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New and Emerging Issues Affecting Climate Change Adaptation on the Environment, Economic Development and Settlement Patterns of the Mitchell River Catchment

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New and Emerging Issues Affecting Climate Change Adaptation on the Environment, Economic Development and Settlement Patterns of the Mitchell River Catchment ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following work: Beasley, Robert Gregory (2015) New and emerging issues affecting climate change adaptation on the environment, economic development and settlement patterns of the Mitchell River catchment. Masters (Research) Thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: https://doi.org/10.25903/5bda38604eaeb Copyright © 2015 Robert Gregory Beasley The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please email [email protected] New and Emerging Issues Affecting Climate Change Adaptation on the Environment, Economic Development and Settlement Patterns of the Mitchell River Catchment. Thesis submitted by Robert Gregory BEASLEY B.A., B.Ed., M.Ed. in March 2015 for the Degree of Master of Philosophy In the College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University ii Acknowledgements I wish to thank all those who enabled this project to meet and exceed its goals and objectives: Supervisor A/Prof David King, SEES, James Cook University (JCU), Townsville for his enduring patience and support. Ms Adella Edwards, Cartography Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, JCU. Her skill in developing the map set is greatly appreciated. Mrs Samantha Talbot of Tropical North Editing, for her great work editing this thesis. Adjunct Professor Rhondda Jones, School of Marine & Tropical Biology, JCU, for developing the statistical services necessary to analyse the data set. David Coates (Ret.), CSIRO, pioneer in the development of FNIRS for tropical pastures who was responsible for creating the interest into the amazing technology of spectral imaging. Dr Cherie Motti, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Cape Ferguson Laboratories, Cape Cleveland, whose patience and encouragement allowed the FNIRS Analysis to be completed. Joe Rolfe, Principal Extension Officer (Beef), DAFF, Mareeba, who provided insight and advice of the critical resources to enable the processing of the FNIRS and phosphorus testing. Beef producers who over four years reliably provided, prepared and posted the samples critical for FNIRS completion of the study: Bill, Marie and Robyn Raymond, Pinnacle Station, Far North Queensland (FNQ). iii Rodney and Anne Raymond, Kimba Station, FNQ. Michelle Innes, Kimba Station, FNQ. John and Tanya Ahlers, Maitland Downs, FNQ. Alan and Karen Pedersen, Karma Waters, FNQ. Colin and Beth Hughes Highbury, Drumduff Stations, FNQ. Viv Sinnamon, manager, Kowanyama community, FNQ, who provided information and advice. Family and friends who displayed interest and encouraged the completion of this work. iv Statement on Ethics The research received ethical clearance from the James Cook University’s Ethics Review Committee (Approval Number H4033). A copy of this approval is included as Appendix A. The research presented and reported in this thesis was conducted within the guidelines for research ethics outlined in the National Statement on Ethics Conduct in Research Involving Humans, the Joint NHMRC/AVCC Statement and Guidelines on Research Practice, the James Cook University Policy on Experimentation Ethics. Standard Practices and Guide Lines and the James Cook University Statement and Guidelines on Research Practice. v Abstract Climate change is predicted to directly affect the physical environment of Tropical northern Australia. Physical impacts across the tropical region are modelled to present as more severe weather and physical events, with increasing variability within the cycle. Ecosystems are expected to adapt to events with variability in plant and animal introduction, distribution and fecundity. Soil characteristics will need to adapt to changes such as in salinity, structure, transpiration and fertility. The flora and fauna of the region will be threatened by climate change effects, while pest weeds and feral animals may exploit favourable niches in the affected environment. Impacts on the human population and economy will require sustainable adaptation, planning and implementation strategies. To understand the integrated nature of climate change impacts within the context of a whole community, a tropical remote river basin was selected as the focus of study. The aims of this study were to: 1. Investigate actual and predicted effects on the environment, human population and economy of the Mitchell River catchment and determine whether they will sustainably adopt community-based climate change adaptation strategies or rely on externally imposed regulations. 2. Develop sustainable mitigation plans and strategies for the community, which are directed toward managing the existing and projected planning for climate change adaptation within the catchment. The methodology employed the adoption of both physical (quantitative) and social scientific (qualitative) concepts to collect, analyse and synthesise results that indicate vi this environment and its marginal economy is vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The population is at risk from the effects on physical and psychological health and safety issues. The economy of the catchment will be impacted through a predicted decline of productivity in the pastoral and agricultural industry, with an increase in input costs. However, the existing and proposed mitigation and adaptation strategies should assist the environment, community and economy to reduce its vulnerability to the effects of the emerging disaster and enable growth of resilience. The key to implementing these climate disasters mitigating strategies is centred on community development and preparedness, which is formed by the recognition and development of the existing human skill set. Education and training will develop the potential of community members to respond to disaster. These findings and recommendations are submitted as one strategy in a whole-of-nation resilience-based approach to climate disaster management. This recognises that a national, coordinated and cooperative effort is needed to enhance the community’s capacity to withstand and recover from climate-induced disasters. Connected, organised, and resilient communities are proven to be better able to adapt to a disaster and sustainable resilience is formed with those events that transpire during initial planning and operation stages of a disaster response. A potential outcome from this study is that this Community Preparedness Model may inspire other communities to modify, adapt and adopt relevant concepts and/or strategies to improve their adaptive capacity, thereby raising their community and environmental prospects for survival and recovery in the event of enhanced disasters that may accompany climate change. vii Table of Contents Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... ii Statement on Ethics ......................................................................................................... iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................. v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xi List of Tables ................................................................................................................ xiii List of Plates .................................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Context or Statement of the Research Problem .......................................................... 5 1.3 Research Question ...................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research Rationale ..................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Outline of Content ...................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 12 Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 12 2.3 Remote Sensing and Climate Change ...................................................................... 17 2.4 Disaster Management .............................................................................................. 20 2.4.1 Community ..........................................................................................................
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