Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017 19

COMPETITIVENESS RICE FARMING IN SRAGEN

Daya Saing Usahatani Padi Di Kabupaten Sragen

1Cecep Suhardedi, 2Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto, 2Irham 1Universitas Sarjana Wiyata Tamansiswa 2Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur,Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281 [email protected]

Diterima tanggal 28 April 2017 ; Disetujui tanggal 29 Mei 2017

ABSTRACT Rice is indonesian agriculture major crop. Indonesian rice historically has been the primary staple food and is an important economic driver and cultural symbol. On the basis of is one of the major rice producer in Central . This research aims to determine the level of private and social profitability and competitiveness of rice farming in Sragen regency. Policy analysis matrix (PAM) is the approach used to determine the level of profitability and competitiveness of rice farming in Sragen Regency. Sampling conducted by Simple Random Sampling of the 20 districts in Sragen which are rice production area. The results show that the value of profit for private and social is IDR 9.989.911,16 and IDR 4.273.004,18 respectively. Rice farming in Sragen Regency is profitable and feasible to cultivate. Two indicators to measure the competitiveness were Private Cost Ratio (PCR) which later shows that rice farming in Sragen Regency is more competitive as the PCR < 1, and Domestic Resources Cost Ratio (DRCR) shows that the rice farming has a comparative advantage as the DRCR < 1.

Keywords: Competitiveness, PAM, Private and Social, Rice farming

INTISARI Tanaman padi adalah tanaman pokok yang diusahakan di . Menurut Sejarah indonesia padi menrupakan makanan pokok dan penggerak ekonomi yang penting dan juga sebagai simbol sosial mayarakat. Pada dasarnya Kabupaten Sragen adalah salah satu sentra produksi di Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan besarnya tingkat keuntungan privat dan sosial serta daya saing usahatani padi di Kabupaten Sragen. Policy analysis matrix (PAM) adalah pendekatan yang digunakan untuk besarnya tingkat keuntungan dan daya saing usahatani padi di Kabupaten Sragen. Pengambilan sampel dengan simple random sampling di 20 Kecamatan di Kabupaten Sragen yang mempunyai areal produksi padi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa nilai keuntungan privat dan sosial adalah Rp 9.989.911,16 and Rp 4.273.004,18, hal ini berarti usahatani padi di Kabupaten Sragen menguntungkan dan layak untuk diusahakan. Dua indikator untuk mengukur daya saing adalah Private Cost Ratio (PCR) menunjukan bahwa usahatani padi di Kabupaten Sragen memiliki keunggulan kompetitif karena nilai PCR < 1, dan Domestic Resources Cost Ratio (DRCR) menunjukan bahwa usahatani padi di Kabupaten Sragen memiliki keunggulan koparatif karena nilai DRCR < 1.

Kata kunci: Daya saing, PAM, Private and Sosial, Usahatani 20 Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017

INTRODUCTION and Rullan, 2015). These factors threaten

Rice is indonesian agriculture major the ability of the Indonesian rice farming crop. Indonesian rice historically has to grow enough to meet the goal of self- been the primary staple food and is an sufficiency in the future as population important economic driver and cultural continues to expand (Suryana, 2014) . symbol (Rahmasuciana et al., 2015). The Indonesia is the third largest government policies to control stocks and producer of rice in the world. The rice imports have kept prices above world price production in Indonesia is 44,6 million levels and enhanced the ability of farmers metric tons or about 9 percent of global (Giamalva, 2015). production in 2014 (FAO, 2015). The priority agenda of the government In other side Indonesia is also is directing the agricultural development a rice deficit country, and thus must forward to attain food sovereignty, and as a import rice regulary to meet their needs. nation the government of Indonesia should Indonesia’s rice imports during 2000–2014 be able to arrange and meet their food needs were erratic with average 1,26 million of the people. Sovereignty food translated in matric tons. This inconsistency reflects the form of the ability nation to things: satisfy the Indonesian government’s efforts to the needs of food of domestic production, set maintain self-sufficiency in rice and to food policy independently, and protecting strictly control imports to fill domestic and welfare farmers as leading perpetrator of shortfalls. Import volumes thus depend agricultural food businesses. In other words, both on domestic production levels and food sovereignty can be initialized by self- government procurement targets, which sufficient food that gradually followed by fluctuate annually. the enhancement of value added agricultural As a platform for the national food businesses widely for enhancing the welfare system, almost all districts/cities in central of farmers (Hanani, 2012; Permatasari & java have large rice field area. Kinds of Vita, 2016). rice grown in consisting of The rice farming faces challenges rice planted in wet land and dry land rice from rising production costs, the migration area, but actually the harvesting area and of farm labor to other sectors of the rice production in central java potentially economy, a decline in the average farm could be developed so that is expected to size, the conversion of agricultural land to have high competitiveness. Sragen is one other uses, deteriorating and inadequate regency in Central Java to the production irrigation infrastructure, and stagnant of large enough besides Cilacap, Grobogan, yield growth (Mulyana, 2012; Lukmanto Brebes, and . Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017 21

