Richard W. Pascoe Was a Cornishman. He Learned His

Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent

By L. Michael Kaas

ichard W. Pascoe was a Cornishman. He learned his mining skills as a youth working in the copper mines of Corn- wall, where he became a mine captain at an early age. Like so manyR of his Cousin Jack brethren in the mid-1800s, he immigrated to the United States in search of new opportunities. He worked in anthracite coal, copper, zinc, lead, and iron mining. Pascoe’s semi-nomadic career had a unique twist. During the Civil War, Pascoe was the superintendent of the Silver Hill Mine near Lexing- ton in Davidson County, North Carolina. e mine was an important source of supply of lead for the Confederacy. All the while his family was living in Friedensville, Pennsylvania, a zinc mining village about ve miles south of Bethlehem. e 1860 Census showed him as living in both places. What was a Yankee northerner from Pennsylvania do- ing running a lead mine for the Confederates? It was this question that prompted this research on his life and the mines in which he worked.

Growing Up in Cornwall

Richard Pascoe was born in the mining village and parish of Breage, in the county of Camborne, Cornwall, England, in 1818.1 He was the fourth of eleven children born to John and Mary Pascoe. Breage and Sithney, the home towns of his parents, are at the southeastern edge of the Tregoning-Godolphin Granite. e copper and tin lodes in Corn- wall are associated with the granite intrusions. In the early 1800s, copper was being mined from the south coast to Camborne. e more famous of the mines in this area include the Great Work, Great Wheal Vor, Wheal Metal, and the Great Wheal Fortune.2 31 2014 Mining History Journal

From the children’s birth records we know Island of Islay, Argylshire. She was the daughter that the family moved from Breage to Crowan in of Colonel Neil Campbell of the 24th Highland- the 1820s, and then to Rosewarne, near Cambo- ers. e regiment was connected to the Campbell rne, in the 1830s. In the 1841 census, Richard’s family of Glendaruel House.6 Richard and Jes- father was listed as a mine agent in Rosewarne. sie’s son, Archibald, was born in Scotland around Richard and his four brothers, including his eight- 1848 and named for his grandfather, Archibald year-old brother Joseph, were listed working as Campbell. Richard emigrated to the U.S. in 1848 copper miners.3 It was customary then for fathers or early 1849 and was joined by Jessie and Archi- to teach their sons mining skills through on-the- bald in late 1849.7 job training. Unlike other mining families in the area, Richard’s mother and six sisters did not work Coming to America and Mining Anthracite in the mines. is may indicate that the family had a more secure nancial footing and status in In 1850, the Pascoe family was living in Blythe the community. Richard’s mining skills developed Township, near Pottsville, Schuylkill County, quickly and he became a mine captain by the age Pennsylvania.8 According to family legend, Rich- of twenty-one.4 ard Pascoe may have originally planned to head west to the California Gold Rush, but contacts Mining in Scotland in New York pointed him toward the booming anthracite mines.9 In 1849 and 1850, and again In the 1840s, shortly aer his twenty-rst in 1851 and 1853, Pascoe worked as a foreman at birthday, English investors sent Richard Pascoe to the Kaskawilliam Colliery, located near Middle- Scotland to open a copper mine.5 e specic de- port.10 In 1851, Pascoe applied for U.S. citizen- tails of this assignment are not known; however, ship.11 While living in Schuylkill County, the while in Scotland, he married Jessie Campbell in couple’s second son, John Henry, and two daugh- Edinburgh. Jessie was born around 1821 on the ters, Mary and Sarah, were born. Unfortunately,

A view of the anthracite mines near the Kaskawilliam Colliery, Blythe Township, Pennsylania, in 1853. (“Siler Creek Collieries in 1853,” om: H. D. Rogers, e Geology of Pennsylvania, v. II, pt. I (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1858, 120).) Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent 32

the two girls died in infancy. a copper mine on Michipicoten Island at the east- Payroll ledgers show that as a foreman Pascoe ern end of Lake Superior. e island lies about made as much as $1.30 per day.12 Typical miners thirty-eight miles west of the modern village of were paid $0.80 to $1.00 per day, and boys were Michipicoten, near Wawa, Ontario, and about paid $0.30 per day. ese pay rates were before nine miles from the closest point on the still un- deductions for rent, store purchases, and mining inhabited Superior shoreline. Pascoe’s family re- supplies. Most months, Pascoe received a few dol- mained in Pennsylvania.15 lars aer deductions. For example, his gross pay Few specics about this assignment are for a month in early 1853 was $33.75, but aer de- known, but from historical documents on the ductions his take-home-pay was $6.95. at was mining area, it appears that his work may have a very good month. e same could not be said been more related to underground exploration— for those working for lower wages who frequently prospecting through mining—than to actual found themselves in debt to the company. production. Copper had been discovered on the e steeply dipping anthracite beds of the island in the late 1840s.16 e geology of the is- Southern Anthracite Field were mined by meth- land is believed to be an extension of that of the ods more typical of metal mining than of those Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, which by then used in the at-lying bituminous coal seams being had several producing copper mines. developed in central and western Pennsylvania at e largest prospect on Michipicoten Island that time. A coal breaker was located at the col- was the uebec Mine. In the 1850s it had work- liery.13 Aer working for a year in anthracite min- ings on ve levels and had blocked out some ore.17 ing, Pascoe received a challenging opportunity A modern historian summarized the few reports that took him to the Canadian frontier.14 that trickled out from Michipicoten as follows:

Copper Mining in Canada In 1853 a Detroit reporter found many explorations in progress. Descending a In 1851, aer a year in anthracite mining, shaky ladder into what was “termed a Sil- Pascoe was hired by New York investors to open ver mine,” he found a scene close to Hell.

