Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 77: 221–255 (2009). Fishes of three North West Shelf atolls off Western Australia: Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs

Glenn Moore1,2 and Sue Morrison1

1 Fish Section, Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia. Email: [email protected]

2 Present address: Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, School of Biological Sciences, Murdoch University, South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia. Email: [email protected]

Abstract – The biodiversity of fishes on the Australian North West Shelf atolls is known to be the richest in the state. In recent years however, there has been minimal focus on comprehensive taxonomic fish surveys in this region. Since the atolls are subjected to an increasing frequency of pressures such as major cyclones, coral bleaching, tourism, fishing and natural resource exploitation, it is critical to monitor this region to have the information to safeguard the biodiversity for the future.

To obtain current data that would complement ongoing quantitative surveys in the region, the Western Australian Museum undertook a taxonomic and semi-quantitative survey of the shallow water reef fishes and other major phyla at Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs in September 2006. Thirty nine underwater visual surveys were conducted, supplemented by limited intertidal collecting, angling and surface observations.

Analysis of the fish fauna across atolls demonstrated close similarities between North Scott, South Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, and, as a group, these reefs showed certain differences from the more southerly Mermaid Reef. Significant differences were found between lagoonal and outer reef slope habitats. At each atoll, the outer reef slope habitats were more homogeneous and had a greater diversity of fishes than the lagoon habitats, with South Scott lagoon housing a unique mix of both outer reef slope and lagoon species.

Fish diversity was found to increase towards the northern atolls, supporting previous research in the region. The fish fauna at all four atolls had more in common with fish assemblages at equivalent clear-water reefs in Indonesia than with those on the northwest coastal mainland and, as such, are unique within Western Australian waters.

Introduction Few coral reefs remain in pristine condition, but some atolls on the North West Shelf are in relatively There is considerable concern about the declining good condition (Kospartov et al., 2006; Gilmour biodiversity of coral reef species, including fishes, et al., 2007). Current concern for the North West due to human activities and global warming Shelf region focuses on increasing human impacts (Roberts et al., 2002). Coral reefs are home to the particularly from fishing, recreation and resource most diverse shallow water marine ecosystems, exploitation, and also on the increasing incidence with the Indo-Australian Archipelago being and scale of storm events and coral bleaching, the centre of diversity worldwide (Allen, 1999; Bellwood and Wainwright, 2002). The atolls of possibly exacerbated by global warming (Gilmour Australia’s North West Shelf are immediately et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2008). adjacent to this fish diversity ‘hotspot’ and have The protection of the biodiversity of the North some of the most diverse and abundant fish West Shelf atolls must involve knowledge on assemblages in the country (Hutchins, 2001; Russell how these complex ecosystems function. In et al., 2005). Additionally these atolls are regionally order to do this it is important to employ a range significant because they have many species that do of complementary taxonomic and quantitative not occur elsewhere in Western Australia (Allen techniques to examine the flora and fauna at and Russell, 1986; Berry and Marsh, 1986; Hutchins, regular intervals. In recent years, however, there 2001). has been an emphasis on quantitative surveys 222 G. Moore, S. Morrison of selected families and ecological studies (e.g. Museum in 1973, they recorded a total of 485 fish Smith et al., 2004; Meekan et al., 2005) rather than species from the three Rowley Shoals reefs and comprehensive taxonomic fish surveys of the North 483 fish species from the Scott and Seringapatam West Shelf atolls. Reefs, providing a total of 688 species for the whole The fishes of the North West Shelf atolls have region. been examined many times over the past 35 years A different approach, using semi-quantitative (Table 1). The first comprehensive taxonomic visual census methods for recording selected fish survey (non-quantitative) of the shallow water families, was employed by Williams, Hutchins fish fauna of the region was a Western Australian and Newman on an Australian Institute of Marine Museum survey in the early 1980’s (Allen and Russell, 1986). During three ten-day surveys over Science (AIMS) expedition in late 1993 (Done et al., three consecutive years the two authors used 1994). In 19 days of visual surveys, they recorded visual observations, rotenone, spearing, hand an additional 161 species to those of Allen and netting and angling methods to obtain specimens. Russell, bringing the total for Rowley Shoals, Scott Incorporating data from a brief survey made in and Seringapatam Reefs to 849 (Hutchins et al., the region by Hutchins of the Western Australian 1995).

Table 1 Summary of previous fish surveys on the Rowley Shoals, Scott and Seringapatam atolls. Institute codes as follows: WAM, Western Australian Museum; AMS, Australian Museum; NTM, Museum of Northern Terri- tory; AIMS, Australian Institute of Marine Science; CSIRO, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.

No. stations/ Date Organisation Author/ Collector Location No. species method

1973 WAM Hutchins Rowley Shoals Taxonomic 33

1979 AMS Talbot Scott Reef 5 / Taxonomic ?

1982, 34 / Taxonomic 1983 WAM Allen & Russell, 1986 Rowley Shoals 485

WAM & Scott Reef 1984 Allen & Russell, 1986 54 / Taxonomic NTM Seringapatam Reef 483

Total for region 688 Rowley Shoals 91 / Taxonomic & 1993 AIMS Done et al., 1994 Scott Reef quantitative Seringapatam Reef 445 Total for region 849

1995 to Long term quantitative AIMS Gilmour et al., 2007 Rowley Shoals 2001 monitoring N/A

1995 to Heyward et al., 1995; Scott Reef Long term quantitative AIMS 2008 Smith et al., 1994 Seringapatam Reef monitoring N/A Scott Reef 1999 CSIRO Skewes et al., 1999 Quantitative Seringapatam Reef N/A

Rowley Shoals Shark quantitative 2003 AIMS Meekan & Cappo, 2004 Scott Reef monitoring N/A

2003, Rowley Shoals Shark & fin fish AIMS Meekan et al., 2005 2004 Scott Reef quantitative monitoring N/A Marine Fauna - Fish 223

Above: Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758). A species widespread among all atolls and habitats. (Photo: Clay Bryce)

Since 1995 AIMS has been involved in regular to both the Rowley Shoals and Scott Reefs, despite semi-quantitative visual monitoring of fishes a distance of approximately 400 km between them. and corals at fixed transect sites on the outer reef There were some clear differences however, with slope and lagoon habitats at the Rowley Shoals, certain species confined to one atoll system and Scott and Seringapatam Reefs (Heyward et al., some species that were consistently more abundant 1995; Gilmour et al., 2007). Additionally, they have at one atoll than the other. For example, the potato employed baited remote underwater video stations cod Epinephelus tukula was more abundant at the (BRUVs) at greater depths to record deep-water fish Rowley Shoals, but the vermicular coral trout assemblages (Meekan and Cappo, 2004; Meekan et Plectropomus oligocanthus was only found at Scott al., 2005). Reefs (Allen and Russell, 1986). Non-quantitative taxonomic surveys of the more Additionally, the data from all surveys indicated northerly atolls of Ashmore, Cartier and Hibernia a clear gradient of fish diversity increasing from reefs were conducted by the Western Australian the Rowley Shoals towards Ashmore Reef and Museum and Northern Territory Museum between Cartier Island, with the more northern fish fauna 1984 and 1998. Over this period they recorded 924 having stronger Indonesian affinities (Allen and species, giving a total of over 1,000 fish species Russell, 1986; Done et al., 1994; Heyward et al., 1995; for all the North West Shelf atolls (Allen, 1993; Hutchins, 1998; 2001; Russell et al., 2005; Gilmour et Hutchins, 1998; Russell et al., 2005). al., 2007). These surveys found that the North West Shelf Some surveys found major differences between atolls had a distinctly different fish fauna from that the lagoon habitats and the outer reef slope habitats of the adjacent Australian mainland coast (Allen at all Rowley Shoals, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, and Russell 1986; Done et al., 1994; Hutchins, 1998; with the lagoons having fewer abundant and/or 2001). This was thought to be largely due to the widespread species than the outer reef slope (Done continuous influx of clear oceanic water from the et al., 1994). Only a small number of species were Indonesian throughflow in contrast to the relatively abundant and/or widespread in both lagoon and turbid north-west mainland coastal waters outer reef slope habitats. Differences between the (Hutchins, 2001). Many fish species were common Rowley Shoals and Scott Reefs were largely due to 224 G. Moore, S. Morrison the lagoonal fish assemblages that were generally intersected one end of the fixed-depth invertebrate more diverse and/or abundant at Scott Reefs. The transect lines that were surveyed concurrently. outer reef slope fish communities were not so All fish within a 10 metre wide belt were counted distinct between atolls. Clear differences were using a log5 scale of abundance – 1 (1 fish); 2 also demonstrated between the outer reef slopes of (2–5 fish); 3 (6–25 fish); 4 (26–125 fish); 5 (126–625 the North West atolls and outer reef slopes of the fish); 6 (626–3125 fish); 7 (3126 + fish). Effort was Western Coral Sea and outer Great Barrier Reef at given to including some of the cryptic species in similar latitudes (Done et al., 1994). the counts. Counts were progressively recorded The aim of this survey was to determine current onto underwater slates. To ensure confidence in levels of species richness and semi-quantitative identification, waterproof field-guides were carried measures of abundance of diurnally active fishes in and where identification was uncertain, specimens different habitats (lagoons and outer reef slopes) at were either collected or photographed for later the Rowley Shoals, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs. confirmation. Since one of the main aims of this This data would enable the comparison of fish survey was to document maximum fish species assemblages between different atolls and between richness, it was decided to balance the two tasks of different habitats within each atoll. estimating fish abundance and fish identification, resulting in a single long transect covering a wider Additionally, the Western Australian Museum range of depths (and therefore more fish species) surveys are unique in being able to perform than would be possible with replicate transects at comprehensive and simultaneous assessment of fixed depths. The transect length varied depending major faunal and floral groups, giving a wider on the physical configuration of each station. overview of the state of the reef ecosystems at any For the best estimates of species abundance it is one time compared with previous surveys (see recognised that replicates of a transect are required other contributions this volume). (Quinn and Keough, 2002), however, restrictions on bottom time for SCUBA divers and overall field Methods time precluded such replication. A semi-quantitative visual survey method was Due to the vast diversity and abundance of employed (Williams, 1982). Fish were counted over the known fish fauna at Mermaid, Scott and a 60-minute period, during which the divers swam Seringapatam atolls, species were divided between from a deep location (maximum of 20 metres) to two observers. G. Moore was responsible for a shallower location at each station. These survey all Chondrichthyes, Caesionidae, Serranidae, paths started at the station way point (Station Anthiinae, Ephippidae, Chaetodontidae, and Transect Data section of this volume) and Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae and

Table 2 Summary of fish survey methodology and habitat types at each station. All stations were surveyed on SCU- BA except where indicated for snorkel sk and rotenone collections ro.

