Fruit Insects Department of Entomology
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Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Horned-Gall Aphid, Schlechtendalia
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.17.431348; this version posted February 18, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Chromosome-level genome assembly of the horned-gall aphid, Schlechtendalia 2 chinensis (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Erisomatinae) 3 4 Hong-Yuan Wei1#, Yu-Xian Ye2#, Hai-Jian Huang4, Ming-Shun Chen3, Zi-Xiang Yang1*, Xiao-Ming Chen1*, 5 Chuan-Xi Zhang2,4* 6 1Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China 7 2Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 8 3Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA 9 4State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products; 10 Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant 11 Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China 12 #Contributed equally. 13 *Correspondence 14 Zi-Xiang Yang, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China. 15 E-mail: [email protected] 16 Xiao-Ming Chen, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China. 17 E-mail: [email protected] 18 Chuan-Xi Zhang, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. 19 E-mail: [email protected] 20 Funding information 21 National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award number: 31872305, U1402263; The basic research 22 program of Yunnan Province, Grant/Award number: 202001AT070016; The grant for Innovative Team of ‘Insect 23 Molecular Ecology and Evolution’ of Yunnan Province 24 25 Abstract 26 The horned gall aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis, is an economically important insect that induces 27 galls valuable for medicinal and chemical industries. -
(Cydia Pomonella L.) and Woolly Apple Aphid, (Eriosoma Lanigerum) on Apple (Malus Domestica L
International Journal of Entomology Research International Journal of Entomology Research ISSN: 2455-4758; Impact Factor: RJIF 5.24 Received: 17-05-2020; Accepted: 19-05-2020; Published: 08-06-2020 www.entomologyjournals.com Volume 5; Issue 3; 2020; Page No. 156-160 Population trend of codling moth (Cydia pomonella l.) And woolly apple aphid, (Eriosoma lanigerum) on apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh) fruit tree orchard Muhammad Umer1, Noor Muhammad2*, Nisar Uddin3, Muhammad Khalil Ullah Khan4, Shariat Ullah5, Niaz Ali6 1 Department of Plant Protection, The Agriculture University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2, 4 Department of Pomology, College of Horticultural Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei China 3, 5 Department of Botany University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan 6 Department of Botany Hazara University, KP, Pakistan Abstract The population trends of Cydia pomonella L. and Eriosoma lanigerum were studied on apple fruit orchard. These two pests caused serious losses in district Mastung, Balochistan Province, Pakistan. The results of weekly mean population dynamics showed that the mean population of Cydia pomonella L. on each apple fruit tree varied. For the first week it varied from 0.0 to 8.0 in which the maximum attack of the Codling moth was 8.0 for treatment (T) 6. In the same way the highest attack in the week; first, second, third, fourth, to tenth was 3.5, 8.0, 4.5, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.5, 4.5, and 4.5 respectively. While the mean population dynamics of (Eriosoma lanigerum) ranged from 0.0 to 4.0 in first week. Among the population maximum invasion of Woolly apple aphid for week first, second, third, fourth, to tenth was 4.0, 3.0, 3.0, 6.0, 6.0, 3, 4, 3, 4 and 6 respectively. -
Data Sheet on Helicoverpa
EPPO quarantine pest Prepared by CABI and EPPO for the EU under Contract 90/399003 Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests Helicoverpa zea IDENTITY Name: Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Synonyms: Heliothis zea (Boddie) Bombyx obsoleta Fab. Phalaena zea (Boddie) Heliothis umbrosus Grote Taxonomic position: Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Common names: American bollworm, corn earworm, tomato fruitworm, New World bollworm (English) Chenille des épis du maïs (French) Amerikanischer Baumwollkapselwurm (German) Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: The taxonomic situation is complicated and presents several problems. Hardwick (1965) reviewed the New World corn earworm species complex and the Old World African bollworm (Noctuidae), most of which had previously been referred to as a single species (Heliothis armigera or H. obsoleta), and pointed out that there was a complex of species and subspecies involved. Specifically he proposed that the New World H. zea (first used in 1955) was distinct from the Old World H. armigera on the basis of male and female genitalia. And he described the new genus Helicoverpa to include these important pest species, Some 80 or more species were formerly placed in Heliothis (sensu lato) and Hardwick referred 17 species (including 11 new species) to Helicoverpa on the basis of differences in both male and female genitalia. Within this new genus the zea group contains eight species, and the armigera group two species with three subspecies. See also Hardwick (1970). Because the old name of Heliothis for the pest species (four major pest species and three minor) is so well established in the literature, and since dissection of genitalia is required for identification, there has been resistance to the name change (e.g. -
