AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 1367 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY November 18, 1947 NEW YORK CITY

STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 THE GENERA SERICOSSYPHA, CHLOROSPINGUS, CNEMOSCOPUS, HEMISPINGUS, CONOTHRA UPIS, CHLORORNIS, LAMPROSPIZA, CISSOPIS, AND SCHISTOCHLAMYS BY JOHN T. ZIMMER

I am again greatly indebted to Mr. are said to be like those of the chatterers Emmet R. Blake of the Chicago Natu- (Cotingidae), and several authors have ral History Museum; Messrs. James suggested its position in that family, which Bond and Rodolphe de Schauensee of the the "nine-primaried" wing will not permit. Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- Its general appearance also is cotingine, delphia; Dr. Herbert Friedmann of the which may be taken as an expression of the United States National Museum; Mr. extreme variability of the tanager family. William H. Phelps of Caracas, Venezuela; The scutellation of the tarsi is unusual and Mr. W. E. C. Todd of the Carnegie since there are prominent quadrate scales Museum, Pittsburgh, for the loan of on the outside of the distal portion of the critical specimens and notes on material planti-tarsi, sometimes halfway towards in the various institutions, which have the heel, a condition I have not seen in been very helpful in the studies presented other tanagers. The nostrils are rounded herewith. and non-operculate, and the rictal bristles Names of colors are capitalized when are weak. Some of these features show direct comparison has been made with resemblance to the characters of the Icter- Ridgway's "Color standards and color idae, but the general shape of the bill is far nomenclature." from typically icterine, although certain genera like Oreopsar and Gnorimopsar show a degree of similarity. Sericossypha albo-cristata (Lafresnaye) The east-Brazilian species, loricata, Tangara (Lamprotes) albo-cristatus LAFRES- -usually placed in a separate genus, Comp- NAYE, 1843 (May), Rev. Zool., vol. 6, p. 132- Colombia; [ci]; Mus.Comp.Zo6l.,Cambridge. sothraupis, agrees with albo-crista in Sericossypha somptuo8a LESSON, 1844 (Aug. these various external morphological char- 15), Echo du Monde Sav., llme ann., 2me sem., acters and disagrees principally in having no. 13, col. 302-"le P6rou A Quito"; 1e]; the nostrils exposed, but the covered nos- Abeille Coll., Bordeaux. trils of albo-cristata are hardly more than a Chachapoyas, 2 ci; Cumpang [Com- natural consequence of the dense cap of pan], 1 [91; Tendalpata, Vitoc, 1 9. the species and not of generic value. I This beautiful species shows no apparent believe, therefore, that Compsothraupis differentiation throughout its range from should be submerged and the east-Brazilian eastern Colombia to central Perd. Ad- species called Sericossypha loricata (Lich- ditional Peruvian records are from Tamia- tenstein). This species suggests some of pampa, [above] Huayabamba, near Hua- in coloration -as well lama, Tambo de Aza, and (sight record) the Icteridae general Ray-Urmana. as in the morphological characters men- The systematic position of Sericossypha tioned. At any rate, Sericossypha is in needs to be confirmed by anatomical need of internal examination which may studies for which I do not have the nec- confirm its place in the Thraupidae or essary material. The habits of the bird show that it has other affinities, elsewhere. 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1367

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus with which arrangement I am not prepared A review of most of the known forms of to agree. I find cinereocephalus differing Chlorospingus ophthalmicus and C. flavo- from the ophthalmicus-flavo-pectus assem- pectus and several other supposedly dis- blage only by the absence of the yellowish tinct species leads me to believe that green breast band, and even this band is there are fewer species involved than has definitely suggested by a greenish tinge on been supposed. It is admitted that the the sides, sometimes faintly indicated flavo-pectus group appears to be distinguish- towards the center of the breast. The able from the restricted ophthalmicus white postocular spot is usually absent but group by the lack of the white postocular also sometimes limitedly present. There spot and, as far as most South American is no reason why this form should not be representatives are concerned, by the placed in the ophthalmicus group, although lighter, less blackish crown. C. o. nigri- it shows an extreme variation in a certain ceps, however, has no white behind the eye, direction. This still leaves northern Peril except for an occasional slight trace, and without a known representative, but I there is a similar trace in some examples of should not be surprised if future workers the flavo-pectus assemblage. Furthermore, in the area should discover a resident from the top of the head in C. o. jacqueti is a there. good match for that in the flavo-pectus Another hiatus occurs in eastern Pan- group, and that of C. o. argentinus is still amA, but I believe it is filled in part by lighter, though brownish, while different tacarcunae which Hellmayr (op. cit., p. Central American representatives show 410) considered as conspecific with flavi- various tones of gray, black, and brown, gularis. I find Hellmayr's assignment depending on the subspecies. There is untenable. Outside of a certain similarity in not a single character of specific value in the uniform green color of the upper parts, the entire assemblage. These birds all 'there is little resemblance. The Panama agree in general proportions, shape and bird has quite different proportions, a size of bill, and basic pattern of coloration, different bill, a somewhat speckled throat, and they replace each other geographically. a dusky malar band, strongly greenish As far as ophthalimius and flavo-pectus are flanks, and, ip one example, a small streak concerned, there certainly is no more than on the posterior part of the upper eyelid one species to be considered. The sub- and behind the orbit (yellow in this case specific distinctions involve only different and not white, but in the exact position combinations of postocular pattern and hue of the white marking in some forms of of cap. It is interesting to find the com- ophthalmicus). All of these features show bination of light head and absence of post- close agreement with the ophthalmicus ocular white occurring in eastern Colombia, group, although tacarcunae has the cap eastern Ecuador, and eastern Perd, with green like the back and the throat yellow that of dark head and postocular whit like the breast (as in immature examples of (and other combinations) both north and some. of the other forms), the opposite south of this elongated area, but the inter- extreme of variation from that shown by rupted distribution of the latter combina- cinereocephalus. I believe that tacarcunae tion of characters is not a specific criterion. belongs in this same group. It is not Plotting the ranges of the different forms allied to flavigularis. concerned shows a considerable hiatus in The resemblance of punctulatus of cen- various parts of Peru where some repre- tral Panama to the ophthalmicus group is sentative should occur. Part of this so positive that I do not see how it can have hiatus is occupied by cinereocephalus which been overlooked as a conspecies unless has been kept specifically separate from through lack of material or because of a sus- both ophthalmicus and "flavo-pectus," al- picion of overlapping ranges. It has all the though Hellmayr (1936, Field Mus. Nat. general characteristics of the black-headed Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 9, p. 417) forms with white postocular patch and placed it as a subspecies of semifuscus, resembles venezuelanus in the color of the 1947] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 3 breast, eminens in the blackness of crown, Returning to South America, I have and nigriceps in the spotting of the throat, commented elsewhere (1946, Jour. Wash- although this spotting is even more pro- ington Acad. Sci., vol. 36, p. 390) on the nounced than in nigriceps. It is also surprising agreement of birds from San- somewhat more brownish or golden green tander, Colombia, with jacqueti of the on the back than any of the others. These Lara region of Venezuela. It is hoped characters are all of degree, not of kind. that more material may become available As far as conflicting distribution is con- from Santander to clarify this apparent cerned, I can find no such conflict. There similarity. is a broad hiatus to the eastward before In Bolivia, the range of argentinu8 shows the range of tacarcunae is reached, while to a curious extension. While flavigularis the westward novicius is found in the Chiri- occupies an area in the northern part of the quf region beyond the range of punctu- Cochabamba region (in the Mamor6 drain- latus in the Veraguas sector. age as far east as Samaipata, the type The separation of novicius and region- locality), it remains on the northern side of alis is not sharp and it is difficult to say the Andean spurs in that area. Argentinus where the line should be drawn. The reaches the southern side of those same material at hand from southwestern Costa spurs in the upper reaches of the Rio Rica appears to be inseparable from the Mizque that also flows into the Mamor6 rest of the Costa Rican specimens of system after a roundabout course far regionalis and not to belong with the to the eastward. The western form, Chiriquf population of novicius. Some of bolivianus, was described from San Cris- the Chiriquf birds, themselves, agree tobal which appears to be somewhere near well enough with regionalis to present a the eastern end of the range of that problem in distinction, although others form. Thus three subspecies are known are darker-capped in what presumably is from the Cochabamba area although they a trend towards punctulatus. Nicaraguan do not encroach on one another: bolivi- birds are regionalis and not honduratius anus to the westward on the northern as sometimes asserted. The correct re- slopes, flavigularis also on the northern lationship was determined by Underdown slopes but to the eastward, and argentinus (1932, Ibis, ser. 13, vol. 2, p. 648). The on the southern slopes, extending into throat averages less heavily spotted than northern Argentina. in Costa Rican examples, but there -are Several related forms should, perhaps, various exceptions. be mentioned, although they are probably The situation in Guatemala is not clear. best kept specifically distinct. C. inor- Three forms have been described from that natus of Mt. Pirri, eastern Panama, I country, of which I have only two repre- believe was derived from the ophthalmicus sented in the material before me-post- group, but it has developed enough pe- ocularis and dwighti. They appear to be culiarities to. entitle it to specific rank. in much the same position as novicius and Chlorospingus s. semifuscus and C. s. regionalis. While postocularis is recog- livingstoni of northwestern Ecuador and nizable in well-marked examples by its southwestern Colombia, respectively, have uniformly dark pileum and larger size, several points in common with the ophthalw about half of the specimens from the ac- micus group and probably also were derived cepted western range of this form have from it. There is an apparent conflict in decided lateral stripes on the crown, darker the ranges of semifuscus and phaeocephalus than the median area. A series of trade- skins combines this head pattern with the that will need to be resolved before con- larger dimensions of postocularis, and the specific relationship can be seriously con- specimens are hence quite, unassignable to sidered. Goodfellow and Hamilton re- one form or the other. I can see no differ- corded semifuscus from eastern Ecuador ences in the extent of the white postocular and phaeocephalus (misidentified as "flavi- spot. gularis") from Gualea, while Men6gaux 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITA TES [No. 1367 recorded the latter from Gualea and Mindo I refer all Ecuadorian records to phaeo- where semifuscus is known to occur. cephalus. In phaeocephalus, itself, there is still Ten examples secured by Mr. E. a problem that requires solution. The Thomas Gilliard on his expedition to Mt. original figure of this bird (Sclater and Macarena, eastern Colombia, show suffi- Salvin, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, cient distinction from flavo-pectus to de- p. 521, pl. 52, fig. 2) is hardly recognizable serve separate recognition and may be as a delineation of the population to which known as follows. it has been assigned. The entire throat, with the exception of a minute chin spot, Chlorospingus ophthalmicus macarenae, is pictured as dark olive green like the new subspecies breast, and a pale brown stripe is shown TYPE: From Mt. Macarena, Colombia; broadly behind the eye. These characters plateau at 411 feet elevation. No. 748394, cannot be found in any species of Chloro- American Museum of Natural History. spingus with which I am acquainted. Adult male collected January 24, 1942, Nevertheless, Sclater (1886, Catalogue of by E. T. Gilliard. the birds in the British Museum, vol. 11, DIAGNOSIS: Nearest to C. o. flavo-pectus p. 243) remarks on the similarity of phaeo- -of the Eastern Andes of Colombia, cephalus to "flavipectus" [=flavo-pectuss] but top of head slightly darker, throat from which it is said to differ by-its darker, deeper buff and more heavily speckled with unspeckled throat and much less bright dusky, breast and sides a little deeper breast and flanks. The throat in the Ec- yellow, and belly more purely white, less uadorian form of ophthalmicus is actually clouded with grayish. more heavily speckled than it is in flavo- RANGE: Apparently restricted to Mt. pectus, but the color of the breast and Macarena, eastern Colombia. flanks is darker than in that form. Sclater DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Top of head includes in "flavipectus" a specimen from slightly browner than Deep Mouse Gray; Jima, the type locality of phaeocephalus, back deep Warbler Green. Lores dusky which suggests that the resemblance with a faint pale marking on upper border; probably is very close. The plate, there- a blackish stripe from lores posteriad over fore, presumably is in error. auriculars, separated from the crown by a I find some differences in the series of dark grayish postocular stripe only a little phaeocephalus now before me, but without paler than the crown; chin, throat, arid topotypical material I am unable to deter- malar region light Pinkish Buff with small mine to which part of the series the name but moderately prominent, wedge-shaped can be properly restricted. Two examples spots at the tips of the feathers, strongest from Sumaco are somewhat more yellowish laterally where also the buff color is deeper; olive on the breast than seven birds from breast near Primuline Yellow, greener on southwestern Ecuador, although darker the sides and with a slight greenish tinge on than lvwo-pectus, none of which are so the lower border; flanks Pyrite Yellow; dark as the original plate. A single under tail-coverts similar but margined specimen from Gualea is even brighter broadly with Strontian Yellow. Remiges yellow on the breast than the Sumaco near Chaetura Drab with outer margins specimens, although not so light as flavo- of all but the outermost primary near the pectus, while the top of the head is lighter color of the back, broadest on the tertials; brown than in the Sumaco birds but not so outer margin of outermost primary dull gray as in flavo-pectus. drab, a little greenish basally; exposed There are thus two, and possibly three, pgrtions of upper wing-coverts like the separable populations indicated in the back; under wing-coverts whitish, faintly small series available, but more material yellowish along carpal margin; inner from northern and central Ecuador, from margins of remiges largely whitish. Tail both sides of the Andes, is needed for an somewhat rounded; rectrices near Chae- adequate study. Until this is available, tura Drab with outer margins like the 19471 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 't; back and with the inner webs of the median head is relatively light colored (about as in pair tinged with the same green. Bill flavo-pectus), and there is no pronounced (in dried skin) black; feet horn brown. white behind the'eye, although three out Wing, 66 mm.; tail, 59; exposed culmen, of the four specimens at hand show slight 11; culmen from base, 14.5; tarsus, 22. traces of it. REMARKS: Female like the male but This form, like peruvianus, appears to smaller.- Wing, 62.5, 63; tail, 54.5, 65. be quite restricted in distribution and is One example, sexed as a possible male, known only from the Junin region. Other has the top of the head and the postocular records are from Tambo de Aza, Maraynioc, area strongly tinged with dark green, and in the same general region as the type there are a few whitish feathers on the locality, at a little higher elevation. upper posterior border of the orbit. The These two forms comprise the only specimen appears to be adult. known Peruvian forms. There is, as stated on an earlier page, a wide hiatus in Chlorospingus ophthalmicus peruvianus northern Peru' where the species has not Carriker been found, while phaeocephalus of Ecuador Chlorospingu8flavipectu8 peruvianus CARRIKER, appears to remain beyond the Peruvian 1933 (Mar. 24), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- boundary. It is probable that some phia, vol. 85, p. 35-Oconeque, Perd; *; Acad. rep- Nat, Sci. Philadelphia. resentative of the species will be found This form very closely resembles C. o. in suitable terrain between the Junin flavo-pectus and macarenae, having the top region and the Ecuadorian frontier, but of the head dark as in macarenae and the it has yet to be discovered. Considering throat relatively whitish as in flavo-pectus, the quantity of material that has been but the breast lighter yellow than in either. assembled at various times by different It lacks the prominent white postocular workers in the region, it is surprising that a marking, as may be supposed from its member of the group has not been dis- original inclusion in "flavipectus," although covered to date. one male shows a tiny indication of it. The range of this form, like that of some SPECIMENS EXAMINED C. o. ophthalmicus.- other subspecies, appears to be quite MExico: limited since bolivianus occurs in the La Jalapa, 5 ci, 2 9; Paz region of Bolivia and c-inereocephalus Potrero, 1 [d ], 2 9. in the Junfn region of Peru. No form of C. o. dwighti.- the species is known from the Urubamba GUATEMALA: Finca Sepur, 1 c, (type), 2 9; Valley where one should eventually be Finca Sepacuite, 6 e, 4 9, 2 (?). found. The allied species, flavigularis, C. o. postocularis.- ranges through this entire region, including GUATEMALA: the Urubamba area. San Lucas, 1 d; Nebaj, 1 d; Additional records include La Oroya in Antigua, 1 9; the list of localities. Barrillos, 1 9 Santa Ilania, 1 (? 9). Chlorospingus ophthalmicus cinereo- C. o. postoculari8 X dwighti.- cephalus Taczanowski GUATEMALA: 4 (? e), 3 (? 9), 1 (?). Chlorospingus cinereocephalus TACZANOWSKI, C. a. honduratius.- 1874, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 132-Chilpes, HONDURAS: Perid; 9; Warsaw Mus. (?now lost). Cerro Cantoral, 2 ce, 2 9. C. o. regionalis. As noted in the general review of the NICARAGUA: species, this form represents one extreme (San Rafael del Norte, Ocotal, Matagalpa), of coloration in the group, since it has the 12ce,6 9. breast buff instead of bright yellow or COSTA RICA: (Aquinares, Guayabo, Bonilla, Navarro, Na- green although with a variable greenish varritQ, Azahar, Cartago, La Hondura, tinge on the sides and sometimes a faint Santa Maria de Dota, no locality), 15 ci, suggestion of it medially. The top of the 11 9, 7 (?). g AMERICAN MUSEUM NO VITA TES [No. 1367