Figure 1. Map of Sragen Regency Source: Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) (2015)

Sragen Regency is one of 35 districts them is the Bengawan as a source located in the province of Central Java. of irrigation water, so Sragen is suitable for Astronomically, Sragen Regency is located agriculture, especially rice farming. between 110°45’ to 111°10’ east longitude This research aims to determine the and 7°15’ to 7°30’ south latitude. In terms level of private and social profitability and of geographic position, Sragen regency has to know the competitiveness of rice farming boundaries as follows: through the competitive and comparative in north, in south, advantage of rice farming in Sragen. in west, and Ngawi Based on the research Mantau et al Regency, the Province of in east (2014), Analysis of competitiveness of of (Figure 1). low land rice farming in Indonesia, case Sragen Regency has territory area study of Bolaang Mongondow District of 941,55 Km2. It is divided into 20 Sub- North Sulawesi Province. The research districts and 208 villages. From the territory using primary data were collected from area, Sragen consists of 68,753 Hectare 100 rice farmers. data obtained was (73,02 %) agricultural land and 25.402 analyzed using policy analysis matrix Hectare (26,98%) non-agricultural land. (PAM). The results revealed that private Sragen Regency having tropical climates and social profitability of rice farming and medium temperature. The average were Rp 3.870.106 and Rp 3.493.646 rainfall in Sragen is 3.287 mm per year respectively. Rice farming in Bolaang and the sum of rainfall in Sragen is 173 Mongondow is profitable and feasible days per year. A large number of areas in to cultivated. Private cost ratio (PCR) Sragen is lowland with an average height is of rice farming was 0,69 and domestic 109 m above sea level. In addition, Sragen resources cost ratio (DRCR) of rice regency is irrigated by several rivers, one of farming was 0,68. Rice farming in 22 Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017

Bolaang Mongondow have comparative some market prices may be changed so and competitive advantages. that they more accurately reflect social or The principles of cost analysis is that economic values. These adjusted prices each farmer does have some control over are called shadow prices (Dreze and Stren, the costs of production on his farm, but he 1990). has little or no control over the prices that The competitiveness is a concept he receives for his products or the value that states the ability of a producers to that he should place on them because these produce a commodity or product with the are determined by country and worldwide quality is quite good and costs is quite factors. The most important classification low so the prices that occurred in markets of farm costs is their division into fixed commodity or the product can be produced and variable. Fixed costs remain the same and marketed by the producers to earn the regardless of volume of output. The farmer sufficient profits so it can sustain the cost would have to pay them regardless of how of production. (Aprilia et al., 2015). much his farm produces. Variable costs are Measurement of the competitiveness those which change as the size of operation of a commodity or product can be changes. They occur only if something is measured by two approaches. Both of those produced and they do not occur if nothing is approaches is the level of profits generated produced (Soekartawi et al., 2011). and the efficient operation of commodity Study of farming management is or product. Through The first approach is defined as a study that learning about how the level of profits generated can be viewed someone allocated the available resources from two sides those are private profits effectively and efficiently to earn high and social profitability. Whereas, through profits. Effective means the farmer can approach to the efficient operation of allocate their resources as well as possible commodity or product, can be viewed from and efficient means the utilization of two indicators of comparative advantage resources generate the output that exceed and competitive advantage. (Zhong et al., the input (McBride and James, 2006). 2010).

