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The Document in PDF Format STM_8_Mannsroller_Engelsk:Engelsk 01.04.2009 08:59 Side 1 Report No. 8 (2008–2009) Report No. Report No. 8 (2008–2009) to the Storting Chapter 1–9 Published by: Norwegian Ministry of Children and Equality Men, Male Roles and Gender Equality Cover illustration: Uschi Hering/Scanstockphoto.com Men, Male Roles Translated to English by Carla Foster Internet address: and Gender Equality www.government.no Chapter 1–9 Main contents of a Government White Paper 07 Gruppen AS - 04/2009 C ECOL DI AB R E O L N 2 4 4 1 4 3 P ri er nted matt Report No. 8 (2008–2009) to the Storting Chapter 1–9 Men, Male Roles and Gender Equality Chapter 1–9 Main contents of a Government White Paper Translation from the Norwegian. For information only. 2002-2003 St.meld. nr. ? 2 Om innenlands bruk av naturgass mv. Contents 1 Introduction .......................................... 7 3.2 Facts about the gender-segregated 1.1 Summary of the White Paper and labour market ........................................37 suggestions for strategies and 3.2.1 Gender-divided educational choices ..39 measures. .............................................. 10 3.2.2 The gender-segregated labour 1.2 Frames and machinery for gender market – the effect on salaries for equality ................................................. 14 men and women ...................................40 1.2.1 Laws on gender equality ..................... 14 3.2.3 The gender-segregated labour 1.2.2 Other measures and their market – its effect on the quality implications for men............................. 15 of working conditions and well-being of employees..........................................41 2 Boys – upbringing, early 3.3 How to achieve a less childhood and school years............ 16 gender-segregated labour market? .....42 2.1 Introduction .......................................... 16 3.3.1 Men into female dominated 2.1.1 Trends in development ........................ 17 occupations – why and how?................42 2.1.2 Boys, gender and identity.................... 18 3.3.2 The Legal Authority of the Gender 2.1.3 Boys and their spheres of action......... 19 Equality Act with regards to 2.1.4 Boys as consumers............................... 20 affirmative action for men.....................43 2.2 Boys’ private and public lives .............. 21 3.3.3 Experience gathered from the work 2.3 Boys in Early Childhood Education to get women into male-dominated and Care (ECEC) ................................. 21 professions and education....................44 2.3.1 Boys and gender identity in ECEC..... 22 3.3.4 Measure to promote better gender 2.3.2 Men in ECEC and schools................... 23 balance in educational choices ...........45 2.4 Experience and achievement of 3.3.5 Initiatives for the recruitment of boys in school ....................................... 24 men to early childhood education 2.4.1 Learning outcomes and and schools ............................................47 achievement of boys............................. 24 3.3.6 Recruitment initiatives for men and 2.4.2 The learning environment for boys .... 27 persons of minority background to 2.4.3 The importance of early training for work in child protection intervention ........................................... 28 services...................................................49 2.4.4 The “Cultural School Bag” .................. 29 3.3.7 Measures to bring more men into 2.5 Gender segregated organised health and care services ......................49 recreational time for boys and girls.... 30 3.4 A summary of the initiatives ................51 2.5.1 Athletics................................................. 30 3.4.1 Expanded legal authority for 2.5.2 How young people view athletics affirmative action...................................51 and gender ............................................ 31 3.4.2 Putting effort into recruitment – 2.6 Gender differences in unorganised cooperation with different parties leisure time............................................ 32 in the labour market .............................51 2.6.1 Boys and electronic media use .......... 32 3.4.3 Putting effort into measures to 2.6.2 Boys and use of Library ....................... 33 recruit and keep men in 2.7 Gender-equal upbringing for boys female-dominated workplaces ............51 and girls – initiatives ............................ 33 3.4.4 Contribution to broader 2.7.1 Upbringing within the family .............. 34 occupational choices for boys 2.7.2 Boys in early childhood education – putting emphasis on and care ................................................. 34 counselling services..............................52 2.7.3 The learning environment and 3.4.5 Research.................................................53 learning outcomes for boys ................. 34 2.7.4 Organised leisure time......................... 35 4 Fathers reconciling work and family life...........................54 3 The gender-segregated labour 4.1 Introduction – the goal market .................................................. 36 of equal parenting..................................54 3.1 Introduction .......................................... 36 4.2 The rights of fathers 5.4 Men and childcare in family life ..........78 of small children .................................. 55 5.4.1 Care and responsibility as gender 4.2.1 A brief description of the phenomena ............................................78 rules today............................................. 55 5.4.2 From inaccessible to accessible 4.2.2 The amount of time fathers fathers.....................................................79 use for work and care .......................... 56 5.4.3 Obstacles................................................80 4.3 The background for parenting 5.4.4 Men and care giving in the practice ................................................. 57 different phases of life...........................81 4.3.1 Attitudes towards men as providers 5.5 Prevention of family conflict and caregivers....................................... 58 and family breakups..............................82 4.3.2 The influence of women’s working 5.6 Men and childcare after conditions and attitudes towards a family breakup ...................................82 the workplace........................................ 60 5.6.1 How men handle family breakups ......82 4.3.3 Do parents want a different type of 5.6.2 Equality in parenthood after division? ................................................. 61 a family breakup ...................................84 4.4 How can one increase the fathers’ 5.6.3 Parental cooperation after a family use of parental leave? ........................... 61 breakup ..................................................85 4.4.1 Fathers who are not covered by the 5.6.4 The lack of gender equality may Parental Benefit Scheme ..................... 62 contribute to fathers receiving 4.4.2 The paternal quota in families poorer care as they get older ...............86 where both parents work outside 5.6.5 The Children’s Act Commission..........86 the home ............................................... 62 5.7 Proposed initiatives to strengthen 4.4.3 When only the father is employed ..... 63 men’s role and responsibility 4.4.4 Experiences from other Nordic in family life............................................87 countries................................................ 64 5.7.1 Men in couples and family life .............87 4.4.5 Main principles for further 5.7.2 Men and childcare in family life ..........87 development of the Parental 5.7.3 Prevention of family conflict Benefit Scheme..................................... 64 and family breakups..............................89 4.5 How to make the workplace more 5.7.4 Review of the Children’s Act family friendly?...................................... 66 Commission’s recommendations 4.5.1 Rights according to the Working for measures to strengthen the role Environment Act................................... 67 of the father after a family breakup .....89 4.5.2 The right to full wage compensation 5.7.5 Other proposed initiatives....................96 during father`s two-weeks leave of absence in connection with the 6 Men, lifestyle and health..................98 birth of a child....................................... 68 6.1 Introduction ...........................................98 4.5.3 How the workplace can make 6.1.1 Life expectancy......................................99 adaptation simpler for fathers 6.1.2 Self-evaluation of health – experiences and examples................ 69 and quality of life by men ..................100 4.6 Summary of initiatives.......................... 70 6.1.3 Gender differences in occurrence of illness and illness diagnosis...........101 5 Men in relationships 6.1.4 Absenteeism due to illness.................103 and family life..................................... 72 6.2 Use of health services.........................104 5.1 Introduction ......................................... 72 6.2.1 Use of primary health services ..........104 5.2 Gender equality in couple 6.2.2 The use of specialist health relationships ......................................... 73 services.................................................105 5.2.1 Men in couple and family 6.3 Reporting of illness by men................106 relationships.......................................... 73 6.3.1 Psychiatric health................................107 5.2.2 Gender equality and freedom 6.3.2 Suicide ..................................................108
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