C. o. novicius.- C. o. phaeocephalus.- PANAMA: ECUADOR: El Banco, Chiriqui, 1 a; El Chiral, 2 c, 3 9 Boquete, 3 c, 1 9,1 (?). Salvias, 1 9; C. o. punctulatus.- Zaruma, 1 9; PANAMA: lower Sumaco, 1 "a"" [? = 9 ]; Cordillera de Chucu', 1 9 (? cotype); upper Sumaco, 1 a; ChitrA, 16 c, 8 9; Gualea, 1 9. -Santa F6, 5 a", 2 9; C. o. cinerocephalus.- Chiriqui, 2 (?); PERUJ: "PanamA," 1 (?). Chilpes, 2e, 2 9. C. o. tacarcunae. C. o. peruvianus.- PANAMAk: PERfJ: Tacarcuna, 1 a; Oconeque, 2 d; east slope of Mt. Tacarcuna, 5 c (includ- below Limbani, 1 9; ing type),2 9. Santo Domingo, 7 a, 4 9; C. o. jacqueti.- Inca Mine, 1 c, 1 9. VENEZUELA: C. o. bolivianus. Galipan, 3c, 4 9; BOLIVIA: Silla de Caracas, 1 a, 1 9; Nequejahuira, 1 c, 1 9; head of Chichiriwichi Valley, 1 (?); "Bolivia," 1 [ci]. El Lim6n, 1 c, 1 9; C. o. fulvigularis.- Mt. Bucarito, 2 (?); BOLIVIA: Cumbre de Valencia, 3 a, 2 9; Locotal, 3 c,1 9; Carip6, 4 (?); Roquefalda, 2 ', 1 9; Colonia Tovar, 2 a, 2 9; Incachaca, 20 c, 8 9; between Colonia Tovar and El Lim6n, 1 California, Santa Cruz, 1 c; [a]; Yungas, Cochabamba, 7 c, 11 9 ,1 (?). Guamito, Trujillo, 1 d 1, 1 9 1. C. o. argentinus.- COLOMBIA: BOLIVIA: Cachiri,Santander, 1 ei1, 1 91. Tujma, 2 da. C. o. falconensis.- ARGENTINA: VENEZUELA: Ledesma, Jujuy, 1 ca, 2 9, 1 "" [? = San Luis, Falcon, 1 a (type)2, 1 9. 9 1; C. o. venezuelanus. Metan, Salta, 1 d. VENEZUELA: C. inornatus.- (Merida, Escorial, Conejos, Valle, Culata, PANAMA: El Loro, Hechisera, "montafias sierra"), Mt. Pirri, 1 e. 6c, 1 9, 5 [? = 3 c,2 9]. C. s. semifuscu-s. C. o. eminens. ECUADOR: COLOMBIA: Gualea, 2 c, 1 9; Gramalote, 1 9 (type), 1 cl"3, 1 9 3, 1 (?)3. Mindo, 1 9; VENEZUELA: Milligalli, 1 a"; PAramo de Tama, I a"'. Papallacta, 2 ", 1 9; C. o. flavo-pects.- Nono, 1 9; COLOMBIA: Canzacota, 1 ". El Roble, 3 9; C. s. livingstoni.- Subia, 2 a, 2 9; COLOMBIA: BogotA, 13 (?); Cocal, 6 d, 1 (?); "Colombia," 1 (?). N6vita trail, 1 (?). C. o. macarenae. COLOMBIA: Mt. Macarena, 6 ci (including type), 4 9. Chlorospingus parvirostris parvirostris C. o. nigriceps.- Chapman COLOMBIA: Chlorospingus flavigularis parvirostris CHAP- Miraflores, 1 9 (type); MAN, 1901 (Sept. 12), Bull. Amer. Mus. Rio TochK, I c; Nat. Hist., vol. 14, p. 227-Inca Mine, Perfi; La Candela, 1 ci; da; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. El Eden, 1c; Santa Elena, 2 c, 4 9, 1 (?); I hesitate to propose specific status for a Sabanalarga, 1 (?dl); parvirostis group which recent authors Medellin, 1 (? 9). have synonymized with flavigularis, but 1 Specimens in Chicago Natuiral History Museum. there are some facts of distributional and 2 Specimen in collection of William H. Phelps, Ca- taxonomic details that are difficult to racas. 3 Specimens in Cucuta Museum, Colombia. explain on any other basis. Chapman 19471 STUDIES OP PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 7- himself was convinced that the characters whitish. These birds show the following of his parvirostris were overcome by in- measurements: male, wing, 67.9 (? wrongly dividual variation and proposed the sub- sexed)-80 (average, 75.4); tail, 49-59.5 mersion of his form (1921, Bull. U. S. (average, 56.1); culmen from base, 12.8- Natl. Mus., no. 117, p. 122), although 15 (average, 14); female, wing, 67-71.9 Berlepsch and Stolzmann (1906, Ornis, (average, 69.9); tail, 51-56 (average, 52.8); vol. 13, pp. 82-83) had accepted it as culmen from base, 12-15 (average, 13.7). valid. In the discussion of C. f. mar- Iris (in most cases, where noted) gray, buff, ginatus (1914, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. or white. Hist., vol. 33, pp. 189-190), Chapman I suspect that the type of parvirostris is pointed out some of the characters of the a female and not a male as indicated on the parvirostris group without recognizing label. Perhaps the labels of it and a their import with respect to his southeast- paratype were transposed. The measure- Peruvian birds, in the belief that they were ments of the type agree best with those of indicative of intergradation between flav- the females of the rest of the series, while igularis and marginatus. the supposed female paratype is larger I have 60 Peruvian specimens of the than any other female at hand. If this birds to which the specific name flavigutaris supposition is correct, the measurements has been applied, including the types of of the two sexes of the small form would be parvirostris and huallagae. These may be as follows: male, wing, 71.80 (average, sharply divided into two distinct groups. 75.6); tail, 51-59.5 (average, 56.2); culmen One of the groups, apparently true flav- from base, 13-15, (average, 14.6); female, igularis, is characterized by larger size wing, 67-71.5 (average, 69.6); tail, 49-56 (including the bill), lighter and clearer (average, 52.5); culmen from base, 12-15 olive upper parts, a decidedly gray area on (average, 13.6). the lores and anterior malar region con- To make matters more interesting, tinuous with the gray chin spot, a less there appears to be an altitudinal dis- deeply concave posterior border to the tinction in the ranges of the two groups, yellow throat patch, clearer gray breast although otherwise both occupy some of the and flanks, and more broadly and clearly same general parts of Perd. I have both white belly. Seventeen birds are of this groups represented from the Rio Inambari, nature with the following measurements: southeastern Peru, and even collected on male, wing, 76-84 mm. (average, 80.3); the same day with the same elevation tail, 57.6-64.5 (average, 60.6); culmen recorded on the labels (2200 feet), but this from base, 15-16 (average, 15.5); female, elevation is given for all the specimens wing, 73.2-77 (average, 75.8); tail, 56-60 obtained by the Watkins broters at that (average, 59.4); culmen from base, 14-16 place (presumably in the neighborhood (average, 15.2). Iris (in most cases, where of Santo Domingo), some of which are noted) brown or red brown. certain to have been secured either above Forty-three specimens, including the or below that base line on the mountain- types of parvirostris and huallagae, are side. Consequently there is no assurance characterized by somewhat smaller size, that the birds belonging to the two groups darker and browner olive upper parts, no under discussion were actually taken to- gray on the lores or anterior malar region gether. (which areas are olive), deeply emarginate Elsewhere in southeastern Peru, there posterior border of the yellow throAt patch is no suggested conflict in localities. The which is sharply delimitekd from the green larger flavigularis is represented by speci- auriculars (which, in turn, often have notice- mens secured from 1200 to 4000 feet; the ably pale shaft-stripes), the grayish chin smaller parvirostris from 4500 to 7000 feet, spot commonly produced posteriad down and one Bolivian example of parvirostris the middle of the throat, bisecting the was found at 8000 feet. In central Perd, yellow area, the breast and flanks dull and flavigularis was taken at 800 and 1300 drab, and the belly only narrowly soiled meters (2624 and 4264 feet); parvirotis, B AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1367 at 4800 and 6100 feet. In Colombia, specimens from southeastern Peril and one where both groups also occur, members of from Bolivia have the throat near Wax the flavigularis group were taken from 1200 Yellow, while in the Chaupe bird it is to 5000 feet; parvirostris, from somewhat Yellow Ocher X Cadmium Yellow. above 4800 to 7000 feet. If these groups Four birds from eastern Colombia are were altitudinal representatives of each quite indistinguishable from the Chaupe other, one would expect the larger birds bird and I believe must be referred to to occur at the higher elevations instead of huallagae. Strangely, no specimen of this the reverse. group is represented in our Ecuadorian Taczanowski and Berlepsch (1885, Proc. series which includes 17 examples of flavi- Zool. Soc. London, pp. 81-82) call at- gularis flavigularis and 21 of f. marginatus. tention to certain distinctions in size and From the discussion by Taczanowski and color between birds from Machay (5000 Berlepsch (loc. cit.), however, there is no feet) and Mapoto (7000 feet), eastern doubt that huallagae occurs in eastern Ecuador, which coincide with what I have Ecuador and that the record of "flavi- found in the Peruvian and Colombian gularis" from Machay pertains to this series, even including the color of the iris. member of the parvirostris group. With these facts in mind, I feel justified Five birds from the Urubamba Valley in resurrecting parvirostris as a species dis- and six from the Junin region of central tinct from flavigularis. Unfortunately, Peril are somewhat equivocal since they it is impossible to allocate all previous are neither so pale throated as parvirostris records of "flavigularis" from different nor so deep throated as huallagae. It is localities in Peru'. Some of them pre- not easy to refer them to either of the other sumably belong to parvirostris which I forms, although one example of huallagae judge to be an inhabitant of the Subtropical shows the characters of the central-Peru- Zone; flavigularis probably is restricted to vian birds, and one of the latter is as deeply the Upper Tropical Zone. colored as several specimens from the north As will be explained under the following though paler throated than most of them. headings, parvirostris is divisible into three I believe, consequently, that they are best subspecies, and of these the nominate form provided with a distinct name, in spite of seems to be restricted to the extreme south- their intermediate nature. They may be eastern part of Peru and western Bolivia. known as follows. Chlorospingus parvirostris huaUagae Chlorospingus parvirostris medianus, Carriker new subspecies Chlorospingu flavigularis huallagae CARRIKER, 1933 (March 24), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- TYPE: From Utcuyacu, Junin, Perul; delphia, vol. 85, p. 36-Utcubamba, Dept. altitude 4800 feet. No. 169537, American Libertad, Perd; d; Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- Museum of Natural History. Adult male phia. (with enlarged testes) collected December A female from Chaupe, northern Perfi, 1, 1919, by Harry Watkins. exhibits the orange yellow throat which DIAGNOSIS: Intermediate between C. is the decisive character of huallagae, and p. parvirostris of southeastern Peri and is referable to this form in distinction from western Bolivia and C. p. huallagae of true parvirostris of southeastern Perd. northern Peril and southeastern Colombia, The other characters mentioned in the having the throat deeper yellow than in original description are also present, but, parvirostris but lighter than in huallagae. while they serve to distinguish the par- RANGE: Subtropical Zone of the Junin virostris group from flavigularis, they are and Urubamba regions of central Perui. shared by parvirostris parvirostris. The DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Upper parts depth of color on the throat, particularly Dark Citrine X Medal Bronze; lores with on the sides, is the only character by which a slight buffy tinge; malar region and I can distinguish the north-Peruvian birds auriculars like the top of the head with from the southeastern population. Twelve pale shaft-streaks somewhat obvious on 1947] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 62 9 the auriculars; chin narrowly dull Smoke series from Ecuador and Peru, but there is Gray, extended posteriad through the no obvious distinction in the combined middle of the throat but not quite reaching series. Three of four Colombian birds the gray chest; remainder of throat near show rather more definition between the Light Cadmium, strongest and clearest on yellow throat and the olive auriculars than the sides where the color is produced pos- most of the rest of the series, but the fourth teriad much farther than in the middle; bird is not so well marked, and some of the breast dingy Smoke Gray, somewhat Ecuadorian and Peruvian birds show the darker on the sides and flanks; belly soiled same demarcation; most of them show a whitish; under tail-coverts with olive rather gradual transition across the malar centers and yellower margins and tips- region. There is variation, also, in the near Old Gold. Remiges dark brown with depth of yellow on the throat, with both outer margins near the color of the back extremes occurring in all parts of the range. except towards the tips of most of the The gray lores and malar apex are con- primaries and along the outer border of the sistently present, even in immature speci- outermost quill, which areas are grayish; mens. exposed portions of upper wing-coverts Earlier Peruvian records are not certain also like the back; outer margins of alula although an Enefias record belongs here feathers more grayish; inner margins of and possibly an early record from Chay- remiges indistinctly dull whitish; under avitas, although Berlepsch (1912, Ber. 5 wing-coverts and axillars soiled whitish Internatl.-Ornith. Kongr., Berlin, p. 1091) with a slight greenish or yellowish tinge. questioned the record without giving the Tail dark brown with median rectrices and grounds for his objection. outer margins of remainder like the back. There is a slight possibility that the type Bill (in dried skin), blackish, with a pale of flavigularis is of the parvirostris complex area near the base of the gonys; feet dark in which case huallagae would become a brown. Wing, 76 mm.; tail, 59; exposed synonym of flavigularis, while the east- culmen, 11; culnen from base, 14.6; Andean bird of Colombia to Peru' would tarsus, 20.5. require a new name under the specific REMARKS: Females like the males in name hypophaeus, now the subspecific coloration but slightly smaller; wing, name of the Panamanian form. I feel 70-71.5; tail, 52-56; culmen from base, sure, however, that if this assignment 12.2-14. Males: wing, 73.5-79; tail, were correct, some one would have com- 55-59; culmen from base, 13-14.6. mented on distinctions between it and It is of interest to note that while med- other Bogoti birds or east-Ecuadorian and ianus has a darker throat than flavigularis Peruvian specimens. In any case, the flavigularis of the same geographical (but only Bogota skin at hand belongs to the not altitudinal) part of Perfu, parvirostris group including marginatus and hypo- has a paler throat than either. phaeus. The, colored figure of the type published by Sclater (1852, in Jardine, Chlorospingus flavigularis flavigularis Contributions to ornithology, pl. [98]) (Sclater) shows a bird with yellow (but not orange) Pipilopsis flavigularis SCLATER, 1852, Rev. throat and clear gray under parts, which Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 8-Nouvelle Gre- agree with the characters of the form to nade = Bogota, Colombia; Paris Mus. which the name flavigularis is usually This eastern form of the species ranges assigned. There is considerable contrast from the Eastern Andes of Colombia between the auriculars and the throat but, southward along the Andes of eastern as noted above, this sometimes occurs in Ecuador and eastern Peri to the south- this form. eastern part of Peru' and possibly farther. material from Colombia SPECIMENS EXAMINED I have not enough C. p. parvirostris.- to be certain of some details of plumage in BOLIVIA: that region in comparison with a good Nequejahuira, 1 e. 10 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITA TES [No. 1367