The financial and economic analyses The Domestic resources cost (DRC) are thus complementary, the financial concept compares the opportunity costs analysis takes the viewpoint of individual of domestic resources (primary factors and the economic analysis that of the such as labor, capital, land) committed society. In financial analysis market prices to the production of final goods with are normally used. These take into account prices at which these goods can be taxes and subsidies. In economic analysis exported or imported, the latter prices (the Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017 23 foreign exchange gained or saved) being to the issue of the competitiveness of considered as the ensuring benefits from farming, the impact of public investment production. The rationale for using the in the construction of new infrastructure foreign exchange gained (through exports) on the efficiency of farming systems, and or saved (through imports) as a standard last issue is the impact of new investments of reference is that foreign exchange is in the form of research and technology, (2) relatively, and often critically, scarce in to calculate the level of social profits of a many developing countries (Banerji & farming, produced by assessing output and Donges, 1974). cost of efficiency prices (social opportunity The reason that international trade costs), 3) to calculate the transfer effects, causes this increase in world output is as the impact of a policy. PAM method that it allows each country to specialize calculates the impact of policies affecting in producing the good in which it has a output and factors of production (land, comparative advantage. A country has a labor and capital). comparative advantage in producing a According to Pearson et al., (2005), good if the opportunity cost of producing the policy analysis matrix (PAM) approach that good in terms of other goods is lower is a system of double-entry bookkeeping. in that country than it is in other countries Analysts using PAM have to provide (Handoyo et al., 2012; Andini et al., 2016). complete and consistent coverage to all In the analysis of farming is often policy influences on returns and costs of conducted through by financial analysis agricultural production. The main empirical (private) and economic analysis (social). task is to construct accounting matrices Financial analysis of cost data used is of revenues, costs, and profits. Three real data that is actually issued, while principal issues can be investigated with the economic analysis of the data used is the PAM approach: (1) the impact of policy according to the size of the shadow price on competitiveness and farm level profit, (Soekarwati, 2006). (2) the influence of investment policy Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) is a on economic efficiency and comparative tool or approach that examines the impact advantage, and (3) the effects of agricultural of government policy on agriculture both research policy on changing technologies. pricing policy and investment policy.

According to Pearson et al.(2005), the three METHODS main objectives from the PAM method are Research of competitiveness of (1) to provide information and analysis rice farming was conducted in Sragen, to help decide agricultural policy related and selected by purposive sampling. The 24 Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017

Table 1. The Total Sample Per district Based On The Number Of Farmers In Sragen Regency 2013 where is the sample size, is the Total Total Sub-district Famers Sample populatio n size, and is the margin of

(Person) (Person) Kalijambe 7.841 6 error. The size of the farmer population is Plupuh 9.168 6 around 141.961 with the level margin of Masaran 8.532 6 error is 10%, so that the number of samples Kedawung 9.156 6 Sambirejo 6.623 5 taken consisted of 100 respondents rice Gondang 5.552 4 farmers in Sragen spread in the 20 districts Sambung Macan 6.198 4 Ngrampal 5.340 4 (Table 1). The instrument used in this study Karang Malang 7.140 5 is a questionnaire. Sragen 3.384 2 Sidoharjo 7.027 5 The method of analysis utilized to Tanon 10.802 8 measure profitability (social and private) and Gemolong 7.013 5 competitiveness of rice farming in Sragen Miri 7.048 5 Sumberlawang 10.385 7 Regency was the Policy Matrix Analysis Mondokan 7.871 6 (PAM) (Table 2). The policy analysis Sukodono 7.246 5 Gesi 4.134 3 matrix is a product of two accounting Tangen 5.581 4 identities, one defining profitability as the Jenar 5.920 4 Total 141.961 100 difference between revenues and costs Source: Primary Data Analysis (2017) and the other measuring the effects of

