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Alors, Quoi De Neuf Depuis L'an 2000? Alors, quoi de neuf depuis l’an 2000? Jean-Loïc Le Quellec To cite this version: Jean-Loïc Le Quellec. Alors, quoi de neuf depuis l’an 2000?. Les Cahiers de l’AARS, Saint-Lizier : Association des amis de l’art rupestre saharien, 2007, pp.157-181. halshs-00695324 HAL Id: halshs-00695324 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00695324 Submitted on 7 May 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Alors, quoi de neuf depuis l’an 2000 ? Notes de lecture Jean-Loïc Le Quellec So, what’s new since 2000 ? Reading list in two parts: Notes en deux parties : d’abord un tour d’horizon des first, a general survey of the main rock art discoveries principales découvertes effectuées en art rupestre au made in the Sahara since 2000; then the inventory of Sahara depuis l’an 2000, et ensuite les recensions a series of recent publications (completing those previ- d’une série de publications récentes (complétant celles ously published in the AARS Newsletter). précédemment publiées dans La Lettre de l’AARS). 1 — Tour d’horizon des sites rupes- par l’absence de signes géométriques) — mais tres nouvellement découverts au Sahara le rapprochement le plus direct s’effectue avec les peintures de Tifariti dans la Saguiet Maroc el-Hamra, qui se trouvent à une centaine de En ce pays où la destruction des sites bat son kilomètres plus au sud (cf. infra). Il convient plein, les publications de documents rupestres, de signaler quelques contributions modestes même s’il ne s’agit pas de vrais corpus, sont des aux inventaires de sites déjà partiellement plus précieuses (A. Rodrigue 2001a). Ainsi, de connus, comme ceux de Biouafen, Taouraght nouveaux anthropomorphes isolés ont-ils été et Tamzarar, dans la région d’Akka (D. Des- signalés par Bouchra Kaache au pré-Sahara gain & Searight 2004), de Wazzouzount dans marocain: un à Aït Ouazzik, accompagné à un la région de Taghjijt (A. Rodrigue et al. 2004) bouclier rectangulaire emboîté et à au moins et du Jebel Rat dans le Haut Atlas (A. Rodri- une épée (B. Kaache 2001, fig. 1), un autre à gue 2001b), ou totalement nouveaux, comme Bourkerkour (Msissi) (ib., fig. 2), un troisième l’ensemble gravé en style tazinien du Jbel à Anou n’Ouamersemlal (Tazzarine) (ib., fig. Talrazit au sud du Jbel Ouarkiz, les quelques 3). Seuls des relevés sont publiés, et le premier peintures de l’oued Asleg (Ph. Masy 2004), spécimen est attribué à l’ensemble Ib (aux jam- le site III de Taouz, comportant une quaran- bes filiformes et corps plein) correspondant au taine de gravures de gazelles et bovinés (W. Bronze ancien, vers 4000 BP. Des peintures Pichler 2002, fig. 8, 9), sept nouveaux sites monochromes (rouge à violacé) — découver- d’Imâoun où prédominent les bovinés (A. tes par des nomades dans un abri de Laoui- Salih & R. Heckendorf 2000) ou encore les nat à 130 km au sud-est de Tan-Tan — ont deux localités de Tiouli, inhabituelles en ce fait l’objet d’une publication préliminaire par que les gravures (de bovinés) sont situées sur Susan Searight et le regretté Guy Martinet (S. le plateau et non dans une vallée (W. Pichler Searight & G. Martinet 2001). On y remarque et A. Rodrigue 2001). Le site à gravures de une scène collective impliquant des archers la Guelta Oukas, dans l’oued Tamanart sur ithyphalliques très allongés, une frise de 23 le flanc sud de l’Anti-Atlas, a fait l’objet d’un petits anthropomorphes, d’autres personnages relevé complet, avec plan de situation de tou- portant peut-être une jupe mi-longue, trois tes les œuvres (Cl. Blanc et al. 2003). Le bœuf chars schématiques d’aspect plus récent que y est omniprésent (80 exemplaires sur 178 le reste, du type «joug en tenailles» et sembla- gravures) mais l’originalité du lieu vient de la bles à ceux qui sont gravés partout dans le Sud présence d’une trentaine de caprinés, ce qui marocain (ib., fig. 3, 5). Le bestiaire comprend indique un début d’appauvrissement du cou- mouton, boviné, antilope, autruches, une pro- vert végétal. Néanmoins, la faune sauvage est bable girafe, et un quadrupède (âne ?) monté. toujours représentée avec une dizaine d’élé- L’importance de cette découverte ressort du phants, des autruches et antilopes, un félin, et fait que, ces œuvres se rapprochent davantage un curieux serpent (ib., fig. 53) à une seule de celles du Sahara central que toutes celles et longue corne: peut-être est-ce un reptile des douze autres sites à peintures connus au mythique comme on en connaît plusieurs au Maroc (autant par le style des personnages que Sahara central ? Les Cahiers de l’AARS — 11 (200) : 145-10. 