PERU': Chlorospingus canigularis signatus Inca Mine, 1 "" (type), 1 "9"; Taczanowski and Berlepsch Rio Inambari, 1 c, 1 9; Santo Domingo, 2 ce, 4 9;

Oconeque, 1 c, 1 9, 4 ci", 2 91; Chlorospingus signatus TACZANOWSKI AND La Oroya, 16"l. BERLEPSCH, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. C. p. medianus.- 82-Machay, Ecuador; d"; Warsaw Mus. PERU': I am not sure that Peruvian birds should Idma,1 c',3?[],1 ; not be separated from the east-Ecuadorian Utcuyacu, 3 ci' (including type), 3 9. population from which they show a certain C. p. huallagae. PERzi: distinction. The Peruvian specimens of Chaupe, 1 9; both sexes have the white superciliary Utcubamba, 3 ei" (including type), 1 9 1; stripe broad and long, the auriculars Rio 4 1 Jelashte, ci, 9 1; deeply blackish, and the belly more Tabaconas, 1 c'; Tamborapa, 1 ci'e broadly white than in most of the Ecuador- COLOMBIA: ian series. There are, however, several La Palma, 1 c, 1 9; Ecuadorian birds that show one or more of Andalucia, 1 ci; Monte Redondo, 1 d'. these features, while at the opposite ex- C. f. flavigularis.- treme there are examples with very short PERU': or narrow superciliaries, dusky gray auric- RioInambari, 2 e, 1 9, 1"e" [? 9 1; ulars, and somewhat grayish lower under La Pampa, 1 9; parts, at least laterally. The throat in the Chirimayo, 1 c; Peruvian birds also appears to be a little Caradoc, 2 c, 1 9; more heavily marked whereas it Pozuzo, I c, 1 9; laterally, Guadalupe, Rio Tono, 1 c; is lighter and more uniform in the Ecua- Chanchamayo, 1 9; dorian series. The features of the- Ecua- 2 Enefias, l, 1 9 1; dorian birds most markedly differing from La Oroya, 1 9 1. ECUADOR: the Peruvian skins are rather definitely in SanJos6,2e,3 9; the direction of the Colombian C. cani- Zamora, 1 c; gularis which has light auriculars, a light Macas region, 3 (?); but dull cap, and no auricular stripe, and Colimba, 3 9; "Napo," 3 (?). I believe it best to consider the Peruvian COLOMBIA: population as belonging to signatus and Buena Vista, 1 c; showing its diagnostic characters to best La Frijolera, 2 c; advantage. "Bogota," 1 (?). C. f. marginatus.- All Peruvian specimens known are from ECUADOR: Chaupe.