Woolly Apple Aphid Generalist Predator Feeding Behavior Assessed Through Video Observation in an Apple Orchard
J Insect Behav https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-019-09722-z Woolly Apple Aphid Generalist Predator Feeding Behavior Assessed through Video Observation in an Apple Orchard Robert J. Orpet & David W. Crowder & Vincent P. Jones Received: 19 February 2019 /Revised: 21 June 2019 /Accepted: 28 June 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Generalist predators are considered effective larvae and earwigs differ in their feeding behavior in biological control agents in many agroecosystems. the field, and provide new evidence that ants may hinder However, characterizing the behavior of different gen- aphid biological control by antagonizing earwigs. eralist predator species in realistic field settings is diffi- cult due to challenges associated with directly observing Keywords Biological control . Eriosoma lanigerum . predation events in the field. Here we video recorded Forficula auricularia . formicidae . intraguild predation woolly apple aphid (Erisoma lanigerum) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) colonies to directly observe the feeding behavior of their generalist predators during the day Introduction and night. To observe European earwigs (Forficula auricularia) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), which are Pest consumption in agroecosystems generally increases thought to be key woolly apple aphid predators but were when different predator taxa complement each other by not present at our study location, we released earwigs feeding at different times or in different locations into the study area. Across 1413 h of video recorded (Straub et al. 2008). However, if niche overlap occurs, over 4 weeks, earwigs made the most attacks on woolly intraguild predation can disrupt biological control of apple aphid colonies, but coccinellid larvae spent more pests (Rosenheim 1998;Straubetal.2008). -
False Codling Moth Thaumatotibia Leucotreta
Stone Fruit Commodity-Based Pest Survey False Codling Moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta Introduction False codling moth (Figure 1) is a significant pest because of its potential economic impact on many crops, including stone fruit, avocado, citrus, corn, cotton, and macadamia. It is not currently known to be present in the United States. Biology Depending on conditions, the false codling moth’s life cycle ranges from 30 to 174 days. It can produce from 2 to 10 generations each year, depending on multiple factors including temperature, food availability and quality, and humidity. To attract males, adult females release pheromones at FIGURE 1. Adult false codling moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta). Photo courtesy of night. After the adults mate, the female deposits eggs on Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org. host plants, either in batches or as single eggs. Later, the hatching larvae burrow into the rind of the host plant. Mature larvae spin cocoons and pupate before they emerge as adults. Symptoms False codling moth can attack stone fruit at any stage. Larvae can even develop in hard green fruit prior to application of control measures. Larvae burrow at the stem end into the fruit and cause damage by feeding around the stone. Damaged fruit can become vulnerable to secondary pests such as fungal organisms and scavengers. Peaches can be damaged by larvae beginning up to 6 weeks before harvest. False codling moth can also attack plants unsuitable for larvae development, such as avocado, causing lesions on fruit tissue and diminishing the marketability of fruit. Because false codling moth is an internal feeder, few symptoms are actually displayed by the larvae. -
A New Biocontrol Agent and Mass Trapping of Codling Moth
IBILITY IT’S YOUR RESPONS A new biocontrol agent and mass trapping of codling moth David Williams Codling moth overwinters on pome fruit trees Agriculture Victoria Research Division as hibernating mature caterpillars in cocoons Department of Economic Development, Jobs, in sheltered areas such as under bark scales Transport and Resources on the trunk. In spring, as day length and [email protected] temperature increase, the caterpillars emerge from hibernation, enter pupation and eventually Introduction emerge as adult moths ready to mate and lay eggs. Mating disruption is designed to reduce or Changes to the types of pesticides available delay mating so that fewer eggs are laid. Although for use in fruit production, and the progress of application of sex pheromone mediated mating research into biological control of major insect disruption (MD) can be an effective alternative pests, is providing fruit growers with safer, cost- to the use of pesticides for control of low to effective and environmentally friendly options to moderate population levels of codling moth, incorporate into their pest management systems. control of moderate to high population densities is more problematic. Several consecutive seasons Codling moth (Figure 1) is the most serious pest of area-wide MD treatments are needed to control of pome fruit worldwide and the most damaging higher pest population levels. The aim of MD is to pest of commercial apple, pear, quince and nashi prevent, or at least significantly reduce, mating orchards in Australia. It is widely distributed in between the moths. However, if there are enough all Australian states except Western Australia female moths present then mating can still occur. -
