DOCSLIB.ORG

Was the Primitive Hut Actually a Temple?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Was the Primitive Hut Actually a Temple? WAS THE PRIMITIVE HUT ACTUALLV A TEMPLE? THE IMPACT OF RECENT ARCHAEOLOCICAL EXCAVATIONS ON THE ARCHITECTURAL THEORY OF THE PRIMITIVE HUT lvica Brnic Excavations ofCöbekli Tepe (earliest phase between 12,000 and 11,000 years old). Drawing after a reconstruction by Fernando Baptista in '"Building Cöbekli Tepe'", National Geographie (June 2011) Up until now, the birth of permanent architecture has always been See Patrick Nuttgens, Die associated with the so-called Neolithic revolution, meaning the gradual Geschichte der Architektur (Berlin: Phaidon Verlag , transition after 9,000 BC from a hunter-and-gatherer society to a set­ 2010), 16. tled way of life based on agriculture and livestock breeding. 1 Since the 1995 excavation of a site of worship of monumental 2 Klaus Schmidt, '"Cöbekli dimensions on the mountain of Göbekli Tepe, 2 this thesis cannot Tepe - the Stone Age be sustained anymore, or at least not exclusively. The oldest parts of Sanctuaries: New Results of ongoing Excavations with a this site were built between 10,000 and 9,000 BC, which is before the Special Focus on Sculptures Neolithic shift from an economyofforagers to one ofproduction. The and High Reliefs'", Documenta size of the site, defined as a cult site, is evidence of a highly organized Praehistorica 34 (2010). society. 3 3 The Vitruvian theory of the origin of architecture, which argues See Klaus Schmidt, Sie bauten die ersten Tempel architecture's derivation from a shelter, had been scientifically 32 bolstered by the earlier excavations of the larger Neolithic settlements (Munich: DTV Deutscher 4 Taschenbuch, 2008); Klaus ofJericho and <;atalhöyük. Butin the lightofGöbekli Tepe, the theory Schmidt, "Die steinernen that architecture originated from the need for protection against the Geister von Cöbekli Tepe", asperities of nature must be revised. Furthermore, the uncritical way Epoc dossier (2008), 6; Clemens Lichter, Vor 12.000 in which we have thus far accepted that architecture was born from Jahren in Anatolien: Die the activity to provide shelter must be interrogated. ältesten Monumente der Menschheit (Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag, 2007), From Dwelling to Building 74. The conventional argument that architecture grew out of people build­ 4 ing shelter from external conditions has been reiterated in numerous See Seton Lloyd, Hans interpretations grew out of Vitruvius's metaphor of the primitive Wolfgang Müller and hut, 5 including those of Filarete, Violet-le-Duc, Sem per and especially Roland Martin, Architektur der frühen Hochkulturen Laugier, with its pragmatic focus. 6 Until today, most history of archi­ - Vorderasien - Ägypten tecture textbooks that offer insight into the early periods of architec­ - Griechenland, 1st ed. (Stuttgart I Milan: Belser I ture derive primitive buildings from pragmatic constructions built Electa, 1976), 9. purposefully by nomadic hunters and gatherers. 7 Artificial stone circles, interpreted as the remains of temporary 5 Vitruvius, Zehn Bücher über habitations, can be found as far back as the Old Stone Age. About Architektur: De Architectura 1.8 million years ago, temporary dwellings were built with branch­ Libri Decem (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche es secured by stones. 8 The oldest find of this kind in Europe is over Buchgesellschaft, 1991), 600,000 years old and was found in Prezletice near Prague. 9 Similar 79-81. finds - whose dating, however, is still being disputed - are those of 6 10 Terra Amata near Nice, estimated as being 380,000-230,000 years old, Marc-Antoine Laugier, Essai and Bilzingsleben, thought to be around 370,000 years old.11These sur l'architecture (Paris, primitive constructions therefore go back even to the age before the 1753), 10-15; consulted online at http completion of the full development of Homo sapiens. Naturally, in ://arch ive.org/detai ls those days the hominids, who were foragers, used to live nomadically. /essaisurlarchiteOOlaug. 7 See Karl Otto Hartmann, Die Baukunst in ihrer Entwicklung von der Urzeit bis zur Gegenwart: Die Baukunst des Altertums und Findings in Prezletice (over 600,000 years old). Drawing after a reconstruction in Jan Fridrich and lvana Frid richova-Sykorova, "Pi'ezletice u Prahy - Sidlisti' Nasich Davnych Pi'edki'" (n.d.) 33 Mezhyrich construction of mammoth bones (about 15,000 years old). Drawing after a reconstruction by the Natural History Museum ofKiev Although some of the sites were inhabited repeatedly or periodically, they cannot be defined as permanent settlements. 