divergences (distorting police and market selection of a subject group was based on failures) (Kanaka & Chinnadurai, 2015). the characteristics or specific traits which To apply the PAM method, the deemed to have a close relationship with first step is to construct a table of private the population (Ningtyas et al., 2016), budgets, using quantities and prices of and based on consideration of Sragen is inputs and outputs in actual market prices. one of the area of rice production centers The next step is to construct a table of in Central Java province. The Collecting social budgets, using social prices for data was conducted in November 2016 to both inputs and outputs. The social prices December 2016. The data were divided of tradable commodities are given by into primary and secondary data. Samples comparable world prices. These prices of farmers were taken by simple random are compared with domestic prices at the sampling. identical location, over the same period, To determine the number of samples, and with comparable quality. Social prices Slovin’s formula was used (Sugandi, 2014). for tradable are found by calculating import Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017 25 parity for goods that substitute for imports and cost terms in the third row indicate and export parity prices for goods that enter whether the net effects of policy and market export markets (Pearson et al., 2005). imperfections for these categories amount The PAM is comprised of revenues, to an implicit subsidy or tax. costs and profits, at private and social. The top The data entered in the first row row of the matrix is a budget showing costs of Table 2 provides a measure of private of production and marketing at market prices, profitability. The term private refers to the only unusual aspect being the division of observed revenues and costs reflecting cost elements into two categories: tradable actual market prices received or paid by and domestic factor (non-tradable inputs) farmers. (Khai & Mitsuyasu, 2013). Private profits (D) are the difference The second row in the matrix shows between private revenues (A) and cost the same cost elements expressed at social tradable inputs private added with cost prices. For tradable inputs, adjusted world domestic factors private (B+C). Using the prices are normally taken as social prices. PAM framework the private profitability The social price of domestic factors is taken (D) can be expressed as: as their opportunity cost, in other words the

Return at the margin in the best available The second row of Table 5 provides alternative. a measure of social profitability utilizes The third row of the PAM is simply social prices. These valuations measure the first row minus the second. It shows comparative advantage or efficiency in the the net impact of distorting policies and agricultural commodity system (Pearson et market failure. The signs of the revenues al., 2005).

Table 2. Policy Analysis Matrix

Costs Revenues Domestic Profit Tradable Inputs Factors Private Prices A B C D Social Prices E F G H Divergences I J K L Table Notes: A : Private Revenues G : Cost Domestic Factors Social B : Cost Tradable Inputs Private H : Social Profits C : Cost Domestic Factors Private I : Output Transfers D : Private Profits J : Input Transfers E : Social Revenues K : Factor Transfers F : Cost Tradable Inputs Social L : Net Transfers Source : Monke and Pearson (1989) in Akhtar et al.(2007) 26 Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017

Social profits (H) are the difference between social revenues (E) and cost Notes : tradable inputs social added with cost DRCR : Domestic Resource Cost Ratio domestic factors social (F+G). Using the G : Cost Domestic Factors Social PAM framework the Social profitability E : Social Revenues (H) can be expressed as: F : Cost Tradable Inputs Social

The Competitive advantage with an RESULTS AND DISCUSSION indicator Private Cost Ratio (PCR). PCR is The average age of respondents is the ratio of factor costs (C) to value added 48.61 Years farmers, the average education in private prices (A-B). This ratio measures level of farmer respondents is high school, the competitiveness of a commodity system with an average area of farm 0.27 hectares. at the farm level. The commodity system The average production per hectare is 5.6 was competitive if the PCR is less than 1. tons. Using the PAM framework the PCR can The first step to apply the PAM be expressed as: method is to construct a table of private budgets, using quantities and prices of

inputs and outputs in actual market prices Notes : (Table 3). The next step is to construct a PCR : Private Cost Ratio table of social budgets, using social prices C : Cost Domestic Factors Private for both inputs and outputs (Table 4). The A : Private Revenues tradable input rice farming in Sragen is B : Cost Tradable Inputs Private fertilizer made by factory (inorganic and organic fertilizer). The comparative advantage with an Inorganic fertilizer use in rice farming indicator Domestic Resource Cost Ratio in this research location consists of a fertilizer (DRCR), if the DRCR is less than 1, the containing macro nutrients, which consists of system uses domestic resources efficiently a single fertilizer urea (nitrogen) and TSP/ and had a comparative advantage. If the SP 36 (phosphate) and compound fertilizers DRCR is greater than 1, then the system (NPK) ZA (nitrogen and sulfur) and NPK shows inefficiency in domestic resource (nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium). For use and had a comparative disadvantage organic fertilizer is Petroganik. (Setiawan et al., 2014). The method The domestic factors rice farming in of calculating the DRCR in the PAM Sragen is seed, manure, pesticide, labor and framework is expressed as: Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017 27

Tabel 3. Private Prices and Budgets of Rice Farming in Sragen Regency

Usage Input/Output Items Price (IDR) Amounts (IDR/Ha) (Kg/Ha)

