ebbed and flowed: a recent cycle came develop a masterplan and steer it towards completion HIGHCROSS STREET: A ROMAN MARKET window. Beneath the wall, cutting into the edge of excavations in when a thriving hosiery industry that began with an in partnership with the private sector. This HALL AND SAXONS WITHIN THE RUINS the street, were hearths of uncertain function, progress on the masterplan included four regeneration areas Evaluation on the east side of a principal street of possibly used to extract silver from Roman coins. medieval high street extending outwards from the fringes of the city Roman and medieval Leicester indicated a frontage. © ULAS centre. The purpose of these is to draw more substantial pocket of well-preserved archaeological VINE STREET: A ROMAN TOWN HOUSE commercial activity and high-tech industries to the remains – some 3.5m of stratification from the early Excavations over 6500 square metres covered around city, to establish pleasant residential areas on the edge Roman period onwards, stretching 30m from the 60% of one Roman insula. The most important of the city centre and to reinvigorate the economy. frontage. Excavation revealed a complex sequence of discovery was a Roman townhouse of courtyard medieval and post-medieval buildings within four plan, measuring some 40m by 38m. The earliest Vine Street town HIGHCROSS QUARTER: A RETAIL CORE IN A narrow plots. Buildings on the street frontage were elements dated from the 2nd century and consisted house plan. ROMAN CITY probably timber framed, resting on stone © ULAS A fifth regeneration area within Leicester’s historic foundations. As ground levels rose as a result of centre is aimed at reviving the retail core. It is felt intense occupation, some stone boundary walls that as a regional shopping centre Leicester is losing became cellar walls. In the backyards were the usual out to its main rival, Nottingham, so the plan is to range of cesspits, wells and outhouses, plus reinvigorate the retail by extending the 1991 structures pointing to specific activities. One shopping mall, The Shires. In addition to shops and property had a series of stone ovens, probably car parks, the enlarged mall is to incorporate a associated with brewing. Finds from medieval multiplex cinema, two public squares and 119 phases included late medieval riveted chainmail. apartments. The aim is to bring about a renaissance of the retail core and increase its ranking in the Some 3m below present ground level, timber national league of shopping centres from fifteenth buildings tentatively dated to the Saxo-Norman to eighth. period were identified – the first structures of this period found in Leicester so far. Nearby, close to This entire development lies within the Roman street frontage, was extensive dark earth containing defences, and occupies some 9.6% of the walled 9th and 10th-century pottery. Beneath this was Medieval chain mail Roman and medieval town. Archaeological deposits evidence for a large post-built structure, perhaps a from Highcross Street. can be as much as 4.5m deep. The archaeological hall, together with an Anglo-Saxon sunken-featured © ULAS implications of the Shires West were great, but, as a building cutting into Roman rubble. Two other key element of the regeneration of the city, it was sunken-featured buildings have been identified in imperative that it should go ahead. the vicinity, indicating dispersed settlement of the 5th-7th century within the ruins of the Roman town. MITIGATION AND EVALUATION Fortunately the developers were quick to appreciate Closer examination of the rubble beneath the Anglo- these difficulties, and appointed University of Saxon features revealed one of the most remarkable

30 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 31 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF TOWN COMMONS Mark Bowden, Graham Brown and Nicky Smith

Commons were attached to urban as well space that have been largely overlooked by as to rural settlements. Commoners in archaeologists and historians. They were therefore identified by Paul Everson, then head of Lead curse tablet towns enjoyed the same rights as their Archaeological Survey & Investigation, as a suitable from Vine Street. country cousins – grazing, fishing and the target for investigation – a unique contribution that © ULAS Excavations in Vine Street, with taking of fuel, small timber and minerals. AS&I (more used to working in a rural the main reception rooms of They also had other local rights where environment) could make to urban agenda. the town house complete with apse and the courtyard and appropriate, such as setting up tenter A literature search, wide-ranging reconnaissance street frontages. © ULAS frames, playing games or drying laundry. and a few selective detailed surveys have confirmed A lead seal of the the importance of these commons as an Twentieth Legion In 1995 the former RCHME undertook an archaeological resource. As predicted, they do found in a room in archaeological survey of the Town Moor at preserve as earthworks a wide range of historic the west wing Newcastle-upon-Tyne. This revealed not only the features reflecting their use for sporting, leisure and expected remains of cultivation, mining, the 18th- military activities, grazing, quarrying, and century race course and recent military activity, but occasional cultivation. But they also preserve of two strip buildings each with frontages on the earthworks of what appears to be a late extensive earlier landscapes – settlements, different streets. These buildings appear to have been prehistoric or Romano-British settlement – all within cemeteries, roads, boundaries and field systems. linked together during a major building phase, a mile and a half of the city centre. It is well known which extended the west wing to the north and that earthworks also existed on other town The results of the project will be published next added a north and east wing, all of which commons, at Lincoln for instance. Clearly there was year. It is hoped that this will be a stimulus both for surrounded a central courtyard. To the east, a semi- a case for further research on a national scale, both further research, and for improved management and detached range contained a probable bath suite, with to study the archaeology of the use of these common conservation of these important urban green spaces. hypocaust and plunge pool. The north wing lands, and to look at the degree to which that – For further information about the project, contact included an apsidal room, whilst other rooms of this relatively benign – land use had preserved features [email protected]. range had hypocausts. An added range seems to of earlier periods. have had another bath suite. A corner room Mark Bowden, Graham Brown and Nicky Smith produced evidence for later industrial processes, Excavating a lead pig concealed beneath The opportunity came after the merger of the English Heritage Archaeological Survey & including smithing and bone working, which suggest a floor within the house. © ULAS RCHME and EH in 1999. EH had a number of Investigation that the status of the building declined in later initiatives aimed at promoting the historic National Monuments Record Centre periods. Another possibility is that some rooms on environment within the urban agenda, including Kemble Drive the frontage were always used for commercial or are identifiable as being from the sixth and public parks and cemeteries, but the few surviving Swindon SN2 2GZ industrial activity, with the house being focused on twentieth legions. They would have been used for urban commons are another sort of urban open 01793 414766 the courtyard away from the street. In the east wing, sealing documents or consignments of goods and several dispersed coin hoards, deposited in around may hint that the house which have been occupied AD341, were discovered buried inside one of the by a public official. rooms and appeared to have been disturbed in GPS survey of antiquity – perhaps during digging to retrieve Fine Roman buildings, the first evidence for early Westwood Common, hoarded items of greater value. In an adjacent room, Anglo-Saxon settlement in Leicester, exceptional Beverley. Photograph: a lead pig had been deliberately buried and covered preservation of structural remains and rich finds of Richard Addison with roofing slates. Finds elsewhere on the site many periods – Leicester is proving it’s a place to suggest occupation until the late 4th century. Next to be proud of and where the latest urban regeneration the town house, a large rectangular structure of the has worthy predecessors. 3rd century, with thick stone walls and a sequence of mortar floors, was almost certainly a public building. Chris Wardle Leicester City Council Significant finds from the Vine Street site have included two lead curses, currently in the process of Richard Buckley being translated, and three lead seals, two of which University of Leicester Archaeology Services