12 Of special interest are the numerous tents built using mammoth des Islams (Leipzig: Scholtze, bones between 27,000and 15,000 BC in the plains ofDnjepr in Ukraine. 1931), 1; Mate Major, Avery good example is a construction found in Mezhyrich. The compo­ Geschichte der Architektur (Berlin: Henschelverlag, nents of the structure were heavy and thus hardly transportable, and 1957), 15-28; Lloyd, Müller, so the structure would not have been worth making for only short-term and Martin, Architektur der frühen Hochkulturen, use. Here again it is assumed that the same constructions were used 9; Jonathan Clancey, Die periodically.13Some clusters of constructions are composed of the bones Geschichte der Architektur of several hundred mammoths that were carefully assembled and piled (Munich: Dorling Kindersley, 2006), 9. up, and they display considerable aesthetic features. This building technique is usually explained as the result of a shortage ofwood and 8 an abundance of available mammoth bones. However, a retrospective Sophie de Beaune , ··Aux Origines de la construction", lookat the uneconomical construction technique ofthe assemblage of in E:dificeet ortifice: Histoires bones (because they still need a wooden frame), the quantity ofbones constructives - Premier Congres froncophone needed in relation to the size of the social group benefiting from the d'histoire de /a construction, construction and even the aesthetic value of the latter, which should Paris, 19- 21 Juin 2008 (Paris: not be ignored, raises some questions about how the bone buildings Archeologies et Sciences de l'Antiquit e, 2010), 77-89. could actually have been used by a nomadic population of hunters. Seen from a pragmatic per sp ective, the nomadic building activity 9 Jan Fridri ch and lvana developed through the Neolithic revolution into a repeated use ofthe Fridrichovä-Sykorovä, same territory. This led to a stabilization ofthe temporary dwelling, "Plezletice u Prahy- Sidlistr through the repetitive rebuilding of temporary accommodations for Nasich Oävnych Pledkl" (n.d.l. ever longer periods of time, into a fixed construction, making the development of permanent architecture progress _ 10 For the earlier estimated The economic shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture and date , see Henry de Lumley, livestock breeding took place in the Near East around 9,000 to 8,000 Grande Histoire des premiers Be.••The most meaningful factor in this evolution was the emergence hommes europeens (La) (Odile Jacob, 2007), 225; for of sedentism. This can be determined by considering the relation the later one , see Paola Villa , betwe en the growth of the population and the shortage of regenerating 34 natural resources. The next step in this development was the birth of Terra Amata and the Middle villages and towns. Two places are especially known for their early Pleistocene Archoeologica/ Record o(Southern France 15 dating: <;:atalhöyük, from 7,400 BC, is considered one ofthe earliest (Berkeley: University of settlements found in Anatolia , and Jericho, the oldest town to have California Press, 1983), 303 . been excavated to date. In Jericho the first traces ofhuman presence 11 can be dated to even earlierthan 9,000 BC. After beinginhabited and Emil Hoffmann, Lexikon der subsequently abandoned several times, it developed into a settlement Steinzeit (Berlin: BoD - Books on Demand, 2012), 211-12. only much later around 8,350 to 7,370 BC. The construction of a for­ tifying wall during this phase made Jericho seem like a proper town, 12 the oldest known in the world. See de Beaune, "Aux origines de la construction". From Worship to Building 13 See ibid. However, in the light of the even older settlements revealed by recent excavations by archaeologist Klaus Schmidt on the Anatolian moun­ 14 tain Göbekli Tepe, one can question the ontological deduction pro ­ Lichter, Vor 12.000Jahren in Anatolien, 52. posing that the origins of permanent architecture Iie in the shift in man's maintenance economy. Göbekli Tepe is an archaeological site 15 lbid., 124. dating back in its first phase to between 10,000 and 9,000 BC. lt is comprised of about twenty circular structures made ofT-shaped stone 16 pillars that measure between 5 and 6 metres high and are partially Schmidt, "Cöbekli Tepe". adorned with relief carvings of wild animal motifs, some of which 17 display anthropomorphic elements such as human arms. 16 In regard Schmidt, Sie bauten die ersten Tempel. to Göbekli Tepe we can clearly talk about permanent architecture, for its structures endured two thousand years and represent the oldest 18 solid, preserved ones of this magnitude yet discovered. Although they See Oliver Dietrich et al., "The Role ofCult and constitute an exception, their size and technical achievements make Feasting in the Emergence it appropriate to assume that other similar constructions were built ofNeolithi c Communities: New Evidence from Cöbekli in the same period. 