15 Jean-Loïc Le Quellec Sahara occidental (Western Sahara) vant représenter un collier — le tout à patine Une expédition anglo-italienne conduite en totale; puis viennent des signes géométriques de septembre-octobre 2002 a parmis à ses mem- patine plus claire, et une inscription arabe (ib.: bres de visiter les gravures rupestres en style de 85-86). Gleb Dan Dan est un gisement inédit Tazina à Slugilla : antilopes, boviné, autruche découvert en 2001, et actuellement le plus méri- (N. Brooks et al. 2003, fig. 4), mais aussi de dional du Sahara occidental. Environ cinquante découvrir d’autres gravures sur le même site: gravures y sont piquetées superficiellement (la éléphant, rhinocéros (ib., fig. 5) de patine plus roche est très dure) : zoomorphes, anthropo- foncée et d’un style différent, qui a paru plus morphes, et signes géométriques complexes, ancien aux visiteurs. En fait, ce site fait partie mais l’étude n’en est qu’amorcée (ib.: 86). Un de ceux qu’étudient depuis 1995 les chercheurs inventaire des sites à peintures a été publié: il y de l’Université de Girone à Slugilla Lawaj, mais en a cinq dans le Zemmur, trois sur le plateau aussi à Blubzeimat, Leyuad, Dirt et Gleb Dan du Tiris, sept dans massif de Leyuad. Ces loca- Dan. Sluguilla est un site homogène à gravures lités offrent des images de la grande faune sau- sur dalles horizontales en style de Tazina, où vage (rhinocéros, girafes, antilopidés, félidés, 24 secteurs comprenant 471 localités, soit plus canidés), des anthropomorphes (dont quelques de mille figures gravées, ont été documentés. archers) et des cavaliers, ainsi que des figures On compte 180 zoomorphes dont 84 bovidés, géométriques et des inscriptions en caractères 19 rhinocéros, 17 oiseaux (autruches et autres), tifinâgh et arabes, mais il n’a pas été possible 15 girafes, une dizaine de carnivores (félins et d’obtenir des datations directes, ni de mettre ces canidés), six éléphants, quatre équidés. Parmi images en relation avec les autres sites archéo- les bovidés on distingue douze gazelles, huit logiques (J. Soler Subils et al. 2005). Un autre oryx, diverses antilopes qu’il ne faut sans doute membre du groupe de Girone, Joan Escolà pas chercher à identifier trop précisément, deux Pujol, a livré une étude iconographique com- grands buffles antiques, trois capridés, et 22 plète du grand abri de Rkeiz, situé au nord-est figures indéterminables. Sur la vingtaine de de Tifariti : les mains positives y comptent pour «signes» observés, il n’y a pas moins de seize plus de 53% des figures, et sont numériquement «nasses» (N. Soler Masferrer et al. 2005: 82- suivies par les anthropomorphes (22%) et les 84). Blugzeimat (aussi appelé auparavant Gleb zoomorphes (25,4%) — surtout des girafes et Terzug, par erreur) n’a livré que des gravures des autruches, avec aussi quelques bovidés (J. piquetées, surtout des zoomorphes (Bovinés, Escolà Pujol 2003). Un nouveau site à peintures girafes, rhinocéros), trois anthropomorphes cer- a été découvert à Bou Dheir par d’autres cher- tains (d’autres douteux) parmi lesquels figurent cheurs (N. Brooks et al. 2003, fig. 8-11). Le bes- tiaire sauvage y est peint dans « a specific local un archer (ib., fig. 2) et un personnage tenant style » (ib.: 69) souvent de grandes dimensions vraisemblablement un bouclier rond (ib., fig. 3). (jusqu’à 140 cm), et un grand buffle antique Des figures énigmatiques (ovales, empreintes remarquable y figure ib.( , fig. 10). de sandales, lacertiformes) ont également été relevées. (ib.: 81). À Leyuad, ensemble de sites Mauritanie anciennement connu, ont été inventoriées quel- Les sites à peintures rupestres étant assez ques peintures, mais surtout des gravures d’ani- rares dans le pays, celui qu’ont signalé Mie Suy maux (certains montés), des anthropomorphes, et notre regretté sociétaire Jacques Choppy dans des zigzags et d’autres figures énigmatiques la chaîne de reliefs d’el-Aguer, située au sud-est (grands arceaux de 2m. et 1m. d’extension). d’Aïn Safra, mériterait d’être mieux documenté. Dans le grand abri de la « Cueva del Diablo », Il comporte des personnages allongés, parfois un groupe d’anthropomorphes en bas-relief, de en bâton, et un troupeau de bovins à pieds en grandeur quasi-naturelle, est particulièrement pince (sabots bisulques), deux vaches ayant le remarquable (ib.: 82). Le gisement de Dirt 1 se pis entre les pattes arrières, comme au Sahara caractérise par des gravures en style de Tazina oriental, tout en étant d’un autre style (M. Suy de patine saturée (cinq en tout: 1 carnivore, 1 & J.
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