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Archaeological Heritage at the Crossroads

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Archaeological Heritage at the Crossroads Yananiso Chinovava Maposa ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE AT THE CROSSROADS: NAVIGATING COLONIAL LEGACIES, GEOPOLITICS AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GREAT ZIMBABWE WORLD HERITAGE SITE. MA Thesis in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest February 2020 ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE AT THE CROSSROADS: NAVIGATING COLONIAL LEGACIES, GEOPOLITICS AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN MANAGING GREAT ZIMBABWE WORLD HERITAGE SITE By Yananiso Chinovava Maposa (Zimbabwe) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of Arts Degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. _______________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee CEU eTD Collection _______________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ________________________________________________ Examiner ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE AT THE CROSSROADS: NAVIGATING COLONIAL LEGACIES, GEOPOLITICS AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN MANAGING GREAT ZIMBABWE WORLD HERITAGE SITE By Yananiso Chinovava Maposa (Zimbabwe) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of Arts Degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ________________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest February 2020 ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE AT THE CROSSROADS: NAVIGATING COLONIAL LEGACIES, GEOPOLITICS AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN MANAGING GREAT ZIMBABWE WORLD HERITAGE SITE By Yananiso Chinovava Maposa (Zimbabwe) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of Arts Degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ________________________________________________ External Supervisor CEU eTD Collection Budapest February 2020 I, the undersigned, Yananiso Chinovava Maposa, candidate for the MA degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, February 2020 ________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection Abstract Great Zimbabwe is one of Zimbabwe’s five World Heritage Sites inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List since 1986. It is a premier heritage site in Zimbabwe, and remains the only archaeological site in the world to give its name to a country when Zimbabwe became independent from a century of British colonial rule. This thesis is the first to explore the sustainable management of the site focusing on the challenges and opportunities arising at the intersection of the country’s colonial history. It discusses the effects of the country’s socio- economic and environmental challenges, as well as ramifications of geopolitics on the management of Great Zimbabwe. Based on a framework of archival studies, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, questionnaires and my having an embodied knowledge of what it is like to be an African heritage professional, the purpose of this study is to construct an alternative approach to the future of managing African World Heritage Sites and Great Zimbabwe in particular. The thesis aims to contribute towards the deconstruction of the contemporary heritage discourse, which privileges notions of heritage born and matured in Europe. It enfolds the notion of heritage performance to champion the inclusion of local social beliefs and empowerment of local communities as a way of rethinking agency and collective action in the sustainable management and use of heritage. To illustrate this, the thesis proposes the hosting of an annual cultural festival at Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site, which has potential to make heritage experts, local communities, visitors and heritage performers, as well CEU eTD Collection as generate income for the site and the locals who are increasingly enduring poor harvests. i Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Dr Ashton Sinamai and Professor Alice Mathea Choyke for their patience and guidance during this long and difficult journey towards my MA degree. Without their incisive input and support, especially during my moment of grief towards the end of my studies, none of this would have happened. I also want to particularly thank Professor József Laszlovszky, the faculty and staff of the department of Medieval Studies at the Central European University, for their motivation and tireless efforts in ensuring a productive stay in Hungary. I would also like to extend my sincere gratitude to my brother and mentor, Dr Ezekia Mtetwa, for his invaluable time reading this thesis, constructive criticism and endless discussions in the formulation of this project. His was a difficult job as he had to endure incessant questions, sometimes at very odd times even as he was dealing with the demands of his PhD studies. I thank you. In my language we have a saying “simbi inorodzwa neimwe simbi”, which loosely translates to “a metal is sharpened by another metal”. With this ancient idiom, I would like to acknowledge my classmates for their invaluable input, support and memorable times during our stay in Hungary. I hope you guys have as much success in your future endeavours. It would be a remiss if I do not acknowledge the Executive Director of the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe, Dr Godfrey Mahachi, for his assistance in securing interviews CEU eTD Collection and for granting my research permit. I would also like to thank the regional director, southern region, Mr Lovemore Mandima and his staff for welcoming me with open arms and facilitating my research. A special thank you goes to Pharaoh Mushambi, Munyaradzi Mashamaire and Melissa Chinaka for coordinating my research whilst I was away in Hungary. They were kind ii enough to conduct interviews and made follow ups to my respondents on my behalf. I also thank Biggie Chikwiramakomo and Nyararai Mundopa for approaching their contacts from the Meteorological Services Department and the Ministry of Finance, who provided precious information valuable to this study. I want to thank my family, particularly my mother Laiza Madembo, for being my biggest motivator and for her inspirational fortitude as she and the rest of the family dealt with the loss of our father alone. I am because of you. I want to thank my sister Chikomborero, for her generous financial contributions and for being my all round shoulder to lean on when it all seemed difficult in a foreign country. Last but not least, I want to thank my wife Patricia who had to carry the burden of the family alone. Thank you for the video calls and for constantly checking up on me. It was difficult leaving my two sons Tadiwanashe Daley and Tasimudzirwa Jaden Maposa, but I am glad they held out well in my absence. You guys kept me going. CEU eTD Collection iii Dedication To the memory of my father, George Maposa, who passed on just before I finished writing this thesis and complete my MA Degree at the CEU in Budapest, Hungary. CEU eTD Collection iv Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... ii Dedication ............................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... x List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... xii List of Abbreviations.......................................................................................................... xiii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 Objectives of the study ...................................................................................................... 1 Area of study ..................................................................................................................... 5 The theoretical stance ........................................................................................................ 9 Organisation of the dissertation........................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 15 CULTURAL HERITAGE POLICIES,
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