Atoll Habitat Station Mermaid Reef Lagoon 1, 6 sk, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14 Outer Reef Slope 2, 4, 5, 15, 16 Intertidal 3 sk Channel 10, 13 South Scott Reef Lagoon 18, 23, 25, 26, 29 Outer Reef Slope 17, 19, 20, 22, 28, 30 Intertidal 21 ro, 27 ro North Scott Reef Lagoon 32, 38, 39 Outer Reef Slope 31, 34, 36, Intertidal 33 ro, 35 sk Channel 40

Seringapatam Reef Lagoon 42, 43 Outer Reef Slope 41, 45 Intertidal 44 ro Marine Fauna - Fish 225 several other small families. S. Morrison was as possible, within intertidal areas, channels, responsible for Muraenidae, Synodontidae, lagoon floors, bommies, inner reef slopes and Holocentridae, Scorpaenidae, Serranidae, outer reef slopes of each atoll, including different Pseudochromidae, Apogonidae, Carangidae, levels of exposure and habitat complexity. It was Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae, Haemulidae, aimed to survey an equivalent number of stations Lethrinidae, Pempheridae, Cirrhitidae, in each of the various habitats, but unfavourable Pinguipedidae, Blenniidae, Gobiidae, Acanthuridae, weather and time restrictions limited this plan. Siganidae, Balistidae, Monacanthidae, The outer reef slope on the west coast of each Tetraodontidae, Diodontidae and several other atoll was under-represented in the survey due to small families. In addition, rare or unusual fishes its exposed orientation/aspect and few stations were recorded by either observer, often following at Seringapatam Reef were surveyed due to time some underwater acknowledgement by both divers. restrictions. Due to inconsistencies with identifications, scarids Data were analysed using PRIMER (for Windows were omitted. v.6.1.10). Data analysis was restricted to those Thirty nine visual surveys were conducted on species recorded during the visual surveys at SCUBA or snorkel (Table 2). Station locations and lagoon, outer reef slope and channel sites. No descriptions are provided in the Station Transect transformation of the data was required since the

Data section of this volume. Four intertidal stations original data was collected on a log5 scale. A Bray- were sampled by rotenone at low tide (Table 2), Curtis similarity matrix of non-transformed log 5 angling was utilised sporadically and a few species abundance data was subjected to cluster analysis were recorded opportunistically from incidental using group averages to construct a dendrogram. sightings or via substrate sampling for other phyla. The same similarity matrix was then used for These other records were used to compile the non-metric multi-dimensional scaling analysis species lists in Appendix 1, and were not included (nMDS) of the combined data, selecting the most in any analyses. Intertidal Stations 24 and 37 were parsimonious of 30 iterations. Two-way nested not sampled for fish because the water movement analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was used for was too great for a rotenone station. Stations were comparisons among atolls and among habitats. selected to cover as many representative habitats Two separate one-way ANOSIM analyses were

Figure 1 Mean number of species per station within each major habitat across the four atoll systems (visual survey data only). Number of stations is indicated by a numeral within the column and standard error is shown by a bar. Means for each habitat across all atolls are indicated by a green and blue line for lagoon and outer reef slopes, respectively. 226 G. Moore, S. Morrison

Figure 2 Cluster dendrogram (Bray-Curtis similarity) of log5 species abundance data from all stations at Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs. Groups at 45% similarity are identified as significant by the black lines and non-significant by the red lines as determined by SIMPROF. Station numbers are indicated as a prefix to the atoll name and habitats are coded as in the key.

Figure 3 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot of log5 species abundance data from all habitats at Mer- maid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs (Stress coefficient = 0.14). Cluster pattern at 45% similarity. SIMPROF clusters indicated by letters A to F. Line added to indicate position of Mermaid Reef stations relative to oth- ers. Marine Fauna - Fish 227

Above: Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Photo: John Huisman) run for each of the habitat factors (lagoon and habitats (xˉ =93 species). Mean species richness of outer reef slope) that were found to be significantly outer reef slope stations increased with decreasing different in the nested ANOSIM test. Two separate latitude of atoll system such that the outer reef slope one-way similarity percentage analyses (SIMPER) stations at Mermaid Reef averaged 104 species and those at Seringapatam Reef averaged 131 species of non-transformed log5 abundance data were performed (excluding the lower 10% of contributing (Figure 1). Similarly, species richness within species), to determine the species characterising lagoons was lowest at Mermaid Reef (81 species) the assemblages within each habitat at each atoll. and peaked at South Scott Reef (105 species) (Figure SIMPER analysis of the dendrogram cluster groups 1). at the 45% similarity level was carried out to Individual stations with the highest diversity of examine which families and species characterise fishes were outer reef slope habitats at all atolls: each cluster. Mermaid Reef station 16 (132 species); South Scott Reef station 28 (126 species); North Scott RESuLTS Reef station 34 (138 species) and Seringapatam Reef station 45 (140 species). Lowest diversity was recorded in lagoon habitats at Mermaid Reef Species richness across all atolls and habitats stations 1 and 8 (74 species); North Scott Reef A total of 461 species of fishes from 61 families station 32 (80 species) and Seringapatam Reef was recorded over all three atoll systems, of station 42 (85 species), while outer reef slope station which 417 species were recorded during the visual 22 on the north side of Sandy Islet held the lowest surveys. A further 37 species were added from diversity at South Scott Reef (63 species). rotenone and seven from opportunistic sightings and angling. The total fish fauna for each atoll was Comparison of fish assemblages between atolls as follows; Mermaid, 293 species; South Scott Reef, and habitats 325 species; North Scott Reef, 271 species (combined Cluster analysis based on abundance data Scott Reefs, 387 species) and Seringapatam, 267 revealed strong clustering of stations by habitat, species (Appendix 1). more so than for atoll (Figure 2). Lagoonal stations Across all atolls, outer reef slopes (xˉ =117 species) of Mermaid Reef were further separated from the were on average more species rich than lagoon Scott/Seringapatam Reef complex and, with a few 228 G. Moore, S. Morrison

Table 3 Pairwise ANOSIM comparisons of lagoon and outer reef slope habitats at all atolls.

Lagoon Outer reef slope

Comparison R p R p

Mermaid/South Scott 0.96 0.003 0.38 0.005 Mermaid/North Scott 0.83 0.008 0.96 0.018 Mermaid/Seringapatam 0.88 0.028 0.83 0.048 South Scott/North Scott 0.30 0.114 0.01 0.450 South Scott/Seringapatam 0.79 0.067 -0.05 0.500 North Scott/Seringapatam 0.42 0.100 0.17 0.400

exceptions, the same was true for outer reef slope showed no differences (Table 3). A similar pattern stations. The communities at several stations (10, was evident for the outer reef slope habitats (Table 13, 18, 22, 23, and 42) were ‘atypical’ in that they 3). did not cluster with the above groups. Channel Cluster analysis (Figure 4) and MDS analysis stations 10 and 13 at Mermaid Reef, and 40 at North (Figure 5) of the lagoon stations across all atolls Scott Reef had fish communities more similar to the clearly supports the separation of Mermaid Reef outer reef slope fish assemblages than the lagoonal lagoon assemblages from those at all other atolls. ones. Notable in this analysis was that lagoon One South Scott Reef lagoon station (23) and one stations 18 and 23 from South Scott Reef tended Seringapatam Reef lagoon station (42) were distinct to cluster in an intermediate position between the from all other lagoon stations. outer reef slope and lagoon stations of the Scott/ Cluster analysis (Figure 6) and MDS analysis Seringapatam Reef complex. (Figure 7) of the outer reef slope stations across all Unlike the cluster analysis, multidimensional atolls also supports the separation of Mermaid Reef scaling analysis (MDS) of abundance data indicated outer reef slope assemblages from those at all other a possible difference between the fish communities atolls, although the distinction is not so clear as in at Mermaid Reef and those at the two northern the lagoon stations. South Scott outer reef slope atolls (Figure 3). Furthermore, stations at both of stations 18 and 22 and Seringapatam Reef outer reef the atoll groups (Mermaid and Scott/Seringapatam slope station 42 are distinct from all other outer reef reef complex) fell into two groupings loosely based slope stations. on lagoon and outer reef slope habitats (Figure 3). As in the cluster analysis, stations 10, 13, 18, 22, 23 Taxonomic characteristics of SIMPROF groupings and 42 had various degrees of separation from the The main differences between the SIMPROF main groupings. groups were driven by a small number of To determine whether any of the above families. The twenty most abundant fish species differences were significant, two-way nested were dominated by Pomacentridae, Labridae ANOSIM analysis was carried out. This showed and Acanthuridae in all groups, except for no significant difference between atolls (Global group G where Acanthuridae were not recorded R = 0.061, p=0.353). Pairwise tests between atolls (Figure 8). Chaetodontidae, Lethrinidae and were therefore not valid. Analysis of the habitats, Lutjanidae were the next most abundant families however, resulted in a highly significant difference in the majority of SIMPROF groups. Fifteen other between habitats (Global R = 0.788, p=0.0001). families (Holocentridae, Zanclidae, Apogonidae, Separate one way ANOSIM analysis of the lagoon Pomacanthidae, Gobiidae, Balistidae, Serranidae, habitats and outer reef slope habitats showed a Mullidae, Haemulidae, Carangidae, Nemipteridae, highly significant difference between lagoons at Clupeidae, Cirrhitidae, Synodontidae and each atoll (Global R = 0.77, p=0.001), and between Caesionidae) represented the remaining top twenty the outer reef slopes at each atoll (Global R = 0.30, species to a lesser degree and only occurred in one p=0.012). or two of the SIMPROF groups. Pairwise tests between the habitats at each The top twenty species accounted for between atoll showed significant differences between the 44% and 51% of the abundance at lagoon stations, lagoon at Mermaid and the lagoons at the Scott/ approximately 37% of the abundance at outer slope Seringapatam reef complex, but lagoon habitats at stations, and around 52% of the abundance in North Scott, South Scott and Seringapatam reefs the channels. Only one species occurred among Marine Fauna - Fish 229

Above: Epinephelus tukula Morgans, 1959. A species regularly found at the Rowley Shoals. (Photo: John Huisman)

Above: Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775) (Photo: John Huisman) 230 G. Moore, S. Morrison

Left: Pomacentrus vaiuli Jordan & Seale, 1906 (Photo: Glenn Moore); Right: Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830) (Photo: Clay Bryce) the top twenty in all SIMPROF groups, namely; Reefs. A great diversity of less-abundant species Pomacentrus philippinus. Two species (Pomacentrus from these families were recorded, many wide- vaiuli and Monotaxis grandoculis) were present in ranging between atolls and habitats, and others four of the five SIMPROF groups, and six species confined to a certain atoll or habitat. Some of the (Chromis margaritifer, Dascyllus aruanus, Pomacentrus widespread, but not necessarily abundant species coelestis, P. moluccensis, Thalassoma amblycephalum among all atolls and habitats were Chaetodon auriga, and Ctenochaetus striatus) were present in three of C. trifasciatus, C. ulietensis, Chromis margaritifer, the five SIMPROF groups. Pomacentrus vaiuli, Halichoeres hortulanus, Labroides The distribution of species at each atoll indicates dimidiatus, Thalassoma amblycephalum, T. hardwickei, that a greater percentage of species were confined Cephalopholis argus, Lutjanus bohar, L. decussatus, L. to the outer reef slope habitats, compared with gibbus, Ctenochaetus striatus, Naso lituratus, Zebrasoma the lagoon habitats.(Table 4). Species found in scopas and Zanclus cornutus. both habitats comprised the greatest proportion Mermaid Reef at all atolls except Seringapatam Reef where the proportion was intermediate between the lagoon Mermaid Reef lagoon and outer reef slope and the outer reef slope habitats. habitats had distinctly different fish faunas (Table 5). Of a total of 290 fish species recorded visually Fish assemblages at each atoll from Mermaid Reef, approximately 13% were All atolls and habitats had slightly different confined to the lagoon, 23% were confined to fish assemblages based on the ten most abundant the outer reef slope and 64% were found in both species (Figure 9; Tables 5 to 8). North and South habitats (Table 4). Of the ten most abundant species Scott Reefs had six of the ten most abundant only two (Pomacentrus philippinus and P. vaiuli) species in common, combined Scott Reefs and were common to both habitats. The most abundant Seringapatam Reef had five species in common, species in both habitats were pomacentrids, and Mermaid Reef had four in common with however, outer reef slope assemblages were both combined Scott Reefs and Seringapatam strongly influenced by labrids, acanthurids and

Table 4. Percentage distribution of species at each atoll, using SIMPER dissimilarity analysis (cut off at 90% of species).