17 Tepe, South-eastern Turkey", What is significant in the case of the Göbekli Tepe site is not only Antiquity 86 (2012) , 674 - 95. its dating, but even more so the fact that the excavations did not reveal See also Klaus Schmidt, "Die ersten Tempel: Die anytrace ofthe usual activities oftypical settlements in the surround ­ steinernen Geister von ing area. The archaeological evidence is characterized by extraordi­ Cöbekli Tepe - Epoc", Epoc nary monumental and symbolic content. The findings indicate the 1 (2007). mounting oflavish feasts. This fact lead s us to interpret the megalithic structure as a place of worship,' 8 although the exact circumstances of the ritual acts cannot be reconstructed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Laugier Vs Durand: Revisiting Primitive Hut in the Classical Architectural Discourse
    YEDİ: SANAT, TASARIM VE BİLİM DERGİSİ KIŞ 2016, SAYI 15: 111-120 WINTER 2016, ISSUE 15: 111-120 YEDİ: SANAT, TASARIM VE BİLİM DERGİSİ Laugier vs Durand: Revisiting Primitive Hut in the Classical Architectural Discourse Ece KÜRELİ * ........................................................................................................... Abstract Finding an origin of architecture describes a process of inquiry which embodies itself in the term of ‘primitive hut’. This inquiry starts with Marcus Pollio Vitruvius from the antiquity and evolves into skepticism and rationalism of the Enlightenment Age. Quatrémere de Quincy, Viollet-le-Duc, William Chambers, Jacques-François Blondel and Claude Nicolas Ledoux, who were the important figures of the era, discussed the question of architectural origin differently. However, Marc-Antoine Laugier and Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, another two important figures of the Enlightenment, developed different aspects to the question with regard to their arguments on developmental process of the primitive hut. Their different viewpoints require a further investigation since these two 18th century French architectural theoreticians have fictionalize their objectives of ‘ideal architecture’ and ‘true beauty’ from the metaphor of the primitive hut. Keywords: Origin of Architecture, Primitive Hut, The Enlightenment, Laugier, Durand. Laugier Durand’a Karşı: Klasik Mimari Söylemde İlkel Kulübeyi Yeniden Ziyaret Özet Mimarlığın kökenini bulmak, antik dönemde Marcus Pollio Vitruvius ile başlayan ve kendini ‘ilkel kulübe’
    [Show full text]
  • New Data Reveal Shallower Ozone Hole
    antarc tic [I OFTHE hUN (TED JJxu1 U STATES December 1988 National Science Foundation Volume XXIII—Number 4 New data reveal shallower ozone hole Using data obtained from ground- Although chlorine is the key ingre- based and balloon-borne instruments dient in the ozone destruction cycle and the Total Ozone Mapping Spec- above Antarctica, a strong polar vortex trometer (TOMS) aboard the Nimbus-7 centered over the pole, extremely low satellite, atmospheric scientists found temperatures in the lower stratosphere, that the ozone layer above Antarctica and polar stratospheric clouds also must thinned by only 10 to 15 percent in Oc- be present. The polar vortex is a strong tober 1988. This change did not surprise belt of westerly winds that seal off the researchers. According to NASA scien- antarctic atmosphere and prevent it from tists, they had predicted a moderation in mixing with warmer air and ozone from the depletion but had expected the de- northern latitudes. This isolation cou- pletion to slightly greater-25 to 30 per- pled with lower stratospheric tem- cent rather—than what was actually peratures (below -80°C) sets up the nec- observed. essary conditions for the formation of These measurements sharply contrast polar stratospheric clouds (PSC). The ice with those acquired last year, when crystals that make up PSCs contain nitro- ozone levels in the antarctic stratosphere gen that would normally make chlorine dropped to the lowest ever recorded. harmless, and provide reactive surfaces During the same period in 1987 total that convert nondestructive chlorine ozone abundance in the area of the de- molecules to destructive chlorine mole- pletion had dropped to 50 percent below cules through a series of heterogeneous Owl normal winter levels, while in some reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • National Speleologi'c-Al Society
