Acknowledgements and Listing of Indigenous Nations participating in the Forced Federalism surveys Jeff Corntassel

As a Tsalagi ( Nation) who also happens to be trained in political science and indigenous policy, I begin by honoring my ancestors and relatives in Georgia, Tennessee, , Washington, , and Alaska. This book has been a difficult journey, and I recognize the sacrifices made by my family members and friends so that I could complete this work. Namely, I could not have done this without the love and support of my wife, Laura Parisi, and the incredible editing and advice that she lent to this project. Additionally, I thank my parents, Gary and Jean, and brother, Brian, for all their encouragement and for sending me mounds of newspaper clippings and even visiting the First Nation Recycling Company in California to provide me with information for this project. Wado as well to my in-laws, Joyce and Bill, for keeping me apprised of indigenous politics in Oklahoma. My Aunt Ruth has also been vigilant in keeping me updated with the indigenous politics in northern California, while Terry Abrams, A.J., Theresa, and Colin Maneen kept me up to the minute on news from Tonawanda Seneca and Native politics in the Northeast. This project could not have been carried out without the cooperation and participation of 168 indigenous nations from across the (responding to the forced federalism surveys in 1994, 1996, 1998 and 2000:

Absentee- Tribe (Oklahoma) Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla (California) - Tribe of Texas (Texas) Alabama Quassarte Nation (Oklahoma) Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians (Maine) Assiniboine and Sioux Tribe (Montana) Barona General Business (California) Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria (California) Benton Paiute Reservation (California) (California) Bishop Reservation (California) (California) Bridgeport (California) Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (California) California Valley Miwok Tribe (California) Catawba Nation (South Carolina) Indian Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria (California) Cayuga Nation (New York) Community Council (California) Chemehuevi Tribal Council (California) (Oklahoma) - Tribe of Oklahoma (Oklahoma) Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (South Dakota) Nation (Oklahoma) Chico Rancheria (California) Chippewa Cree Business Community (Montana) Citizen Nation (Oklahoma) Choctaw Nation (Oklahoma) Coast Indian Community of Yurok Indians of the (California) Coeur d’Alene (Idaho) Colorado River Tribal Council () Colville Business Council (Washington) Confederated Tribes of Coos Lower Umpqua and Suislaw Indians (Oregon) Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community (Oregon) The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (Oregon) Cortina Rancheria (California) Delaware Tribe (Oklahoma) Band of Pomo Indians (California) Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North Carolina) Eastern (Missouri) (California) Elko Band Council (Nevada) Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe (Nevada) Fond du Lac Reservation (Minnesota) Forest County Potawatomi Indian Community (Wisconsin) Fort Independence Indian Community (California) Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe (Nevada) Fort Mojave Tribal Council (California) Fort Peck (Montana) Tribe (Oklahoma) Gila River Indian Community (Arizona) Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa (Michigan) Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) Nation (Wisconsin) Hoh Tribal Business Community (Washington) Hoopa Valley Tribe (California) Hopland Band of Pomo Indians of the Hopland Reservation (California) Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians (Maine) Hualapai Tribe (Arizona) Huron Potawatomi (Michigan) Ione Band of Miwok Indians (California) (Oklahoma) Jamestown S’Klallam Tribal Council (Washington) Jena Band of Choctaws (Louisiana) () Kaibab Paiute Tribe (Arizona) Karuk Tribe of California (California) Kaw Nation (Oklahoma) Kickapoo Tribe (Oklahoma) La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians (California) Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians (Michigan) Larsen Bay Village (Alaska) Leech Lake Reservation Business Committee (Michigan) Little Traverse Bay Bands of Indians (Michigan) Lovelock Paiute Tribe (Nevada) Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe (Washington) Loyal Shawnee Tribe (Oklahoma) Lummi Nation (Washington) Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation (North Dakota) Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians (Michigan) Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin (Wisconsin) Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Mesa Grande Reservation (California) Metlakatla Indian Community (Alaska) Mill Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians (Minnesota) Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (Minnesota) Modoc Tribe (Oklahoma) Mohegan Tribe (Connecticut) Muckleshoot Indian Tribe (Washington) (Creek) Nation (Oklahoma) Native Village of Chuathbaluk (Alaska) Native Village of Port Heiden (Alaska) Native Village of South Naknek (Alaska) Nation (Arizona) Nez Perce Tribe (Idaho) Ninilchik Village Tribe (Alaska) Nooksack Indian Tribe (Washington) North Fork Rancheria (California) Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation (Idaho) Ogala Sioux Nation (South Dakota) Oneida Indian Nation (New York) (Oklahoma) - Tribe (Oklahoma) Ottawa Tribe (Oklahoma) Pala Band of Mission Indians (California) Passamaquoddy Tribe (Maine) Pawnee Tribe (Oklahoma) Penobscot Nation (Maine) Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians (California) Pleasant Point Reservation (Maine) Poarch Band of Creek Indians (Alabama) Tribe (Oklahoma) Prairie Island Indian Community (Minnesota) Pueblo of Isleta (New Mexico) Pueblo of Pojoaque (New Mexico) Pueblo Of Santa Ana (New Mexico) Pueblo of Santa Clara (New Mexico) Pueblo of Zia (New Mexico) Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe (Nevada) (Oklahoma) Quartz Valley Reservation (California) Ramah Navajo Chapter (New Mexico) Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians (Minnesota) (California) Reno-Sparks Indian Colony (Nevada) Round Valley Indian Tribes (California) San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe (Arizona) Sauk Suiattle Indian Tribe (Washington) Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians (Michigan) Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians (California) Nation of Oklahoma (Oklahoma) Seneca-Cayuga Tribe (Oklahoma) Sherwood Valley Rancheria (California) Shingle Springs Rancheria (California) Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of Duck Valley (Nevada) Skokomish Tribal Nation (Washington) Smith River Rancheria (California) South Fork Band Council (Nevada) Spokane Tribe of Indians (Washington) St. Regis Mohawk Indian Nation (New York) Summit Lake Paiute Tribe (Nevada) Suquamish Tribe (Washington) Swinomish Indian Tribal Community (Washington) Sycuan Business Committee (California) Te-Moak Tribes (Nevada) Shoshone Tribe (California) Tribe (Oklahoma) Tonto Apache Tribe (Arizona) Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians (California) Trenton Indian Service Area (North Dakota) Tulalip Tribes (Washington) Twin Hills Village Council (Alaska) United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (Oklahoma) Upper Lake Band of Pomo Indians (California) Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) (Massachusetts) Washoe Tribe (Woodfords Community Council) (Nevada) Wells Indian Colony Band Council (Nevada) (Table Bluff Reservation) (California) Yavapai-Apache Indian Community (Arizona)