La Chonta, 4 c, 2 9; Naranjo, X (); Chimbo, 2 d; Chlorospingus canigularis conspicillatus Bucay, 1 9; Mindo, 2 c; Todd Gualea, 1 ci; Paramba, 4 c; Chlorospingus canigularis conspicillatus TODD, Lita, 1 9S; 1922 (July 12), Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. Milligalli, 1 ci; 35, p. 93-Bitaco Valley, Colombia; d; Car- Canzacota, 1 d. negie Mus. COLOMBIA: I am unable to recognize conspicillatus Buenavista, 2 c' (including type), 3 9; Cocal, 1 9. on the characters originally given for it- C. f. hypophaeu8. a somewhat larger size than that of c. canig- PANAMA: ularis and a more deeply colored pectoral Chitra, 1 ci; band about twice as wide as that of the Santa FE, Veraguas, 2 c; nominate form. The material at hand Rio Calovevora, 2 ci, 1 9; (no locality), 1 (?). from western Colombia shows about the same dimensions as eastern birds; although I Specimens in Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia. one western bird is the largest of the series, 19471 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 11 the eastern population actually averages of head Neutral Gray X Deep Neutral very slightly larger. The breast band is Gray; rest of upper parts Warbler Green X the same in both series, although certain Pyrite Yellow. Malar region Pale Neutral examples in both have apparently wider Gray; throat white; breast crossed by a bands- due to having the skin stretched in broad band of Strontian Yellow X Lemon preparation. Yellow, becoming bright Yellowish Citrine There is, however, a distinction in the on the sides and flanks; under tail-coverts average color of the back and a more con- Lemon Yellow X Lemon Chrome; central stant one in the color of the head. The abdomen white, lightly tinged with gray western birds have the back a little deeper laterally. Remiges brown; outer margin olive, on average, while the cap is darker of outermost primary narrowly grayish; and clearer gray (without any tinge of margins of remaining primaries and sec- Mouse Gray) and the auriculars are more ondaries and exposed portions of tertials sooty than those of eastern specimens. like the back; inner margins of remiges In these respects, examples from the Cen- narrowly dull whitish;. under wing-coverts tral Andes agree with the western speci- white, tinged wit4 yellow, and with a dark mens, leaving c. canigultris restricted to area at base of primaries. Outer webs of the Eastern Andes. Curiously, while a rectrices much like the back; inner webs of skin from La Candela is easily assignable median pair duller greenish and those of to conspicillatus, one from San Agustfn, remainder grayish brown. Maxilla (in a few miles to the eastward, agrees with dried skin) blackish; mandible dusky canigularis. brown; feet dark brown. Wing, 66 mm.; Five birds from southwestern Ecuador tail, 51; exposed culmen, 9; culmen from present characters that make their assign- base, 13; tarsus, 19. ment to either of the Colombian forms REMARKS: Female like the male in improbable. They may be known as coloration but presumably still smaller. follows. The four males at hand have the wing, 66, 65, 66.5, and 64; tail, 51, 52.5, 52, and Chlorospingus canigularis paulus, (?). The single female is molting, but new subspecies the yet unmolted wing and tail feathers TYPE: From La Chonta, Province del (among the longest of their respective Oro, Ecuador; altitude 2000 feet. No. members) show the wing 62 mm.; the tail, 172830, American Museum of Natural 49. History. Adult male collected July 22, It might be suspected that the appar- 1921, by Geoffrey Gill; original no. 65. ently small size of these birds was due to DIAGNOSIS: Similar to C. c. canigularis incorrect sexing, but it seems hardly likely of the Eastern Andes of Colombia, but that three different collectors, including the dimensions smaller; head clearer gray and veteran George K. Cherrie and Harry somewhat lighter; back lighter green. Watkins, would have made this mistake Differs from conspicillatus of central and in every supposed male in the series, al- western Colombia by smaller size, lighter though this is not impossible. Even if (but equally clear gray) cap, lighter and the four birds in question should be females less dusky auriculars, and lighter green and not males as indicated on the labels, back. the measurements of wing and tail are RANGE: Known only from southwestern still less than those of most Colombian Ecuador. females as may be seen by the following DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Top and sides figures:

WIN}G TAIL WING TAIL cangularTi8 4 d' 75-76.5 59-61.5 5 9 66-72 52-60 conspicillatus 5 6 73.5-72.2 57-61 5 9 65.5-71 56-59 paulus 4 e 64-66.5 51-52.5 1 9 62 49 12 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1367

Without the difference in measurements bapota" [ = Tambopata, Dept. Junin], Per6; the coloration of the Ecuadorian popu- 9; type formerly in Warsaw Mus., now lost. lation is enough for recognizable distinction, Culumachay, 1 9; Maraynioc, 2 9; especially from the west-Colombian con- Rumicruz, 1 d; La Lejia, 1 6, 1 9. spicillatus which it most closely approaches There seems to be no significant differ- geographically. ence between birds from the Junin region One of the Ecuadorian birds, a male and those from northern Peru'. Other from Pullango, has a well-developed post- records are from Tambo de Aza and Puyas- auricular white streak like that in C. c. yacu, and Mr. James Bond advises me signatus. Its light colors and lack of there are specimens in the Academy of dusky auricular patch show no similar Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from approach. Pullango is on the boundary Huacapistana and Leimebamba. line of Peru and Ecuador, and it is quite One of the females from Maraynioc is possible that this specimen may have come interesting by reason of having the lipo- from the Peruvian side of£the line as now chrome pigment diluted, leaving the belly constituted. At any rate, the occurrence quite pale yellow and the back grayish of paulus in Peru is to be expected. olive. The male from La Lejia is slightly more golden olive on the dorsum than any SPECIMENS EXAMINED other example in the series, but the female C. c. canigularis. is matched fairly closely by the yellower COLOMBIA: examples from central Peru. Fusagasugfi, 1 9, 1 (?); El Roble, 1 d; Hellmayr (1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Subia, 1 d; zool. ser., vol. 13, p. 9, p. 418, footnote) Aguadita, 2 e, 4 9, 1 (?); notes chrysogaster as larger than rubriros- "Bogota," 5 (?)1. tris, but, although none of the Peruvian C. c. conspicillatus.- COLOMBIA: males at hand is quite so large as the male La Candela, 1 c; whose measurements he quotes, some of the Cerro Munchique, 3 c; males of rubrirostris from Colombia and San Antonio, 1 e, 1 [? 9]; Ecuador are still larger and many of the San Agustin, 1 [? 9]; La Cumbre, 2 zl1; females of rubrirostris are also larger than El Tambo, ?1; the Peruvian birds of the same sex. There La Selva, Caldas, 2cel, 1 9 1; is thus little difference in the dimensions of Pueblo Rico, 1 el. the two forms. C. c. paulus.- ECUADOR: La Chonta, 2 e (including type); Hemispingus atro-pileus auricularis Las Pifas, 1 "; (Cabanis) Pullango, 1 c; Chlorospingus (Hemispingus) auricularis CAB- Coco, Rio Chimbo, 1 9. ANIS, 1873, Jour. f. Ornith., vol. 21, p. 318- C. c. signatus.- Perd [= Maraynioc]; c; in Warsaw Mus. ECUADOR: claimed as type by Taczanowski and by Sztolc- Rio Oyacachi, below Chaco, 2 e, 5 9; man and Domaniewski, but a specimen in the lower Sumaco, 2 d; Berlin Museum was marked as type by Cabanis " Cutucid, 1 = 9 (Stresemann, in litt.) Colimba, 2 d; Hemispingus atropelius [sic] intermedius CAR- Guayabo, Rio Zamora, 1 e, 1 9 1; RIKER, 1934 (June 25), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. "Napo," 2 (?). Philadelphia, vol. 86, p. 331-Lluy, Dept. Ama- PERf1: zonas, Perd; ei; Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Chaupe, 2 d, 3 9, 1 c. Maraynioc, 2 e, 1 9; Rumicruz, 1 e, 2 (?); Tocopoqueu (Occobamba Valley), Cnemoscopus rubrirostris chrysogaster 1 ; LaLejia, 1 e, 2 9. (Taczanowski) I can find no differences between birds of and Chlorospingus chrysogaster TACZANOWSKI, from the type locality auricularis 1874, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 517-"Tam- others from near the type locality of "in- termedius." The latter supposed form was I Specimens in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. said to have the superciliary stripe buffy 1947] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 13 instead of white, but the material at hand somewhat yellowish olive; median and does not confirm this distinction. The lesser coverts with tips the color of the character is variable, and one of the Ma- back; bend of wing deep yellow; under raynioc males has more pronounced buff in wing-coverts and inner margins of remiges this area than any of the three skins from dull whitish. Tail dark brown with olive La Lejia. outer margins. Bill (in dried skin) dusky Additional records are from Paltay- slate with a pale area along the gonys; pampa, Sillapata, Llui, and Leimebamba. feet dull dark brownish. Wing, 73.5 mm.; tail, 64; exposed culmen, 11; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 22. Hemispingus superciliaris maculifrons, REMARKS: Females similar to the males new subspecies in coloration but smaller; wing, 63-71 TYPE: From El Tambo, Dept. Piura, (average, 66.6); tail, 55.5-59.5 (average, Peru; altitude 9400 feet. No. 175796, 58.9). Males: wing, 70-77.2 (average, American Museum of Natural History. 72.5); tail, 58.5-64 (average, 61.3). Adult male collected December 1, 1922, In the specimens of H. s. superciliaris by Harry Watkins; original no. 6716. at hand there appears to be little approach DIAGNOSIS: Similar to H. s. super- towards the characters of this new form. ciliaris of eastern Colombia but the gray One "Bogota-skin" has considerable black of the forehead not produced so far poster- on the forehead, but this takes the form of iad, relatively more sharply defined from shaft-streaking rather than terminal bar- the crown, and with dusky (but not black) ring and thus resembles the condition in transverse markings at the tips of the nigrifrons rather than that in maculifrons. feathers; postocular stripe somewhat better Two or three of the series of maculifrons developed and darker (but not so pro- have the dark frontal markings reduced, nounced nor so extensive as in nigrifron8). approaching the condition of superciliaris, RANGE: Southwestern Ecuador and but they are decided exceptions. Actually northwestern PerG, west of the Marafi6n. maculifrons is, in a sense, intermediate DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Forehead between nigrifrons and superciliaris, but broadly dark gray with sooty terminal its geographical position is not, being bars or spots on the feathers; crown, back beyond one of the extremes. In any case, of head, and back Yellowish Oil Green X the distinction between maculifrons and its Warbler Green, a little lighter and duller nearest geographical affine, nigfrons, is on the rump; a broad white superciliary more pronounced than that marking its stripe from the base of the bill to the pos- separation from the more distant super- terior border of the auriculars, the in- ciliaris. Only one specimen, a female dividual feathers faintly tipped with gray; from Taraguacocha, Ecuador, has the lores blackish; a short, sooty gray post- frontal markings heavy enough to suggest ocular stripe and a large white subocular nigrifrons at all pronouncedly. patch; auriculars Olive Green with some There is some approach towards both yellowish shaft stripes, more pronounced adjacent forms in the series of nigrifrons, anteriorly. Under parts mostly Lemon but the heavy black frontal markings, Yellow X Lemon Chrome, with traces of sometimes the uniform black forehead, and olive tips on the sides- of the throat, and the strong black area on the sides of the with the sides of the breast merging into head, sometimes virtually obliterating the the olive of the back. Remiges dark white subocular patch, are excellent char- brown; outer margins of primaries nar- acters. One female from Valle de las rowly somewhat yellower than the back, Pappas, southern Colombia, has the pos- becoming grayish towards the tips; outer terior part of the superciliary stripe de- margins of secondaries and tertials near cidedly yellow, a character that is shown the color of the back; primary-coverts also by a specimen of maculifrons of un- blackish with obsolete pale edges; greater certain sex from Chugur, Peru. Both upper wing-coverts with outer margins birds in question are not fully adult, from 14 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1367 which I judge the character to be one of nothing except the absence of the heavy immaturity. lipochrome in leucogaster to distinguish A record from Paucal undoubtedly it from members of the superciliaris group, should be assigned to maculifrons. Other and there are some indications of the yellow records from Tambillo and Cutervo prob- pigmentation in the olive that is often ably belong here also. I have seen no quite obvious on the edges of the wings and material from the eastern side of the West- tail to show that it has not been entirely ern Andes. A quite different form occurs lost. Furthermore, as is discussed a little east of the Marafi6n in the Central Andes, later, the yellow and green style of colora- as will be discussed below, with which the tion reappears in southeastern Peru and Tambillo and Cutervo birds are not at all Bolivia, leaving the gray and white birds likely to have been confused. in possession of an intermediate area, It may be added here that the type somewhat in the manner pointed out specimen of nigrifrons is not in the Ameri- (p. 2) for Chlorospingus ophthalmicus can Museum of Natural History as stated cinereocephalus. by Hellmayr (1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., This sort of pigmental deficiency is com- zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 9,- p. 422). Law- mon enough as an individual variation in rence did not state the repository of this one species or another in the bird world. type, but most of the other species de- In the present case it affects an entire scribed in the same article (1875, Ibis, ser. population but does not thereby acquire 3, vol. 5, pp. 383-387) were said to be in overwhelming importance as a specific the United States National Museum, where character. The pattern has not altered in the type of nigrifronp probably also is any way, and pattern often is more im- preserved. portant taxonomically than intensity of Three specimens, from the Urubamba coloration. region of southern Peru are strikingly The opposite extreme is found in chrys- similar to nigrifrons to which, indeed, they ophrys of the M6rida region of Venezuela were referred by Chapman (1921, Bull. which I believe (not H. reyi as suggested U. S. Natl. Mus., no. 117, p. 122), but by Hellmayr, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. the interposition of maculifrons, as well as Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 9, p. 422, Central-Andean representatives discussed footnote) is the geographical representative below, points to the desirability of sepa- of the superciliaris group. In chrysophrys rating an extreme southeastern form, as is the gray has been suppressed and the bird discussed a little later. Before reaching is almost entirely olive and yelloW, al- that outpost of the species, however, the though some examples show the dusky occupants of the Central Andes of Peru tips on the forehead that are so prominent should be examined. a feature of most of the forms of this group. The sides of the throat in most specimens of Hemispingus superciliaris leucogaster chrysophrys examined show the character- (Taczanowski) istic dark tips on the sides of the throat, Dacnidea leucogastra TACZANOWSKI, 1874, all have the dusky stripe through the Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 131, pl. 19, fig. 2- orbit and the pale subocular lunule, al- Maraynioc, Per6; d'; Warsaw Mus. though the latter, like the superciliary Taczanowski called attention to the stripe, is yellow instead of white. I favor great simnilarityof the present form to super- the reduction of chrysophrys to subspecific ciliaris (cf. 1882, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, rank in the superciliaris group. p. 15; 1884, Ornithologie du Perou, vol. 2, For these reasons, I believe we should pp. 518-519), noting that it replaced super- consider leucogaster to be a true member of ciliaris in the Central and Eastern Andes the superciliaris group in which it is to be of Peru and that Stolzmann had found accorded subspecific rank. It is unfor- the two "species" to be identical in be- tunate that Hellmayr (1936, Feld Mus. havior and voice. A careful comparison Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 13;' pt. 9, 'p. of the gray and the yellow birds shows 426) obscured the situation by interposing 19471 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 15