    Bulletin Number Five NATIONAL SPELEOLOGI'C-AL SOCIETY n this Issue: CAVES IN WORLD HISTORY . B ~ BERT MORGAN THE GEM OF CAVES' . .. .. • B DALE WHITE CA VE FAUN A, with Recent Additions to the Lit ture Bl J. A. FOWLER CAT ALOG OF THE SOCIETY LJBR R . B)' ROBERT S. BRAY OCTOBER, 1943 PRJ E 1.0 0 . ------------------------------------------- .-'~ BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Issue Number Five October, 1943 750 Copies. 64 Pages Published sporadically by THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 510 Scar Building, Washington, D. c., ac $1.00 per copy. Copyrighc, 1943, by THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. EDITOR: DON BLOCH 5606 Sonoma Road, Bethesda-14, Maryland ASSOCIATE EDITORS: ROBERT BRAY WILLIAM J. STEPHENSON J. S. PETRIE OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN *WM. ]. STEPHENSON J. S. PETR'IE *LEROY FOOTE F. DURR President Vice·Prcsidet1l & Secretary Treasurer Pina~iaJ Sect'eIM"J 7108 Prospect Avenue 400 S. Glebe Road R. D. 3 2005 Kansas Avenue Richmond, Va. Arlin-glon, Va. Waterbury, Conn. Richmond, Va. Archeology Fauna Hydrology Programs &. Activities FLOYD BARLOGA JAMES FOWLER DR. WM. M. MCGILL DR. JAMES BENN 202·8 Lee Boulevard 6420 14th Street 6 Wayside Place, University U. S. Nat. Museum Arlington, Va. Washington, D . C. Charlottesville, Va. Washington, D. C. Bibliography &. Library Finance Mapping PubliCity *ROBERT BRAY *l.EROY FOOTB GBORGE CRABB *·Lou KLBWEJ.t R. F. D. 2 R. F. D. 3 P. O. Box 791 Toledo Blade Herndon, Va. Waterbury, Conn. Blacksburg, Va. Toledo, Ohio BuIletin &. Publications Folklore Metnbership DON BLOCH "'CLAY PERRY SAM ALLBN RECORDS 5606 Sonoma Road East Acres 1226 Wel.Jesley Avenue *FLORENCE WHITLI!Y Deorhesda, Md.
    [Show full text]
  • IFSC Newsletter 2013
    Idaho Falls Ski Club Newsletter January 2013 Sign up for trips: Big Sky; Targhee; Sun Valley; IFSC Hut Chile Party; Yellowstone, Old Faithful; Discovery Basin/Mt. Haggin; Snowbird; Craters Of The Moon Go To www.ifskiclub.com for details on trips What a deal, $10adults/$5junior Lessons for Downhill, Snowboard, X-Country, Telemark, Skate Ski Targhee Instructional 1 was a huge success with 246 lessons,72 Junior and 68 Adults participated. Come join us in February and March to take advantage of the great lessons from Targhee’s Experienced Instructor’s. Targhee Instructional#2 Targhee Instructional I February 1 - 3 Targhee Instructional#3 March 1 - 3 Contact: Moira Solle 208-524-6323 Sign up form can be copied from our website 2 Avalanche Awareness Night By Wray & Lani Landon The Idaho Falls Ski Club, the American Avalanche Institute, and Wray and Lani Landon presented the 4th An- nual Avalanche Awareness night at Taylorview Junior High School. This educational event was held December 3 and provided information that served as a refresher for experienced winter backcountry travelers while also providing basic knowledge for those considering the backcountry. Sarah Carpenter and Don Sharaf, owners of the Institute, split the evening between avalanche basics, a checklist approach to decision making, and a discussion of this year’s snowpack in the Tetons. The night ended with 52 door prizes. Many in the crowd of 90 left not only smarter about the risks of winter backcountry travel but also with smiles on their faces from the prizes. We had $3000 worth of great prize sup- port from: Grand Targhee Resort, Jackson Hole Ski Resort, Sun Valley Resort, Big Sky Resort, Mammut Sports Group, Great Harvest Bread Company, Idaho Mountain Trading, Idaho Nordic Ski Patrol, Peaked Sports, Play it Again Sports, Bucks T4, Post Register, Yostmark Mountain Equipment, Barrie’s Ski & Sports, 4600 Bread, East Idaho Off-Piste, Kate’s Real Food, Fred Meyer, Sportsman’s Warehouse, Walmart Idaho Falls, Walmart Ammon, and Sams Club.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia
    World Heritage papers41 HEADWORLD HERITAGES 4 Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia VOLUME I In support of UNESCO’s 70th Anniversary Celebrations United Nations [ Cultural Organization Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia Nuria Sanz, Editor General Coordinator of HEADS Programme on Human Evolution HEADS 4 VOLUME I Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and the UNESCO Office in Mexico, Presidente Masaryk 526, Polanco, Miguel Hidalgo, 11550 Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico. © UNESCO 2015 ISBN 978-92-3-100107-9 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover Photos: Top: Hohle Fels excavation. © Harry Vetter bottom (from left to right): Petroglyphs from Sikachi-Alyan rock art site.