Codling Moth Cydia Pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) Arthur M
http://hdl.handle.net/1813/43086 Insect Identification Sheet No. !2 TREE FRUIT CROPS Revised 1996 fMtegrated est CORNELL COOPERATIVE EXTENSION RManagement Codling Moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) Arthur M. Agnello and David P. Kain CM adults are 10-12 mm (0.5 in.) long, with a wing span of 15 to 20 mm (0.75 in). The moths are an iridescent gray color Department of Entomology, New York State with a chocolate-brown patch, containing copper to gold mark Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York ings, located at the tip of each forewing (fig. 1). The hind wings, which are not visible when the moth is at rest, are a lighter, The codling moth (CM) is a pest introduced from Eurasia. The copper brown color. larvae feed on the fruit of a wide range of host plants including During the day, CM adults remain at rest, well camouflaged, apple, pear, quince, hawthorne, crabapple, and walnut. CM on the bark of trees. If the temperature is above 10-15.5 C completes 1.5-3.5 generations annually, depending on locality (50-60 F) at dusk, the moths become active, mate, and the and length of growing season. It is the major fruit-feeding pest females lay their eggs. Under similar conditions, the moths can in fruit growing regions of the western United States. It is also a also be active at dawn. A female may lay up to 100 eggs. significant pest in the East, but has generally been managed by sprays used to control plum curculio and apple maggot. -
Codling Moth (Laspeyresia Pomonella)
Published by Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory ENT-13-06 June 2010 Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella) Diane Alston, Entomologist • Marion Murray, IPM Project Leader • Michael Reding, Former IPM Project Leader Do You Know? • Codling moth is the major pest of apple and pear in Utah. • Damaging stage: larva tunnels into fruit • Monitoring stage: adult moth • Use of pheromone traps and the degree-day model (based on daily temperatures) are critical for determining optimal treatment timings. • Insecticides and pheromone-based mating disruption are currently the main management tactics. • Insecticides are targeted at newly hatched larvae and/or eggs. • Mating disruption devices need to be applied immediately before or at biofix (first moth Fig. 1. Codling moth adult activity) to prevent or adequately delay moth mating. • Biological control is minimally effective because larvae are protected inside fruit. • Insect development and spray timing information are available on the USU Extension Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Tree Fruit Pest Advisories Web page (www.utahpests.usu.edu/ipm/htm/ advisories/treefruit) or from your county USU Extension office. odling moth (Order Lepidoptera, Family Tortricidae) Cis the most serious pest of apple and pear worldwide (Fig. 1). In most commercial fruit producing regions and Fig. 2. Codling moth larva home yards in Utah, fruit must be protected to harvest a crop. Insecticides are the main control tactic. There moth each year (Fig. 3). In northern Utah, there are new insecticides available, many of which are less are typically two full generations and a partial third toxic to humans and beneficial insects and mites than generation. -
False Codling Moth
Fact sheet False codling moth What is the False codling moth? The False codling moth (Cryptophlebia leucotreta) is an internal fruit feeding moth that can be found throughout the year in warm climates and has been recorded as feeding on over 50 different plant species. This moth causes economic loss in a range of crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Losses during infestations can be between 20-30%. What does it look like? Adult moths are 15-16 mm (males) and 19-20 mm Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org J.H. Hofmeyr, (female) in length. Forewings have grey, brown, Eggs are oval shaped and almost 1 mm long black and orange-brown markings. A triangular marking on the outer part of the wing with a crescent shaped marking above it distinguishes the False codling moth from other species. Young larvae are yellowish-white with dark spots but bright red or pink when fully grown (15 mm), with a yellow-brown head. Pupae are contained within a tough silken cocoon amongst debris or in the soil. Female moths lay 100-400 eggs (oval, flattened and almost 1 mm in length) singly on the fruits at night. J.H. Hofmeyr, Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org J.H. Hofmeyr, What can it be confused with? False codling moth pupae False codling moth can look similar to other moths but can be distinguished by the triangular marking near the edges of the wings. What should I look for? The young larvae mine fruit just beneath the surface, or bore into the skin causing premature ripening of the fruit. -
