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Visual Framing of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq : an Analysis of News Photographs Diana Von Buseck San Jose State University

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Visual Framing of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq : an Analysis of News Photographs Diana Von Buseck San Jose State University View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SJSU ScholarWorks San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research 2008 Visual framing of the 2003 invasion of Iraq : an analysis of news photographs Diana von Buseck San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Buseck, Diana von, "Visual framing of the 2003 invasion of Iraq : an analysis of news photographs" (2008). Master's Theses. 3647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.uz2u-c4kh https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3647 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VISUAL FRAMING OF THE 2003 INVASION OF IRAQ: AN ANALYSIS OF NEWS PHOTOGRAPHS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Journalism and Mass Communications San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Diana von Buseck December 2008 UMI Number: 1463405 Copyright 2008 by von Buseck, Diana All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 1463405 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 © 2008 Diana von Buseck ALL RIGHTS RESERVED APPROVED FOR THE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS Dr. Diana Stover Dr. Scott Fosdick •IAZL^LJwi-.-C ' / L-OCi?./!-..."-, K-A-"l Dr. William Tillinghast APPROVED FOR THE UNIVERSITY ./[ U \t-\i\ot ABSTRACT VISUAL FRAMING OF THE 2003 INVASION OF IRAQ: AN ANALYSIS OF NEWS PHOTOGRAPHS by Diana von Buseck This thesis examined the visual frames in the photographic coverage of the invasion of Iraq in Newsweek, Time, and The Associated Press. The framing analysis found that military frames dominated the photographic coverage at the expense of a wider context for the invasion. The coverage showed the strength and superiority of the military, and focused on soldiers. Two other major sets of frames were politics and humanization. The frames provided evidence that the embed system impacted the visual coverage by providing increased access to combat, soldiers, and Iraqi citizens. The Associated Press' photographs offered an international perspective as compared with the U.S.-centered images in the news magazines. In terms of the compositional elements used in photographs, the study found that the news organizations conveyed a sense of credibility by using images that acted as records of events and that minimized the constructed nature of photographs by using few compositional elements. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My heartfelt thanks go to my parents, Andreas and Silvia, for their continued love and support through my most recent academic pursuit. They have instilled in me an unquenchable curiosity that pushes me to learn and grow, and for that I am eternally grateful. I will forever be indebted to my dear friend, Joseph Garcia. His unwavering encouragement and enthusiasm kept me going. He acted as my rock when it seemed this whole process would never end. His guidance along this journey has meant the world to me, and I truly cannot thank him enough. Finally, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Diana Stover, Dr. Scott Fosdick, and Dr. William Tillinghast for all their inspiration, hard work, and gracious support. I wish to particularly thank my primary advisor, Dr. Diana Stover, who has gone well above the call of duty to guide me along this path. Her dedication has been an inspiration, and will never be forgotten. v TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 Purpose of the Study 3 II. Review of the Literature 6 Framing 6 The Process of Framing 9 Policies, Social Movements, and Framing 11 Power of Visuals 12 Constructions and Records of Reality 13 The Impact of Visuals 14 Photographic Composition 17 Size and Placement 18 Camera Angle 19 Color versus Black and White Images 19 Proximity of Subject to Viewer 20 Selective Focus 20 Framing the Gulf War and the Iraq War 21 Framing the Gulf War 23 Framing the Iraq War 25 War and Public Opinion 29 Historical Context of the Invasion of Iraq 31 Media Events from the Invasion of Iraq 33 vi Overview and Theoretical Framework 36 Research Questions 40 III. Method 41 Publications Analyzed 41 News Magazines 42 Newsweek 42 Time 43 The Associated Press 43 The Sample 44 Measures 46 Frame Definitions 46 Composition 49 Analysis 51 IV. Results 53 Overview: Descriptive Analysis of Frames 53 Military Frames 55 Politics Frames 