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Aldi Farezi Nim 171501005 TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS ANTIHIPERURISEMIA EKSTRAK TUMBUHAN INDONESIA PADA TIKUS DAN MENCIT SKRIPSI OLEH : ALDI FAREZI NIM 171501005 PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA FARMASI FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021 Universitas Sumatera Utara TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS ANTIHIPERURISEMIA EKSTRAK TUMBUHAN INDONESIA PADA TIKUS DAN MENCIT SKRIPSI Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Farmasi pada Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara OLEH : ALDI FAREZI NIM 171501005 PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA FARMASI FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021 Universitas Sumatera Utara PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS ANTIHIPERURISEMIA EKSTRAK TUMBUHAN INDONESIA PADA TIKUS DAN MENCIT OLEH: ALDI FAREZI NIM 171501005 Dipertahankan di Hadapan Penguji Skripsi Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara pada Tanggal: 26 Juli 2021 Disetujui oleh: Panitia Penguji: Pembimbing, Prof. Dra. Azizah Nasution, M.Sc., Apt., Ph.D. Prof. Dr. Urip Harahap, Apt. NIP 195503121983032001 NIP 195301011983031004 Prof. Dra. Azizah Nasution, M.Sc., Apt., Ph.D. Ketua Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi, NIP 195503121983032001 Dr. Sumaiyah, S.Si., M.Si., Apt. Dadang Irfan Husori, S.Si., M.Si., Apt. NIP 197712262008122002 NIP 198204112012121001 Medan, 26 Juli 2021 Disahkan oleh: Dekan, Khairunnisa, S.Si., M.Pharm., Ph.D., Apt. NIP 197802152008122001 Universitas Sumatera Utara KATA PENGANTAR Dengan mengucapkan Alhamdulillah segala puji dan syukur penulis ucapkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat, karunia, hidayah, dan ridha-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menjalani penelitian dan menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul “Tinjauan Sistematis Antihiperurisemia Ekstrak Tumbuhan Indonesia Pada Tikus dan Mencit”. Skripsi ini diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat dalam memperoleh gelar Sarjana Farmasi pada Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara. Selama penulisan skripsi ini tentunya penulis telah mendapatkan bantuan dari berbagai pihak yang telah mendukung dan membimbing penulis. Maka, pada kesempatan ini penulis menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada Dekan Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara Periode 2016-2021, Prof. Dr. Masfria, M.S., Apt. yang telah memberikan bantuan dan fasilitas di Fakultas Farmasi selama masa pendidikan. Kepada Dekan Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara periode 2021-2026, ibu Khairunnisa, S.Si., M.Pharm., Ph.D., Apt. yang telah mengesahkan skripsi ini. Kepada Prof. Dra. Azizah Nasution, M.Sc., Apt., Ph.D. selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah meluangkan waktunya untuk membimbing dengan penuh kesabaran, tulus dan ikhlas selama masa penelitian serta selalu memberikan masukan hingga selesainya penulisan skripsi ini. Kepada Prof. Dr. Urip Harahap, Apt. dan bapak Dadang Irfan Husori, S.Si., M.Si., Apt. selaku dosen penguji yang telah memberikan kritik dan saran yang membangun untuk menyempurnakan skripsi ini. Kepada Prof. Dr. Siti Morin Sinaga, M.Sc., Apt. selaku dosen penasihat akademik yang telah memberikan bimbingan selama masa perkuliahan penulis. Penulis juga berterima kasih kepada seluruh dosen, staf pengajar, serta civitas iv Universitas Sumatera Utara akademika khususnya di Fakultas Farmasi Univeristas Sumatera Utara yang telah mendidik, memberikan ilmu dan telah berjasa bagi penulis pada masa perkuliahan berlangsung. Selanjutnya, penulis juga memberikan ungkapan terima kasih yang tidak terhingga dan penghargaan yang tulus kepada ibunda Wan Fauziah, ayahanda Suparno dan kakanda Rini Paramitha, S.T. yang selalu memberikan doa, pengorbanan, nasihat, kasih sayang, serta dorongan moril dan materil kepada penulis sampai saat ini. Kepada rekan penelitian, Almira Zain, Rifqah Mawaddah, dan Fairuz Salsabila. Kepada sahabat yang selalu mendengarkan keluh kesah dan memberikan motivasi kepada penulis, Sartika Ramadhayani, Siti Rabila Sari Harahap, Farhan Zadun Raunaki Siregar, dan Muhammad Iqbal. Kepada sahabat terdekat, Dhifa A.W., Nela A., Rini A., Haliza H.P., Rodhina P., Mega D., Nurul H., dan Aisyah R.N. serta seluruh teman-teman dekat dan seluruh teman-teman yang selalu memberikan semangat, doa dan dukungan yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu, khususnya teman-teman stambuk 2017 Fakultas Farmasi USU, UKMI Ath-Thibb, PEMA Fakultas Farmasi USU, dan rekan-rekan asisten Laboratorium Teknologi Sediaan Non Steril II. Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu penulis meminta maaf atas kekhilafan yang terdapat dalam penulisan skripsi ini. Penulis juga berharap skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat sebagai referensi pengetahuan khususnya dalam bidang farmasi. Medan, 26 Juli 2021 Penulis, Aldi Farezi NIM 17150100 v Universitas Sumatera Utara vii Universitas Sumatera Utara TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS ANTIHIPERURISEMIA EKSTRAK TUMBUHAN INDONESIA PADA TIKUS DAN MENCIT ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Hiperurisemia masih merupakan masalah kesehatan global. Terapi hiperurisemia menggunakan obat sintesis seperti allopurinol memiliki berbagai efek samping. Hasil penelitian ekstrak tumbuhan sebagai antihiperurisemia dengan dosis yang bervariasi telah banyak dilakukan, tetapi sulit untuk mengambil kesimpulan dari banyaknya penelitian tersebut dan perlu dilakukan tinjauan sistematis. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui ekstrak tumbuhan yang berkhasiat sebagai antihiperurisemia berdasarkan variasi dosis, efektivitas dan efisiensi. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan tinjauan sistematis kualitatif menggunakan metode Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), dengan memformulasi pertanyaan penelitian, menetapkan database dan kata kunci, menyeleksi artikel yang relevan berdasarkan kriteria inklusi, mengekstraksi data, dan mensintesis hasil penelitian ekstrak tumbuhan yang memiliki aktivitas antihiperurisemia dalam menurunkan kadar asam urat (KAU) pada tikus dan mencit yang diinduksi dengan berbagai penginduksi. Hasil: Jumlah artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian diperoleh sebanyak 16 dari 317 artikel yang diakses. Ekstrak dengan nilai penurunan KAU yang dianalisis dari yang tertinggi (dalam %): daun mahkota dewa, 70,75; daun kelor, 65,69; herba suruhan, 63,56; rimpang temu putih, 60,17; buah naga putih, 59,88; daun hijau pucuk merah, 55,04; herba anting-anting, 53,41; rimpang temu lawak, 43,38; daun cocor bebek, 42,46; daun pegagan, 40,00; daun binahong, 37,58; biji alpukat, 34,36; tumbuhan jelatang, 24,15; daun bambu tali 21,83; buah andaliman, 18,55; daun murbei, 12,26. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol (EE) daun mahkota dewa dan EE daun kelor merupakan ekstrak tumbuhan yang efektif berdasarkan efektivitas dan kemudahan pemanenan. Kata kunci: tinjauan sistematis, ekstrak tumbuhan, antihiperurisemia, kadar asam urat viii Universitas Sumatera Utara SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ANTIHYPERURICEMIC OF INDONESIAN PLANT EXTRACTS IN RATS AND MICE ABSTRACT Background: Hyperuricemia remains as a global health issue. Synthetic medications like allopurinol, which are used to treat hyperuricemia, have a variety of negative effects. Plant extracts as antihyperuricemia have been studied at various doses, but it is difficult to draw conclusions from so many trials, thus a systematic review is needed. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate which plant extracts are effective as antihyperuricemia agents based on dosage variations, effectiveness and efficiency. Method: This research is a qualitative systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) method, by formulating research questions, setting da tabases and keywords, selecting relevant articles based on inclusion criteria, extracting data, synthesizing research results from plant extracts which has antihyperuricemic activity to decrease uric acid levels (UAL) in rats and mice induced with various inducers. Results: The number of papers that satisfied the inclusion criteria was obtained as many as 16 out of 317 articles accessed. Extracts with decreasing UAL values were examined from the highest (in %): Phaleria leaves, 70.75; Moringa leaves, 65.69; Peperomia herbs, 63.56; zedoaria rhizome, 60.17; white dragon fruit, 59.88; green leaves of oleana, 55.04; acalypha herbs, 53.41; zanthorrhiza herbs, 43.38; pinnatum leaves, 42.46; centella leaves, 40.00; cordifolia leaves, 37.58; avocado seeds, 34.36; urtica plants, 24.15; gigantochloa leaves, 21.83; zanthoxylum fruits, 18.55; morus leaves, 12.26. Conclusion: Ethanol Extract (EE) of Phaleria leaves and EE of Moringa leaves are effective plant extracts based on their effectiveness and ease of harvesting. Keywords: systematic review, plant extracts, antihyperuricemia, uric acid levels ix Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN SAMPUL ....................................................................................... i HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................... ii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................ iii KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ iv LEMBAR PERSYARATAN ORISINALITAS ................................................. vi ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... ix DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... x DAFTAR TABEL ..............................................................................................
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