32 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 33 successful tender was implemented through an ICE Contract for Archaeological Investigation. The collaboration successfully combined WHEAS’ extensive local knowledge and specialist finds and environmental teams with Cotswold Archaeology’s regional and logistical expertise.

REVEALING HISTORY The excavation provided the first certain evidence of a Roman road linking the small town to a presumed ford or bridge across the Severn at the end of what later became Newport Street. Importantly, this road Aerial view of the Worcester, with aspirations to develop as a ‘first has been shown to have continued in use until a excavations. rank cathedral and university city’, has several areas medieval bridge was built and the road shifted © Mike Glyde within and around its historic centre identified for slightly to its current alignment. Later remains WORCESTER:re-development over the next few years. Some of included numerous medieval and post-medieval these areas, including the Newport Street site, were buildings fronting the street, with ovens, hearths once part of the historic townscape but were cleared and other industrial remains providing evidence for in the mid 20th century to become surface car parks. leatherworking, iron-smithing, and the weaving and Others are the remains of 19th-century industrial dyeing of cloth in back-plots between the medieval complexes (for instance the Royal Worcester bridge and the commercial heart of the city. The Urban Porcelain factory). Proposed developments include surviving foundations of 19th-century courts packed innovative riverside re-development of the former into the former back plot areas, reflected the rapid city hospital and a council depot into a second decline in prosperity of the area following the regeneration campus for the University of Worcester, linked to a construction in 1781 of a new bridge a short distance ‘world class joint academic and public library and downstream, effectively relegating Newport Street and history centre’. to a minor back lane. PLANNING FOR PRESERVATION Archaeological input into the regeneration project At Newport Street, an opportunity arose for has continued beyond the completion of site work, Archaeologists from archaeological archaeologists to examine the largest single area with the digitised excavation plan providing a Cotswold Archaeology ever investigated within the medieval city walls, in blueprint for certain aspects of the new and WHEAS excavating a the context of a strategy which retained the majority development, and with the direct involvement of late medieval oven or dye- partnerships of archaeological remains in situ. The site was archaeological expertise in designing plaques that vat base. © WHEAS identified as having importance for the medieval will inform the public of the historical context of and early post-medieval periods (it included some the site. 14 former property holdings), with a high potential for significant Roman deposits. Archenfield Since completion of fieldwork, joint working on the Archaeology, consultants for the project, undertook post-excavation assessment has continued along Robin Jackson, Martin Watts a desk-based assessment, and brought in similar lines. The collaborative approach has both Worcestershire Historic Environment and facilitated this element of the regeneration of and James Dinn Archaeology Service (WHEAS) to undertake field Worcester’s riverside and yielded a considerable evaluation, leading to a series of archaeological body of important archaeological information. planning conditions. These included full Hopefully it has also established a precedent that archaeological excavation to the formation level for will allow greater exchange of knowledge between development, sample excavation of deeper deposits, RAOs and provide more stable employment for piled foundations, and monitoring of the impact of archaeologists within the area. development on groundwater. Addressing a range of research priorities identified in a draft research Robin Jackson framework, developed as part of the Urban Worcestershire Historic Environment and Archaeology Archaeological Strategy, was central to the Service

mitigation strategy. 12th/13th-century cellar Martin Watts on Newport Street – the COMBINED FORCES Cotswold Archaeology scales are sitting on a A rapid start and large staff were required by the Roman road surface developers Cabot Homes, so WHEAS joined forces James Dinn revealed below its floor. with fellow RAO, Cotswold Archaeology, and their Worcester City Council © WHEAS

