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3/2/2021 Teutonic Order - Wikipedia Teutonic Order The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Order of Brothers of the Jerusalem[2] (official names: Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, German: Orden der Brüder vom German House of Saint Mary Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic in Jerusalem Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1192 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Teutonic Order was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small voluntary and mercenary military membership, serving as a crusading military order for the protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Baltics during the Middle Ages. Coat of arms in the style of the 14th- Purely religious since 1810, the Teutonic Order still confers limited honorary century knighthoods.[3] The Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Teutonic Order, a Protestant chivalric order, is descended from the same medieval military order and also Active c. 1192 – present [4] continues to award knighthoods and perform charitable work. Allegiance Holy See (1190–present) Kingdom of Contents Jerusalem (1190– 1291) Name State of the History Teutonic Order Foundation (1226–1525) Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary Duchy of Prussia Prussia (1525– Livonia 1701) Against Lithuania Holy Roman Against Poland Empire (1190– Battle of Legnica 1806) Height of power Austrian Decline Empire & Austria- Hungary (1804– Medieval organisation 1918) Administrative structure about 1350 Confederation Universal leadership of the Rhine Generalkapitel (1806–1813) Hochmeister German Großgebietiger Confederation National leadership (1815–1866) Landmeister Kingdom of Regional leadership Prussia (1701– Local leadership 1918) Komtur Kingdom of Special offices Bavaria (1805– Modern organization 1918) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order 1/21 3/2/2021 Teutonic Order - Wikipedia Evolution and reconfiguration as a Catholic religious order Kingdom of Honorary Knights Württemberg Protestant Bailiwick of Utrecht (1805–1918) Grand Duchy Insignia of Baden (1806– Influence on German and Polish nationalism 1918) See also Grand Duchy Notes of Hesse (1806– 1918) References North External links German Confederation & Name German Empire (1867–1918) The full name of the Order in German is Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Type Catholic religious Haus St. Mariens in Jerusalem or in Latin Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ order Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum (engl. "Order of the German House of (1192–1929 as St. Mary in Jerusalem"). Thus the term "Teutonic" echoes the German origins military order) of the order (Theutonicorum) in its Latin name.[5] It is commonly known in Headquarters Acre (1192–1291) German as the Deutscher Orden (official short name, literally "German Order"), historically also as Deutscher Ritterorden ("German Order of Venice (1291– Knights"), Deutschherrenorden ("Order of the German Lords"), 1309) Deutschritterorden ("Order of the German Knights"), Marienritter ("Knights Marienburg of Mary"), Die Herren im weißen Mantel ("The lords in white capes"), etc. (1309–1466) The Teutonic Knights have been known as Zakon Krzyżacki in Polish ("Order Königsberg of the Cross") and as Kryžiuočių Ordinas in Lithuanian, Vācu Ordenis in (1466–1525) Latvian, Saksa Ordu or, simply, Ordu ("The Order") in Estonian, as well as Mergentheim various names in other languages. (1525–1809) Vienna (1809– History present) Nickname(s) Teutonic Knights, Formed in the year 1192 in Acre, in the Levant, the medieval order played an important role in Outremer (the general name for the Crusader states), German Order controlling the port tolls of Acre. After Christian forces were defeated in the Patron Virgin Mary Middle East, the order moved to Transylvania in 1211 to help defend the Saint Elizabeth of southeastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cumans. The Hungary Knights were expelled by force of arms by King Andrew II of Hungary in 1225, after attempting to place themselves under papal instead of the original Saint George [6] Hungarian sovereignty and thus to become independent. Attire White mantle with a black cross In 1230, following the Golden Bull of Rimini, Grand Master Hermann von Salza and Duke Konrad I of Masovia launched the Prussian Crusade, a joint Commanders invasion of Prussia intended to Christianize the Baltic Old Prussians. The First Grand Heinrich Walpot Knights had quickly taken steps against their Polish hosts and with the Holy Master von Bassenheim Roman Emperor's support, had changed the status of Chełmno Land (also [1] Ziemia Chelminska or Kulmerland), where they were invited by the Polish Current Frank Bayard prince, into their own property. Starting from there, the Order created the Grand Master independent Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, adding continuously the conquered Prussians' territory, and subsequently conquered Livonia. Over time, the kings of Poland denounced the Order for expropriating their lands, specifically Chełmno Land and later the Polish lands of Pomerelia (also Pomorze Gdańskie or Pomerania), Kujawy, and Dobrzyń Land. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order 2/21 3/2/2021 Teutonic Order - Wikipedia The order theoretically lost its main purpose in Europe with the Christianization of Lithuania. However, it initiated numerous campaigns against its Christian neighbours, the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Novgorod Republic (after assimilating the Livonian Order). The Teutonic Knights had a strong economic base which enabled them to hire mercenaries from throughout Europe to augment their feudal levies, and they also became a naval power in the Baltic Sea. In 1410, a Polish- Lithuanian army decisively defeated the Order and broke its military power at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). However, the capital of the Teutonic Knights was successfully defended in the following Siege of Marienburg and Extent of the Teutonic Order in the Order was saved from collapse. 