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ROBERT SERBER March 14, 1909–June 1, 1997
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ROBE R T S E R BE R 1 9 0 9 — 1 9 9 7 A Biographical Memoir by ROBE R T P . Cr E A S E Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 2008 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON, D.C. AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives ROBERT SERBER March 14, 1909–June 1, 1997 BY ROBE RT P . CREASE OBERT SERBER (elected to the NAS in 1952) was one of Rthe leading theorists during the golden age of U.S. physics. He entered graduate school in 190 before such key discoveries as the neutron, positron, and deuteron and prior to the development of the principal tool of nuclear and high-energy physics, the particle accelerator. He retired from the Columbia University Physics Department (as its chairman) in 1978 after completion of the standard model of elementary particle physics, which comprises almost all known particles and forces in a single package, and which has proven hard to surpass. Shy and unostentatious, Serber did not mind being the detached spectator, and did not care when he was occasionally out of step with the mainstream, whether in politics or phys- ics. Nevertheless, others regularly counted on him for advice: he was an insider among insiders. He seemed to carry the entire field of physics in his head, and his particular strength was a synthetic ability. He could integrate all that was known of an area of physics and articulate it back to others clearly and consistently, explaining the connection of each part to the rest. -
A Contribuição De Chien Shiung Wu Para a Teoria Quântica
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS ANGEVALDO MENEZES MAIA FILHO PARA UMA HISTÓRIA DAS MULHERES NA CIÊNCIA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE CHIEN SHIUNG WU PARA A TEORIA QUÂNTICA Salvador 2018 ANGEVALDO MENEZES MAIA FILHO PARA UMA HISTÓRIA DAS MULHERES NA CIÊNCIA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE CHIEN SHIUNG WU PARA A TEORIA QUÂNTICA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, da Universidade Federal da Bahia e da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Indianara Lima Silva Salvador 2018 ANGEVALDO MENEZES MAIA FILHO PARA UMA HISTÓRIA DAS MULHERES NA CIÊNCIA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE CHIEN SHIUNG WU PARA A TEORIA QUÂNTICA Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de mestre em 19 de abril de 2018, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, da Universidade Federal da Bahia e da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. 19 de abril de 2018 Banca Examinadora _______________________________________________ Professora Doutora Indianara Lima Silva _______________________________________________ Professora Doutora Maria Margaret Lopes _______________________________________________ Professor Doutor Olival Freire Júnior AGRADECIMENTOS Como não poderia deixar de ser, os agradecimentos revelam o quão importante são as pessoas que nos cercam e o quanto pode ser difícil, no meu caso, absolutamente impossível, realizar um trabalho individualmente. Agradeço a Josenice Assunção Maia e Angevaldo Maia, pessoas que tive a sorte de ter enquanto genitores me apoiando incondicionalmente desde sempre, confiando e acreditando nas minhas escolhas, a maior e inesgotável fonte de amor que pude encontrar na vida. -
Teller's Technical Nemeses: the American Hydrogen Bomb and Its Development Within a Technological Infrastructure
PHIL & TECH 3:3 Spring 1998 Fitzpatrick, Teller's Technical Nemeses/10 TELLER'S TECHNICAL NEMESES: THE AMERICAN HYDROGEN BOMB AND ITS DEVELOPMENT WITHIN A TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Anne Fitzpatrick, George Washington University In World War II the U.S. Army contracted the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Engineering to develop a new, large electronic computer—among the first of its kind—in hopes that the machine would be able to perform ballistics calculations for the war effort. The machine was not completed before the end of the war, however, and the Army was not even the first group to utilize the machine. The first calculation ever run on the Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator (or ENIAC, as it was known), was for the Los Alamos nuclear weapons laboratory. The "Super problem" was the first attempt to calculate the feasibility of a thermonuclear bomb. The problem, however, was too complicated for the ENIAC with its 1000 bits of memory and 18,000 vacuum tubes, and only a very simplified version of the calculation was run, revealing very little about how such a weapon might work. Although Los Alamos was exploring hydrogen weapons during and right after the Second World War, why did the U.S. not successfully test a thermonuclear bomb until 1952? I will argue that the American thermonuclear weapons program was, early on, entrenched in a technological infrastructure which affected the pace and initial results of the project, demonstrating how one particular aspect of this infrastructure—computing—influenced the practice of nuclear weapons research, design, and development. -