34 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 35 Regeneration Master Plan The draft regeneration master plan made little reference to the historic legacy of the Greengate area, an oversight identified by the Greater archaeological potential is considerable, with remains Rediscovering Manchester Archaeological Unit (GMAU) and of medieval burgage plots, houses, and industrial Salford Conservation Officer. Their amended remains and workers’ housing from later periods medieval Salford: strategy incorporated already evident from three excavations in the regeneration area. These excavations have provided archaeology and • the market place itself, with the cross (and stocks) the opportunity to engage with key stakeholders, and restored as an iconic landmark structure. councillors are excited at the prospect of restoring urban regeneration Information boards would tell the story of the Salford’s historic identity. Collaboration with the medieval borough and its later development, Salford University Centre for Virtual Environment Norman Redhead illustrated with finds and excavated features will add a new dimension to presentation of the archaeological resource. • the other key focal point will be Collier Street It is still early days. An Urban Regeneration Salford City Council has recently produced Baths, a Grade II listed building designed by Thomas Waterhouse and opened in 1856, which Corporation has been established, planning guidance a master plan for the regeneration of is on English Heritage’s Buildings At Risk produced by Salford City Council and the master Greengate, an area of dereliction just Register. It is proposed that some 20th-century plan has been revised. The regeneration project will across the River Irwell from the medieval buildings are demolished to open up the fine re-connect the two cities and provide a new and core of Manchester and the vibrant Italianate façade of this neglected building, vibrant city centre quarter, with its own distinctive shopping centre there. This area was once allowing it to become an outstanding landmark identity based on the restoration of Salford’s medieval past. the medieval core of Salford, yet no building within the new development. The Baths buildings survive from before the 19th should be restored, with commercial and public use, one possibility for the latter being an Norman Redhead century. This scheme has presented a exhibition space telling the story of Greengate Assistant County Archaeologist unique opportunity to restore the historic area’s history, archaeology, and regeneration Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit identity of Salford. • a new boulevard between the market place and A plan of Manchester the Baths will link key historical focal points for The Greengate Towers and Salford c 1650 the regeneration scheme: the Baths to represent development, partly the industrial period and the market place and excavated by Oxford cross for the medieval period. The Baths and Archaeology North in 2006, Salford Cross would be landmark features at either end showing a row of cellared Salford was already an important place in 1086, was probably occupied by garden plots, orchards, or of the boulevard dwellings. The back yards granted a market in 1228 and by 1230 a charter had crofts. A number of medieval buildings survived lay over a deep black given it borough status. A survey of 1346 records until the 20th century. The market was held on the • a new park, Greengate, forming a green heart for garden soil which yielded a 129 burgages, but its economic base was only in rectangular village green, where there was a market the regeneration area adjacent to the market substantial assemblage of agriculture and its market declined in the post- cross, stocks and the town pump. Alongside was the place, is already featured in the master plan. 17th/18th century pottery. A medieval period. Until recently knowledge about exchange building or courthouse, in which both the GMAU have flagged up the potential for 13/14th century boundary medieval Salford rested largely upon maps from the Portmanmote and the Salford Hundred Court sat. engaging local schools and residents in a ditch runs across the top of post-medieval period, which show that the basic community archaeology project here, giving a the excavation area layout changed little until the late 18th century. The Car parks and dereliction sense of ‘ownership’ in the new development town plan was an irregular triangle, the interior By 1787-94 industrialisation was changing the town’s character. Salford was extending beyond its original • an archaeological desk-based assessment that will nucleus and the medieval ‘triangle’ was starting to facilitate exposure and presentation of key Salford’s medieval market infill. By 1848 there were dense concentrations of archaeological features within the designed place today, with workers’ housing, with terraces of back-to-back landscape, provide an historical and Part of the Abito Manchester Cathedral and dwellings, chapels, public houses, and various archaeological framework for information development site, excavated Arndale Shopping Centre industrial works. A size works, foundry, brewery, boards, educational material, press releases etc by the University of beyond the railway viaduct tannery, print works and cotton mill were all present and informing proposals for community Manchester Archaeological on the left in a very small area. The 20th century saw closure of archaeological involvement Unit in 2005. Remains the railway station, industrial decline and slum ranged from 13th-century clearance, with decay leading to an area dominated Development will have a major impact on the rubbish pits and property by car parks and dereliction. Remarkably, the archaeological resource, particularly where boundaries to industrial rectangular market place is still discernible at the basement car parking is required. There is already period back-to-back and junction of Greengate and Gravel Lane. some truncation from 20th-century activities but the blind back workers’ housing