Atoll Lagoon only Outer Reef only Both habitats Mermaid 13% 23% 64% South Scott 11% 18% 71% North Scott 12% 31% 57% Seringapatam 23% 45% 32% Marine Fauna - Fish 231

Figure 4 Cluster dendrogram (Bray-Curtis similarity) of log5 species abundance data from lagoon stations at Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs. Groups at 45% similarity are identified as significant by the black lines and non-significant by the red lines as determined by SIMPROF. Station numbers are indicated and atolls are coded as in the key.

Figure 5. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot of log5 species abundance data from lagoon stations at Mer- maid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs (Stress coefficient = 0.12). Cluster pattern at 45% similarity. 232 G. Moore, S. Morrison

Figure 6 Cluster dendrogram (Bray-Curtis similarity) of log5 species abundance data from outer reef slope stations at Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs. Groups at 55% similarity are identified as significant by the black lines and non-significant by the red lines as determined by SIMPROF. Station numbers are indicated and atolls are coded as in the key.

Figure 7 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot of log5 species abundance data from outer reef slope sta- tions at Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs (Stress coefficient = 0.1). Cluster pattern at 55% similarity. Marine Fauna - Fish 233 serranids (Table 5). Pomacentrus moluccensis was philippinus and Ctenochaetus striatus. Pomacentrids very abundant in the lagoon but occurred in dominated the most abundant species in the lagoon small numbers on the outer reef slope. Acanthurus habitats with Chrysiptera rex, Dascyllus aruanus and nigricans occurred only on the outer reef slope, Pomacentrus moluccensis much more abundant in wheareas Zebrasoma scopas, Ctenochaetus striatus the lagoon than the outer reef slope region. The and Naso lituratus were in greater abundance on labrids Cirrhilabrus randalli and Thalassoma lunare the outer reef slope than in the lagoon. Further were also more abundant within the lagoon distinctions were due to Halichoeres melanurus compared with the outer reef slope. The outer reef being more abundant in the lagoon regions, and slope had the reverse pattern for the pomacentrids Thalassoma quinquevittatum and Pseudanthias tuka Pomacentrus vaiuli, Chromis margaritifer and the only occurring on the outer reef slope. serranid Pseudanthias tuka. Of the ten most The lagoon at Mermaid Reef was characterised abundant species, only Naso caesius was confined to by the following abundant and/or widespread the outer reef slope. species that were only recorded from this Pomacentrids and labrids dominated the fish habitat; Epinephelus merra, Pseudochromis fuscus, assemblages in the lagoon areas. Some of the more Symphorichthys spilurus, Dascyllus aruanus, widespread and/or abundant species only recorded Pomacentrus adelus, P. grammatorhynchus, from the ’lagoon’ stations at South Scott Reef Hemiglyphidodon plagiometapon, Chaetodon included Pseudochromis fuscus, Caesio caerulaurea, punctatofasciatus, C. lineolatus and Meiacanthus Forcipiger flavissimus, Dischistodus prosoptaenia, atrodorsalis. The outer reef slope of Mermaid Coris schroederi and Ecsenius bicolor. A greater Reef had a greater number of abundant and/or diversity of species were found confined to the widespread species confined to this habitat as outer reef slope assemblage including the more follows; Pictichromis paccagnellae, Cheilodipterus abundant and/or widespread species; Plectropomus quinquelineatus, Lutjanus rivulatus, Parupeneus oligocanthus, Parupeneus bifasciatus, Chaetodon bifasciatus, Chaetodon unimaculatus, C. meyeri, citrinellus, Gomphosus varius, Halichoeres prosopeion, Abudefduf vaigiensis, Chromis xanthura, Dischistodus Thalassoma quinquevittatum, Nemateleotris magnifica, perspicillatus, Thalassoma quinquevittatum, Halichoeres Ptereleotris evides, Naso brachycentron, N. caesius, melanurus, Siganus doliatus, Acanthurus nigricans, Melichthys niger, M. vidua and Sufflamen bursa. The Naso caesius, Melichthys niger and M. vidua most speciose families were the chaetodontids, (Appendix 1). pomacentrids, labrids, acanthurids and balistids.

South Scott Reef North Scott Reef Of a total of 297 species recorded from South Of the 260 fish species recorded from North Scott Reef, around 11% were confined to the lagoon, Scott Reef, 12% were confined to the lagoon, 31% 18% confined to the outer reef slope and 71% confined to the outer reef slope and 57% were were found in both habitats (Table 4). Of the ten found in both habitats (Table 4). The lagoon and most abundant species (Table 6) there were three outer reef slope at North Scott Reef had equivalent common to both habitats: Pomacentrus lepidogenys, P. numbers of pomacentrids, labrids, acanthurids and

Table 5. The ten most abundant fish species in lagoon and outer reef slope habitats at Mermaid Reef.

Order of abundance Mermaid lagoon Mermaid outer reef 1 Pomacentrus moluccensis Thalassoma amblycephalum 2 Dascyllus aruanus Zebrasoma scopas 3 Chromis viridis Acanthurus nigricans 4 Pomacentrus coelestis Pseudanthias tuka 5 Thalassoma hardwickei Pomacentrus philippinus 6 Pomacentrus adelus Ctenochaetus striatus 7 Pomacentrus philippinus Thalassoma quinquevittatum 8 Pomacentrus vaiuli Pomacentrus vaiuli 9 Acanthurus blochi Naso lituratus 10 Halichoeres trimaculatus Chromis ternatensis Percentage 31% 23% of total abundance 234 G. Moore, S. Morrison

Above: Chaetodon ephippum Cuvier, 1831 (Photo: Clay Bryce) lutjanids among the ten most abundant species Dascyllus trimaculatus, Bodianus axillaris, Coris (Table 7). Of these, three species, Pomacentrus gaimardi, Halichoeres marginatus, H. prosopeion, lepidogenys, P. philippinus and Lutjanus gibbus, Macropharyngodon meleagris, Pseudodax moluccanus, were common to both regions. Three species of Nemateleotris magnifica, Acanthurus nigricans, A. pomacentrids that were restricted to the lagoon olivaceus, Naso brevirostris, N. caesius, Balistoides were Chromis viridis, Chrysiptera hemicyanea and conspicillum, B. viridescens, Odonus niger, Sufflamen Pomacentrus moluccensis. Two additional species chrysopterus and S. bursa . The most speciose of (Dascyllus aruanus and Thalassoma hardwickei) were these families were pomacentrids, labrids, gobiids, more abundant in the lagoon than the outer reef acanthurids and balistids. slope. Of the ten most abundant outer reef slope species, two (Chromis weberi and Naso caesius) were Seringapatam Reef restricted to this habitat. Of the remaining species, Of the 256 fish species recorded from Thalassoma amblycephalum, Cirrhilabrus randalli and Seringapatam Reef, approximately 23% were Pomacentrus nigromarginatus, were markedly more confined to the lagoon, 45% were confined to abundant on the outer reef slope than in the lagoon. the outer reef slope, and 32% were found in There appeared to be less interchange of species both habitats (Table 4). Among the ten most between the lagoon and outer reef slope than at abundant lagoon and outer reef slope species at South Scott Reef. Seringapatam, half were restricted to one habitat Species confined to the lagoon that were or the other (Table 8). Only one species, Labroides abundant and/or widespread included Epinephelus dimidiatus, was common to both habitats. Six merra, Amblyglyphidodon curacao, Chromis viridis, species were restricted to the lagoon; apogonids Chrysiptera hemicyanea, Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus, Cheilodipterus quinquelineata and C. macrodon, Pomacentrus chrysurus, P. moluccensis, Stegastes pomacentrids Pomacentrus coelestis, Chromis viridis, nigricans and Hemigymnus melapterus. The Dascyllus aruanus and Amblyglyphidodon curacao. assemblages were dominated by pomacentrids The labrids Thalassoma lunare and T. hardwickei were and labrids, which differs from the more even more abundant in the lagoon than the outer reef spread of families in South Scott Reef lagoon. slope. Four species were restricted to the outer reef Species confined to the outer reef slope of North slope habitat; Pseudanthias tuka, Cirrhilabrus randalli, Scott Reef were more diverse and numerous. Chromis xanthura and Naso caesius. The remaining Among the more abundant and/or widespread five species, Chromis margaritifer, C. weberi, C. were; Cephalopholis urodeta, Plectropomus laevis, lepidolepis, Ctenochaetus striatus and Thalassoma Gymnocranius aurolineatus, Chaetodon ornatissimus, amblycephalum were clearly more abundant on the Forcipiger flavissimus, Abudefduf vaigiensis, outer reef slope than the lagoon. Amphiprion clarkii, Chromis weberi, C. xanthura, Some of the abundant and/or widespread Marine Fauna - Fish 235

Table 6 The ten most abundant fish species at South Scott Reef habitats

Order of abundance South Scott lagoon South Scott outer reef slope 1 Pomacentrus lepidogenys Pomacentrus vaiuli 2 Chrysiptera rex Pomacentrus philippinus 3 Pomacentrus philippinus Pomacentrus lepidogenys 4 Dascyllus aruanus Chromis margaritifer 5 Pomacentrus moluccensis Pseudanthias tuka 6 Ctenochaetus striatus Halichoeres hortulanus 7 Cirrhilabrus randalli Chromis amboinensis 8 Thalassoma lunare Ctenochaetus striatus 9 Monotaxis grandoculis Naso caesius 10 Lutjanus decussatus Thalassoma amblycephalum Percentage 27% 27% of total abundance

Table 7 The ten most abundant fish species at North Scott Reef habitats

Order of abundance north Scott lagoon north Scott outer reef slope 1 Chromis viridis Thalassoma amblycephalum 2 Ctenochaetus striatus Chromis weberi 3 Pomacentrus lepidogenys Pomacentrus lepidogenys 4 Dascyllus aruanus Pomacentrus philippinus 5 Chrysiptera hemicyanea Lutjanus gibbus 6 Pomacentrus philippinus Cirrhilabrus randalli 7 Pomacentrus moluccensis Pomacentrus nigromarginatus 8 Thalassoma lunare Pomacentrus amboinenesis 9 Lutjanus gibbus Naso caesius 10 Thalassoma hardwickei Pomacentrus vaiuli Percentage 27% 23% of total abundance

Table 8 The ten most abundant fish species at Seringapatam Reef habitats.