Tradeble Fertilizer Inputs a.Urea 273,46 IDR 1.800,00 IDR 492.223,44 b.TSP (SP 36) 262,14 IDR 2.000,00 IDR 524.278,93 c. NPK (PHONSKA) 249,73 IDR 2.300,00 IDR 574.370,21 d. ZA 36,51 IDR 1.400,00 IDR 51.113,55 e. PETROGANIK 176,71 IDR 500,00 IDR 88.353,41 Domestic Seed 68,20 IDR 10.000,00 IDR 682.000,73 Factors Manure 7,30 IDR 2.500,00 IDR 18.254,84 Pesticide IDR 443.921,14 Labor 1. Seedbed Preparation (Hr/Ha) 12,83 IDR 60.000,00 IDR 769.989,05 2. Land Preparation a. Manual Cultivated (Hr/Ha) 13,47 IDR 60.000,00 IDR 808.141,66 b. Tractor (Rent) IDR 1.431.179,26 3. Planting (Hr/Ha) 22,33 IDR 60.000,00 IDR 1.339.905,07 4. Crop care (Hr/Ha) 15,67 IDR 60.000,00 IDR 940.124,13 5. Harvesting (Rent) IDR 2.683.461,12 6. Post Harvesting 5,22 IDR 60.000,00 IDR 313.253,01 Others 1. Depresiation IDR 46.367,29 2. Land (Rent) IDR 3.333.333,33 3. Tax (PBB) IDR 50.000,00 4. Irigation IDR 365.096,75 5. Transportation IDR 100.000,00 Total Costs IDR 15.055.366,92 Output Total Revenue 5566 IDR 4.500,00 IDR 25.045.278,08 Profit IDR 9.989.911,16 Source: Primary Data Analysis (2017) land. The output is dry paddy (unmilling rice farming in Sragen feasible to cultivated, rice) with 14% of humidity. because it has the profit above 0, while the The total costs for private prices is amount of social benefit is IDR 4,382,200.25 IDR 15.055.366,92, while the total costs showed that rice farming process is more for social prices is IDR 17.248.238,35. efficient and have a high comparative The total costs for social prices more than advantage. The difference in rates of private total costs for private prices, this indicate profits to the level of social profits allegedly the government apply input subsidies and because influenced by government policies. output prices protection. Government policies, especially in the form Based on Table 5. The analysis result of subsidies will inhibit the efficient allocation of PAM rice farming in Sragen regency, of resources and thus creates divergences. showed that rice farming in Sragen profitable The results of the analysis (Table both privately and social. The amount of 6) indicate that the PCR of rice farming private profit is IDR 9,989,911.16, means the in Sragen Regency was 0,57 (less than 28 Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017

Tabel 4. Social Prices and Budgets of Rice Farming in Sragen Regency

Usage Input/Output Items Price (IDR) Amounts (IDR/Ha) (Kg/Ha) Tradeble Fertilizer Inputs a.Urea 273,46 IDR 3.916,01 IDR 1.070.862,25 b.TSP (SP 36) 262,14 IDR 5.508,04 IDR 1.443.874,38 c. NPK (PHONSKA) 249,73 IDR 7.292,23 IDR 1.821.060,20 d. ZA 36,51 IDR 2.540,81 IDR 92.763,97 e. PETROGANIK 176,71 IDR 2.387,69 IDR 421.921,26 Domestic Seed 68,20 IDR 8.636,53 IDR 589.012,22 Factors Manure 7,30 IDR 2.500,00 IDR 18.254,84 Pesticide IDR 443.921,14 Labor 1. Seedbed Preparation (Hr/Ha) 12,83 IDR 48.000,00 IDR 615.991,24 2. Land Preparation a. Manual Cultivated (Hr/Ha) 13,47 IDR 48.000,00 IDR 646.513,33 b. Tractor (Rent) IDR 1.431.179,26 3. Planting (Hr/Ha) 22,33 IDR 48.000,00 IDR 1.071.924,06 4. Crop care (Hr/Ha) 15,67 IDR 48.000,00 IDR 752.099,31 5. Harvesting (Rent) IDR 2.683.461,12 6. Post Harvesting 5,22 IDR 48.000,00 IDR 250.602,41 Others 1. Depresiation IDR 46.367,29 2. Land (Rent) IDR 3.333.333,33 3. Tax (PBB) IDR 50.000,00 4. Irigation IDR 365.096,75 5. Transportation IDR 100.000,00 Total Costs IDR 17.248.238,35 Output Total Revenue 5566 IDR 3.886,44 IDR 21.630.438,60 Profit IDR 4.382.200,25 Source: Primary Data Analysis (2017)