Additionally, I thank the following four people for taking time from their busy schedules to be interviewed for this book: Randy Noka, first councilmember for the Narragansett Nation; Russ Lehman, managing director of the First Americans Education Project in Washington; Chief Chad “Corntassel” Smith, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation; and Brad Carson, Cherokee citizen and former U.S. Representative (Second Congressional District of Oklahoma) as well as 2004 U.S. Senate candidate (Oklahoma). Brad is now director of business opportunities for Cherokee Nation.

Initial funding for the forced federalism surveys was provided by a grant from the Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Institute (SBSRI) at the University of Arizona. Thanks to Nancy Henkle at SBSRI for all of her help in getting this project off the ground. I also thank David Wilkins and Maggie Murdock for their early support and feedback on the project. Taking graduate seminars in indigenous policy at the University of Arizona with David Wilkins and Tom Holm inspired me to pursue this area of research.

Several colleagues and friends have been invaluable in providing feedback, support, and inspiration for this project, and I wish to thank them for taking their time and energy to educate me (I take full responsibility for any inaccuracies that might remain): Taiaiake Alfred, Doug Borer, Dave Colnic, Sam Cook, Leon Corntassel, Jim Davis, Harry Dyer, Earnie Frost, Susan Grogan, Michele Hale, Lenora Scraper Hamilton, Karen Hult, Leroy Little Bear, Ilja Luciak, Tim Luke, Dan McCool, Anne McCulloch, Devon Mihesuah, Paula Mohan, Robert Morin, Joane Nagel, Monica Nuvamsa, Sharon O’Brien, Cornel Pewewardy, Richard Rich, Steve Russell, Benny Smith, Dovie Thomason, Charles Walcott, and J. Cedric Woods.

I thank Rick Witmer for his contributions. Rick coded and ran the 1994, 1996, and 1998 survey data and wrote up preliminary results for chapters 4 and 5. A special thanks also goes to research assistant Carina Diller for coding the 2000 survey data and updating the results; her extensive editing of chapters 4 and 5 is also greatly appreciated. Thanks also to George Davis for his assistance with the 1996 surveys as well as L. Jeanne Kaufmann at the National Conference of State Legislatures for her tremendous assistance in providing data on current state legislation. I could not have completed this project without the patience and assistance of the Indigenous Governance (IGOV) staff; I thank Taiaiake Alfred, program director, for his excellent editing suggestions, as well as Susanne Thiessen, Lisa Hallgren, and Vanessa Watts program for working with my hectic writing schedule. Thanks also to Indigenous Governance Program masters’ students Janice Makokis, Angela Polifroni, Shalene Jobin, and Kirsten Mikkelsen, who provided thoughtful and insightful comments on earlier drafts of this work.

I am especially grateful to the three anonymous reviewers of this manuscript provided by the University of Oklahoma Press for their careful reading of the text and for providing constructive feedback that greatly assisted in making this a better book. Finally, thanks to the staff at the University of Oklahoma Press: Kim Wiar, for originally supporting the proposal, along with the invaluable assistance of editors Alessandra Jacobi Tamulevich, Jean Hurtado, and John Drayton.

Wado (thank you).