Order of abundance Seringapatam lagoon Seringapatam outer reef slope 1 Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Pseudanthias tuka 2 Thalassoma lunare Chromis margaritifer 3 Pomacentrus coelestis Chromis weberi 4 Chromis viridis Ctenochaetus striatus 5 Dascyllus aruanus Cirrhilabrus randalli 6 Thalassoma hardwickei Pomacentrus lepidogenys 7 Amblyglyphidodon curacao Chromis xanthura 8 Labroides dimidiatus Naso caesius 9 Cheilodipterus macrodon Thalassoma amblycephalum 10 Naso lituratus Labroides dimidiatus Percentage 47% 27% of total abundance 236 G. Moore, S. Morrison

Figure 8 Families of the twenty most abundant fish species in the 45% SIMPROF groupings determined by cluster

analysis (Figure 2) and nMDS (Figure 3) derived from log5 species abundance data from Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs. SIMPROF groupings (Figure 3) are labelled A to G.

Figure 9 Contribution of families to the ten most abundant species in both habitats at each atoll. L = lagoon, O = outer reef slope. Marine Fauna - Fish 237

Above: Corythoichthys schultzi Herald, 1953 on the sea star, Müller and Troschel. 1842. (Photo: Sue Morrison) species confined to the lagoon were; Epinephelus Scott Reefs and 267 species at Seringapatam Reef merra, Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus, Symphorichthys represent a substantial component of the known spilurus, Chromis viridis, Dascyllus aruanus, fauna. Only one new record was added to the Dischistodus prosopotaenia, Plectroglyphidodon known fauna of the region - Helcogramma chica lacrymatus, Pomacentrus moluccensis, Halichoeres Rosenblatt, 1960. This new record for Australia melanurus and H. trimaculatus. Species confined to was found at Seringapatam Reef during the present the outer reef slope had the greatest diversity when survey, and was only previously known from the compared with all other reefs. A selection of the Indonesian region, Christmas Island, Cocos Keeling most abundant and/or widespread species are as Islands and north west Pacific region. follows; Sargocentron caudimaculatum, Cephalopholis Gradient of species richness and recruitment urodeta, Lutjanus bohar, Macolor macularis, Parupeneus bifasciatus, Chaetodon vagabundus, C. semeion, Reefs closer to Indonesia, which is the centre of Amblyglyphidodon curacao, Chromis atripes, Bodianus reef fish diversity, have a more diverse fish fauna axillaris, Cirrhilabrus exquisitus, Epibulus insidiator, (Allen, 1999). The present results indicate that fish Nemateleotris magnifica, Naso brevirostris and N. species richness increased in a northerly direction caesius. This habitat had many speciose families from Mermaid Reef in the Rowley Shoals to the including serranids, chaetodontids, pomacentrids, Scott/Seringapatam Reef complex, which supports labrids, acanthurids and balistids. the findings of Allen (1993), Allen and Russell (1986), Done et al., (1994) and Hutchins (1998). It is thought that the Indonesian throughflow has the DiSCuSSiOn potential to transport fish eggs and larvae from Some 530 fish species have now been reported Indonesia to the North West Shelf atolls (Hutchins, from the Rowley Shoals and some 600 fish 2001). It is most likely therefore that the proximity species from Scott/Seringapatam Reefs (Allen and to the rich fish fauna of Indonesia, rather than Russell, 1986, Done et al., 1994; Hutchins, 1998). latitude is the main reason for this species gradient. This includes collections from all three Rowley The level of self-recruitment at each atoll as Shoals reefs (Mermaid, Clerke and Imperieuse), opposed to recruitment from further afield and derived using a variety of methods including however, is not fully known. AIMS have visual surveys, spear, rotenone and angling. The considered weather patterns and oceanic currents records from the present study include species from to assess the degree of connectivity between 61 families with a range of pelagic, demersal and the offshore reef systems (Gilmour et al. , 2 0 0 7 ) . benthic life histories. Considering the brevity of Results from sub-surface drifters have indicated the present survey, the inclusion of only Mermaid that dispersal times for fish eggs or larvae Reef at the Rowley Shoals, limited rotenone between Ashmore and Scott Reefs can be between sampling and the exclusion of scarids, the results three to four weeks, and between Scott Reefs of 293 species at the Rowley Shoals, 387 species at and Rowley Shoals around one to two months 238 G. Moore, S. Morrison

Left: Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell, 1829); Right: Amblyeleotris steinitzi (Klausewitz, 1974) (Photo: Clay Bryce)

Left: Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker, 1859) (Photo: John Huisman); Right: Istigobius rigilius (Herre, 1953) (Photo: Sue Morrison)

(Gilmour et al., 2007). These times would limit fish mullids, zanclids, haemulids, clupeids, carangids, dispersal between the atolls for most species, and synodontids and caesionids) and these accounted consequently the North West Shelf atolls are likely for approximately one quarter of the abundance at to depend heavily on self-recruitment (Gilmour et all atolls. The first seven families are among the al., 2007). The present survey indicates a decreasing most diverse and abundant of the Indo-West Pacific species richness of fish assemblages between reef fish families (Allen, 1993; Russell et al., 2005). atolls with increasing distance from Indonesia, Only a very small percentage of fish species were which supports slow rates of fish recruitment at restricted to a single atoll and just under half of all the North West Shelf atolls from Indonesia. An species were common to all atolls. There is a trend example of a species that is potentially a relatively for Mermaid Reef fish assemblages to be different new arrival from Indonesia, is the newly recorded from those at the Scott/Seringapatam Reef complex. trypterygiid Helcogramma chica. The fish fauna of This is likely to be a consequence of Mermaid Reef the North West Shelf atolls have more in common being more than 400 km south west of the other with Indonesian reefs than with coastal Australian atolls. North Scott, South Scott and Seringapatam reefs (Hutchins, 1994; 2001). It has been suggested Reef fish assemblages had more in common with that the differences in fish assemblages between each other, which is to be expected because of their the Australian mainland and the offshore atolls close proximity (there is a maximum of 55 km is largely due to gradients in the physical and between them). Exchange of species between these biological environments acting as barriers to three reefs might be further facilitated by the open dispersal (Hutchins, 2001), although most of these formation of South Scott Reef. are yet to be examined. The differences in fish assemblages between the North West Shelf atoll systems is thought to be Reef Comparisons greatly influenced by differences in reef habitat Fifteen families dominated the fish assemblages structure (Allen, 1994; Done et al., 1994; Hutchins, (pomacentrids, acanthurids, labrids and 2001; Gilmour et al., 2007). North and South Scott apogonids, with smaller contributions from Reefs, which were more varied in coral species serranids, lutjanids, chaetodontids, lethrinids, richness, depth and exposure than Mermaid or Marine Fauna - Fish 239

Seringapatam Reefs (Done et al., 1994) had the Reef was distinct from other atolls, particularly greatest fish species richness. After extensive in the lagoonal fish assemblages, but no strong damage by cyclone Jacob at the Rowley Shoals conclusions can be drawn from this because the in 1996, the most stable fish population occurred reef was under-sampled. For example, station 42 at Mermaid Reef which had the least physical at Seringapatam Reef was shallow and sandy with damage and therefore retained the greatest habitat sparse reef structure, unlike any others sampled diversity of the Rowley Shoals reefs (Gilmour et in the present study and consequently contained al., 2007). Furthermore, the present study shows several species largely confined to sandy habitats that outer reef slope habitats at Mermaid, Scott and such as the trichonotids, certain labrids and Seringapatam Reefs, which had well developed and gobiids. Further surveys at this reef would clarify steep drop-offs, supported richer fish assemblages the fish distribution patterns and abundances. than lagoonal habitats at all atolls. Impacts on fish assemblages Habitat Comparisons These offshore atolls are regularly subjected to Fish assemblages in lagoonal and outer reef slope severe ‘natural’ damage. For example the Rowley habitats differed from each other. The differences Shoals were hit by cyclone Jacob in 1996, and Scott in fish assemblages between the two habitat and Seringapatam Reefs, were subject to a mass types are likely to be influenced by physical and coral bleaching event in 1998 (Smith et al., 2008) oceanographic factors such as shape, orientation, and in 2004 tropical cyclone Fay hit the region depth, exposure, temperature and salinity, resulting (Smith, 2004). Investigations by AIMS after these in different benthic biota and ultimately, distinct events indicated major impacts on the hard coral, fish assemblages. soft coral and fish communities. These and other Generally the outer reef slopes assemblages natural forces, together with escalating human were more homogeneous between reefs than impacts such as fishing pressures, tourism and the lagoonal fish assemblages. This is possibly global climate change affect the ecology of the because it is physically easier for fish (both adults region and consequently the fish assemblages. and larvae) to move between outer reef slope Fish assemblages are constantly changing in habitats than traverse the barriers of the reef flats response to such factors and are therefore complex. and channels in and out of lagoons at different Surveys such as this can only provide data on fish atolls. Additionally, Mermaid Reef lagoonal fish assemblages at a single time, season and at limited assemblages were significantly different from all locations. No single method will give sufficient other lagoonal assemblages, which is most likely a data to understand the full biodiversity, ecology function of distance from the other reefs. and dynamics of fish assemblages. For example, a tool such as rotenone is vital to assess biodiversity South Scott Reef lagoon fish assemblages were since it has been shown that only around 36% distinct from those at other reefs. South Scott Reef of fish species sampled with rotenone may be is physically different from the other atolls in that it recorded by underwater visual surveys (Smith- is incomplete along the northern side. Additionally, Vaniz et al., 2006). Population and community there are some very deep regions 35 to 55 m depth changes need to be assessed by quantitative within the lagoon (Berry and Marsh, 1986), which methods carried out regularly at fixed locations. provide similar habitat to that on the outer reef Temporal changes in fish larval assemblages are slope. As such it could almost be considered a known to occur in other areas of the North West third habitat type that is restricted to South Scott Shelf and are likely to influence recruitment and Reef. Done et al., (1994) also noted this important community structure at a local level (Sampey, et al., distinction. This physical structure is likely to allow 2004). Deeper water surveys below diving depths easy movement of fish between inner and outer are a further challenge, and are currently partially reef slope locations, resulting in more uniformity addressed with the use of BRUVs (Meekan, et al., in the distribution of fish species than in the other 2005). These issues illustrate the need to employ a three atolls. The mixture of lagoonal and outer reef variety of survey techniques, to cover spatial and slope species at stations 18 and 23 reflect this idea. temporal variables of natural and human impacts Another factor that contributed to the separation of in order to manage and maintain the biodiversity South Scott Reef was outer reef slope station 22 on of fish assemblages, along with the physical and the outside of Sandy Islet. It had extremely low fish biological dynamics, of these unique Australian species richness and low abundance that was likely North West Shelf atolls. to be a result of it being a very exposed, low relief, well-scoured habitat, and the current at the time of the survey would probably have forced many fish Conclusions into refuges and out of view. The present survey recorded an Indo-West Pacific There were indications that Seringapatam fish fauna with close affinities to fish assemblages 240 G. Moore, S. Morrison