Table 5.The Analysis Policy Analysis Matrix Rice Farming In Sragen Regency Costs

Revenues (IDR) Tradable Inputs Domestic Factors Profit (IDR) (IDR) (IDR) Private Price 25.045.278,08 1.730.339,54 13.325.027,38 9.989.911,16 Social Prices 21.630.438,60 4.850.482,06 12.397.756,29 4.382.200,25 Divergences 3.414.839,49 (3.120.142,52) 927.271,09 5.607.710,91 Source: Primary Data Analysis (2017)

1), implying that rice farming in Sragen (less than 1), implying that rice farming Regency has a competitive advantage. That in Sragen Regency has a comparative value means to improve value-added output advantage as the product can generate at a unit price of rice farming in the private foreign exchange at a lower resource Sragen district, only require an additional cost than the direct purchase of foreign cost factor of 0.57 or less than one unit. exchange. This also means that we earn/ Table 6. shows that the DRCR of save US $ 1,00 of foreign exchange by rice farming in Sragen Regency was 0,74 employing our domestic resources of US Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017 29

Table 6. The Results Privat Cost Ratio (PCR) and Domestic Resource Cost Ratio (DRCR) of Rice Farming In Sragen Regency Criteria The Value Privat Cost Ratio (PCR) 0,57 Domestic Resource Cost Ratio (DRCR) 0,74 Source: Primary data analysis (2017)

$ 0,74 to produce rice in Sragen Regency. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It suggests that paddy commodities (rice) I am using this opportunity to express is preferably to own production in Sragen my gratitude to everyone who supported Regency. me throughout the course of this research paper. I am thankful for their aspiring

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION guidance, invaluably constructive criticism

Based on research findings, it can and friendy advice during the project work. be concluded as follows: rice farming in I am sincerely grateful to them for sharing Sragen Regency is profitable as privately their truthful and illuminating views on and socially. It can be seen from the private a number of issues related to the project. and social profits are positive. Sragen rice The authors would like to thank to my farming has competitive and comparative beloved wife for support and funding. A advantage. This can be seen from the special note of thanks to Prof. Dwidjono indicators PCR and DRCR smaller than H.D, Prof. Irham, and Dr. Slamet Hartono one. in Universitas Gadjah Mada for advice in Researchers have some suggestions writing of this journal. for the advancement of the cultivation of rice in Sragen Regency: To increase profit REFERENCES and competitiveness farming rice the Akhtar, W., Muhammad, S. & Nadeem A. 2007. Analysis of Economic government should apply input subsidies Efficiency and Competitiveness and output prices protection. Beside of the Rice Production Systems of Pakistan’s Punjab. The Lahore Journal with an input subsidies and output prices of Economics. 12 (1). 141-153. protection, the government should provide Antriyandarti, E., Susi W., & Minar F. an infrastructure such as irrigation facilities 2012. Analisis Privat dan Sosial to increase the productivity. Increased Usaha Tani Padi di Kabupaten Grobogan. Jurnal SEPA . 9 (1): 12 productivity is one way to increase the –18. profit and farming rice competitiveness. Andini, D., Edy, Y., & Dahlan, F. 2016. Peningkatan Daya Saing Ekspor Produk Olahan Kakao Indonesia 30 Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017

