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Total of 10 Pages Only May Be Xeroxed CENTRE FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES TOTAL OF 10 PAGES ONLY MAY BE XEROXED (Without Author's Permission) INFORMATION TO USERS This mamJscript )las been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text diredly from the original or copy submitted 1bus, some thesis and dissenation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of dais reproclactioa is clepadeat apoa the quality of the copy sabaaitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrougb, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely_ event that the author did not send UMI a complete DWDJSCript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if UDaUtborized copyright material had to be removed, a note wiD indicate the deletiou. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, cbarts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-band comer and coDtitming from left to right in equal sec:tioDS with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographica1ly in this copy. Higher quality 6• x 9• black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in tiDs c:opy for an additioual c:barge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howe111ntormat10n Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann ArbOr. Ml48106-1346 USA 313!761-4700 800.'521-0600 Of BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION: A CRITICAL STUDY OF HAN SUYIN'S IDSTORICAL AND AUTOBIOGRAPmCAL WRITINGS by XUDING WANG A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Eng Iish Memorial University of Newfoundland June, 1996 St. John's Newfoundland National Ubrary Bibliotheque nationale 1+1 of Canada duCanada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada canada The author has granted a non­ L' auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a Ia National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. Ia forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L' auteur conserve Ia propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d' auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son penmss1on. autorisation. 0-612-25778-9 Can ad~ misunderstandings between China and the West. Chapter Four discusses the cultural, social, political and historical causes that have shaped the multiple selves of Han Suyin, who claims to build "bridges which many people will cross from one civilization and culture and mode of thinking to another" (CT 653). Chapter Five is the Conclusion. lll ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation was made possible only with the help of many; this in turn means my debts of gratitude are countless. My deepest gratitude is to my supervisor, Dr. Peter Ayers. The time and energy he spent in reading both Han Suyin's many books and my writing, checking structure and style as well as substance, is beyond measure. It was Dr. Ayers' invaluable help and friendly encouragement that enabled me to finish it. My deep gratitude is also to my wife, Guiying Zhang, who gave up an excellent career in China and worked ten hours a day and almost seven days a week here in the last three years in order to help me with my studies. I am also grateful to Dr. Phyliss Artiss who spent much time working with me on my writing, especially my style of writing. Without her help in spotting repetitions, this dissertation would be very much longer. Dr. Gordon Jones deserves my special thanks. His friendly and personal touch in helping me to find Dr. Ayers as my supervisor who agreed to take on extra burden to work with me is an important factor for the completion of this dissertation. I also want to thank both the School of Graduate Studies and the Department of English for their fellowships and Graduate Assistantships which provided the material support needed in writing it. I also want to thank my two lovely daughters Fei and Yamei who often cheered me up with high spirit, especially when I was frustrated in writing. It is their love that inspired me to keep writing till its completion. Finally I want to dedicate this dissertation to my parents, who have never been to school themselves but worked very hard to give me and my siblings a good education in their whole lives. iv FOR MY PARENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract . n Acknowledgement . iv Dedication . v Table of Contents . v1 List of Abbreviations . 1x Chronology . x Chapter One - Introduction 1 I . 1 II . 8 Chapter Two- The Forms of Nationhood: Han Suyin 's Recreation of China . 16 I Han Suyin's History of China (1840-1949) 18 I.l Foreign Aggression (1840-1910) . 18 1.2 The Chinese Resistance . 29 1.3 The Republic Revolution (1911-1927) ...................... 37 1.4 The Guomindang and the Communists (1927-1949) . 44 II Han Suyin and the Historians of Modern China . 61 Vl II.1 Objectivity vs. Subjectivity . 61 11.2 The Western Economic Impact on China .................... 67 II.3 Nan Yun Bei Zlze 76 [[[ Han Suyin's China after 1949 ............................ 79 lll.l China and the West . 79 III.2 Han Suyin's China within . 95 Ill.2.1 The Hundred Flower Movement . 99 Ill.2.2 The Great Leap Forward 104 Ill.2.3 The Cultural Revolution l09 lll.2.4 The Student Movement 120 Chapter Three - The Forms of Ancestry: Han Suyin 's Recreation of Her Family 128 I The Decline of Traditional Chinese Culture . 130 £I Facing the Challenge 150 lll Problems of Cultural Exchange: The Case of Yentung and Marguerite 169 lV A Comparison Between Joseph Hers and Third Uncle 188 V Inequality, Racism and Prejudice . 199 Chapter Four - The Forms of Identity: Han Suyin's Recreation of Herself . 221 vii I A Twisted Childhood 224 I.1 The Paradoxical Influence of her Mother 227 I.2 The Paradoxical Influence of her Father 242 II The Uneven Road of Love and Marriage 251 HI Han Suyin's Paradoxical Patriotism .............. 277 III.1 The Background of Han's Patriotism 277 III.2 Han's Preoccupation with China: Consistency or Inconsistency . 289 IV Han Suyin's Careers . 308 IV. 1 Fighting to Be a Doctor . 308 IV.2 The Writer as a Bridge Constructor 312 IV .3 Bridge Builder in Fictional Autobiography 316 Chapter Five - Conclusion . 326 Bibliography . 333 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AT-----Asia Today, (Montreal: MeGill-Queen's University Press, 1969). BS-----Birdless Summer, 1st. American ed. (New York: Putnam, 1968). CY-China in the Year 2001, 1st American ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1967). CT-The Crippled Tree, 1st. American ed. (New York: Putnam, 1965). DC----Destination Chun~kin~ (London: Jonathan Cape, 1942. ES---Eldest Son: Zhou Enlai and the Making of Modern China (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994). FF------The Four Faces, 1st. American Ed. (New York: Putnam, 1963.) MST----A Many-Splendored Thing, 1st American ed. (Boston: Little Brown. 1952). MD-----The Morning Deluge: Mao Tse-tung and the Chinese Revolution 1893-1953, 1st. American ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1972). MF---A Mortal Flower, 1st. American ed. (New York: Putnam, 1967). HTD---My House Has Two Doors, 1st. American ed. (New York: Putnam, 1980). TB---Tigers and Butterflies, ed. Aamer Hussein (London: Earthscan, 1990). TMC---Till Morning Comes (New York: Bantam, 1982). WS-----Wind in My Sleeve (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992). WT-----Wind in the Tower: Mao Tse-tung and the Chinese Revolution 1949-1975, 1st. American ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1976). IX CHAPTER ONE Introduction I Han Suyin is perhaps one of the most prominent, most controversial, but in an academic context least examined writers to explore the relationship between China and the West in the second half of this century. 1 Born to a Chinese father and a Belgian mother in China in 1917, she spent all her childhood there until she was nineteen. She was educated in China, Belgium and England, involved in several love affairs and married three times, first to a Chinese army officer, then to an English Assistant Superintendent of the Malayan Special Branch, and finally to an Indian colonel. Han Suyin is a Chinese patriot, a British citizen and a Swiss resident whose mother and two sisters became citizens of the United States and whose brother became a French citizen after the Chinese Communists took power in 1949. She was a medical doctor, first in Hong Kong, then in Malaysia, from 1949 to 1961, and at the same time gradually established herself as a professional writer. Her life has been lived on the boundaries of many worlds, personally, professionally, politically, and culturally; not surprisingly her writing is equally concerned with exploring the margins, the intersections, the boundaries of human experience. 1 Han Suyin has herself remarked: "As to research on my writing, it has not been done in an academic manner for several reasons." According to her the main reason is political. (Han Suyin, personal correspondence, March 2, 1996.) 2 When China was completely isolated from the outside world from 1949 to 1970.
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