Managing Floral Resources in Apple Orchards for Pest Control: Ideas, Experiences and Future Directions
insects Review Managing Floral Resources in Apple Orchards for Pest Control: Ideas, Experiences and Future Directions Annette Herz 1,*, Fabian Cahenzli 2, Servane Penvern 3, Lukas Pfiffner 2, Marco Tasin 4 and Lene Sigsgaard 5 1 Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstr. 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany 2 Department of Crop Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland 3 INRA, Centre de Recherche PACA, UR Ecodeveloppement, 84914 Avignon, France 4 Department of Plant Protection Biology—Unit of Integrated Plant Protection, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, P.O. Box 102, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden 5 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 May 2019; Accepted: 6 August 2019; Published: 11 August 2019 Abstract: Functional biodiversity is of fundamental importance for pest control. Many natural enemies rely on floral resources to complete their life cycle. Farmers need to ensure the availability of suitable and sufficient floral biodiversity. This review summarizes 66 studies on the management of floral biodiversity in apple orchards, published since 1986. Approaches followed different degrees of intervention: short-term practices (mowing regime and weed maintenance, cover crops), establishment of durable ecological infrastructures (perennial flower strips, hedgerows) and re-design of the crop system (intercropping, agroforestry). Although short-term practices did not always target the nutrition of natural enemies by flowering plants, living conditions for them (alternative prey, provision of habitat) were often improved. Perennial flower strips reliably enhanced natural enemies and techniques for their introduction continuously developed. -
2020 Home Orchard Pest Management
HOME ORCHARD HOME ORCHARD DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE PREFACE Elizabeth Little, Extension Plant Pathologist Brett Blaauw, John All and Dean Kemp, Entomologists Home orchard disease and pest management guides suggest cultural and chemical control practices that offer a reasonable degree of protection from pests. Home orchardists should be aware that producing commercial quality, blemish-free fruit in Georgia’s climate is difficult. During the growing season, the crop should be monitored at least weekly for any emerging pest problems. Fungicides and insecticides work best when pest levels are low. Recommendations attempt to time applications just before and through typical peaks in pest abundance. Fine tuning the time of application to what you see in your orchard will help minimize pest damage. To be effective, fungicides need to be applied before appearance of symptoms and/or just prior to and during weather conditions favorable for disease development. Many fruit diseases are favored by cool-to-mild periods with moderate-to-high amounts of rainfall and humidity. Pruning and removal of diseased and/or dead twigs and branches, raking and removal of leaves and debris, regular mowing around vines, trees or bushes, and disposing of rotten and/or diseased fruit, improves disease and insect control. Collectively these practices are referred to as sanitation. Sanitation, in combination with choosing disease-resistant cultivars and the as-needed use of chemicals, will optimize control. Pest pressure in home orchards is often as high, or higher, than is experienced in commercial orchards. Edge effect – higher pest abundance where two different habitat types meet – is common in commercial orchards. -
MF3546 Woolly Apple Aphid
Woolly Apple Aphid Insect Pest of Apple Trees The woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, is native to waxy, filaments (Figure 3) that protect them from preda- the United States and a major insect pest of young (2- to tors and insecticide spray applications. Adults are red- 3-year-old) apple, Malus domestica, trees (Figure 1). This brown to purple. Woolly apple aphid colonies appear as publication provides information on pest biology and cottony masses clustered near wounds or pruning cuts damage and addresses management strategies that can be (Figure 4) or on the trunks or branches of apple trees used to mitigate plant damage caused by the woolly apple (Figure 5). Woolly apple aphids can be found on water aphid. sprouts emerging from the base of apple trees. Biology First-instar nymphs emerge from the soil in the spring and move up and down the trunk of apple trees. From summer There are four nymphal instars (stages between each molt) through fall, woolly apple aphid nymphs feed on the roots and an adult female ranging in size from 1/40 to 1/14 or on the trunk, branches, and twigs. Woolly apple aphid inches (0.64 to 1.84 mm) in length. Females produce live overwinters as a nymph on the roots or as a nymph located nymphs that are dark red-brown to salmon in color. As on the trunk, main branches, pruning wounds, or cracks woolly apple aphid nymphs feed, they become purple in and crevices in the bark of apple trees. color (Figure 2) and covered by white, cottony, thread-like, Figure 1.