Oppenheimer: a Life April 22, 1904-February 18, 1967
Oppenheimer: A Life April 22, 1904-February 18, 1967 an online centennial exhibit of J. Robert Oppenheimer http://ohst.berkeley.edu/oppenheimer/exhibit/ This print edition of the online exhibit is free for use, reproduction, and distribution for educational purposes as long as this cover page and the acknowlegments page are included. It may not be altered or sold. For other usage questions, please contact the Office for History of Science and Technology, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, at http://ohst.berkeley.edu. All image copyrights are retained by their hold- ers. © 2004 by The Regents of the University of California. 1 Oppenheimer: A Life April 22, 1904-February 18, 1967 Introduction As Alice Kimball Smith and Charles Weiner have noted, “Part of Oppenheimer’s attraction, at first for his friends and later for the public, was that he did not project the popularly held image of the scientist as cold, objective, rational and therefore above human frailty, an image that scientists themselves fostered by underplaying their per- sonal histories and the disorder that precedes the neat scientific conclusion.” There is a cacophony of conflicting descriptions of Oppenheimer – as friends have remembered him, as historians have analyzed him. He has been labeled both warm and cold, friendly and condescending, affable as well as hurtful. Learning Sanskrit and cultivating the air of an aesthete, as a young professor he stretched the bounds of the scientist’s persona. Yet in the space of a decade, the otherworldly theorist was transformed into a political insider par excellence. His fellow scientists remembered him as a visionary and capable leader at Los Alamos, while his security hearing brought to light foolish mistakes in judgment and human relationships. -
A Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Edward Teller
A Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Edward Teller Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 17 March 2021 Version 1.177 Title word cross-reference + [KT48, TT35a]. $100 [Smi85b]. $12.95 [Edg91]. $19.50 [Oli69]. $24.95 [Car91]. $3.50 [Dys58]. $30.00 [Kev03]. $32.50 [Edg91]. $35 [Cas01b, Cas01a]. $35.00 [Dys02a, Wat03]. $39.50 [Edg91]. $50 [Ano62]. − 7 $8.95 [Edg91]. = [TT35a]. [BJT69]. [CT41]. 2 [SST71, ST39b, TT35a]. 3 [HT39a]. 4 [TT35a]. 6 [TT35a]. β [GT36, GT37, HS19]. λ2000 [MT42]. SU(3) [GT85]. -Disintegration [GT36]. -Mesons [BJT69]. -Transformation [GT37]. 0 [Cas01b, Cas01a, Dys02a]. 0-7382-0532-X [Cas01b, Cas01a, Dys02a]. 0-8047-1713-3 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1714-1 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1721-4 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1722-2 [Edg91]. 1 [Har05]. 1-86094-419-1 [Har05]. 1-903985-12-9 [Tho03]. 100th 1 2 [KRW05, Tel93d]. 17.25 [Pei87]. 1930 [BW05]. 1930/41 [Fer68]. 1939 [Sei90]. 1939-1945 [Sei90]. 1940 [TT40]. 1941 [TGF41]. 1942 [KW93]. 1945 [Sei90]. 1947 [Sei90]. 1947-1977 [Sei90]. 1948 [Tel49a]. 1950s [Sei90]. 1957 [Tel57b]. 1960s [Mla98]. 1963 [Szi87]. 1973 [Kur73]. 1977 [Sei90]. 1979 [WT79]. 1990s [AB88, CT90a, Tel96b]. 1991 [MB92]. 1992 [GER+92]. 1995 [Tel95a]. 20 [Goe88]. 2003 [Dys09, LBB+03]. 2008 [LV10]. 20th [Mar10, New03d]. 28 [Tel57b]. 3 [Dic79]. 40th [MKR87]. 411-415 [Ber03b]. -
Nuclear War As a Global Catastrophic Risk2
Working Paper1 February 2019 Nuclear War as a Global Catastrophic Risk2 James Scouras, Fellow at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory3 The George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center It might be thought that we know enough about the risk of nuclear war to appropriately manage that risk. The consequences of unconstrained nuclear attacks, and the counterattacks that would occur until the major nuclear powers exhaust their arsenals, would far exceed any cataclysm humanity has suffered in all of recorded history. The likelihood of such a war must, therefore, be reduced to the point that it becomes as low as we can feasibly achieve. But this rather simplistic logic raises many questions and does not withstand close scrutiny. Regarding consequences, does unconstrained nuclear war pose an existential risk to humanity? The consequences of existential risks are truly incalculable, including the lives not only of all human beings currently living but also of all those yet to come; involving not only our Homo 1 This working paper reflects the views of the author, and does not represent an official position of the GW Regulatory Studies Center or the George Washington University. The Center’s policy on research integrity is available at http://regulatorystudies.columbian.gwu.edu/policy-research-integrity. 2 This paper draws from the following prior and unpublished writings of the author: Michael Frankel, James Scouras, and George Ullrich, The Uncertain Consequences of Nuclear Weapons Use (Laurel, MD: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 2015); James Scouras, “The Potential Contribution of Analysis,” in On Assessing the Risk of Nuclear War, ed. -