Above: Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker, 1855) (Photo: John Huisman)

Above: Triaenodon obesus Rüppell, 1837. WhiteTip Reef Shark. (Photo: Glenn Moore) Marine Fauna - Fish 241 of Indonesia. The range of species and families fish at North Scott, South Scott and Seringapatam recorded were similar to those observed in Reefs. Report 1 Baseline permanent transect surveys. previous taxonomic surveys, and the previously Australian Institute of Marine Science. Unpublished observed gradient of increasing fish species report for Woodside Offshore Petroleum Pty Ltd. richness with closer proximity to Indonesia, was 43pp. confirmed. The differences observed between Hutchins, J.B. (1998). Survey of the Fishes of Ashmore habitats at the different atolls were likely to be a Reef. Western Australian Museum. Unpublished report for Parks Australia North. 51pp. function of physical characteristics and distances between the atolls. Hutchins, J.B. (2001). Biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in Western Australia using a rapid These survey methods would be improved by censusing technique. Records of the Western Australian increasing the number of stations in each of the Museum. 20: 247–270. atolls and within each habitat, and also including Kospartov, M., Beger, M., Ceccarelli, D. and Richards, replicate surveys at each station. In order to Z. (2006). An assessment of the distribution of sea continually assess changes in biodiversity of cucumbers, trochus, giant clams, coral, fish and these unique, yet increasingly utilised atolls, it is invasive marine species at Ashmore Reef National important to include a combination of taxonomic, Nature Reserve and Cartier Island Marine Reserve. semi-quantitative and quantitative methods. Produced for the Department of Environment and Heritage by Uniquest Pty Ltd, Feb 2006, 174 pp. Acknowledgements Meekan, M. and Cappo, M. (2004). Non-destructive Techniques for Rapid Assessment of Shark We thank the crew of the Kimberley Quest. Abundance in Northern Australia. Australian Institute Thanks to Barry Hutchins and Gerry Allen for of Marine Science, Townsville. Unpublished report for assistance, identifications and comments. Alison Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Sampey and David Fairclough provided valuable Fisheries and Forestry. 29 pp. advice on an earlier version of this manuscript. Meekan, M. Cappo, M. Carleton, J. and Marroitt, R. Funding was provided by Woodside Energy (2005). Surveys of Shark and Fin-fish abundance Limited and the Western Australian Museum. on reefs within MOU74 Box and Rowley Shoals using Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems. Unpublished report for Australian Government References Department of Environment and Heritage, 28 pp. Allen, G.R. (1993). Fishes of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Quinn, G. P. and Keough, M. J. (2002). Experimental design Island. In: Marine faunal Surveys of Ashmore Reef and data analysis for biologists, Cambridge University and Cartier Island North-western Australia. Records of Press. the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 44: 67–91. Roberts, M.R., McClean, C.J., Veron, J.E.N., Hawkins, Allen, G.R. (1999). Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and J.P., Allen, G.R., McAllister, D.E., Mittermeier, C.G., South-East Asia. Western Australian Museum, Perth. Schueler, F.W., Spalding, M., Wells, F., Vynne, C. and Allen, G.R. and Russell, B.C. (1986). Fishes. In: Faunal Werner, T.B. (2002). Marine Biodiversity Hospots and Surveys of The Rowley Shoals, Scott Reef and Conservation Priorities for Tropical Reefs. Science, 295: Seringapatam Reef. Records of the Western Australian 1280–1284. Museum, Supplement 25: 75–103. Russell, B.C., Larson, H.K., Hutchins, J.B. and Allen, G. Bellwood, D.R. and Wainwright, P.C. (2002). The History R. (2005). Reef fishes of the Sahul Shelf. The Beagle, and Biogeography of Fishes on Coral Reefs. In: Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Coral Reef Fishes. Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Territory. Supplement 1: 83–105. Ecosystem. Ed Sale, P.F. Academic Press, 5–32. Sampey, A., Meekan, M.G., Carleton, J.H., McKinnon, Done, T.J., Williams, D. McB., Speare, P., Turak, E., A.D. and McCormick, M.I. (2004). Temporal patterns Davidson, J., DeVantier, L.M., Newman, S.J. and in distributions of tropical fish larvae on the North Hutchins, J.B. (1994). Surveys of Coral and Fish West Shelf of Australia. Marine and Freshwater Communities at Scott Reef and Rowley Shoals. Research. 55: 473–487. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Smith, L., Gilmour, J., Rees, M.,Lough, J., Halford, A., Unpublished report for Woodside Offshore Petroleum Underwood, J., Van Oppen, M. and Heyward, A. Pty Ltd. 123pp. (2004). 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Morrison + + + + + + +* Seringapatam + + + + + + + + + +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +, +* +, Scott + + + + + + + + + + Mermaid Sharks Appendix 1. urse Tailspot Lizardfish Banded Lizardfish Blotched Fantail Ray Spaghetti Eels Spaghetti Eel Devilrays Manta Ray Moray Eels Zebra Moray Latticetail Moray Fimbriate Moray Giant Moray Painted Moray Ribbon Eel Snake Eels Crocodile Snake Eel Saddled Snake Eel Herrings Sprat Slender Lizardfishes Gracile Saury Lizardfish Twospot Lizardfish Twospot N Nurse Shark Tawny Whaler Sharks Grey Reef Shark Blacktip Reef Shark Whitetip Reef Shark Stingrays Bluespotted Maskray Bluespotted Fantail Ray Common name RussellSynodus jaculum 1979 and Cressey, Fowler, 1912 Synodus dermatogenys Fowler, Taeniura meyeni MüllerTaeniura and Henle, 1841 Moringuidae Moringua sp. Mobulidae Manta birostris (Donndorff, 1798) Muraenidae 1797) Gymnomuraena and zebra Nodder, (Shaw Gymnothorax 1857) buroensis (Bleeker, Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett, 1832) (Bleeker, 1859) Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker, Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl, 1789) Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman, 1888 Ophichthidae Brachysomophis (Bennett, crocodilinus 1833) Leiuranus Leiuranus semicinctus & Bennett,(Lay 1839) Clupeidae Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) Synodontidae Saurida and gracilisGaimard, (Quoy 1824) Synodus sp. Synodus binotatus Schultz, 1953 Ginglymostomatidae Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1830) Carcharhinidae 1856) Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, Carcharhinus Carcharhinus melanopterus and Gaimard, (Quoy 1824) Triaenodon obesusTriaenodon 1837) (Rüppell, Dasyatididae Dasyatis (Müllerkuhlii and Henle, 1841) Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775) Taeniura Scientific name Fish species recorded from Mermaid, North Scott, from South Scott and Seringapatam Fish Reefs, species September recorded 2006. flat,Key: +* +^+ = == reef angling,present, +o = open water Marine Fauna - Fish 243 + + + + + + + + +* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* +* +* +o +o +o +, +* +, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +o +o +o Peacock RockcodPeacock Whitelined Rockcod Trumpetfishes Trumpetfish Smooth Flutemouth Flutemouths Pipefishes Reeftop Pipefish Schultz’s Pipefish Schultz’s Lionfishes Zebra Lionfish Spotfin Lionfish Common Lionfish Scorpionfishes Mozambique Scorpionfish Guam Scorpionfish Raggy Scorpionfish Rockcods Redmouth Rockcod Crown Squirrelfish Sabre Squirrelfish Bigeye Soldierfish Bigeye Slender SquirrelfishSlender Whitetail Squirrelfish Crimson Soldierfish Longtoms Longtom Squirrelfishes Shadowfin Soldierfish African Flyingfish Manyspot Flyingfish Frogfishes Warty Anglerfish Flyingfishes Intermediate Flyingfish Milkfishes Milkfish Clingfishes Striped Clingfish Rüppell, 1838 Rüppell, Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider, 1801 Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828) Aulostomidae chinensisAulostomus (Linnaeus, 1766) Fistulariidae Fistularia commersonii Syngnathidae Corythoichthys haematopterus 1851) (Bleeker, Herald, Coryithoichthys1953 Herald, schultzi Pteroidae 1829) Dendrochirus zebra (Cuvier, Pterois antennata (Bloch, 1787) Pterois (Linnaeus, volitans 1758) Scorpaenidae Parascorpaena mossambica 1855) (Peters, Scorpaenodes guamensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Scorpaenopsis 1829) venosa (Cuvier, Serranidae Aethaloperca (Forsskål, rogaa 1775) Sargocentron diadema (Lacépède, 1802) Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskål, 1775) Cuvier, 1829 Myripristis Cuvier, pralinia Neoniphon sammara (Forsskål, 1775) Sargocentron caudimaculatum 1838) (Rüppell, Myripristis (Forsskål, 1775) murdjan Belonidae sp. Tylosurus Holocentridae Myripristis 1853 adusta Bleeker, Parexocoetus mento 1847 Valenciennes, Cheilopogon spilopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) Antennariidae Antennarius maculatus (Desjardins, 1840) Exocoetidae Cheilopogon intermedius Parin, 1961 Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775) Chanidae Gobiesocidae 1883) Diademichthys lineatus (Sauvage, 244 G. Moore, S. Morrison + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Seringapatam + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* +* +* +, +* +, Scott + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mermaid Oneline Cardinalfish Spinyhead CardinalfishSpinyhead Prettyfins Redtip Longfin Cardinalfishes Little Red Cardinalfish Blue-eye CardinalfishBlue-eye Orangelined Cardinalfish Yellowhead Dottyback Yellowhead Dusky Dottyback YellowedgeCoronation Trout YellowedgeCoronation Soapfishes Arrowhead Soapfish Dottybacks DottybackRoyal Slender DottybackSlender White-edge Coronation Trout Pacific BassletPacific Basslet Lori’s Basslet Shen’s Orange