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NSSA Proceedings 2014 San NATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS Volume 56 National Technology and Social Science Conference, 2014 Table of Contents Musicmath Project: Developing Critical Thinking Skills in Music Using Mathematics David Akombo, Zhenbu Zhang, Jackson State University 1 A Gordian Knot: The U.S. Supreme Court’s Resolution of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Sue Burum, Minnesota State University, Mankato 23 Healthy Grieving: An Opportunity for Growth William R. Curtis. Patricia M. Kirtley, Terry Lovelace, Lem Londos Railsback, Independent Scholars William M. Kirtley, Central Texas College 38 A Contemporary Look at Cultural Diversity in Schools and Society Kathleen K. Kreamelmeyer, Ball State University 53 Getting Away With Murder Howard A. Kurtz, Southwestern Oklahoma State University 60 Argumentation in an Online Course: Tools and Process of Getting Students to Challenge Ideas Fatemah Mardi, University of Missouri – St. Louis 87 Security Council Reactions on Iran: Multilateral Versus Unipolar Decision-Making Iren Marinova, University of Louisiana at Monroe 110 The College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards Andrew Peiser, Mercy College 127 Revolutionaries Off the Street – Sequel No. 7: 2000’s Lem Londos Railsback, Independent Scholar 136 The Rise and Fall of Religious Toleration: Is the Settlement Collapsing? Richard H. Reeb, Jr., Barstow Community College 150 Redefining the Educator: Rediscovering the Role of Community Helene J. Sherman, Carol Basile, Clark Hickman, University of Missouri, St. Louis 160 "Musicmath Project: Developing Critical Thinking Skills in Music using Mathematics. By David Akombo, Ph.D. Jackson State University, USA Zhenbu Zhang, Ph.D. Jackson State University, USA Presentation at the National Social Science Association Conference in San Diego, California, August 06, 2014 1 Abstract The purpose of this project is to introduce CSET students to music elements of rhythm and melody while relating the musical concepts to the topic of fractions in mathematics. The link between music and mathematics is well documented. However, the application and fundamental definition of critical thinking while linking musical creativity and mathematical skills and cognition are still under intense study. Current research however continues to show improved mathematical abilities when music is incorporated in the lessons. If music training enhances mathematical ability, therefore, it could act in either of two general ways. First, musical processing may specifically activate one or more of the core systems, and so music training may enhance processing of small exact numbers, large approximate numbers, or geometric relationships (See Spelke, 2008). 2 3 4 Whose music is playing ? Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington 5 Whose music is playing ? Justin Bieber Byonce 6 7 Examples of DOK 3 in Music 7 8 Examples of DOK 3 in Music 8 Examples of Notes Sixteenth Note Thirty-Second Note 9 Examples of Notes Sixty forth Note 10 11 Identify all the notes in the following piece of music and add all the corresponding fractions. 12 13 14 Time signature and fractions How many different ways can you write a given fraction into the time signatures? E.g. 5 16 5 1 1 1 1 1 = + + + + 16 16 16 16 16 16 1 4 2 3 = + = + 16 16 16 16 1 1 1 1 = + + + 8 16 16 16 14 1 3 1 1 1 = + = + + 8 16 8 8 16 2 1 1 1 = + = + 8 16 4 16 15 1 1 3 1 1 = + = + + 16 4 16 16 16 2 1 1 1 = + + + 16 16 16 16 16 Question: • How many different ways can you write 3/2 into the musical time signatures? 17 • Too Many!!! 18 3 1 2 1 6 5 1 4 2 =1 + = + = = + = + 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 = + + = + = + + + 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 = + + + + 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 = + + + + + =•••••• 4 4 4 4 4 4 19 20 Akombo, D.O. (2013). “Effects of Community African Drumming on Generalised Anxiety in Adolescents. Approaches: Music Therapy & Special Music Education | 5 (1 )pp. 25-33 Spelke, E. (2008). Effects of music instruction on developing cognitive systems at the foundations of mathematics and science. In M. Gazzaniga (Organizer) & C. Asbury & B. Rich (Eds.), Learning, arts, and the brain: The Dana Consortium report on arts and cognition (pp. 17–50). New York & Washington, DC: Dana Press. ONLINE SOURCES www.apsva.us/domain/242blog.x8drums.com/2011/07/benefits-of-classroom-drum-circles-and.html davewalkermusic.com/page3/stringfundamentals.html www.philtulga.com/counter.html www.philtulga.com/fractionbars.html www.terragalleria.com/northamerica/mexico/guanajuato/picture.mexi32380.html http://www.philtulga.com/resources.html http://www.dolmetsch.com/musicalsymbols.htm http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://rath.ca/HomeSchool/MusicGifs/DottedHalfNote.gif&imgrefurl= http://rath.ca/HomeSchool/FlashCardMusic.shtml&h=175&w=200&sz=1&tbnid=UTPAbyzQyM10QM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=104&prev= /images%3Fq%3Ddotted%2Bhalf%2Bnote&hl=en&usg=__wtjzO_DkUZgJcz8b30Xd3CetClY=&ei=pPyvSs_QCYwtge07I2pCA&sa= X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=image 21 http://www.thefutureschannel.com/dockets/realworld/the_rhythm_track/index.php Acknowledgements This presentation was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation and Jackson State University. 