di Pasar Internasional (Studi pada E-Journal Ekonomi Pertanian. (1) Ekspor Produk Olahan Kakao 1. 1-10. Indonesia tahun 2009-2014). Jurnal Kanaka, S. & M. Chinnadurai. 2015. The Administrasi Bisnis (JAB). 38(2). Policy Analysis Matrix Of Rice 171-174. Cultivation In India. European Aprilia, F., Zainul, A., & Sunarti. 2015. Journal of Basic and Applied Posisi Daya Saing dan Spesialisai Sciences. 2 (1): 33-45. Perdagangan lada Indonesia dalam Khai, H. V., & Mitsuyasu, Y. 2013. Menghadapi Globalisasi (Studi Pada The Comparative Advantage of Ekspor Lada Indonesia Tahun 2009- Soybean Production in Vietnam: A 2013). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Policy Analysis Matrix Approach. (JAB). 27(2). 1-7. A Compr ehensive Survey Of Badan Pusat Statistik. 2015. Jawa Tengah International Soybean Research Dalam Angka 2014 . BPS dan Genetics, Physiology, Agronomy and BAPPEDA Prov. Jawa Tengah. Nitrogen Relationships. 7. 161-179. . 458 p. Lukmanto, C.M.E., & Rullan, M. 2015. . 2016. Sragen Dalam Angka 2015. Konsep Agri kultur Sebagai BPS Kabupaten Sragen. Sragen. Penyelesaian Dari Isu Pertanian. 319p. Jurnal Sains dan Seni ITS. (4) 2. 82-87. Banerji, Ranadev., & Donges, Juergen B. 1974. The domestic resource cost Mantau, Z., Harianto., Nunung, N. 2014. concept: Theory and an empirical Analysis of competitiveness of of application to the case of Spain. Kiel low land rice farming in Indonesia, Working Papers, No. 24. 1-38 case study of Bolaang Mongondow District Nort Sulawesi Province. Dreze, J., & Stren, N. 1990. Policy Reform, J ournal Of Economic s and Shadow Prices, and Market Prices. International Finance 6(4) : 85-90. Journal of Public Economics. (42) 145. 1-45. McBrige, W.D. & James, D.H. 2006. Defining and Characterizing Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Approaches to Farm Management. 2015. Food Outlook. FAO. Rome Journal of Agricultural and Applied (Italia). 142 p. Economics.(38) 1. 155-167. Giamalva, J. 2015. Rice: Global Mulyana, A. 2012. Penguatan Ketahanan Competitiveness of the U.S. Industry. Pangan Untuk Menekan Jumlah United States International Trade Penduduk Miskin dan Rentan Commission Washington, DC. 442p. Pangan di Tingkat Nasional dan Handoyo, M. J., Dwidjono H.D., Sugiyarto, Regional. Journal of World Trade & Setiyawan S.K.J. 2012. Kinerja Studies. 3(1): 11-18. Daya Saing Teh Indonesia di Ningtyas, R.A., Ni Wayan, S.A,. & M. TH. Pasar Internasional: Analisis Data Handayani. 2016. Tingkat Adopsi Sekunder. Journal of World Trade Sistem Tanam Jajar Legowo 2:1 Di Studies. 3(1) : 57-74. Kelompok Tani Mina Sri Jaya Desa Hanani, N. 2012. Strategi Pencapaian Sepanjang Kecamatan Glenmore Ketahanan Pangan Keluar ga. Kabupaten Banyuwangi Jawa Timur. Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 1, Juni 2017 31

E-Jurnal Agribisnis dan Agrowisata. Soekartawi. 2006. Analisis Usahatani. (5) 2. 362-369. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. 110p. Pearson, S., C. Gotsch & S. Bahri. 2005. Aplikasi Policy Analysis Matrix pada Soekartawi., Soeharjo, A., John, L.D., & Pertanian Indonesia. Terjemahan. J.B. Hardaker. 2011. Ilmu Usahatani Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Jakarta. dan Penelitian untuk Pengembangan 398 p. Petani Kecil. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia (UI press). Jakarta. 253 p. Permatasari, D. L., & Vita R. 2016. Pemodelan Ketahanan Pangan Sugandi, Dede. 2014. A Model Of di Indonesia dengan Pendekatan Environmental Conservation For Regresi Probit Ordinal. Jurnal Sains Sagara Anakan. International Dan Seni ITS.(5) 2. 151-156. Journal Of Conservation Science. 5 (1). 95-106. Rahmasuciana, D.Y., Dwidjono, H. D., & Masyhuri. 2015. Pengaruh Suryana, A. 2014. Toward Sustainable Pengadaan Beras dan Operasi Indonesian Food Security 2025: Pasar Terhadap Harga Beras Dalam Challenges and Its Responses Negeri (Effect of Rice Procurement (Menuju Ketahanan Pangan and Market Operations Toward Indonesia Berkelanjutan 2025: Domestic Rice Price). Agro Ekonomi Tantangan dan Penanganannya. (26) 2. 129-138. Jurnal Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi. (32) 2. 123 – 135. Setiawan, K., Slamet, H & Any, S. 2014. Analisis Daya Saing Komoditas Zhong, F., Xu, Z. & Fu, L. 2010. Regional Kelapa Di Kabupaten Kupang. Comparative Advantage in China’s Jurnal Agritech. 34(1): 88-93. Main Grain Crops. ACIAR China Grain Market Policy Project Paper. 1:1-19.