H. frontalis, H. chrysophrys, and H. reyi of the throat; breast slightly soiled whitish, between superciliaris and leucogaster. becoming more grayish on the sides; In an earlier paper (1930, Field Mus. belly white with a tinge of Marguerite Nat. Hist., zool. ser., vol. 17, p. 455), I Yellow X Ivory Yellow on the lowermost noted certain differences between birds portion; under tail-coverts Cartridge from central Peru and others from the Buff; lower flanks slightly browner than northern part of the country, but in the Deep Olive-Buff. Wings dark brown absence of an adequate series I was unable with outer margins of secondaries and ter- to appreciate the full significance of the tials near the color of the rump; margins of distinctions. With . much more ma,terial primaries lighter; primary-coverts black- now at hand, I find the northern birds ish with obsolete paler margins; rest of sufficiently recognizable to warrant their upper wing-coverts with exposed margins separation as a new subspecies to be known near the color of the back; bend of wing, as follows. under wing-coverts, and inner margins of Records assignable to leucogaster include remiges white or whitish. Tail dark brown those from Maraynioc and Pariayacu, with dull olive margins. Bill (in dried and specimens in the Academy of Natural skin) slaty with a paler area along gonys; Sciences of Philadelphia from Huacapis- feet dark brown. Wing, 72 mm.; tail, tana and Auquimarca undoubtedly belong 61.5; exposed culmen, 11; culmen from to the same form. base, 14; tarsus, 20.5. REMARKS: Female similar to the male Hemispingus superciliaris' insignis, but somewhat smaller. new subspecies Two males have the dark tips on the TYPE: From La Lejia, north of Chacha- forehead quite pronounced and blackish. poyas, Peru; altitude about 9000 feet. The rest of the series have only a little No. 235347, American Museum of Nat- more or less than the type, approximating ural History. Adult male collected March the condition in the yellow-hued maculi- 10, 1925, by Harry Watkins; original no. frons. The markings on the throat also are 8979. variable. One male from La Lejia and one DIAGNOSIS: Nearest to H. s. leuco- from San Pedro have prominent dusky tips gaster of the Junin region of central Peru, in this region and one other from San but breast weakly or not at all grayish; Pedro has them less obvious, about as in upper parts averaging lighter gray; buffy average leucogaster. The rest of the series tinge of the lower flanks and under tail- have only a trace of such tips or none. coverts with a slightly more yellowish tone. The suggestion of a yellower tone on the Differs from the other recognized forms of lower under parts is shown by most of the the species by being gray and white instead series but not by all, but it does not appear of olive and yellow. in any of the central Peruvian leucogaster at RANGE: Known only from the highlands hand. It is, perhaps, an indication of a above the Utcubamba Valley, east of the trend towards the yellower forms of the Marafn6n, in northern Peru. species. DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Top of head Records from Tamiapampa, Leime- dark Neutral Gray with some blackish bamba, and Chachapoyas undoubtedly tips Sn the feathers of the forehead; back belong to insignis, as should specimens somewhat duller, passing into Deep from Llui said to be in the Academy of Grayish Olive on the uropygium; a white Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. superciliary stripe from the base of the bill over the eye and the auriculars; lores and Hemispingus superciliaris urubambae, posPScular space sooty; a whitish sub- new subspecies oculartlunule; auriculars gray with whitish TYPE: From Tocopoqueu, Occobamba shaf1t4reaks. Chin and throat white with Valley, Perd; altitude 9100 feet. No. slight dusky tips on the feathers-of the sides 166621, American Museum of Natural 16 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1367

History. Male (not fully adult) collected 'both noted the yellow tips of the super- July 29, 1915, by Edmund Heller; original ciliaries in specimens from western Bolivia, no. 397. and while this feature sometimes occurs DIAGNOSIS: Similar to H. s. nigrifrons of in some of the other forms, particularly northern Ecuador, but somewhat lighter in young examples, it appears to be con- yellow below; forehead strongly marked stant in this southeastern population. I with black terminal spots (in adult) or with have no measurements for Bolivian ex- only a suggestion of blackish tips (younger amples, but the three Peruvian specimens birds) but on an olive instead of gray back- measure as follows: male, wing, 69; tail, ground; superciliary stripe with at least a 56; culmen from base, 12.4; female, wing, trace of yellow at posterior end; wing, tail, 66; tail, 57.5; culnien from base, 12.2; and bill smaller than in most nigrifrons. subadult male (type), as above. RANGE: Urubamba region of southern Fifteen males of nigrifrons show the Peru and probably the Marcapata district, following: wing, 70-75.2 (average, 72.7); Peru, and western Bolivia. tail 58-64 (average, 60.2); culmen from DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Top of head and base, 12.7-15 (average, 13.3); six females, back Warbler Green X Olive-Green; apex wing, 65-69 (average, 67.4); tail, 55.5- of forehead blackish and with very slight 59.2 (average, 56.8); culmen from base, dusky tips on adjacent feathers; a broad 12.6-13.8 (average, 13.2). white superciliary stripe becoming dis- The wing and tail of the Peruvian adults, tinctly yellow over the middle of the auricu- therefore, show little difference from the lars; lores and postocular stripe dusky minimum dimensions of nigrifrons, but gray; a prominent subocular spot of white; the bill appears to be definitely, though auriculars olive like the cap, with yellower perceptibly, smaller, a difference that is shaft-streaks. Under parts very slightly more striking on actual comparison than deeper than Lemon Yellow; sides and the figures might indicate. flanks olivaceous. Wings and tail as de- Berlepsch (op. cit., p. 1093) includes scribed for H. s. maculifrons. Bill (in dried "S. 0. Peru (Marcapata)" in the range of skin) dull blackish with a whitish area along "superciliaris" which must pertain to the gonys; feet dark brown. Wing, 63 urubambae. I can find no other reference mm.; tail, 55; exposed culmen, 11; culmen to this locality in accounts of the species. from base, 12.2; tarsus, 20. In some respects the subadult bird REMARKS: Adults differ from this chosen as type exhibits the characters of the younger bird by having the forehead black new form to better advantage than do the and most of the crown with blackish tips adults, foi in the latter the extensive black and with little or no trace of gray on the of the forehead has made the comparative margins of the feathers. Sides of face absence of gray but poorly apparent, while also blackish rather than grayish. The the generally olive tone of the frontal posterior tips of the superciliaries are region of the younger bird is in good con- less pronouncedly, but still perceptibly, trast to the obviously gray forehead of yellowish. superciliaris, nigrifrons, and maculifrons. The characters of this form are slight, The yellow tips of the superciliaries are but I think subspecific separation is justi- in a portion of the stripe above the auric- fied in view of the wide separation of ulars. Where yellow appears in the ranges between southern Peru and northern stripes of certain adults of the other forms, Ecuador in which three additional forms it is likely to be in an extension of these (one olive and yellow and two gray and stripes beyond the usual limits, sometimes white) occupy the suitable terrain. on scattered feathers not clearly continu- Berlepsch (1912, Verhandl. 5 Internatl.- ous with the superciliary itself. Similar Ornith. Kongr., Berlin, p. 1143) and indications of additional yellow markings Hellmayr (1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., are present in all three specimens of zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 9, p. 421, footnote) urubambae. 19471 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. .52 17