59 Humanization Frames 62 Minor Frames 66 Research Questions 69 Research Question 1 70 Analysis of variance 71 vii Newsweek 73 Time 73 The Associated Press 74 Research Question 2 74 Research Question 3 75 Research Question 4 78 Research Question 5 82 Camera angle 83 Selective focus 84 Proximity of subject to viewer 86 Size 87 Placement 89 Color versus black and white 92 V. Conclusion 94 Discussion 94 Contributions to the Literature 100 Implications of the Study 102 Directions for Future Research 103 VI. References 104 VII. Appendix A: Codebook Ill via LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Major Frames in Newsweek, Time, and The Associated Press 54 Table 2: Means of Major Frames in Newsweek, Time, and The Associated Press 72 Table 3: Analysis of Variance for Major Frames in Newsweek, Time, and The Associated Press 73 Table 4: Major Photograph Sources Used by Newsweek and Time 77 Table 5: Chi-Square for Major Photograph Sources Used by Newsweek and Time 78 Table 6: Major Frames in News Magazines—Newsweek and Time—and The Associated Press 79 Table 7: Two-Tailed T-Test for Frames in News Magazines—Newsweek and Time—and The Associated Press 81 Table 8: Camera Angles in Photographs in Newsweek, Time, and The Associated Press 84 Table 9: Selective Focus in Photographs in Newsweek, Time, and The Associated Press 85 TablelO: Proximity of Subject to Viewer in Photographs in Newsweek, Time, and The Associated Press 86 Table 11: The Size of Photographs in Newsweek and Time 88 Table 12: Means for the Size of Photographs in Newsweek and Time 90 Table 13: Two-Tailed T-Test for the Size of Photographs in Newsweek and Time 90 Table 14: Prominence/Placement of Photographs in Newsweek and Time 91 Table 15: Means for Prominence/Placement of Photographs in Newsweek and Time... 92 Table 16: Two-Tailed T-Test for Prominence/Placement of Photographs in Newsweek and Time 92 ix 1 CHAPTER I Introduction In a complex world with seemingly endless current-events information available around the clock, audiences depend on reputable news outlets to organize information and present it clearly. Individual and societal realities are constructed from the information that is interpreted and shared. It would be difficult to imagine a life with no information about what is happening past one's own front door. Mass communications scholars have long examined the nature of news, and more recently have addressed how news is framed. An ever-growing area of mass communications research is the exploration of how news organizations utilize visuals as framing devices. This study analyzed how the 2003 invasion of Iraq was visually framed by Newsweek, Time, and The Associated Press. Research has shown that photographs are powerful communication tools that evoke strong emotional responses and can be more memorable than words alone (Coleman, 2006; Graber, 1988). It is therefore important to further explore the relationship between visual news content and framing. It is also important to look past the subject of an image, and to examine the manner in which the image is constructed. Formal composition decisions can greatly impact how the viewer interprets an image. For instance, the research of Mandell and Shaw (1973) found that a dramatic high or low camera angle could directly affect the viewer's perception of a politician's power and authority. Visuals as framing devices are a crucial part of the overall presentation of news coverage. Particularly during times of critical events, people depend on news, 2 especially visuals, to learn about events that may be happening at great distances away from them. Since most individuals collect information about foreign affairs and war through the media, the manner in which news about conflict is presented can be critical to how the public forms opinions about war. In a society that continues to put great value on a free press, it becomes increasingly important to examine how media outlets frame news content as it can significantly influence how audiences understand international cultures and events (Kim, 2002). Particularly during volatile times of conflict, media frames can have a direct impact on public opinion and affect attitudes and behaviors (Chong & Druckman, 2007). How media organizations frame war is therefore an important area that benefits from continuous exploration by mass communications researchers. On March 20,2003, the United States along with Coalition forces invaded Iraq on the premise of defending the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq, including the threat of weapons of mass destruction, and enforcing the United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq.
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