    [Show full text]
  • 10Th Mountain Division Hut Association Summer Hut Information Please Share with All Group Members
    10TH MOUNTAIN DIVISION HUT ASSOCIATION SUMMER HUT INFORMATION PLEASE SHARE WITH ALL GROUP MEMBERS Backcountry Preparedness The huts are situated between 9,700 and 11,700 feet in elevation. A warm summer morning at a trailhead can turn quickly (and without warning) into a cold storm with lightning, hail, or even snow at higher elevations. Hypothermia and altitude sickness are common problems in the mountains, be sure that you know how to prevent, recognize and treat these potentially life-threatening conditions. Bring enough extra clothing, survival gear, food, and water to spend the night out if you do not make it to the hut (Summer Suggested Equipment List). Traveling to the Huts Hiking & Mountain Biking* There are many Forest Service roads and trails that lead to, or are close to the huts. Purchase a map through 10th Mountain, a local outdoor store, or contact the local Forest Service for more information. Start early in the day and allow plenty of time to reach the hut, and remember to accommodate the slowest member of your group. *Mountain bikes are prohibited from entering Wilderness Areas and may not be allowed on all trails, so please know and respect any restrictions and boundary locations. Vehicle Access While many of the huts are accessible by 4-wheel drive high clearance vehicles, 10th Mountain does not guarantee vehicle access, and some roads are considered more challenging than others. Since the huts were built for skiers, mountain bikers and hikers, motor vehicles are strongly discouraged except for group support. Please consider a non-motorized option to access the huts, but if driving: Purchase a map of the area and determine which road(s) are appropriate for your driver/vehicle and contact the Forest Service before your departure for information on road conditions and openings/closures.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Build a Mississippian House: a Study of Domestic Architecture in West – Central Alabama
    HOW TO BUILD A MISSISSIPPIAN HOUSE: A STUDY OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN WEST – CENTRAL ALABAMA by CAMERON HAWKINS LACQUEMENT A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the Graduate School of the University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2004 Submitted by Cameron H. Lacquement in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts specializing in Anthropology. Accepted on behalf of the Faculty of the Graduate School by the thesis committee: _________________________________ Keith P. Jacobi, Ph.D. ____________________________ Richard A. Krause, Ph.D. ____________________________ Kathryn S. Oths, Ph.D. ____________________________ Richard R. Polhemus, Ph.D. ____________________________ Vernon J. Knight, Jr., Ph.D. Chairperson ________________________ Date ____________________________ Michael D. Murphy, Ph.D. Department Chairperson ________________________ Date ____________________________ Ronald W. Rogers, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School ii Acknowledgments I am indebted to a number of individuals for their assistance in completing this thesis project. I would like to extend special gratitude to Vernon J. Knight Jr. for his support and guidance throughout this project. Without him, it would not have been possible. I also would like to thank the members of my thesis committee, Keith P. Jacobi, Richard A. Krause, Kathryn S. Oths, and Richard R. Polhemus for their encouragement and direction during my project. I am also indebted to Kenneth J. Fridley, Professor and Chair of the University of Alabama’s Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, who was not an official member of my committee, yet treated me as one of his own students.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic American Indian Tribes of Ohio 1654-1843