SPECIMENS EXAMINED mayr's conclusions that oleagineus is not H. 8. chry8ophrys.- separable from frontalis. Other Peruvian VENEZUELA: Escorial, 3 c, 1 9; records are from Santa Ana, Pumamarca, Culata, 1 (?); and Tambillo. I am informed, also, that Nevados, 1 (?); the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- Pinos, 1 e. delphia has a specimen from the Pichis H. 8. superciliaris.- COLOMBIA: Trail. Palo Hueco, near Pacho, 1 9; Cundinamarca, 1 9; Hemispingus melanotis piurae Chapman "Bogota," 8 (?) Hemispingus piurae CHAPMAN, 1923 (Apr. H. s. nigrifron8. 11), Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 67, p. 11-Pa- COLOMBIA: lambla, Perd; d; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Valle de las Pappas, 1 c, 2 9; Hemiopingus castaneicollis chapmani SZTOLC- Santa Isabel, 1 ci; MAN AND DOMANIEWSKI, 1927 (June 1), Ann. Laguneta, 2c',1 9. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., vol. 6, pp. 2, p. 188- ECUADOR: Tambillo, Perd; ? 9; Warsaw (Mojanda Mts., road to Intac, Verdecocha, Mus. Yanacocha, Pichincha, Chivinda, Mindo, This form occupies the Western Andes Quito, Gualea, upper Sumaco, Zufiac, (both sides) of northern Peru, where the "Ecuador," and "W. Ecuador"), 11 c, pass across the divide is well within the 6 9, 6 (?). .8. maculifrons. elevations frequented by this species. 'ECUADOR: This is not true in northern Ecuador, Taraguacocha, 3 e, 3 9; where melanotis occupies the eastern side Salvias, 1 9. of PERUI: the Andes and ochraceus the western El Tambo, 2 c' (including type), 1 "ci" side. [?= 9Q,39,1(?); A specimen of piurae from Chira, Perd, Chugur, 2c, 1 9, 1(?); on the eastern side of the Western Andes, Taulis,3 c,3 9. kindly lent by Mr. de Schauensee of the H. s. insignis.- PER&: Academy of Natural Sciences of Phil- La Lejia, 4 c' (including type), 1 9; adelphia, agrees with the birds from the San Pedro, 3 c, 1 "d"' [?= 9 1,1; Pacific slope except that it has the margins Molinopampa, 2 9 H. 8. leucogaster.- of wings and tail more brownish than in PERftC any of the western birds at hand. The Rumicruz, 4 c, 2 9; character is variable in other forms of the Culumachay, 1 9; species and presumably is likewise in Tambo de Aza, Maraynioc, 1 d; Panao, 2 l1. piurae. H. 8. urubambae.- The various forms of melanotis are well PERU': defined, although they all agree in a certain Tocopoqueu, Occobamba Valley, 1 e pattern as well as in details of proportional (type), 1 c712. measurement. As known at present, Torontoy, 1 9 2. there is a wide hiatus between the different subspecies. No examples are known from Hemispingus frontalis frontalis either side of the Andes in southern Ec- (Tschudi) uador; none from the Central Andes of H[ylophilus] frontalis TSCHUDI, 1844 (May), northern Perd; none from the Urubamba Arch. Naturgesch., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 284-Perd Valley in southern Per-i. Curiously, cer- [- Junin region]; Mus. Neuchatel. Chlorospingua oleagineus SCLATER, 1862, Proc. tain details of pattern are alternative. Zool. Soc. London, p. 110-Bogotf, Colombia; H. melanotis melanotis and m. berlepechi British Mus. agree in the absence of the black throat San Miguel (Urubamba Valley), 3 d; patch; m. piurae and m. castaneicollis agree in of this as well Chelpes, 2 e, 1 9; Chaupe 4 ", 2 (?). the presence patch Four Ecuadorian and 14 Colombian as in a stronger development of the white birds substantiate Chapman's and Hell- superciliary stripe. Young birds differ from the adults by Specimens in Chicago Natural History Museum. 2 Specimens in United States National Museum. having lighter, buffier back; duller sooty 18 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1367

cap and sides of the the head; even broader interior of Per(i, probably bordering Bolivia, if but faintly yellowish superciliary stripes; not from Bolivia; British Mus. no black throat but a broad grayish malar I can find no distinctions between birds area spreading across the upper throat from southeastern Peru and those from where it is tinged with ochraceous; and western Bolivia. lighter and more ochraceous under parts. A young male of this form has, as does There is some similarity between .H. that of piurae, the superciliary stripes more m. piurae and H. goeringi of the Merida pronounced than in the adult and slightly region of Venezuela, but I do not believe yellowish. The back is olive brown (as that the two are conspecific. Both have in the young of the other forms); the top very broad white superciliary stripes, but of the head also olivaceous but distinctly while that of piurae reaches the base of the darker than the back, and the sides of the bill, that of goeringi stops abruptly over the head similar; malar region grayer; chin middle of the lores, leaving a broad black dull whitish; throat and breast much interval. Furthermore, goeringi has paler than in the adult and only slightly longer tarsi- and shorter bill of slightly lighter than the same parts in berlepschi different shape. I agree with those who which young castaneicollis resembles in believe that it belongs in the genus Hemi- ventral aspect. The pattern of the head spingus and not in a monotypic "Orospin- strongly suggests Hemispingus trifasciatus, gus" but can find no closer relationship to although there is no trace of the lateral other members of the genus. blackish stripes on the crown, and thesuper- Other records assignable to piurae are ciliaries are less yellowish. Other char- from Nancho and Tambillo. acters are not so suggestive, although there is a general resemblance in various Hemispingus melanotis berlepschi particulars, not enough to indicate specific (Taczanowski) relationship. Chlorospingus berlepschi TACZANOWSKI, 1880, Castaneicollis has been recorded also Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 195-Ropaybamba, from "Chuhuasi" [= Uruhuasi], and the Pert6; 9; Warsaw Mus. Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- Apparently restricted to the Junin delphia adds Oconeque from their col- region of central Peru, although as stated lections. in the discussion of piurae there is territory SPECImENS ExAMINED \ to the north and south where no member H. m. melanoti8.- of the species has been found, in part of COLOMBIA: which berlepechi may occur. Santa Elena, 1 e, 1 9; The young bird of this form differs from above Salento, 1 od; the of the head Fusagasug6, 1 9; the adult by having top El Roble, 1 9; distinctly greenish; the back olive brown; Aguadita, 1 d; the breast and throat deep ochraceous Beltrdn, 1 (?); instead of rufous; the belly pale buff; the Piramo de Choachi, 1 t?). and ECUADOR: under tail-coverts bright cinnamon; Ambato, 1 9; the margins of the inner remiges and upper above Baeza, 2 c. wing-coverts also cinnamomeous. As does H. m. ochraceus.- the adult, it bears a closer resemblance to COLOMBIA: same to in Mayasquer, Narifio, 1 cl. melanotis of its age than piurae H. m. piurae.- corresponding plumage. PERfY: Berlepschi is known only from the type Palambla, 1 c (type), 1 9; locality and Chilpes, in which latter place Chugur, 3e, 4 9, 1 (?); hand was obtained. Taulis, 2c, 1 9; the limited material at Chira, 1 9 1. H. m. berlep8chi.- Hemispingus melanotis castaneicollis PERfJ: (Sclater) Chilpes, 1 e, 1 9. Chlorospitngus castaneicollis SCLATER, 1858 1 Specimens in Academy of Natural Sciences of (Nov.), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 26, p. 293- Philadelphia. 19471 STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 62 19

H. m. castaneicollis.- Maraynioc, Perd; d; formerly Warsaw Mus., PERfJ: now lost. Inca Mine, 2 d; Santo Domingo, 3 e, 3 9. Torontoy, 1 c; Cedrobamba, 1 9. BOLIVIA: Roquefalda, 1 e; I have seen no material from the Maray- Yungas, Cochabamba, 1 d; nioc region and cannot be sure that the Nequejahuira, 1 d. Urubamba birds are identical. The male Hemispingus xanthophthalmus from Torontoy has the blackish lateral (Taczanowski) stripes on the crown much less broad than Dacnis xanthophthalma TACZANOWSKI, 1874, those as shown in the original plate. The Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 131-Maraynioc, female from Cedrobamba appears to be Perdi; 9; Warsaw Mus. not fully adult and has the ventral colora- Pariayacu, Maraynioc, 1 9; San Pedro, tion a little paler than that of the male. 1 el',l 9; LaLejia,5cel,1 9. It also lacks the wing-bars of the adult, Berlepsch and Stolzmann (1896, Proc. although a new feather in the series of Zool. Soc. London, p. 346) noted that median coverts on the right wing has the birds from central Peru had the culmen a adult pattern, somewhat lighter in colora- little straighter than did one specimen from tion than the corresponding feather of the the northern part of the country. This adult male. distinction is apparent in the series at hand Hellmayr (1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., from the north in comparison with a single zool. ser., vol. 13, pt. 9, p. 431) has central-Peruvian bird, but it is not very queried Berlepsch's citation (1912, Ber. 5 striking and doubtfully important enough Internatl.-Ornith. Kongr., Berlin, 1910, to warrant the recognition of two sub- p. 1096) of various localities in northern species. I can find no other differences. Peru in the range of this species. I would The median portion of the pileum, from amplify Hellmayr's statement by sug- the base of the bill to the nape, is very gesting that Berlepsch added these north- slightly lighter in color than the sides of the ern localities by inadvertently taking them head with the separation sharp though from Taczanowski's discussion (1884, meager. The pattern thus suggests that Ornithologie du Perou, vol. 2, p. 524) of the allied H. verticalis, the young of of "Carenochrous latinuchus" which im- which lack the black throat of the adults mediately follows his treatment of "Micro- of that form. spingus trifasciatus." I can see no necessity to maintain Pseudospingus as a genus separate from Jelski, cited by Taczanowski (op. cit., Hemispingus. The bill is not more slender p. 523), observed the species between than in some members of the genus Hemi- Pariayacu and Chilpes and at Pumamarca. spingus, although more slender than in most He. collected the type at Maraynioc. of them, and the only character of any There are no other localities known, al- validity appears to be the proportionately though the occurrence of the species in longer tail, nearly as long as the wing and southeastern Peru is to be expected since sometimes exceeding it. I do not believe it is reported from Bolivia. this character to be of generic importance. I can see no generic characters in this Other records of xanthophthalmus are species which warrant the continued rec- from Occobamba Valley, Maraynioc, ognition of "Microspingus." The bill is and Tamiapampa, and the Academy of shorter than in the other species of Hemi- Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I amn spingus, and the adults possess prominent informed, has specimens from Huacapis- wing-bars, but other features are shared tana, Auquimarca, Leimebamba, and Llui. by members of the larger group. I have Hemispingus trifasciatus already called attention to the noticeable (Taczanowski) similarity of certain young individuals to Microspingus trifasciatus TACZANOWSKI, 1874, of the Hemispingus melanotis group Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 132, pl. 19, fig. 1- trifasciatus. 20 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1367