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica
The New encyclopaedia Britannica Volume 29 MACROPEDIA Knowledge in Depth FOUNDED 1768 15 TH EDITION Encyclopaedia Britannica. Inc. Robert P. Gwinn, Chairman, Board of Directors Peter B. Norton, President Philip W.Goetz, Editor in Chief Chicago Auckland/Geneva/London1 Madrid/ Manila/ Paris Rome/Seoul/Sydne y /Tokyo/Toronto 'Let knowledge grow from more to more and thus be human life cnnched.* The Encyclopedia Brirannica is published with the editorial advice of the faculties of the University of Chicago. Additional advice is given by committees of members drawn from the faculties of the Australian National University. the universities of British Columbia (Can.). Cambridge (Eng.), Copenhagen (Den. 1. Edinburgh (Scot. ). Florence (Italy). London ( Eng.). Marburg (W.Ger.). Oxford (Eng.), the Ruhr ( W.Ger.), Sussex ( Eng. ), Toronto (Can. 1, Victoria (Can.), and Waterloo (Can.): the Cornplutensian University of Madrid (Spain): the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (W.Ger. ); the New University of Lisbon (Port.): the School of Higher Studies in Social Sciences (Fr.1: Simon Fraser University (Can.): and the State University of Leiden (Neth.). First Edition Second Edition Third Edition Supplement Fourth Edition Fifth Edition Sixth Edition Supplement Seventh Edition Eighth Edition Ninth Edition Tenth Edition Eleventh Edition C 1911 B) Encyclopadia Bntannica. inc. Twelfth Edition C- 1922 By Encvclopzdia Bntannica. Inc. Thirteenth Edition S 1926 By Enc>clopiedia Bntannica. tnc. Fourteenth Edition c 1929, 1930. 1932. 1933. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1939. 1940, 1941. 1942, 1943. 1944, 1945. 1946, 1947. 1948. 1949. 1950. 1951. 1952. 1953, 1954, 1955. 1956. 195'. 1958. 1959. 1960. 1961. 1962. 1963. 1964, 1965. 1966. 1%'. 1968. -
People of the Hill—The Early Days
Inspiration from the Past 2 Los Alamos Science Number 28 2003 Number 28 2003 Los Alamos Science 3 People of the Hill Preface In the first decade of its existence, 1943 to 1953, the Los Alamos Laboratory developed the fission weapon and the thermonuclear fusion weapon, popularly known as the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb. This memoir of that early period is one person’s viewpoint, the view of a man now over 80 years old, looking back on a golden time when he first arrived in Los Alamos with his new bride in March 1947. It is my recall, seasoned with the knowledge of a lifetime, of a new town and a new laboratory. Most of the scientists in this story were known to me personally. Others, I knew through the eyes of my young close friends. But my knowledge is only that of a student, blooming into scholarship in the presence of some of the master scientists of the era. That there is wonder and worship is no accident; these are my personal impres- sions, not the complete view of a skilled biographer. Of course, these people are far more complex than revealed to me by the professor-student relation. Also, I have stayed entirely within the period of that first decade, before the Oppenheimer security investigation, which polarized the scientific community and profoundly altered its rela- tionships. I have not permitted that tragic affair to rewrite the sentiments of the earlier time. So this account is not meant to be history’s dispassionate catalog of events. -
Thirty Minutes Before the Dawn—Trinity Alan B
Submitted to ANS/NT (2021), LA-UR-21-21007 Thirty Minutes Before the Dawn—Trinity Alan B. Carr* Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545 The Trinity test of July 16, 1945, marked the scientific apex of the Manhattan Project. Often recognized as the symbolic birth of the nuclear age, Trinity’s multifaceted legacy remains just as captivating and complex today as it did 75 years ago. This paper examines why the test was necessary from a technical standpoint, shows how Los Alamos scientists planned the event, and explores the physical and emotional aftermaths of Trinity. The author also uses rarely accessed original records to reconstruct the story of Trinity’s health hazards, as seen through the eyes of radiation technicians and medical doctors as events unfolded. Trinity was conducted as the Potsdam Conference began, weeks after the collapse of Nazi Germany. It was considered necessary to let President Harry S. Truman know whether the United States possessed a nuclear capability ahead of his negotiations with Joseph Stalin, the Soviet premier. The author examines the competing priorities that drove the timetable for the test: international politics, security, and safety. Three weeks after Trinity, a gun-assembled enriched-uranium bomb called Little Boy was used against the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, Fat Man, a weaponized version of the imploding Trinity device, was dropped on Nagasaki. The author briefly examines these strikes and what impact they may have had on the Japanese surrender. The paper concludes by examining the legacy of the Trinity test 75 years into the age it helped usher in. -