Basslet Purple Queen Common Coral Trout Vermicular Cod Bluespotted Coral Trout Passionfruit Coral Trout Potato Rockcod Potato Thinspine Grouper CamouflageGrouper Birdwire Cod SpecklefinRockcod HighfinGrouper Whitespottted Grouper Flowery Rockcod Sixband Rockcod Flagtail Rockcod Dot-head RockcodDot-head Coral Rockcod Common name (Lacépède, (Lacépède, 1801) Apogon Apogon exostigma (Jordan and Starks, 1906) Apogon Apogon kallopterus 1856 Bleeker, Plesiopidae Plesiops verecundus1995 Mooi, Apogonidae Apogon coccineus 1838 Rüppell, Apogon Apogon compressus (Smith and Radcliffe, 1911) Apogon Apogon cyanosoma 1853) (Bleeker, Pseudochromis cyanotaenia 1857 Bleeker, Pseudochromis fuscus Müller and 1849 Troschel, (Forsskål,louti 1775) Variola Grammistidae Belonoperca chabanaudiand Bean, Fowler 1930 Pseudochromidae Pictichromis paccnagellae 1973) (Axelrod, (Fowler, 1931) Pseudochromis bitaeniatus (Fowler, Variola albimarginata Baissac,Variola 1953 (Bleeker, 1857) Pseudanthias huchtii (Bleeker, Pseudanthias lori (Lubbock and Randall, 1976) Pseudanthias sheni Randall and Allen 1989 Pseudanthias 1855) squamipinnis (Peters, Pseudanthias tuka (Herre and Montalban, 1927) Plectropomus leopardus (Lacépède, 1802) (Bleeker, 1854) (Bleeker, Plectropomus oligacanthus Plectropomus laevis Plectropomus areolatus 1830) (Rüppell, Epinephelus tukula Morgans, 1959 (Fowler Gracilaand albomarginata Bean, (Fowler 1930) Epinephelus polyphekadion 1849) (Bleeker, Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 Epinephelus ongus (Bloch, 1790) Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch, 1790) Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus (Bloch, 1790) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) Cephalopholis sexmaculata 1830) (Rüppell, Cephalopholis 1801) urodeta (Forster, Cephalopholis microprion 1852) (Bleeker, Cephalopholis miniata (Forsskål, 1775) Scientific name Marine Fauna - Fish 245 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* +* +, +* +, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bluestriped Snapper Paddletail Checkered Snapper Twospot Snapper Twospot Red Bass Green Jobfish Bigeye Trevally Bigeye Rainbow Runner Giant Queenfish Lesser Queenfish Snubnose Dart Tropical Snappers Rusty Jobfish Bluefin Trevally Bluefin Giant Trevally Black Trevally Blue BlanquilloBlue Remoras Sharksucker Trevallies Turrum Thicklip Trevally Barcheek Trevally Tilefishes Flagtail Blanquillo Schooling Cardinalfish Slender CardinalfishSlender Fiveline Cardinalfish Tiger CardinalfishTiger Glassy Cardinalfish Wolf CardinalfishWolf Girdled Cardinalfish Longspine Cardinalfish Blackstriped Cardinalfish Cheekbar Cardinalfish CardinalfishPearly-line Timor Timor Cardinalfish Ocellate Cardinalfish Painted Cardinalfish Bleeker, 1857 Bleeker, Cuvier, 1833 Cuvier, (Quoy and Gaimard, (Quoy 1825) (Allen, (Allen, 1987) Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskål,Lutjanus 1775) Lutjanus gibbus Lutjanus (Forsskål, 1775) (Cuvier, 1828) decussatusLutjanus (Cuvier, Lutjanus biguttatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Lutjanus boharLutjaus (Forsskål, 1775) Aprion virescens 1830 Valenciennes, Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard, 1825 Scomberoides commersonnianus 1801 Lacépède, Scomberoides lysan (Forsskål, 1775) blochii (Lacépède, 1801) Trachinotus Lutjanidae 1830 Aphareus rutilans Cuvier, Elegatis bipinnulata bipinnulata Elegatis Caranx melampygus Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775) Poey, 1860 Caranx lugubris Poey, Malacanthus latovittatus (Lacépède, 1801) Echeneidae Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 Carangidae Carangoides fulvoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) Carangoides orthogrammus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) Carangoides plagiotaenia Malacanthidae Malacanthus brevirostris Guichenot, 1848 Rhabdamia 1909 cypselurus Weber, Rhabdamia 1856) gracilis (Bleeker, Cuvier, Cheilodipterus1828 quinquelineatus Cuvier, Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacépède, 1801) Cheilodipterus artus Smith, 1961 Archamia 1856) zosterophora (Bleeker, Cercamia eremia Bleeker, 1856 Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker, Apogon Apogon nigrofasciatus Lachner, 1953 (Fowler, 1918) Apogon sealei (Fowler, Apogon taeniophorus Regan, 1908 Bleeker, 1854 Apogon timorensis Bleeker, 1913 Weber, ocellatus? Apogonichthys (Cantor, 1849) Archamia fucata (Cantor, 246 G. Moore, S. Morrison + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Seringapatam + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +, +* +, Scott + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mermaid Bullseyes Oualan Bullseye Sidespot GoatfishSidespot Banded Goatfish Goldsaddle Goldsaddle Goatfish Doublebar Doublebar Goatfish Goatfishes Dot-and-Dash Goatfish Bigeye SeabreamBigeye Spotcheek Emperor Emperor Yellowlip Orangestriped Emperor Longnose Emperor Yellowtail Yellowtail Emperor Longfin Emperor Oblique-banded Sweetlips Emperors Goldspot Seabream Grunter Breams Spotted Sweetlips ThreadfinBreams Monocle BreamYellowstripe Bridled Monocle Bream Monocle Bream Two-line Pearly Monocle Bream Pearly Threestripe Fusilier Neon Fusilier Banana Fusilier Fusiliers Goldband Fusilier Yellowtail Fusilier Lunar Fusilier Blue FusilierBlue Sailfin Snapper Black-and-White Snapper Black-and-White Midnight Snapper Maori Snapper Moses Seaperch Common name Sato, 1978 Sato, (Quoy and Gaimard,(Quoy 1825) (Lacépède, (Lacépède, 1801) (Valenciennes, 1831) (Lacépède, (Lacépède, 1801) (Bleeker,1849) teridae emip Pempheridae Pempheris 1831 oualensis Cuvier, Parupeneus pleurostigma (Bennett, 1831) Parupeneus multifasciatus Parupeneus cyclostomus Parupeneus crassilabris Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775) Lethrinus Klunzinger,xanthochilus 1870 Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Lethrinus obsoletus (Forsskål, 1775) Lethrinus olivaceus 1830 Valenciennes, Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale, 1910 Lethrinus erythropterus Valenciennes, 1830 Plectorhinchus lineatus (Linnaeus,Plectorhinchus 1758) Lethrinidae Gnathodentex (Lacépède, 1802) aureolineatus Haemulidae chaetodonoidesPlectorhinchus (Lacépède, 1801) Parascolopsis tosensis (Kamohara, 1938) Scolopsis affinis 1877 Peters, Scolopsis bilineata (Bloch, 1793) N (Cuvier, 1830) Scolopsis margaritifer (Cuvier, Pterocaesio trilineata Carpenter, 1987 (Cuvier, 1830) Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier, Pterocaesio 1853) pisang (Bleeker, Caesionidae Caesio caerulaurea 1801 Lacépède, Caesio (Bloch, 1791) cuning Cuvier, 1830 Caesio lunaris Cuvier, Caesio teres Seale, 1906 (Günther, 1874) Symphorichthys spilurus (Günther, Macolor (Forsskål, niger 1775) Fowler, 1931 Macolor macularis Fowler, (Cuvier, 1828) rivulatus Lutjanus (Cuvier, Lutjanus russellii Lutjanus Scientific name Marine Fauna - Fish 247 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +, +* +, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bicolor AngelfishBicolor Angelfishes Threespot Angelfish Horned Bannerfish Singular Bannerfish Longnose Butterflyfish Pyramid Butterflyfish Longfin Bannerfish Pennant Bannerfish Orangebanded Coralfish Forceps Fish Teardrop Butterflyfish Teardrop Vagabond Butterflyfish Vagabond Doublesaddle ButterflyfishDoublesaddle Chevron Butterflyfish Ovalspot Butterflyfish Lattice Butterflyfish Dotted Butterflyfish Spotbanded Butterflyfish Spotnape Butterflyfish Meyer’s Butterflyfish Meyer’s Ornate Butterflyfish Blackback Butterflyfish Lined Butterflyfish Racoon Butterflyfish Pinstripe Butterflyfish Klein’s Butterflyfish Klein’s Saddle Saddle Butterflyfish Drummers Brassy Drummer Batfishes Longfin Batfish Roundface Batfish Butterflyfishes Philippine Butterflyfish ThreadfinButterflyfish Triangular Butterflyfish Eclipse Butterflyfish Citron Butterflyfish Bleeker, 1853 Bleeker, Cuvier, 1831 Cuvier, Quoy Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Bloch and Schneider, 1801 Bennett, 1830 (Linnaeus, 1758) Centropyge bicolor (Bloch, 1787) Pomacanthidae 1831) Apolemichthys trimaculatus (Cuvier, (Cuvier, 1829) Heniochus varius (Cuvier, Heniochus singularis Smith and Radcliffe, 1911 Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet,Forcipiger 1782) (Bleeker, 1857) Hemitaurichthys polylepis (Bleeker, Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Heniochus 1831 chrysostomus Cuvier, (Cuvier, 1831) Coradion chrysozonus (Cuvier, flavissimus 1898 Forcipiger Jordan and McGregor, Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 Chaetodon Linnaeus, vagabundus 1758 Chaetodon 1831 ulietensis Cuvier, Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon Cuvier, speculum Chaetodon rafflesi Chaetodon semeion 1855 Bleeker, Chaetodon 1831 punctatofasciatus Cuvier, Chaetodon oxycephalus Chaetodon 1831 ornatissimus Cuvier, Chaetodon meyeri Chaetodon melannotus Schneider, 1801 Chaetodon lineolatus Chaetodon (Lacépède, 1803) lunula Chaetodon lunulatus Chaetodon kleinii Bloch, 1790 Chaetodon 1831 ephippum Cuvier, Kyphosus vaigiensis and Gaimard, (Quoy 1825) Kyphosidae Ephippidae pinnatusPlatax (Forsskål,teira Platax 1775) Chaetodontidae Chaetodon adiergastos Seale, 1910 Chaetodon Forsskål, auriga 1775 Chaetodon 1831 baronessa Cuvier, Chaetodon 1831 bennetti Cuvier, Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier, 248 G. Moore, S. Morrison + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* Seringapatam + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +, +* +, +, +* +, +* +, +, +* +, Scott + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mermaid Twospot Demoiselle Twospot Surge Demoiselle DemoiselleBlue Yellow-axil PullerYellow-axil Pale-tail Puller Weber’s Puller Weber’s Blue-green Puller Swallowtail Puller Doublebar Doublebar