22 A Gordian Knot: The U.S. Supreme Court’s Resolution Of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Sue Burum Minnesota State University, Mankato 23 Long ago, when the Phrygians were without a king, an oracle decreed that the next man to enter the city driving an ox-cart would be king. The priests declared Gordias, a peasant farmer, king of Phrygia when he was the first man to drive his cart into town after the oracle out of gratitude, Midas, his son, dedicated the cart to Zeus, a Greek god, and tied it to a post with an intricate knot. Another oracle then decreed that the one who could untie the knot would become the King of Asia. Over time, Phrygia became a province of the Persian Empire. The knot held and the cart was still tied to the post when Alexander, eventually called Alexander the Great, arrived. He attempted to untie the knot, but could not. Stories vary, but he either “thought outside the box” by removing the pin which secured the yoke to the pole thus gaining the cart, or he simply took out his sword and sliced the knot, thus getting the cart by cheating. Either way, Zeus was so pleased he granted Alexander many victories. Today a Gordian knot is a metaphor for a problem that seems impossible to solve, but is easily defeated by “thinking outside the box” or cheating (Britannica, 2014). Legal problems are sometimes like Gordian knots. Cases are complicated and Gordian knots on their own. They are meant to be slowly unraveled after careful consideration of all viewpoints and possible future ramifications. However, plaintiffs are trying to cut this process short by appealing to the political ideologies of activist judges who would then use these ideologies to vote for the plaintiffs’ positions. The consequences of these cuts can create whole new Gordian knots. A quick victory may or may not do justice. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby appears to pose this type of problem (Burwell, 2014). Many commentators appeared to have a script written for this case before the case was decided. On the one hand, if the court recognizes and protects the religious principles of corporate owners, then there is a war on women (Young, 2014). If it is contrary to the company owners’ religion, the owners will deny employees the use of abortion and contraception. On the other hand, if the court does not recognize the religious rights of corporate owners, then the owners will be forced to pay for services to which they have religious objections. Let the war on religion, and the shortcomings of Obamacare, begin. Both sides would be happy as their bases are energized for the elections in 2014 and 2016. The Supreme Court did not take either of these approaches. The Roberts’ Court, the current Supreme Court, is known for an “inclination toward nominally incremental rulings with vast potential for great change” (Liptak, 2014a). The majority sought to untie this knot between two potentially clashing rights by recognizing that the case is one of statutory interpretation. The court came to what the majority of justices anticipate will be a narrow decision arrived at through a very careful reading of a statute. Surprisingly, this decision and careful approach did not completely resolve the issue. The case may not be as limited as the majority assumed it would be. This case could very well be a second Citizen’s United v. FEC, and have broad implications for the United States (Citizens, 2010). Citizens United was the case that treated corporations like people and allowed a business to contribute to political campaigns like a person. At a minimum, it is one of the biggest Supreme Court decisions of the year, at least in political terms (Legal, 2014). This article is not just written for teachers who may have to understand this case for use in their classes. This article is also written for anyone who follows U.S. politics and anyone who desires to be an informed voter. Any discussion of this case will certainly spark many heated debates. The first theme addressed in this article will be a 24 review of the case. The second theme will be a consideration of a possible framework that can be used to prevent new Gordian knots from being tied in future cases. The third theme will be an examination of potential remaining problems such as a flood of new cases over whether a religious belief is sincere, the treatment of minority religions, the potential for discrimination, and, if accommodations are granted, the need to treat all religions equally.
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