36 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 37 construction of the legionary fortress. This joint initiative. Future archaeological activities are opportunity to work on the project. A walkway allows development between the Council and ING planned for sites within the ‘amphitheatre zone’, the public to view discoveries at close range and has includes a new library, market, performing arts such as the adjoining area of the Grosvenor Park. been hugely successful: a people counter has registered CHESTER: centre, bus station, anchor department store, sixty over 220,000 visitors, and surveys indicate that the shops and more than a hundred residential units. CHEQUERED HISTORY amphitheatre has become the city centre’s second most contrasting approaches Chester’s amphitheatre has had a chequered history popular attraction after the cathedral. Twice-daily tours CONSTRAINTS AND CONSERVATION since its discovery in 1929 and still evokes strong by a resident archaeologist were complemented by free Dan Garner and Mike Morris A detailed design brief produced in 1999 emotions in local people. Large-scale excavations by newsletters and an interpretation area in the nearby incorporated archaeological policies and constraints FH Thompson between 1960 and 1969 left visitor centre. The project has its own dedicated website applicable to the site, enabling us to grade the site approximately 40% of the arena exposed. Seating which was regularly updated during the excavation into four levels, from ‘no go’ to zones already banks were landscaped and grassed, becoming a season and includes a web-log page. The site was also In 1964 bulldozers began excavating basements for sterilised by previous developments. Working closely popular venue for picnickers. However, much of the used as the venue for the Chester Archaeology Service’s the new Grosvenor shopping centre in Chester. So with English Heritage, the ING archaeological southern quadrant of the amphitheatre remains annual National Archaeology Day event. The project has began the destruction of the Roman legionary bath consultant (Tom Hassall), and structural engineers buried beneath a listed building, Dee House, and been covered by a myriad of local radio and national house, whose walls had survived up to 4m high. (Buro Happold), we could address the issues in beneath a new Civil Justice Centre, built in 2000. newspaper articles, plus a BBC ‘Timewatch’ programme Between 1967 and 1969 a similar fate befell the earnest. The first great achievement was total Although constructed on the pile foundations of the dedicated to ‘Britain’s Lost Colosseum’. The site will equally well preserved ‘Elliptical Building’ – a reconfiguration of the traffic flow to avoid cutting previous building, the new building and car park also feature in a programme on Roman Chester being building apparently unique in the Roman world – through buried Roman defences. Having resolved covered some 20% of the amphitheatre’s footprint, made for the History Channel. during construction of the ‘Forum’ precinct and this, the team looked at proposed foundations and seriously hindering future exposure and display of council offices. Management of the urban groundworks. Basements and other major intrusions the monument. Dan Garner and Mike Morris archaeological resource has moved a long way since were sited in areas of existing disturbance, with Chester Archaeology Service the 1960s, and Chester has learned its lesson. At the widely spaced bored piles in areas of well preserved The Chester Amphitheatre Project was initiated in strategic level, robust policies are now in place in remains. The depth of archaeology was established at 2004 by English Heritage and Chester City Council. To find out more see http://www.chester.gov.uk/main.asp?page=722#a1478 the Local Plan, with similar ones in the forthcoming numerous locations through evaluation pits, and this The aims were to inform decisions on excavation of (for published reports) Local Development Framework. information, along with further desk-based the site and the future of Dee House, to revitalise the http://www.chester.gov.uk/northgate/home.html (Northgate development) assessment and a comprehensive geophysical survey, monument and to engage with visitors and the local http://www.chester.gov.uk/amphitheatre/index.html (Amphitheatre) The city is currently undergoing development even fed into the design of the foundations and floor slab community. From its inception, this research-based more extensive than that of the 1960s and 1970s. of each building. project has looked at all aspects of the archaeological Chester’s development team approach has proved resource (built and buried), in the surrounding successful in dealing with regeneration of The outcome is an engineering appraisal document townscape as well as on the amphitheatre’s footprint. brownfield areas such as the canalside and the old (currently at revision G!) which pulls together the port, but how would it cope with massive mitigation strategy for each building or area, VOLUNTEERS, STUDENTS AND TV COVERAGE regeneration in the historic core? This was the detailing the archaeological grade and the The excavations have been used for training challenge posed by the Northgate development, percentage of its footprint which will be damaged students from Chester and Liverpool universities, which at 4.6ha and £300 million is probably the by groundworks. A figure of 1.1% has been and a multitude of volunteers have had the Extent of Northgate biggest single building project in Chester since achieved for a large area of Roman barracks, whilst development elsewhere less than 2% has been attained. In some Gladiatorial display areas additional disturbance is unavoidable but is at National confined to where archaeology has already been Archaeology Day damaged. Detailed excavation or watching brief has 2005. The walkway been agreed for these areas, to be undertaken by the can be seen on the developer’s archaeological contractor, Earthworks. right The whole strategy has been secured through both archaeological condition and a S106 Agreement and work will commence early in 2007.

AMPHITHEATRE CULTURE PARK Elsewhere in the city a more proactive approach is being taken to the role of archaeology in urban regeneration. Chester’s Roman amphitheatre is being developed as a hub attraction for the city’s ‘Culture Park’ initiative. The concept is to re-brand and develop city-centre amenities and places of Excavations on the site of the present bus interest through key zones linked by new routes, station (1979-81) exemplify complex trails, improved signage and interpretation. The multi-period archaeology beneath much enhanced display and interpretation of the Amphitheatre excavation 2006 of the Northgate development area amphitheatre is seen as fundamental to this

38 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 39 The A ll P arty P arliamentary A rchaeology G roup Christopher Catling