Chromis Smoky Smoky Puller Scaly Puller Whitetail Puller Blackaxil Chromis Darkfin Puller Ambon Puller Blackback Anemonefish Western ClownWestern Anemonefish Pink Anemonefish Orange Anemonefish Clark’s Anemonefish Clark’s Whitebelly Damsel Staghorn Damsel Damselfishes Banded Sergeant Indo-Pacific Sergeant Spiny Spiny Puller Golden DamselGolden Regal Angelfish Blue AngelfishBlue Sixband Angelfish Bluegirdle Angelfish Vermiculate Angelfish Emperor Angelfish Pearlscale Angelfish Keyhole AngelfishKeyhole Eibel’s Angelfish Eibel’s Whitetail Angelfish Coral Beauty Common name Fowler and Bean,Fowler 1928 Chrysiptera and biocellata Gaimard, (Quoy 1824) Chrysiptera brownriggii (Bennett, 1828) Chrysiptera cyanea and Gaimard, (Quoy 1824) (Bleeker, 1851) Chromis (Bleeker, xanthochira (Bleeker, 1854) (Bleeker, Chromis xanthura Chromis weberiand Bean, Fowler 1928 (Cuvier, 1830) Chromis viridis (Cuvier, Chromis ternatensis 1856) (Bleeker, (Günther, Chromis1867) opercularis (Günther, Chromis fumea (Tanaka, 1917) Chromis lepidolepis 1877 Bleeker, Fowler, 1946 Chromis margaritifer Fowler, Welander andChromis atripectoralis Welander Schultz, 1951 Chromis atripes Chromis amboinensis1873) (Bleeker, Amphiprion melanopus 1852 Bleeker, Cuvier, Amphiprion1830 ocellaris Cuvier, Amphiprion perideraion 1855 Bleeker, Amphiprion sandracinos Allen, 1972 Amphiprion (Bennett,clarkii 1830) (Bleeker, 1847) leucogasterAmblyglyphidodon (Bleeker, Amblyglyphidodon curacao Amblyglyphidodon (Bloch, 1787) Pomacentridae 1830) Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier, Abudefduf vaigiensis and Gaimard, (Quoy 1825) (Bleeker, 1855) Acanthochromis (Bleeker, polyacanthus (Cuvier, 1830) (Cuvier, aureus Amblyglyphidodon Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert, Pygoplites 1772) (Cuvier, 1831) semicircularisPomacanthus (Cuvier, (Cuvier, 1831) sexstriatusPomacanthus (Cuvier, (Cuvier, 1831) navarchusPomacanthus (Cuvier, Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus (Bloch, 1787) imperator Pomacanthus (Bloch, 1787) (Bleeker, 1853) Centropyge vroliki (Bleeker, (Cuvier, 1831) Centropyge tibicen (Cuvier, Centropyge Klausewitz,eibli 1963 Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner, 1933 (Günther, Centropyge1860) bispinosa (Günther, Scientific name Marine Fauna - Fish 249 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* +* +, +* +, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ringeye Hawkfish Whitespotted Hawkfish Longnose Hawkfish Spotted Hawkfish Hawkfishes Dusky Gregory Pacific Gregory Pacific Princess Damsel Philippine Damsel Goldback DamselGoldback Blackmargin Damsel Lemon Damsel Bluespot DamselBluespot Scaly Damsel Neon Damsel Speckled Damsel Whitetail Damsel Goldbelly Damsel Whiteband Damsel Obscure Damsel Ambon Damsel Johnston Damsel Jewel DamselJewel Scarface Damsel Yellowtail Demoiselle Regal Demoiselle Dick’s DamselDick’s Fusilier Damsel Black Damsel Lagoon Damsel Honeyhead DamselHoneyhead White Damsel Threespot Humbug Headband Humbug Bluehead DemoiselleBluehead Banded Humbug Pink Demoiselle Grey Grey Demoiselle Azure Demoiselle (Bleeker, 1855) (Bleeker, Bleeker, 1853 Bleeker, Evermann and Seale, 1907 (Cuvier, 1830) (Cuvier, (Rüppell, 1829) (Rüppell, (Cuvier, 1829) (Cuvier, (Bloch pinnulatus & Cirrhitus Schneider, 1801) Oxycirrhitus typus 1857 Bleeker, arcatus Paracirrhites Cirrhitidae oxycephalusCirrhitichthys Stegastes nigricansStegastes (Lacépède, 1801) (Ogilby, 1889) fasciolatusStegastes (Ogilby, Pomacentrus Jordan andvaiuli Seale, 1906 Pomacentrus philippinus Weber, 1913 Pomacentrus nigromanus Weber, Pomacentrus nigromarginatus Allen, 1973 Pomacentrus moluccensis Fowler, 1918 Pomacentrus grammorhynchus Fowler, Pomacentrus lepidogenysand Bean,1928 Fowler Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan and Starks 1901 Pomacentrus bankanensis 1853 Bleeker, Pomacentrus 1830 chrysurus Cuvier, Pomacentrus auriventris Allen, 1991 (Bleeker, 1859) Plectroglyphidodon leucozonus (Bleeker, Pomacentrus adelus Allen, 1991 Pomacentrus amboinensis1868 Bleeker, Fowler and Ball, Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Fowler 1924 Plectroglyphidodon Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus and Gaimard, (Quoy 1824) Neoglyphidodon nigroris Neopomacentrus 1877) azysron (Bleeker, Neopomacentrus cyanomos 1856) (Bleeker, Plectroglyphidodon Plectroglyphidodon dickii (Liénard, 1839) Lepidozygus tapeinosoma 1856) (Bleeker, 1830) Neoglyphidodon melas (Cuvier, Hemiglyphidodon plagiometapon 1852) (Bleeker, Dischistodus prospotaenia 1852) (Bleeker, (Cuvier, 1830) Dischistodus perspicillatus (Cuvier, Dascyllus trimaculatus Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson, 1846) (Whitley, 1961) Chrysiptera (Whitley, rollandi Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Snyder, 1909) Chrysiptera (Snyder, rex (Cuvier, 1830) Chrysiptera glauca (Cuvier, Chrysiptera hemicyanea 1913) (Weber, 250 G. Moore, S. Morrison + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* Seringapatam + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* +, +* +, +, +* +, Scott + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mermaid Zigzag Wrasse Threespot Wrasse Fiveband Wrasse Fiveband Cloud Wrasse Cloud Ornamental Wrasse Twotone Wrasse Twotone Hoeven’s Wrasse Hoeven’s Checkerboard Wrasse Pearly Wrasse Pearly Dusky Wrasse False-eye Wrasse Golden Wrasse Golden Birdnose Wrasse Knife Wrasse Slingjaw Wrasse Variegated Wrasse Variegated Clown Wrasse Spot-tail Wrasse Connie’s Wrasse Connie’s Redblotched Wrasse Randall’s Wrasse Randall’s Sharpnose Wrasse Wrasse Blueside Exquisite Wrasse Humphead Maori Wrasse Humphead Tripletail Tripletail Maori Wrasse Redbreast Maori Wrasse Eclipse Pigfish Floral Maori Wrasse Diana’s Pigfish Diana’s Coral Pigfish Pikes BarracudaGreat Diamond Wrasse Speckled Wrasse Yellowbreast Wrasse Yellowbreast Freckled Hawkfish Common name (Lacépède, (Lacépède, 1801) (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) (Bloch, 1791) Bleeker, 1856 Bleeker, (Quoy and Gaimard,(Quoy 1824) Halichoeres scapularis (Bennett, 1832) Halichoeres trimaculatus and Gaimard, (Quoy 1834) Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch, 1792) Halichoeres nebulosus (Valenciennes, 1839) Halichoeres ornatissimus (Garrett, 1863) Halichoeres prosopeion 1853) (Bleeker, Halichoeres 1851) melanurus (Bleeker, Halichoeres hortulanus Halichoeres margaritaceus (Valenciennes, 1839) Halichoeres marginatus 1835 Rüppell, Halichoeres biocellatus Schultz, 1960 Halichoeres chrysus Randall, 1981 Gomphosus varius Lacépède, 1801 (Quoy and praetextus Gaimard,Cymolutes (Quoy 1834) Epibulus insidiatorEpibulus (Pallas, 1770) Coris batuensis1857) (Bleeker, Coris gaimard Coris andcaudimacula Gaimard, (Quoy 1834) Conniella apterygia Allen, 1983 Coris aygula Lacépède, 1801 Cirrhilabrus Allen, randalli 1995 Cheilio inermis (Forsskål, 1775) Cirrhilabrus 1851) cyanopleura (Bleeker, Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Smith, 1957 Rüppell, Cheilinus1835 undulatus Rüppell, Cheilinus trilobatus Lacépède, 1801 Cheilinus fasciatus Bodianus mesothorax Cheilinus chlorurus (Bloch, 1791) Bodianus diana (Lacépède, 1801) Bodianus axillaris (Bennett, 1832) Sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda 1792) (Walbaum, Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus 1829 Rüppell, Anampses meleagrides Valenciennes, 1840 Anampses twistii Paracirrhites forsteri1801) (Schneider, Paracirrhites Scientific name Marine Fauna - Fish 251 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +, +* +, +, +* +, +, +* +, +, +* +, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Doublestitch Grubfish Grubfish Sand Divers Elegant Sand Diver Blennies Blacktail Grubfish Thosand-spot Grubfish Ladder Wrasse Ladder Doubleline Wrasse Grubfishes Spothead Grubfish Red-ribbon Wrasse Jansen’s Wrasse Jansen’s Moon Wrasse Bluehead Wrasse Bluehead Sixbar Wrasse Redspot Wrasse Brokenline Wrasse Silverstreak Wrasse Chiseltooth Wrasse Cryptic Wrasse Eightline Wrasse Sixline Wrasse Ringtail Maori Wrasse Yellowfin WrasseFlasherYellowfin Pinstripe Wrasse Violetline Maori Wrasse Black Leopard Wrasse Ornate Leopard Wrasse Carpet Wrasse MaoriSlender Wrasse Leopard Wrasse Tailblotch Tubelip Tailblotch Tubelip Yellowback Breastspot Cleanerfish Common Cleanerfish Bicolor CleanerfishBicolor Oneline Wrasse Pastel Slender Wrasse Slender Pastel Thicklip Wrasse (Lacépède, (Lacépède, 1801) (Streets, 1877) (Bennett, 1832) (Bleeker, 1851) (Bleeker, Randall, multiplicata Parapercis 1984 sp. Parapercis Trichonotidae Shimada elegans Trichonotus 1984 and Yoshino, Blenniidae (Cuvier, 1829) hexophtalmaParapercis (Cuvier, 1860) millepunctata Parapercis (Günther, Thalassoma (Lacépède, 1801) trilobatum? Wetmorella albofasciata Schultz and Marshall, 1954 Pinguipedidae 1910 Ogilby, clathrata Parapercis Thalassoma andquinquevittatum (Lay Bennett, 1839) Thalassoma 1856) janseni (Bleeker, Thalassoma (Linnaeus, lunare 1758) Thalassoma 1856) amblycephalum (Bleeker, Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett, 1829) Stethojulis bandanensis 1851) Stethojulis (Bleeker, Stethojulis interrupta Stethojulis strigiventer Stethojulis Pseudodax moluccanus (Valenciennes, 1840) Pterogogus cryptus Randall, 1981 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins, 1901 Pseudocheilinus hexataenia 1857) (Bleeker, Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Paracheilinus flavianalisParacheilinus and Kuiter Allen, 1999 Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Oxycheilinus diagrammus Macropharyngodon negrosensis Herre, 1932 Macropharyngodon ornatus Randall, 1978 Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacépède, 1801) Oxychelinus 1853) celebicus (Bleeker, Macropharyngodon meleagris (Valenciennes, 1839) Labropsis manabei Schmidt, 