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“Hemp Diseases and Pests Management And I. McPartla and I: -3 Hemp Diseases and Pests Management and Biological Control Hemp Diseases and Pests Management and Biological Control a An Advanced Treatise J.M. McPartland Assistant Professor, University of Vermont Robert Connell Clarke Projects Manager, International Hemp Organization Director, Pharmtex Consultants, Inc., San Diego, Calqornia and David Paul Watson Director, HortaPharm B.V. Chairman, International Hemp Organization, Amsterdam CAB1 Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 8321 11 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: cabi @cabi.org Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cabi.org OCAB lntenlational2000. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress cataloging-in-publication data McPartland, J. M. Hemp diseases and pests : management and biological control / J.M. McPartland, R.C. Clarke, D.P. Watson p. cm. Includes bibliographic references (p.) ISBN 0-85 199-454-7 (alk. paper) 1. Hemp--diseases and pests. I. Clarke, Robert Connell, 1953- 11. Watson, David Paul. 111. Title ISBN 0 85 199 454 7 Disclaimer: This book contains information about pesticides and biocontrols obtained from research publications, reference texts and highly regarded experts. This book does not make recommendations for pesticide use, nor does it imply that the pesticides discussed here have been registered. Pesticides must be registered by appropriate government agencies before they can be recommended for use on a plant. Recommendations regarding Cannabis are double-disclaimed in the USA, since the cultivation of this plant is illegal. The authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all information, or for the consequences of information application. Trademark notice: product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identitication and explanation, without intent to infringe. The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed material. If they have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, UK, from copy supplied by the authors. Book design by AMRITA Press and DeGraffics. Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................ vii ... Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................\rlll Forewords ...........................................................................................................................................................ix Ho~7to use this book ........................................................................................................................................xi Section One: Prerequisite Information about Crop Biology 1. PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PROTECTION ........................................................................................... 1 Introduction to IPM concepts and keys for identifying problems 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH ...................................................................................................... 9 Something about soil, moisture, temperature, and light 3. TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 13 Classification of organisms associated with Cannabis, their ecological relations, and symptoms of parasitic interactions Section Two: Diseases and Pests of Cn~zlzabis 4. INSECTS AND MITES ......................................................................................................................... 25 Cnlztz~zbisis not insect-pollinated, so these organisms primarily act as parasites, often causing major destruction 5. FUNGAL DISEASES ............................................................................................................................93 Some fungi become Cannabis symbionts, but most cause disease, sometimes death 6. OTHER CANNABIS PESTS AND PATHOGENS .......................................................................... 137 A menagerie of viruses, bacteria, nematodes, other plants, protozoa, slugs, non-insect arthropods, and vertebrate pests 7. ABIOTIC DISEASES ...........................................................................................................................155 Descriptions of mineral deficiencies and toxicities, sunscorch, other unsuitable environmental conditions, and herbicide damage 8. POST-HARVEST PROBLEMS ...........................................................................................................167 Featuring hemp retters and rotters, seed eaters, and marijuana contaminants Section Three: Control of Diseases and Pests 9. CULTURAL & MECHANICAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASES AND PESTS... 175 Old and new techniques for reducing damage from pests and disease 10.BIOLOGICAL CONTROL .................................................................................................................181 Useful predators, parasites, microbial pesticides, and companion plants 11. BIORATIONAL CHEMICAL CONTROL .......................................................................................189 T11e use and abuse of organic pesticides Appendix 1: Synthetic chemicals .................................................................................................................. 205 Appendix 2: A dichotomous key of diseases and pests ............................................................................. 211 Appendix 3: Conversion factors .................................................................................................................... 219 References .........................................................................................................................................................221 Index ...............................................................................................................................................................245 Preface As the 21st century begins, we are favoured with a worldwide resurgence in hemp cultivation. As global forests dwindle to rampikes and timber limits, we see a glimmer of hope for our future, thanks to a renewed interest in this ancient and humble source of food and fibre. This book is our contribution to hemp's revival. Much of the literature regarding hemp diseases and pests dates back 50 years or more. Further, these publications are frequently buried in obscure agronomy journals. Cultivators of illicit Cannabis have published high-calibre research in the last 25 years, but they published in semi-clandestine "grey journals" such as Sinsenzilla Tips. Our primary effort was to collect this scattered bibliography and assimilate it into a comprehensive and readable format. Our second effortwas to manoeuvre the control of diseases and pests into the 21st century. Most hemp research dates to the days when DDT was considered a glamorous panacea. We must find new control methods for sustainable hemp cultivation. Many "new" pesticides are old, such as pyrethrum, a popular insecticide before the days of DDT. Biological control also is old; the use of biocontrol against hemp pests began around 1886, in France. ~treune t@tea Papineau, we see biocontrol and hemp resurging together. This book was written by amateurs, in the sense that none of the authors earns a living primarily as an entomologist or plant pathologist. Several Canadian and European professionals reviewed our work and honoured us with unequalled advice. For this book to have a second edition, we ask you, the reader, to share the results of your experience. Please send us feedback, via our research centre-the International Hemp Association, Postbus 75007, 1070 AA Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The format and organization of this text benefited from George Lucas's Diseases of Tobacco, Cynthia Wescott's Plant Disease Handbook and Gardeneu's Bug Book, the APS Conzpetzdiuin series, and the many- authored Diseases and Pests of Vegetable Crops it1 Canada, edited by Ronald Howard, J. Allan Garland, and W. Lloyd Seaman. We hope our efforts to catalogue the C~znnabispest-control literature will reward the reader, and senreas a platform for launching further investigations. We mind J.D. Bernal's remark, "It is easier to make a scientific discovery than to learn whether it has already been made." - J.M. McPartland, R.C. Clarke, D.P. Watson Acknowledgements McPartland: to Tom Alexander, editor of the first American journal dedicated to Cannabis agronomy. Thank you to Patty for her patience and support, to my brother for Roget's Tl~esalirtis,and to my folks for growing me in the Garden State. Best regards to Ralph VonQualen and Don Schoeneweiss for plant pathology. Clarke: to my parents for their unwaivering support and Mother Cannabis for her continuous supply of academic challenges. Watson: to my mother, Evelyn Watson, for interesting
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