The All Party Parliamentary Archaeology Group 2003, and included problems that remain largely unqualified support for a bored tunnel to remove within English Heritage (APPAG) was set up in 2001 by the Liberal unresolved. The headline issues were traffic from Stonehenge, and commented on many Democrat peer, Lord Rupert Redesdale, himself an maritime heritage issues. • progress towards implementing the Valletta archaeology graduate (from Newcastle), effectively • the need for an inter-departmental government Convention supported by Dai Morgan-Evans, then General committee on archaeology, serviced by a strong I Briefings and questions Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of London. team that could provide policy advice to DCMS It has received briefings on the current Heritage • steps taken to interest young people in archaeology Rupert set up APPAG because he was concerned by Protection Review by Harry Reeves of DCMS, on the the near invisibility of archaeology in policy • amalgamation of current archaeological looting of Baghdad Museum and measures to • success of targets for new users from priority statements emanating from English Heritage and organisations into a single non-governmental retrieve artefacts by Col Matthew Bogdanos of the groups of museums and heritage (we are doing from Government about the heritage. He was organisation to lobby for archaeology US military, on training museum staff as special rather better than the Arts) Dai Morgan-Evans supported particularly incensed by what he saw as an attempt constables for combating illicit trade in antiquities the creation and early days to turn archaeology into an instrument of Labour • to improve pay and conditions for by Detective Sergeant Vernon Rapley of the • the collapse of the programme of scheduling of of APPAG social policy in Power of Place, a publication over archaeologists, with training supported by Metropolitan Police, on recent excavations in monuments while listing of buildings increases which many people at English Heritage laboured employers. Only employers with high standards Westminster Hall by Philip Emery of Giffords, and a long and hard in an attempt to justify the social should be able to bid for contracts statutory requirement for local authorities to provide • protection of historic wrecks (support has also value of archaeology but which Rupert created historic environment services (preventing further been rallied for an Early Day Motion on maritime headlines by irreverently dismissing in the House of • support for implementing the Valletta problems like those in Northamptonshire). Most heritage) Lords as ‘a pile of pants’. Convention, with provision for volunteer recently, Peter Beacham (English Heritage) and Peter involvement built in Hinton (IFA) talked about the imminent Heritage • employment of conservation officers in local I Lords and MPs White Paper and how it should include restrictions authorities APPAG is not quite the largest all party group in • statutory SMRs (now HERs or HES) on ploughing scheduled monuments and reforms to parliament (that is rumoured to be the All Party planning guidance to confirm that it is reasonable There is a limit to what back benchers can do about Parliamentary Beer Group), but with 77 MPs and 53 • revisions of the present system of competitive for the planning process to require opportunities for any of these issues, but APPAG has proved to be a peers it commands a good proportion of backbench tendering for archaeological contracts public participation, and to require commercial useful pressure group within parliament, and there Members and Lords (all party groups can include work, where appropriate, to be conducted by has been an observable improvement in the level of Colin Renfrew, Chair of ministers and non-parliamentarians (known as • abolition of Class Consents that allow ploughing accredited historic environment professionals. debate in parliament about archaeological issues. APPAG ‘strangers’ in parliamentary language) amongst of scheduled monuments Those who speak on the subject do so with greater their membership, but traditionally ministers do not A recent briefing on aggregates and the Aggregates knowledge and confidence, and are able to draw join). The current officers are Lord (Colin) Renfrew • long term support for finds liaison officers under Sustainability Levy Fund led to recommendations to upon the expertise of the APPAG Advisory Group a of Kaimsthorn (Chairman), Lord Howarth of the Portable Antiquities Scheme stop siphoning of ASLF funds by DEFRA and for group of archaeologists (including the IFA’s Editor) APPAGNewport and Lord Montagu of Beaulieu (Vice more flexible guidelines for pre-pre-application who benefited from an informal but highly Chairmen), Lord (Rupert) Redesdale (Secretary) and • boosting the study of archaeology, including evaluation work to improve standards in professional course organised by Lord Redesdale Tim Loughton MP (Treasurer). prehistory, in schools archaeological briefs. There have also been tours of into how Parliament works and how it should be excavations such as the Museum of London’s lobbied. I Key issues • statutory provision for an adequate public community excavations at Shoreditch and of Warwick The first task was to try and pin down exactly what museum service Rodwell’s work on Edward the Confessor’s tomb in Perhaps the greatest impact that APPAG has had so the key issues were that archaeologists most cared Westminster Abbey. Suggestions for other tours that far is to reassure archaeologists that their cause is about that could then be pursued through cross- Thanks to Colin Renfrew’s close involvement with help inform MPs of the reality of archaeological work reflected and respected in parliament, to give party discussion and co-operation. Written issues surrounding illicit trade in antiquities there today are welcome. archaeology a distinct parliamentary voice (rather Rupert Redesdale, APPAG’s submissions were requested from national and local has been considerable lobbying on this issue, than being seen as a subset of heritage), and to Hon Secretary archaeology groups, and a parliamentary inquiry particularly in relation to the chaos in Iraq and Encouraged by APPAG, Parliamentary Questions provide a channel through which archaeological was set up at which leading archaeologists gave damage through looting there. The Group has also have been asked about: issues can be brought to the attention of evidence on what they saw as the most pressing been involved in campaigning over cuts to local parliamentarians and acted on as necessary. problems. authority funding of archaeology, has supported • VAT on listed buildings archaeologists over problems with DCA licensing of For further information about APPAG, see These were summarised in a report published in work on human remains, discussed and gave • concerns over the downgrading of archaeology www.appag.org.uk or contact [email protected].