1931 Labropsis xanthonota Randall, 1981 Labroides Randall pectoralis and 1975 Springer, Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes, 1839) Labroides and bicolorBean, Fowler 1928 Labrichthys 1847) (Guichenot, unilineatus Hologymnosus doliatus (Lacépède, 1801) Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch, 1791) 252 G. Moore, S. Morrison + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* +* +* +* Seringapatam + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +, +* +, Scott + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mermaid Cabillus Goby Starry Goby Purple-eye Goby Sea Whip Goby Whitebarred Goby Old Glory Goby Old Crosshatch Goby Pyjama Goby Patzner’s Blenny Patzner’s Fringelip Blenny Triplefins Blackhead Threefin Pygmy Pygmy Threefin Little Hooded Threefin Dragonets Marble Dragonet Steinitz’ Shrimpgoby Gobies Blackchest Shrimpgoby Burgundy Shrimpgoby Rockskipper Blenny Blenny Banded Blenny Piano Fangblenny Shorthead Sabretooth Blenny Bluestriped Fangblenny Linespot Fangblenny Bicolor Combtooth Bicolor Blenny Schroeder’s Combtooth Blenny Combtooth Blenny Eyelash Fangblenny Eyelash Lance Blenny Blenny Dusky Blenny Bluestreaked Rockskipper Blenny Tidepool Filamentous Blenny Allen’s Combtooth Blenny Allen’s Common name ppell, 1830 ϋ (Valenciennes, 1836) (Klausewitz, 1974) Bath,1992 patzneri sp. sp. Cabillus sp. Asterropteryx semipunctatus R Bryaninops natans Larson, 1985 Bryaninops sp.? Amblygobius phalaenaAmblygobius (Valenciennes, 1837) (Whitley, 1940) (Whitley, rainfordi Amblygobius Amblygobius decussatus1855) Amblygobius (Bleeker, nocturnus (Herre, 1945) Amblygobius Snyder, 1908 Salarias Snyder, sinuosus? Trypterygiidae Enneapterygius larsonae Fricke, 1994 Enneapterygius Schultz, nanus? 1960 Helcogramma Rosenblatt, chica? 1960 Callionymidae Neosynchiropus ocellatus (Pallas, 1770) Gobiidae 1938) Amblyeleotris guttata (Fowler, Amblyeleotris steinitzi Amblyeleotris wheeleri (Polunin and Lubbock, 1977) Rhabdoblennius sp. Salarias sp. Salarias cf. Salarias fasciatus (Bloch, 1786) Plagiotremus tapeinosoma 1857) (Bleeker, Petroscirtes breviceps (Valenciennes, 1836) (Bleeker, 1852) Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos (Bleeker, Meiacanthus grammistes (Day, 1888) Ecsenius bicolor (Day, Ecsenius schroederi McKinney and 1976 Springer, Ecsenius (Günther, 1877) Meiacanthus atrodorsalis (Günther, Aspidontus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1836) Atrosalarias sp. Atrosalarias fuscus 1835) (Rüppell, Blenniella periophthalmus (Valenciennes, 1836) Cirripectes sp. (Alleyne & Macleay, 1877) Cirripectes filamentosus (Alleyne & Macleay, Ecsenius 1988 alleni Springer, Scientific name Marine Fauna - Fish 253 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* +* +* +* +* +* +* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Pencil Surgeonfish Bluelined Surgeonfish Powder-blue Surgeonfish Powder-blue Dark Surgeonfish Greeneye Dartgoby Zebra Dartgoby Surgeonfish Tailspot Dartgoby Arrow Dartgoby Wrigglers Clear Wriggler Dartfishes Red Firegoby Redhead Goby Stylophora Whitecap Shrimpgoby Ghostgoby Halfbarred Reefgoby Crab-eye Goby Orange-red Pygmygoby Ocellate Glidergoby Sixspot Glidergoby Glidergoby Blueband Fiveline Coralgoby Whitelined Coralgoby Orangespotted Sandgoby Yellow Coralgoby Yellow Sandgoby Shoulderspot Sandgoby Flasher Sandgoby Bluespotted Shrimpgoby Shrimpgoby Yellow Shrimpgoby Y-bar Silverspot Shrimpgoby Fierce Fierce Shrimpgoby ShrimpgobyTangaroa HairfinEviota Queensland Eviota Eviota Sandgoby ppell, 1830) ϋ , Arai and 1972 Abe, Lubbock and Polunin, 1977 (Linnaeus, 1758) Valenciennes, Valenciennes, 1835 Acanthaurus dussumieri Valenciennes, 1835 Acanthurus leucosternonAcanthurus Bennett, 1832 lineatusAcanthurus Ptereleotris 1856) microlepis (Bleeker, (Fowler, 1938) Ptereleotris zebra (Fowler, Acanthuridae blochii Acanthurus Ptereleotris heteroptera1855) (Bleeker, Ptereleotris evides (Jordan 1925) and Hubbs, Xenisthmidae Xenisthmus clarus (Jordan & Seale, 1906) Microdesmidae Nemateleotris 1938 magnifica Fowler, Lotilia graciliosa Klausewitz, 1960 echinocephalusParagobiodon (R Pleurosicya sp. Priolepis semidoliata (Valenciennes, 1837) Signigobius biocellatus Signigobius Hoese and Allen, 1977 (Aoyagi, 1949) okinawae (Aoyagi, Trimma (Lay and longipinnis (Lay Valenciennea Bennett, 1839) (Valenciennes, sexguttata 1837) Valenciennea (Broussonet, strigata Valenciennea 1782) Gobiodon (Valenciennes, quinquestrigatus 1837) Fowler, 1944 Gobiodon spilophthalmus Fowler, (Herre, 1953) rigilius Istigobius Gobiodon okinawae Sawada Gnatholepis sp. Gnatholepis 1851) anjerensis (Bleeker, Hoese signipinnis andFusigobius Obika, 1988 Cryptocentrus caeruleomaculatus (Herre, 1933) Cryptocentrus cinctus (Herre, 1936) Cryptocentrus fasciatus (Playfair and1867) Günther, Ctenogobiops maculosus (Fourmanoir, 1955) Ctenogobiops feroculus Lubbock and Polunin, 1977 Ctenogobiops tangaroai Eviota prasites Jordan and Seale, 1906 Eviota queenslandica 1932 Whitley, Eviota sp. sp. Fusigobius 254 G. Moore, S. Morrison + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Seringapatam + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +^ +^ +^ +, +* +, Scott + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +^ Mermaid dols I Marlins Sailfish Lefteye Flounders Mackerels Wahoo Scad Mackerel Dogtooth Tuna Yellowfin Tuna Yellowfin Foxface Spotted Rabbitfish Finespotted Rabbitfish Bluelined Rabbitfish Masked Rabbitfish RabbifishesRabbitfishes Forktail Rabbitfish Coral Rabbitfish Moorish Idol Moorish SailfinTang Brown Tang Bignose Unicornfish Onespine Unicornfish Humphead UnicornfishHumphead Bluespine Unicornfish Clown Unicornfish Sleek Unicornfish Silverblotched UnicornfishSilverblotched Humpback UnicornfishHumpback Spotted Unicornfish Lined Bristletooth Convict Surgeonfish Bristletooth Yelloweye Night SurgeonfishNight Mimic Surgeonfish Orangeblotch Surgeonfish Dusky Surgeonfish Eyeline Surgeonfish Velvet Surgeonfish Velvet Common name (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Schlegel 1845) and Müller, (Valenciennes, 1835) phoridae anclus cornutusanclus stio Istiophorus 1792) platypterus and Nodder, (Shaw Bothidae I Scombridae Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier,1831) Grammatorcynus bilineatus 1836) (Rüppell, Gymnosarda 1836) unicolor (Rüppell, Thunnus albacares Siganus vulpinus vulpinus Siganus (Schneider, 1801) punctatus (Schneider, Siganus Fowler and Bean, punctatissimus Fowler 1929 Siganus Cuvier, 1830 doliatus Cuvier, Siganus (Schlegel, puellus 1852) Siganus Siganidae and Gaimard, (Quoy argenteus Siganus 1825) (Valenciennes, 1835) corallinus Siganus Z Zanclidae Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch, 1797) Zebrasoma scopas (Cuvier,1829) Naso vlamingii Naso thynnoides (Valenciennes, 1829) Naso tuberosus Lacépède, 1801 Naso unicormis (Forsskål, 1775) (Forster, 1801) (Forster, Naso lituratus (Bleeker, Naso1855) hexacanthus (Bleeker, Naso caesius Randall and Bell, 1992 Naso brachycentron (Valenciennes, 1835) Naso brevirostris (Valenciennes, 1835) Ctenochaetus striatusand Gaimard, (Quoy 1825) Acanthurus triostegusAcanthurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Randall and Clements, 2001 (Fowler, 1923) thompsoniAcanthurus (Fowler, Acanthurus pyroferusAcanthurus Kittlitz, 1834 Forster, 1801 olivaceusAcanthurus Forster, Acanthurus nigrofuscusAcanthurus (Forsskål, 1775) Acanthurus nigricaudaAcanthurus Duncker 1929 and Mohr, Acanthurus nigricansAcanthurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Scientific name Marine Fauna - Fish 255 + + + + + + + + + + +* 267 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 387 461 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 293 Porcupinefishes Blackblotched Porcupinefish Starry Puffer Blacksaddle Toby Toby Solander’s Honeycomb LeatherjacketHoneycomb Blacksaddle Filefish Harlequin Filefish Boxfishes Boxfish Yellow Black Boxfish Toadfishes Blackspotted Puffer Leatherjackets LeatherjacketScrawled Eye-stripe Triggerfish Yellowmargin Triggerfish Hawaiian Triggerfish Pallid Triggerfish Pinktail Triggerfish Redtooth Triggerfish Whitespotted Triggerfish Black Triggerfish Clown Triggerfish Titan Triggerfish Triggerfishes Orangestripe Triggerfish Flowery Flounder Linnaeus, 1758 (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Diodontidae 1804 Diodon Shaw, liturosus numberTotal of species per atolls Total numberTotal of species over all atolls (Blochstellatus andArothron Schneider, 1801) (Bleeker, 1851) valentini (Bleeker, Canthigaster solandri Canthigaster (Richardson, 1844) Cantherhines 1837) (Rüppell, pardalis (Bleeker, 1851) prionurus (Bleeker, Paraluteres Oxymonacanthus longirostris (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Ostraciidae Ostracion cubicus Shaw, 1796 Ostracion meleagris Shaw, Tetraodontidae nigropunctatus (BlochArothron and Schneider, 1801) Monacanthidae Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765) Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus 1829) (Rüppell, Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sufflamen bursa Melichthys Melichthys vidua (Richardson, 1845) (Rüppell, 1837) Odonus (Rüppell, niger Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch, 1786) (Bloch, 1786) Melichthys niger Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Balistoides viridescens (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Balistidae ,1797) Balistapus undulatus (Park Bothus Bothus mancus Broussonet, 1782 Guide to Authors

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Marine Biodiversity Survey of Mermaid Reef (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reef Western Australia 2006 Edited by Clay Bryce

Edited by Clay Bryce Suppl.

No. Records of the Western Australian Museum

77 Supplement No. 77