Conothraupis speculigera speculigera A series from the northern part of Peru' (Gould) shares these characters but differs from the Schistochlamys speculigera GOULD, 1855 (May central-Peruvian birds by consistently 16), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 23, p. 69- paler brown head and lower abdomen. "River Ucayali" in Perd [Samne, Dept. Liber- tad, suggested by Carriker, 1934]; d; Brit. Since no name is available for the northern Mus. population, it is described below. "Ucayali," 1 c' (paratype); Pomari, Records assignable to elegans are from 1 9; Milagros, 1 9. Pumamarca, Sillapata, and Gloriapata, The two females at hand add two more and I am advised that the Academy of localities to the known range of this inter- Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has esting bird. Other records are from specimens from Auquimarca and Hauaca- Callacate, Huambo, and Rioja. The pistana. locality "River Ucayali" is doubtful, al- Chlorornis riefferii dituta, new subspecies though the other birds described from similarly accredited specimens collected by TYPE: From San Pedro, south of Chacha- Hauxwell appear plausibly to have come poyas, northern Peru; altitude 8600 to from that river, but Samne, suggested by 9400 feet. No. 235729, American Museum Carriker, also appears unlikely since there of Natural History. Adult male col- is no assurance that Hauxwell ever visited lected January 26, 1926, by Harry Watkins; the Pacific slopes of the Andes. The original no. 10055. fixation of type locality is best left until DIAGNOSIS: Similar to C. r. elegans of the full range of the species is better known. central-eastern Peru' and with a similar From present records, it is very curious. blue frontal patch, but brown color of I adopt a trinomial designation on the face, lower abdomen, and under tail- basis of the colored figure of "Rhyncho- coverts lighter in tone. thraupis mesoleuca" of Matto Grosso, RANGE: Subtropical and Humid Tem- Brazil, recently published by Berlioz (1946, perate Zones of the Central Andes of L'Oiseau et Rev. Frangaise d'Ornith., new northern Perfi. ser., vol. 16, opp. p. 1). This figure and DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: General color the accompanying text. show the Brazilian rich green, darker when held towards the bird to be extremely like speculigera, from light, yellower away from the light; which it appears to differ only by having lesser wing-coverts more brilliant, forming the flanks and uropygium black instead of a prominent shoulder patch. Anterior gray, the pectoral area a little more forehead, sides of head, chin and throat broadly black, and the dimensions a little Chestnut X Burnt Sienna (Bay X Claret smaller. These differences can be no Brown in elegans); lower belly and under more than subspecific. tail-coverts similar or slightly lighter. I am not sure that this bird is not a finch Behind the rufous anterior border to the instead of a tanager. The commissure is forehead is a triangular patch of bright quite noticeably bent downward basally, Columbia Blue; the feathers so colored giving the bill a finch-like appearance. are of a different texture owing to the More information on anatomical details absence of barbules and the flattening of is desirable. the barbs. Tips of outer four primaries highly golden olive on outer margins; under side riefferii of remiges and rectrices with a yellowish Chlorornis elegans (Tschudi) Bill and feet dried S [altator] elegans TscHuDI, 1844 (May), Arch. tinge. (in skin) yellow Naturgesch., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 288-Perd = (probably coral red to orange rufous in life). forests east of the cordillera in central Perti; Wing, 118 mm.; tail, 86.5; exposed cul- Mus. Neuchbtel. men, 15; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, Specimens from the Junin region re- 30. present this form which is so clearly marked REMARKS: Females similar in color but by the blue frontal patch and broad rufous slightly smaller. throat, in distinction from typical riefferii. Of two examples without given sex 1947] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 21 from Cumpang, one is easily referable to Chlorornis riefferii celata, new subspecies diluta while the other shows some approach TYPE: From "Camp 1," below Limbani, towards elegans. Without more material southeastern Peru. No. 147838, Ameri- from this area, it is impossible to say what can Museum of Natural History. Adult preponderance of characters may be pres- male collected March 10, 1907, by Harry ent in final analysis, but with the evidence Watkins; original no. 728. at hand and in view of the relatively northern position of the locality, I refer DIAGNOSIS: Similar to C. r. boliviana these two birds tentatively to diluta. of northwestern Bolivia in general darkness Berlepsch and Stolzmann (1896, Proc. of coloration, but with a narrow transverse Zool. Soc. London, p. 348) noted the bar behind the rufous area of the forehead, paler facial and abdominal coloration in narrower than the blue patch of elegans and a single male from Tamiapampa. They not clear blue (in adults) but dull-near reported a larger size for this northern Deep Glaucous Gray or Medici Blue, example, in comparison with the -central- somewhat as in typical riefferii. Peruvian form, but this character is not RANGE: Extreme southeastern Perd. substantiated by the series now before DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: General colora- me. There is no definite distinction tion as described for C. r. diluta '(but in the measurements of the two subspecies green colors darker); anterior forehead, and, as a matter of fact, my largest example sides of head, chin, and throat near Bay; is from Maraynioc. rufous area of forehead bordered poste- Records are from Leimebamba, Chacha- riorly by a narrow bar of Medici Blue, not poyas, Molinopampa, Ray-Urmana, and distinguishable in certain lights. Wing, Tamiapampa. 104.5 mm.; tail, 80; exposed culmen, 15; culmen from base, 20.7; tarsus, 29. Chlorornis riefferii boliviana (Berlepsch) REMARKS: Sexes alike in coloration. Psittospiza riefferi boliviana BERLEPSCH, 1912 Two birds that are not fully adult, (Febr.), Verhandl. 5 Internatl.-Ornith. Kongr., judging by the soft tips of the remiges and Berlin, pp. 1110, 1145-Cillutincara, western the rather acute and narrowed rectri'ces, Bolivia; d; Frankfort Mus. as well as by less firm texture of other This form was described as completely parts of the plumage, have the body color- lacking the blue frontal patch of elegans ation as dark as in adults but the rufous and being somewhat darker green. Two areas of head and belly somewhat lighter, females at hand from Bolivia present suggesting diluta. In addition, the post- these characters to advantage and sub- frontal band is bright blue, brighter and stantiate the distinction of boliviana. more greenish blue than in .the adults of Bond and de Schauensee (1941, Proc. elegans and diluta and -approaching Mot- Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 94, p. mot Blue. The feathers thus colored are 378) report five specimens from Oconeque, not flattened and devoid of barbs as are southeastern Peru, as agreeing with six the blue post-frontal feathers of elegans and Bolivian birds. I have six specimens diluta or the duller feathers in the corre- from southeastern Peru, however, that sponding' patch of adult celata. A similar show some distinction from the two Bo- development of blue is noted in some of the livian skins at hand, and Mr. Bond, on young of r. riefferii, the adults of which reexamination of the Philadelphia material, have no clear blue in the area in question. has found the same distinction in that Mr. Bond, who kindly examined the series, in spite of the generally close re- material in the Academy of Natural semblance to boliviana. Since the differ- Sciences of Philadelphia for me, advises ence appears to be constant, the recog- that the five Peruvian birds in that col- nition of a southeast-Peruvian subspecies lection all show the post-frontal line in beconies justifiable. It may be known as distinetion from the six Bolivian specimens follows. with which he compared them. 22 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1367

SPECIMENS EXAMINED of the series at hand, it is matched or ex- C. r. riefferii.- celled by several others from distant locali- COLOMBIA: ties. "L. charmesi" was predicated on (Cocal, Andes west of Popayan, Cerro Munchique, Almaguer, Anolaima, Lagu- supposedly larger size of Surinam birds, neta, above Salento, Paramillo, Santa but the three cotypes from the Penard Elena, El Roble, Medellin, "Bogota," and collection, like the Peruvian specimen, are "Colombia"), 9 e, 14 9,8 (?). equaled or exceeded in measurement by ECUADOR: in series. (Baeza, above Baeza, Macas region, Quito, others the Gualea, Papallacta, upper Sumaco, Canza- It would be interesting to learn the cota, and Milligalli), 15 c, 11 9$, 3 (?). reason for the apparently "spotty" dis- C. r. diluta.- tribution of this bird of the tropical forests. PERU: It is known from relatively few but widely San Pedro, 5 ci' (including type), 1 9; La Lejia, 3 , 1 9; scattered localities. Levanto, 1 e, 1 9; Cumpang, 2 (?). Cissopis leveriana leveriana (Gmelin) C. r. elegans.- PER*: L [anius ] leverianus GMELIN, 1788, Systema Maraynioc, 2 c, 1 9; naturae, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 302-based on the "Mag- Pariayacu, 1 a, 1 9; pie-Shrike" of Latham; no locality (Cayenne Rumicruz, 3 c, 1 9. suggested by Berlepsch and Hartert, 1902); C. r. celata.- Leverian Mus. (? type now lost). PERit: L [anius] picatus LATHAM, 1790, Index orni- Santo Domingo, 1 9; thologicus, vol. 1, p. 73-same basis as Lanius Oconeque, 1 c; leverianus. "Camp 1," below Limbani, 4 e (including Corvus collurio DAUDIN, 1800, Traite . . d'or- type). nithologie, vol. 2, p. 246-based on "La Pie C. r. boliviana.- Piegrieche" of Levaillant; Cayenne. BOLIVIA: Cissopis bicolor VIEILLOT, 1818, Nouveau dic- Sandillani, 1 9; tionnaire d'histoire naturelle, nouv. 6d., vol. 26, Cocopunco, 1 9. p. 417, pl. M33, fig. 2-Guiana and Brazil. Cissopis minor TSCHUDI, 1846, Fauna Peru- ana, Aves, p. 211-Peruvian woods = Chan- Lamprospila melanoleuca (Vieillot) chamayo or Junin region; Mus. Neuchfitel. Saltator melanoleucus VIEILLOT, 1817, Nouveau B[ethytls] medius BONAPARTE, 1850, Conspec- dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, nouv. 6d., vol. tus generum avium, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 491-{Brit- 14, p. 105-"1'Amerique meridionale" [= Cay- ish] Guiana; Berlin Mus. enne ]; Paris Mus. Psaris habia LESSON, (about) 1831, Centurie Rio Seco, 1 e, 2 9; Chamicuros, 1 e, zoologique, p. 186-Cayenne; type presumably 1 9; Chayavitas, 1 d; Puerto Indiana, lost. 1 c, 1 9; Apayacu, 1 mouth of Rio L [amprospiza ] charmesi PENARD AND PENARD, do; 1910, De Vogels van Guyana, vol. 2, p. 463- Curaray, 4 9; Orosa, 1 e, 1 9; Nuevo Pararakweg, Surinam; cotypes in Amer. Mus. Loreto, 1 (?); Sarayacu, 1 d; Santa Rosa, Nat. Hist. 1 d; mouth of Rio Urubamba, 1 6, 1 9; Astillero, 1 9 . Perene, 2 d; La Merced, 2 d; Tulumayo, This appears to be the second specimen 16, 1 9; Pozuzo, 1 c, 1 9; Rio Tavara, to be found in Peru and from the same part 1 6; Astillero, 2 6"; La Pampa, 1 9, 1 of the country as a male recorded from (?); Candamo, 1 9. Yahuarmayo. I have little to add to my former com- I can see no distinctions in a series of ments (1930, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 33 skins from the various parts of the zool. ser., vol. 17, p. 456) on this species. range, from Surinam, Rio JamundA, Para' I have examined 125 specimens from Co- district, Rio Tocantins, Rio Tapajoz lombia, Ecuador, Peri, Bolivia, western (both banks), Rio Roosevelt, and south- Brazil, Venezuela, and British Guiana eastern Peru. Hellmayr indicated the without finding any characters by which possibility that the Peruvian population to recognize any additional forms in this might be larger than the birds from other assemblage. parts of the range, but, although the Thirty-two birds from southeastern Astillero female is near the maximum size Brazil (Bahia and Goyaz to Santa Ca- 1947] STUDIES OP PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 23 tharina) and Misiones, Argentina, have any tanager or finch, one or the other of longer tails and, on average,- longer wings which it must be. As far as other avail- and larger bills, and have the dark mautle able evidence shows, no member of the extending noticeably farther posteriad, present species crosses the Andes to the and thus amply substantiate the distinc- Pacific slopes, and none is to be expected to tion of C. s. major. occur in the semiarid coastal region of the Additional records are from Pebas, Rio Zurumilla near Lechugal. Jeberos, Yurimaguas, Moyobamba, Rio Examination of representative series of Ucayali, Huachipa, Vista Alegre, Puerto the various forms of melanopis has sug- Bermuidez, Garita del Sol, Monterico, gested the desirability of modifying the Chaquimayo, Marcapata, Rio' Cadena, present concept of'the group. While the and San Antonio. The Academy of Nat- number of specimens available from the ural Sciences of Philadelphia advises me three Guianas is not large, those I have that specimens in that institution add San indicate that m. melanopis is confined to Juan (Chanchamayo), Huacamayo, and this region. Possibly it may be found Saposoa to the list. to follow the distribution of so many Guianan birds and reach the north bank of Schistochlamys melanopis grisea Cory the Amazon in the neighborhood of the Rio Schistochlamys atra grisea CORY, 1916 (Aug. Jamunda4, but at present there is no evidence 10), Field Mus. Nat. Hist., ornith. ser., vol. 1, no. that it does so. At any rate, the Guianan 10, p. 346-Rioja, Perfi; 9; Chicago Nat. Hist. material-now before me is recognizably dis- Mus. tinct from a good Venezuelan series and This form ranges down the eastern side equally so from lower Amazonian (south of the Central Andes from Huarandosa to bank) birds, with theexception noted thatin the Marcapata district. It is recogniz- western British Guiana, approaching the able by its'light-colored throat and fore- neighborhood of Mt. Roraima, affiliation head (brownish rather than blackish), with the Venezuelan population is ap- with the frontal area tending to merge parent. rather gradually into the gray of the crown The principal difference to be noted which usually has noticeable indications of between true melanopis and the Vene- dark shaft-streaks; also by its large size, zuelan birds is in the distinctly browner in which it agrees with olivina, and by its forehead and throat of melanopis and the relatively dark general coloration. blacker hue of the same area in the Vene- Peruvian records of this, bird are from zuelan birds. Both are relatively light Marcapata, Cosinipata, Maranura, Huiro, and dull slaty gray on the upper Potrero, and Idma, and the Academy of parts, and relatively light gray on the Natural Sciences of Philadelphia advises under parts, although in these particulars that specimens there add San Juan (Chan- there is some variation throughout chamayo), Tamborapa, Saposoa, and San the species. It might be thought that Ignacio to the list. There is a record the brownness or blackness of the facial from Lechugal published by Taczanowski area was a matter of fading or freshness of (1884, Ornithologie du Perou, vol. 2, p. the specimens, but this is true only to a 458) which I believe is open to question. limited extent. Birds in any part of the Taczanowski was not certain of the identity whole specific range that are in notably of the specimen (from the Raimondi col- abraded plumage are likely to show the lection) and said merely that it appeared to facial markings browner than examples belong to this species. His description of in unworn dress, but the latter, regardless it, moreover, shows various differences from of the antiquity of the specimens, appear that which he gave in a preceding para- not to have altered through the years. graph for the immature plumage of this Specimens taken in 1885 are just as black- species and does not accord with any speci- faced as others secured in 1938. Old men that I have seen. In fact, I am un- Bogoti-skins (since Colombian birds be- able to place it as certainly applicable to long to the Venezuelan form) are likewise 24 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITA TES [No. 1367