40 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 41 NEW BOOKS REVIEWED

mitigation for historic assets. However, the Archaeologists, abstract artists and oral history document also suggests problems for the historic environment. English Heritage’s level of British Waterways restoration programme in Stourport involvement in the SMP process is dependent upon how the relevant Coastal Group interprets DEFRA Justin Hughes guidance. Perhaps the review should re-consider this over-flexible approach. English Heritage also should consider their position examine specific elements of the Canal Basins in on the SMP process, as their involvement is Stourport. This work will inform strategies for re- currently not statutory. This position may have a landscaping the historic Tontine Gardens which negative influence on coastal groups’ policies front a Georgian hotel built by the town’s first towards the historic environment, and perhaps EH Canal Trading Company, and for representing the should lobby more forcefully. The same observation site of a former tollhouse as an historic feature. The can be considered for raising awareness of the SMP work has attracted the interest of local artists and process amongst heritage professionals who may architects who have been commissioned to produce Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) wish to contribute towards a more thorough interpretive pieces, to be included in British review and the historic environment: process. Waterways plans to restore the Lichfield Basin, English Heritage guidance canal wharves and service buildings. Paola Palma & Dave Parham Code no 51238 English Heritage 8pp Free Centre for Marine & Coastal Archaeology British Waterways heritage staff and archaeologists Bournemouth University from Worcestershire’s Historic Environment Service Shoreline Management Plans [SMP] provide large had the opportunity to open dialogue with scale assessments of risks associated with coastal Stourport residents, who brought along their own processes and present a policy framework to written and photographic records and personal manage these risks. This document has been written accounts of the site’s history. The town’s Civic as a supplement to DEFRA guidance (DEFRA 2006 JNAPC Code of Practice for Seabed Stourport Historic canals in the care of British Waterways are Society has played an important role in negotiating The Shoreline Management Plan Guidance Volumes I & waterways an essential part of the historic environment in many for changes which reflect the past but which look to II) on compiling such plans and is intended to Development urban areas, and are often especially engaging for the future of the five surviving Basins. By the time provide Coastal Groups (organisations tasked with The Crown Estate: Joint Nautical Archaeology the public both in terms of volunteering for hard the programme is concluded in 2007, it will have the completion of SMPs) and their consultants with Policy Committee labour and enjoying the results. One popular scheme reaffirmed the value of combined professional and guidance on management regimes for the coastal is restoration work at Stourport Canal Basins (where local community involvement in safeguarding local historical environment (comprising historic assets Free 8pp the Staffordshire/ Worcester Canal meets the River distinctiveness and a sense of place. such as scheduled monuments, listed buildings, Severn). protected wrecks, registered parks, gardens and Another code, this one an updated agreement Justin Hughes battlefields), and data sources to be utilised during between the Crown Estate and the British Marine With support from the Heritage Lottery Fund, Worcestershire Historic Environment and the SMP process. Aggregates Producers Association, summarises the British Waterways have commissioned Archaeology Service various procedures for consultation and co- ‘Point of Change’ archaeologists to run a community-based field Worcestershire County Council As coastal change can easily damage the historic operation between seabed Modern art project staffed by local volunteers and supported by Woodbury, University of Worcester environment, there has been an urgent need for developers and marine inspired by professional archaeologists, with a view to providing Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ such advice. The document sensibly points its users archaeologists, with archaeology. training in archaeological excavation, and to [email protected] at early liaison with relevant archaeological references to the mass of © pro/POSIT curators, explains their various roles and the relevant legislation, information and advice that they can provide. It directives and guiding also provides information on where the historic documents throughout the environment fits within the SMP process and what UK, Europe and the key issues are at each stage. internationally. The stated aim is to minimise financial The involvement and role of English Heritage on risks along with ensuring DEFRA’s SMP Guidance is well thought out and that archaeological inclusive. It makes clear that EH support is mitigation is thoroughly