    Historic American Indian Tribes of Ohio 1654-1843 Ohio Historical Society www.ohiohistory.org $4.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS Historical Background 03 Trails and Settlements 03 Shelters and Dwellings 04 Clothing and Dress 07 Arts and Crafts 08 Religions 09 Medicine 10 Agriculture, Hunting, and Fishing 11 The Fur Trade 12 Five Major Tribes of Ohio 13 Adapting Each Other’s Ways 16 Removal of the American Indian 18 Ohio Historical Society Indian Sites 20 Ohio Historical Marker Sites 20 Timeline 32 Glossary 36 The Ohio Historical Society 1982 Velma Avenue Columbus, OH 43211 2 Ohio Historical Society www.ohiohistory.org Historic American Indian Tribes of Ohio HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In Ohio, the last of the prehistoric Indians, the Erie and the Fort Ancient people, were destroyed or driven away by the Iroquois about 1655. Some ethnologists believe the Shawnee descended from the Fort Ancient people. The Shawnees were wanderers, who lived in many places in the south. They became associated closely with the Delaware in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Able fighters, the Shawnees stubbornly resisted white pressures until the Treaty of Greene Ville in 1795. At the time of the arrival of the European explorers on the shores of the North American continent, the American Indians were living in a network of highly developed cultures. Each group lived in similar housing, wore similar clothing, ate similar food, and enjoyed similar tribal life. In the geographical northeastern part of North America, the principal American Indian tribes were: Abittibi, Abenaki, Algonquin, Beothuk, Cayuga, Chippewa, Delaware, Eastern Cree, Erie, Forest Potawatomi, Huron, Iroquois, Illinois, Kickapoo, Mohicans, Maliseet, Massachusetts, Menominee, Miami, Micmac, Mississauga, Mohawk, Montagnais, Munsee, Muskekowug, Nanticoke, Narragansett, Naskapi, Neutral, Nipissing, Ojibwa, Oneida, Onondaga, Ottawa, Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Peoria, Pequot, Piankashaw, Prairie Potawatomi, Sauk-Fox, Seneca, Susquehanna, Swamp-Cree, Tuscarora, Winnebago, and Wyandot.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Questions in Architectural History 1 (Late 18Th – 19Th Century) Faculty: Christopher Cowell, Mary Mcleod, Reinhold Martin T
    Questions in Architectural History 1 (Late 18th – 19th Century) Faculty: Christopher Cowell, Mary McLeod, Reinhold Martin Teaching Fellows: Caitlin Blanchfield, Benedict Clouette, Samuel Stewart-Halevy, Robin Honggare, Alireza Karbasioun, Elliott Sturtevant, Ife Vanable. ARCH A4348 Wed 11am-1pm / Avery 115 (Cowell) Fall 2018 This two-semester introductory course is organized around selected questions and problems that have, over the course of the past two centuries, helped to define architecture’s modernity. The course treats the history of architectural modernity as a contested, geographically and culturally uncertain category, for which periodization is both necessary and contingent. The fall semester begins with the apotheosis of the European Enlightenment and the early phases of the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century. From there, it proceeds in a rough chronology through the “long” nineteenth century. Developments in Europe and North America are situated in relation to worldwide processes including trade, imperialism, nationalism, and industrialization. Sequentially, the course considers specific questions and problems that form around differences that are also connections, antitheses that are also interdependencies, and conflicts that are also alliances. The resulting tensions animated architectural discourse and practice throughout the period, and continue to shape our present. Each week, objects, ideas, and events will move in and out of the European, North American, and colonial non-West frame, with a strong emphasis on relational thinking and contextualization. This includes a historical, relational understanding of architecture itself. Although the Western tradition had recognized diverse building practices as “architecture” for some time, an understanding of architecture as an academic discipline and as a profession, which still prevails today, was only institutionalized in the European nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Cartography in the Prehistoric Period in the Old World: Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa
    4 · Cartography in the Prehistoric Period in the Old World: Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa CATHERINE DELANO SMITH PREHISTORIC MAPS AND HISTORIANS OF 2. Fritz Rodiger, "Vorgeschichtliche Kartenzeichnungen in cler CARTOGRAPHY Schweiz," Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 23 (1891): Verhandlungen 237­ 42. Adler misspelled R6diger as R6dinger, an error perpetuated by As was made clear in the Introduction to this section on Leo Bagrow in both Die Geschichte der Kartographie (Berlin: Safari­ prehistoric maps, historians of cartography have had Verlag, 1951), 16, and History of Cartography, rev. and en!. R. A. Skelton, trans. D. L. Paisey (Cambridge: Harvard University Press; little to say on