1300. In 1515, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I made a marriage alliance with Sigismund I of Poland-Lithuania. Thereafter, the empire did not support the Order against Poland. In 1525, Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg resigned and converted to Lutheranism, becoming Duke of Prussia as a vassal of Poland. Soon after, the Order lost Livonia and its holdings in the Protestant areas of Germany.[7] The Order did keep its considerable holdings in Catholic areas of Germany until 1809, when Napoleon Bonaparte ordered its dissolution and the Order lost its last secular holdings. However, the Order continued to exist as a charitable and ceremonial body. It [8] [9] was outlawed by Adolf Hitler in 1938, but re-established in 1945. Today it Teutonic & Livonian Orders in 1422 operates primarily with charitable aims in Central Europe. The Knights wore white surcoats with a black cross. A cross pattée was sometimes used as their coat of arms; this image was later used for military decoration and insignia by the Kingdom of Prussia and Germany as the Iron Cross and Pour le Mérite. The motto of the Order was: "Helfen, Wehren, Heilen" ("Help, Defend, Heal").[10] The Order's Marienburg Castle, Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, now Malbork, Poland Timeline 1190 Formation 1218 Siege of Damietta 1228–1229 The Sixth Crusade 1237 absorption of The Livonian Brothers of the Sword https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order 3/21 3/2/2021 Teutonic Order - Wikipedia 1242 The Battle on the Ice 1242–1249 First Prussian uprising 1249 Treaty of Christburg with the pagan Prussians 1249 Battle of Krücken 1260 Battle of Durbe 1260–1274 Great Prussian uprising 1262 Siege of Königsberg 1263 Battle of Löbau 1264 Siege of Bartenstein 1270 Battle of Karuse 1271 Battle of Pagastin 1279 Battle of Aizkraukle 1291 Siege of Acre (1291) 1308–1309 Teutonic takeover of Danzig and Treaty of Soldin 1326–1332 First Polish–Teutonic War for Kuyavia, involving Lithuania and Hungary 1331 Battle of Płowce 1343 Treaty of Kalisz, exchange of territories 1343–1345 St. George's Night Uprising 1346 Purchase of Duchy of Estonia from Denmark 1348 Battle of Strėva 1370 Battle of Rudau 1409–1411 Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 1414 Hunger War 1422 Gollub War ending with the Treaty of Melno 1431–1435 Second Polish–Teutonic War 1454–1466 Thirteen Years' War 1466 Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1467–1479 War of the Priests 1519–1521 Third Polish–Teutonic War 1525 the Livonian Order splits from the Teutonic Order 1525 Order loses State of the Teutonic Order; becomes Ducal Prussia Foundation In 1143 Pope Celestine II ordered the Knights Hospitaller to take over management of a German hospital in Jerusalem, which, according to the chronicler Jean d'Ypres, accommodated the countless German pilgrims and crusaders who could neither speak the local language nor Latin (patriæ linguam ignorantibus atque Latinam).[11] Although formally an institution of the Hospitallers, the pope commanded that the prior and the brothers of the Reliquary made in Elbing in 1388 for domus Theutonicorum (house of the Germans) should always be Germans Teutonic komtur Thiele von Lorich, themselves, so a tradition of a German-led religious institution could develop military trophy of Polish king during the 12th century in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[12] Wladislaus in 1410. After the loss of Jerusalem in 1187, some merchants from Lübeck and Bremen took up the idea and founded a field hospital for the duration of the Siege of Acre in 1190, which became the nucleus of the order; Celestine III recognized it in 1192 by granting the monks Augustinian Rule. However, based on the model of the Knights Templar, it was transformed into a military order in 1198 and the head of the order became known as the Grand Master (magister hospitalis). It received papal orders for crusades to take and hold https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order 4/21 3/2/2021 Teutonic Order - Wikipedia Jerusalem for Christianity and defend the Holy Land against the Muslim Saracens.
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    quality of life CITTASLOW CITIES VARMIA MASURIA POWIŚLE www.cittaslowpolska.pl Mamonowo Gronowo Grzechotki Bagrationowsk Braniewo RUS Żeleznodorożnyj Bezledy Gołdap Gołdap Zalew wiślany Górowo Iławeckie PODLASKIE Pieniężno Bartoszyce Węgorzewo ELBLĄG Korsze Lidzbark Orneta Warmiński Bisztynek Kętrzyn Giżycko Pasłęk Reszel Olecko POMORSKIE Dobre Miasto Jeziorany Ryn Morąg Biskupiec Mrągowo EŁK Orzysz Mikołajki Barczewo OLSZTYN Ostróda Olsztyn Pisz Ruciane-Nida Biała Piska Iława Olsztynek Warszawa Szczytno Lubawa Kolno Nowe Miasto Lubawskie MAZOWIECKIE KU AJ WS Nidzica K O-POMORSKIE Lidzbark Welski Brodnica Działdowo Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship OSTROŁ¢KA VARMIA MASURIA POWIŚLE MASURIA VARMIA CITTASLOW CITIES CITTASLOW www.cittaslowpolska.pl Olsztyn 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS INVITATION Invitation 3 There are many beautiful, vibrant tourist destinations in the Why Cittaslow? 4 world. There are, however, also many places where there are not so many tourists. In today’s big world, we are busy and restless, Attractions of Varmia, Masuria and Powiśle 6 chasing time to meet the most important needs. But there are, however, places where life seems to be calmer, where there is more Cittaslow Cities time for reflection. They are small towns located mostly away from main roads, away from big industry and sometimes from the surfeit Barczewo 10 of modernity. Today, when money makes our world go round, when work Biskupiec 15 takes most of our time, we often want to escape to an oasis of peace and tranquility, where life is slower. This is reflected in our Bisztynek 20 various actions: working in big cities – we want to live outside them, working on weekdays – we want to spend weekends close to Dobre Miasto 26 nature, working in noise – we want peace.