dependent upon appropriate protection or and professionally REVIEWS

42 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 43 undertaken. It is good to see processes outlined that ‘Public value’ isn’t an easy concept. Readers should are so in line with those we have got used to on perhaps ignore Tessa Jowell’s reductive statements land. Though principally aimed at profile-raising that it is about public spending decisions based on Obituary with aggregate producers this is a useful document giving value for money, and instead read David for archaeologists needing reminders for legislation Throsby’s more subtle explanation. He makes the and contacts, and for passing to developer- critical point that public value concepts are distinct colleagues. from economically driven modes of evaluation, which are themselves based on the erroneous idea Copies are available from the Joint Nautical that ‘preservation can only be justified for pure Richard Avent settlements, mines and other key types of Archaeology Policy Committee, c/o Council for economic reasons’. archaeological remains. He initiated a systematic 1948–2006 British Archaeology, St Mary’s House, 66 Bootham, survey that produced the first national register of York, or can be downloaded from Christina Cameron, of Parks Canada, comes closest historic gardens. A major contribution that he made www.jnapc.org.uk. to suggesting that heritage is akin to poetry, music, Richard Avent was at the forefront of the heritage to archaeology in Wales was his support for creation religion or art: all have an economic dimension, but movement in Britain in his role as Chief Inspector of of the four Welsh regional archaeological trusts. it isn’t their economic value that explains why Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings at Within Cadw, he led the way in producing high human beings engage in them. There is nothing Cadw. Richard had read Archaeology at Cardiff, quality guide books. Arnold Taylor’s texts on the new in this recognition that some human activities before becoming assistant curator at Carmarthen Edwardian castles were maintained and enhanced, are functional/economic and others are more Capturing the public value Museum. Two years later he became an assistant whilst other titles took into account recent spiritual/altruistic, and most societies have had no inspector of ancient monuments, based in Cardiff, scholarship. This series, to which Richard Avent of heritage: the proceedings problem accommodating both. As Neil Cossons and remained there for the rest of his life, becoming contributed a number of guide books, continues to argues here, instinctively and institutionally we of the London conference principal inspector in 1984 on the creation of Cadw, be much admired by both the public and sister heritage professionals are closer to the public and 25–26 January 2006 and Chief Inspector six years later. heritage bodies. its values than government; he points to the Kate Clark (ed) 2006 creation of hundreds of preservation groups and His academic interests began with Anglo-Saxon Upon his death the Welsh Assembly first minister, independent museums, as well as the birth of the Heritage Lottery Fund, DCMS, English Heritage and the brooches, inspired by excavating South Cadbury Rhodri Morgan, summed up: ‘He was held in the Civic Society movement, as evidence of a National Trust £10 (or free pdf) 106pp under Leslie Alcock, and he published his MA highest esteem by his colleagues for his great ‘spontaneous desire by communities to protect thesis Anglo-Saxon Garnet Inlaid Disc and Composite knowledge and professional judgment but also for buildings of under-appreciated local value’. Brooches in 1975 but, as an assistant inspector of his kindness and wisdom.’ His influence on others Public value is about the politics of heritage and ancient monuments, he excavated Laugharne Castle will continue, and the castles that he studied and such critical issues as who decides who gets what How do we square this with the assertion that the in Carmarthenshire and went on to gain an conserved will be his permanent memorials. for what and from whom. It is not surprising heritage sector is out of touch and needs to learn international reputation in castle studies. He wrote therefore that this conference was so popular it had and apply ‘the public value test’, and the warning the landmark book Castles of the Princes of Gwynedd Richard Avent was married to Sian Rees, a fellow to turn many potential delegates away. This volume that failure to do so will leave heritage as an (1983), and championed long-term consolidation Inspector of Ancient Monuments, and died with his of edited papers is an excellent consolation prize for irrelevance in ‘a successful, diverse and modern projects to halt centuries of decay, including a son Rhydian, in a diving accident off Gozo on 2 those who couldn’t attend. Britain’? number of projects leading to the excavation, August. He is survived by Sian, their daughter and their older son. Most papers in this volume emphasise that heritage consolidation and public display of castles built by professionals have everything to gain by adopting Welsh princes, notably Dryslwyn, Dinefwr and working methods and arguments based on public Dolforwyn castles. This work served as a useful value, and we have fellow IFA member Kate Clark reminder that not all castles in Wales should be seen to thank for seeking to hammer these concepts into as examples of Anglo-Norman aggression. our consciousness by organising the conference and publishing the results. But I believe that the During his work at Cadw Richard had a significant politicians have got it profoundly wrong if they influence over the practice of archaeology, statutory think the public, if asked, would vote for less public protection and the care of nationally important spending on heritage. In reality, the sooner the monuments in Wales. He saw through the listed politicians listen to what the public really want, the buildings re-survey of Wales between 1984 and sooner we will have resources to do the job! 2005, and introduced comprehensive assessments of

prehistoric ritual sites, coastal archaeology, deserted Copies can be downloaded from www.english-

heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/Public-Value.pdf; hard copies can be ordered from English Heritage by Richard Avent calling Customer Services on 0870 333 1181.

Christopher Catling

REVIEWS MEMBERS

44 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 45 Obituary New members

ELECTED Member (MIFA) Associate (AIFA) Practitioner (PIFA) Affiliate Student Alex Bayliss Kate Bain Jonathan Burton Paul Bowen Nicola Bettley Jayne Bown Eleanor Breen Kelly Clapperton Andrew Burring Andrea Cross David Raoul Wilson, BLitt, MA, FSA, supporting catalogues. Nikki Cook John Brown David Fell Joanne Craig Bruce Dunsmore MIFA Lynden Cooper Antony Brown Rebecca Fitzpatrick Jeanette Hicks Lisa Fisher He was one of the most distinguished members of 1932-2006 Christopher Hugh Corley Andrew Francis Sorcha Ni Diana Forster CBA’s Research Committee in Archaeological Aerial Dalglish Lucie Dingwall Rosalind Gillis Foghluda Asuka Gamo Photography, and Chair of the Committee for the Magnar Dalland Oliver Gardner Maureen Kilpatrick Angela Teage Josephine Gist David Wilson (MIFA) had three careers: as a Anglian Region. He was a founder member and Heather James Douglas Gordon Victoria Osborn Natalie Watson Scott Harrison classical scholar and Roman archaeologist, as subsequent secretary and chair of the Aerial James Keyte Jessica Grimm Kate Page-Smith Holly Wheeler Richard Hartis an aerial photographer, and as a dance Archaeology Research Group (AARG) and he made Charles Le Andrew Leonard Mary Peteranna Rafal Zozula Karl Jones historian. regular and enthusiastic contributions to its annual Quesne John Percival Alexis Rose-Deacon Matthew Kendall conference and Newsletter. Olivia Lelong David Sneddon Laura Scott Charlotte Marinos David’s interest in Roman Alice Lyons Ian Stewart Bob Sparham Jeffrey Mikamo- archaeology developed when, as a Upon St Joseph’s retirement David became the Jennifer Miller Lena Strid White sixth-former, he dug with Sheppard Curator at CUCAP, an increasingly demanding role Rachel Morse Stephen Townend Bryan Moore Frere on the bombed sites of that combined the traditional skills of aerial Richard Mortimer Tom Wilson Ailsing Ni Labhrai Canterbury, when Frere was a photographer, archival conservator, librarian, Sarah Percival Zara Pryce-Maher schoolmaster at Lancing College. academic researcher and teacher with the Stuart Robertson Anthony Roberts After reading Classics at Oxford entrepreneurial ability to ensure CUCAP’s survival Ruth Shaffrey Hayley Roberts and his National Service he in an increasingly competitive university world. His Klara Spandl Imogen Sambrook undertook fieldwork in Northern research resulted in a steady sequence of papers on Philip Wise John Samways Anatolia and was then appointed subjects as diverse as Neolithic causewayed Rachel Simmons Ian Richmond’s research assistant at enclosures, Roman-Celtic temples (1975), villas Timothy Southern Oxford, helping revise RG (1974 and 2004), Roman forts (eg 1977) and smaller Nyssa Venthem Collingwood’s classic The Archaeology of Roman towns. His study of the mechanics of Robert Wallace Roman Britain. In 1965, after an cropmark formation led to Air Photo Interpretation Hannah White exhilarating trial flight, David began his for Archaeologists (1982), revised 2000. David Wilson second career as aerial photographer, joining in 16th-century dance Kenneth St Joseph’s small pioneering team at David’s second wife Elizabeth introduced him to TRANSFERS Member (MIFA) Associate (AIFA) Practitioner (PIFA) costume. Photograph: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial early dance and the Capriol Society for Courtly Timothy Allen Daniel Atkinson Claire Casey Hugh Hillyard-Parker Photography (CUCAP). There he developed new Dancing, a move which led him into an entirely Adam Brossler Nathalie Barrett Kevin Hayward skills, involving both oblique and vertical survey new form of activity. His meticulous research on Judie English Michael Dinwiddy Guy Salkeld photography, that were relevant to many areas of the subject resulted in several excellent books, David Sabin Christopher Dyer research: agriculture, archaeology, ecology, forestry, including Domenico of Piacenza (2006), a transcript of Huw Sherlock George Geddes geology and geographical subjects of all kinds. He a 15th-century Italian dance treatise. When he Nicholas Hanks was also much involved in undergraduate and retired in 1980 he dedicated himself to historical Wesley Keir extra-mural teaching and the publication of dance, setting up a National Resource Centre for Andrew Peachey educational text-books such as the Roman Frontiers Historical Dance for the Early Dance Circle and of Britain (1967). cataloguing their substantial archive library.