prehistoric cartography in the Old World. London: C. A. Watts, 1964),26. In addition, Adler misspelled Taubner Neither Richard Andree nor Wolfgang Drober said any­ as Tauber: see Bruno F. Adler, "Karty pervobytnykh narodov" (Maps 1 thing at all. In 1910 Bruno F. Adler discussed two dec­ of primitive peoples), Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Obshchestva Lyubi­ orated bone plaques that a German antiquarian, Fritz teley Yestestvoznaniya, Antropologii i Etnografii: Trudy Geografi­ Rodiger, had suggested were maps, but he omitted both cheskogo Otdeleniya 119, no. 2 (1910): 218. See also the summary 2 review by H. de Hutorowicz, "Maps of Primitive Peoples," Bulletin from his corpus. In 1917 Leo Bagrow followed Adler ofthe American Geographical Society 43, no. 9 (1911): 669-79. This in referring to Rodiger and in citing, for European pre­ omission meant that Adler had not one map example from Europe to historic maps, the work of only three writers (R6diger, set against the 115 gathered from the rest of the world; namely, 55 Kurt Taubner, and Amtsgerichtsrath Westedt)3 among maps from Asia, 15 from America, 3 from Africa, 40 from Australia the 1,881 bibliographical items in his Istoriya geograf­ and Oceania, and 2 from the East Indies.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological and Archeological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
    Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science Volume 1 Number 2 Article 7 1874 Geological and Archeological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man A. E. Johnson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/jmas Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, A. E. (1874). Geological and Archeological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science, Vol. 1 No.2, 101-141. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/jmas/vol1/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science by an authorized editor of University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Antiquity qj MW~. :: the Huronian rocks underl.ie the Coteau they would certainly appear at the surface at a great many places. Prof. Hind vis­ ited this ridge near the 49th parallel ; so did Dr. Owen. Mr. Featherstonhaugh has described it. Keating has given us in­ formation concerning it. Nicollet's opinions are on record. These all testify that it is made up of drift. Probably the basis rock is .Cretaceous, as that formation appears on both sides in the adjoining streams. Some of the conclusions advanced by these early explorers have proved untenable, in the light of later investigations, and will form the subject of another paper. GEOLOGICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN. BY A.
    [Show full text]
  • J>S~--<-R:...L..:..Kjff~+
    Washington University ERes Cover Sheet Article Title: R)' j( Wer± .:Illi. Dune j n.) w\l.U'1Y\ ­ AUthor:-----J>S~--<-r:....L..:..kJff~+-------- Source Title:--=Ih-~ ,\)ahClY)j L:;:)\LLnn Vol.: _ Issue: _ Date: _ pages:-P~ -3,6) Warning Concerning Copyright Restrictions The copyright law ofthe United States (Title 17. United States Code) governs the reproduction and distribution ofcopyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the lawt libraries and archives are authorized to reproduce materials. One ofthese conditions is that the reproduction not be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." Any person who copies or re-distributes this material in any way inconsistent with Title 17 and its "fair use" provisions may be liable for copyright infringement. I Order in Building • Catalogues and recipes • Skeptics, critics, and romantics • The Beaux-Arts and the Ecole Polytechnique • Imitation of the primitive hut • The end of metaphor • Return to sources """" fP2 ~11r; 3 For much of the twentierh century the words "academic" and "classical" have been rerms of abuse-or at least of disapproval-among artists, particularly when they were linked. They implied stale routine, submission to outworn rules for which universal validity had once been claimed.! In architecture these rules were associated with the five orders of columns. During the sixties and seventies there came a renewal of interest, not in the long-despised and long­ forgotten rules but in the outward show of classicism, as a protest against the naked economy of commercialized modernism. In spite of the periodic appeals to return to an "order," a "canon," fustian classicism had long been opposed to an elegant and exhilarating modernism.
    [Show full text]