Enrico Fermi and Extraterrestrial Intelligence 8 April 2015, by Paul Patton
Enrico Fermi and extraterrestrial intelligence 8 April 2015, by Paul Patton the so-called "Fermi paradox". But like many legends, it's only partly true. Robert Gray explained the real history in a recent paper in the journal Astrobiology. Enrico Fermi was the winner of the 1938 Nobel Prize for physics, led the team that developed the world's first nuclear reactor at the University of Chicago, and was a key contributor to the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II. The Los Alamos Lab where he worked was founded as the headquarters of that project. The line of reasoning often attributed to Fermi, in his lunchtime conversation, runs like this: There may be many habitable Earth-like planets in our Milky Way galaxy. If intelligent life and technological civilization arise on any one of them, that civilization will eventually invent a means of interstellar travel. It will colonize nearby stellar systems. These colonies will send out their own colonizing expeditions, and the process will continue inevitably until every habitable planet in the galaxy has been reached. Nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi won the 1938 Nobel The fact that there aren't already aliens here on Prize for a technique he developed to probe the atomic Earth was therefore supposed to be strong nucleus. He led the team that developed the world’s first evidence that they don't exist anywhere in the nuclear reactor, and played a central role in the galaxy. This argument actually isn't Fermi's and Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb was published more than 25 years later by during World War II. -
The H-Bomb Dilemma Video Tape
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt3489r7dw No online items Inventory of the Ultimate weapon: the H-bomb dilemma video tape Processed by Hoover Institution Archives Staff, revised by Sam Mercer. Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] © 2009 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Inventory of the Ultimate 2003C42 1 weapon: the H-bomb dilemma video tape Inventory of the Ultimate weapon: the H-bomb dilemma video tape Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California Processed by: Hoover Institution Archives Staff, revised by Sam Mercer, 2012 Date Completed: 2009 Encoded by: Machine-readable finding aid derived from MARC record by David Sun and from Microsoft Excel file by Elizabeth Phillips. © 2009 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Collection Summary Title: Ultimate weapon: the H-bomb dilemma video tape Dates: 1987-2000 Collection Number: 2003C42 Collection Size: 1 item (18 tape boxes and 14 oversize boxes containing 172 U-Matic tapes and 208 Betacam tapes) (15 linear feet) Repository: Hoover Institution Archives Stanford, California 94305-6010 Abstract: Videotape raw footage, relating to the American decision to develop the hydrogen bomb. Used in preparation of the television program produced by the History Channel. Includes interviews with scientists and government officials involved in the decision. Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives Languages: English Access Collection is open for research. The Hoover Institution Archives only allows access to copies of audiovisual items. To listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. -
Chapter 10: the Trinity Test
Chapter 10: The Trinity Test During the first six months of development work at the Laboratory, the gun method of assembly was the focus of the ordnance program. Up to August 1944, the main focus of activity was the plutonium gun. By August 1944, the high velocity uranium gun had been thoroughly proved in principle but the plutonium gun assembly program was abandoned. The main effort of the Laboratory was now directed to the mounting difficulties of the implosion program. The proposal for implosion assembly was to use a plastic flow tamper and active material under high-explosive impact. The first advantage of the implosion weapon over the gun weapon was its much shorter time of assembly. This was of special importance for the assembly of plutonium due to its expected high neutron background, which would make predetonation a serious danger (Hawkins 1961). The implosion-assembled, plutonium-based designi was by far the more complicated than the gun-assembled design. A test of that device was considered necessary because of the “enormous step” from theory and experiments to production of a combat weapon and the realization that, if the device failed over enemy territory, “the surprise factor would be lost and the enemy would be presented with a large amount of active material in recoverable form.”ii Document Review Internal Los Alamos technical reports (many with LA- and LAMS- prefixes) in the LANL Reports Collection and the document holdings of the LANL Records Center and Archives were the primary sources of information about the development of the implosion weapon and the Trinity test program.