matched by much more recently collected do Araguaia) and eastward and soutl- material. eastward to Maranhao and Goyaz. This Venezuelan form, for which the DESCRIPTION OF TYPE: Forehead and(l name aterrirna must be revived (Schisto- anterior part of crown to near the pos- chlamnys atra aterrima Todd, 1912, Ann. terior border of the orbit, sides of head Carnegie AMus., vol. 8, p. 203-Guarico, (including sides of occiput), chin, throat, Estado Lara, Venezuela), has the deepest and a broad pectoral space Fuscous X black head of any of the known forms, Fuscous-Black; remainder of upper surface and, although it may be approached in Dark Green-Blue Gray, rather sharply de- that respect by occasional specimens of limited from the dark area of the crowip otlher subspecies, most of the specimens are lowei breast, sides, sides of neck, flanks, e.sily recognizable on that character alone. and thighs lighter than Pale Green-Blue In size, it averages only slightly larger than Gray, with a faint continuation of this melanopis. lighter tint separating the sooty region of The -Matto GIrosso form, olivina, is the sides of the head from the darker gray larger than either melanopis or aterrima and nuchal space; center of belly white; under is equally dull on the upper parts, although tail-coverts gray with white margins. apparently a little darker. One specimen Wings brownish black, with outer margins from Campanario, southern Matto Grosso, of secondaries and tertials near the color is very dark on the back with a tinge of of the back and broadly rounding the tips brown giving a noticeable clouding effect of the tertials; outer margins of primaiies, that is not equaled in any other specimen except outermost, narrower and paler gray, at han(d. The facial markings are brown becoming duller and somewhat brownish as in melanopis to which olivina bears the towards the tips; outermost primary with closest resemblance. There is an occa- a hair-line margin of drab; most of upper sional tendency for the dark forehead to wing-coverts the color of the back; pri- blend into the gray of the crown as in the mary-coverts and alula blackish with Peruvian grisea, but usually the definition outer margins dark blue-gray; bend of is fairly sharp. The back, breast, and wing, under wing-coverts, and inner mar- flanks are lighter than in grisea. Bolivian gins of remiges white. Tail blackish, with birds are referable to olivina. outer margins gray; outer three rectrices On the south bank of the lower Amazon, with broad white terminal bars and some there is still another population that does subterminal encroachment by the gray not fit into any of the named subspecies. of the outer margins; three median pairs To present its characteristics, it may be with gray tips and but little suggestion of named as follows. apical white. Bill (in dried skin) with tip black and base bluish white; feet black. Schistochlamys melanopis amazonica, Wing, 85 mm.; tail, 80; exposed culmen, new subspecies 14; culmen from base, 17; tarsus, 21.5. TYPE: From Santarem, Rio Tapajoz, REMARKS: Females similar but pos- Brazil. No. 428965, American Museum sibly averaging slightly smaller. of Natural History. Adult male collected Mr. Todd writes me that, subsequent August 7, 1931, by Alfonso M. Olalla. to his earlier conclusion (1922, Ann. Car- DIAGNOSIS: General coloration of back, negie Mus., vol. 14, p. 482) that Vene- breast, and sides darker and clearer bluish zuelan birds are inseparable from "atra slate than in melanopis and aterrima; atra" = m. melanopis, he became con- clearer than in olivina and grisea. Fore- vinced that his aterrima could still be main- head, sides of head, and throat blacker than tained while the lower Amazonian popu- in melanopis, olivina, and grisea but not so lation was recognizably distinct, by rea- deeply black as in aterrima. son of darker gray general coloration and a RANGE: South bank of the lower Ama- more extensive dark area on the pileum. zon, extending southwestward to extreme He noticed little difference in the depth of northeastern Matto Grosso (Santa Rita hue of the anterior parts of the head, and 1'347] STUDIES OF PERUVIAN BIRDS. NO. 52 25 he placed the lower Amazonian birds with basally much darker. I am unable to as- the French Guianan examples, of which, sociate this condition with season, and it however, he had only one that was adult. may possibly be a continuous process. With six adults from the three Guianas The measurements are not sharply and several other specimens that have delimited, although melanopis and ater- acquired some recognizable parts of their rima are smaller than the others.

WING TAIL melanopis 77.5-81.0 71.0-72.5 aterrirna3 80.0-86.0 70.0-78.0 amazonica 3' 83.0-89.0 76.5-84.0 olivina 3' 84.0-89.0 79.0-87.0 grisea 83.0-89.0 75.0-85.0 adult plumage, I am unable to confirm NIr. SPECIMENS EXAMINED Todd's observations with respect to the S. m. melanopis.- agreement of Guianan and lowerAmazonian FRENCH GUIANA: birds. The extent of blackish on Cayenne, 2 , 1 9, 1 (?). feathering SURINAM: the crown is so extremely variable through- Interior, 2 3. out the species that I have been unable to BRITISH GUIANA: use it as a criterion. Even the degree of Annai, 2 3, 1 (?). transition between the crown and the gray S. m. aterrima.- BRITISH GUIANA: occiput is not perfectly constant, although Kamarang River, 2 3. it is somewhat serviceable in the case of VENEZUELA: grisea, as mentioned in an earlier paragraph. (Roraima, Paulo, Arabupu, Mt. Auyante- The darker and bluer dorsum of the lower pui, Ciudad Bolivar, Agua Salada de Ciu- dad Bolivar, Perico, Guanoco, Quebrada Amazonian birds in comparison with ater- Seca, Guacharo, San Antonio, Santa Ana rinta is one of the characters evident in iny [Cumanal, Campos Alegre Valley, Ayacu- series, but in this respect, the Guianan cho, Lalaja [Orinoco], Esmeralda, Savana birds, melanopis, agree with aterrima, as Grande [Mt. Duida ], Playa del Rio Base, Valle de los Monos, and Campamento del both are represented in my series. Medio), 38 3, 27 9, 2 (?). To recapitulate, of the three browner- COLOMBIA: headed forms, melanopis is the smallest Villavicencio, 3 3, 2 9, 2 (?); and dullest backed, olivina is intermediate, Quitame, 1 3'; near San Agustin, 1 9 and grisea is the darkest and bluest backed. Buena Vista, 1 9; The blackest-headed of all is aterrima Maipures, 1 3, 1 9 which is also dull backed and relatively "Bogota," 12 (?). small. The darkest an(d bluest-backed of S. m. amazonica.- all is amazonica which is interme(liate in BRAZIL: Rio Tapajoz, Santarern, 10 (including the color of the head ancl throat. type), 2 9, 3 (?); The base of the bill in the various mem- Rio Madeira, Humaytha, 2 3; bers of this species appears to be subject to Santa Rita do Araguaia, 1 3; considerable variation in respect to the Goiaz, Fazenda Esperanga, 2 3, 1 9; Goiaz, 2 , 1 9, 2 (?); extent and clarity of the pale coloration. Rio Bonita, Fazenda Bejoy, 1 (?); In some examples there is only a relatively Maranhao, Cod6, 1 9. small area a little lighter than the more S. m. olivina.- terminal portion, but in others more than BRAZIL: half of the bill is (lecidedly whitish. The Chapada, 12 3', 1 9; CuyabA, 1 9; rhamphotheca is deciduous, and that of Tapirapoan, 3 3', 1 9; the maxilla particularly (it is more rarely Campanario, 2 9. discernible on the mandible) may persist BOLIVIA: as a to the Prov. Sara, 2 3; whitish plate reaching nearly Mapiri, 2 (?); tip of the bill before it is worn or sloughed Apolobamba, 1 3; off, leaving the newly uncovered surface "Bolivia," 4 (?). 26 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1367

S. m. grisea.- Santa Ana (Urubamba), 1 c, 1 9; PERU': Chinchao, 1 9 1; Huarandosa, 3 9; Vista Alegre, 1 e 1, 1 9 1; Perene, 1 e, 2 9; M6yobamba, 1 el, 1 9 1; La Merced, 2 ce; Rioja, 1 9 l; Utcuyacu, 1 ae; "Peru," 1 9. Chanchamayo, 1 9; San Ram6n, 2 9; Specimens in Chicago Natural History Museum.