These were the decades that saw the Cambridge In his final weeks, David was hard at work flying programme extend into Ireland, France, the updating Roman Britain from the Air 1977-84, Netherlands and Denmark, and when simple completing the first revision, from 1985 to 1990, reconnaissance expanded into a mature and with Rebecca Jones (Jones and Wilson, forthcoming). sophisticated sub-discipline. David’s contribution He was also striving to finish his final magnum took many influential forms. In the air he was opus, the complete study of the basse danse from its responsible for hundreds of new archaeological earliest form to the latest, found in the late 16th- discoveries, many of which were never century volumes of Caroso and Negri. acknowledged, while, on the ground, his rigorous standards ensured the consistent technical Derek A Edwards

excellence of the CUCAP collection and its [email protected]

MEMBERS MEMBERS

46 The Archaeologist Winter 2006 Number 62 47 Members news

Patrick Ottaway MIFA 4816 Tim Malim MIFA 1286 Patrick Ottaway has recently moved on from York Tim Malim has just moved to SLR Consulting Ltd Archaeological Trust where had worked for 25 to set up a new Archaeology and Heritage Service. years, latterly as Head of Fieldwork. He is now SLR specialises in the energy, minerals, waste managing his own consultancy, PJO Archaeology, management, financial, planning and development which provides services both to commercial sectors. Tim will be developing a new business developers and academic institutions. Patrick is sector for the company and building a team of currently consultant to The Bristol Alliance for the heritage staff with complementary skills based in Bristol Broadmead Extension and to Hammerson offices across the country. UK Properties for The New Shires Development in Leicester. He is writing a book on the Yorkshire Tim was a Principal Archaeologist and Associate region in Roman times, but also intends to spend with Gifford from 2002 – 2006 and previously he time with his son, Edmund, born last February to founded and directed the Archaeological Field Unit wife Charmian. Contact: of Cambridgeshire County Council from 1990 – [email protected] 2002. During the 1980s Tim was part of the Fenland www.pjoarchaeology.co.uk Survey and since then he has continued to conduct many research and heritage management projects in the region, focusing on prehistory and the Anglo- Saxons, and culminating in his recent publication of Stonea and the Roman Fens (Tempus 2005). He has also worked abroad, particularly in Peru, Chile and Sri Lanka including acting as a consultant for the Cultural Triangle World Heritage Site. Recent work has involved EIA advice for a Roman goldmine in Romania, a Conservation Management Plan for Cockersand Abbey to counter coastal erosion, interpretation panels for Cadw monuments on Anglesey, setting up a community archaeology Patrick Ottaway project for Middlewich, and an excavation of Wat’s Dyke in Shropshire.

CgMs and John Samuels Archaeological Consultants On 11 September, CgMs Consulting acquired John Samuels Archaeological Consultants (both organisations are RAOs). All the existing staff at JSAC has transferred to CgMs, and Forbes Marsden, previously head of JSAC, has been appointed Director in charge of the business in Tim Malim Newark. The combination of the CgMs and JSAC teams brings the total archaeology team to 23 and has consolidated CgMs’ position as the largest independent archaeological consultancy in the UK.

For further information, contact Rob Bourn (020 Jeremy Taylor AIFA 1718 7832 1473 [email protected]) or Forbes Somehow, Jeremy (Jez) Taylor was omitted from Marsden (01636 821 727 the list of IFA directors in our annual report. Of

[email protected]) course, he does still remain a director. MEMBERS

48 The Archaeologist