Map of the workings of the Quebec Mine, Michipicoten Island, Ontario, Canada. (From the “Mineral Property File on Michipicoten Island Copper Mines,” courtesy of the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines.) 33 2014 Mining History Journal

Ankle-deep in black glue-like mud, with South Bethlehem. e Friedensville mines played claustrophobic black walls, illuminated by a critical role in the development of the zinc oxide feeble candles, and separated from instant and spelter (zinc metal) industries in the United death by a few rotten props, men breathed States. eir story is worthy of a more extensive humid, bad air, while tearing ercely at treatment than can be given here.23 dripping, ragged rocks. Such work was Pascoe was the superintendent of the Uber- hardly eective and his report was realistic. roth Mine, the rst and largest in the Friedensville “It is all very well to call this a silver mine, district, which opened in 1853. e rich oxidized if a small percent of copper, and seven or ores, calamine (zinc silicate, hemimorphite) and eight percent of silver, in a metal which is smithsonite (zinc carbonate), occurred on the said to be manganese, is a silver mine.” surface and as crevasse llings (veins) between Reverend John Ryerson, on landing large blocks of the surrounding limestone coun- there aer two days of fog, one year later, try rock. found two mines being operated, one for Initially, mining was done by open pit. Later, copper and one for silver. Yet only seven the veins were followed underground through or eight barrels of ore had been shipped shas and dris to the stopes.24 e principle for smelting in England.18 veins were aligned in a northeast-southwest direction, and intersected by cross-veins. At the inter- Its isolated location not only made it dicult sections particularly large and rich concentrations to get men and supplies to the island, but the early of ore minerals were found. e ore was crushed, miners on Michipicoten faced hostile Indians. In washed, and sorted at the surface. It was then 1854, three years aer Pascoe was there, an attack transported by mule train or wagon to the zinc by the Chippewa temporarily drove o the min- works, four or ve miles to the north. ers, who returned the following year.19 Several e zinc works itself was founded by Samuel small mines and prospects were eventually opened Wetherill and Charles Gilbert. Wetherill had on the island by New York and English investors, invented and patented furnaces used to produce but none was protable. By 1885 the mines were zinc oxide. Using his furnace design and Samuel all closed. Several subsequent exploration eorts Jones’ patent for the collection of the oxide in a in the twentieth century found no economic min- bag house, the zinc works produced the rst com- eralization.20 mercial-scale output of zinc oxide in the U.S. Michipicoten Island is now a wilderness Pro- e oxide was sought by paint producers eager vincial Park. Extreme hikers willing to endure to nd a substitute for toxic lead pigments. e the rugged conditions on the island can still see Friedensville ore was well suited for oxide produc- the remains of mining equipment le behind by tion because it contained no impurities. is was nineteenth-century miners.21 not true of the Franklin-Sterling Hill, New Jersey, zinc ores being mined at the time. Because Penn- Back to Pennsylvania and Mining Zinc sylvania laws of the day did not permit a manufacturing company to own mines, Pennsylvania and In April 1852, Pascoe returned to the Kaskawil- Lehigh Zinc Company was established to mine liam Colliery and his job as a mine foreman.22 In the ore on leases originally obtained by Wetherill. 1853 he became associated with Joseph Wharton In 1854, Pennsylvania and Lehigh’s Phila- and the Pennsylvania and Lehigh Zinc Compa- delphia uaker owners sent Joseph Wharton to ny, which was opening mines in Friedensville to Bethlehem to run the company. He quickly saw supply the Wetherill and Gilbert Zinc Works in the need to improve the operation and protabili- Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent 34

A letter om Pascoe to Joseph Wharton om Eagle Harbor, Michigan, in 1858. (From the Joseph Wharton Family Papers, courtesy of the Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College.) 35 2014 Mining History Journal

e North West Mining Company’s engine house and sha, constructed in the 1850s, are to the le of the smokestack in the center of this 1886 photograph. (From the prospectus “ e Conglomerate Mining Company” (Philadelphia: e Company, 1887).) ty of the zinc works. Wharton also implemented a down, Pascoe received an inquiry from A. A. Moss strategy to take control of the entire supply chain, of the North West Mining Company regarding from the mine to the customers. is required in- his availability to serve as agent for their copper tegrating mining and manufacturing into a single mine on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan. company, then prohibited by Pennsylvania min- Pascoe asked for Wharton’s advice on the mat- ing law, and wresting control of oxide manufac- ter and, presumably based on that advice, turned turing from Wetherill. down the initial oer to wait for a better one.26 In 1855, Pennsylvania and Lehigh’s inuential Five more sons were born to the Pascoe fam- owners succeeded in getting the Pennsylvania leg- ily while it lived in Friedensville. Joseph, Richard, islature to change the state’s mining law to permit and William survived into adulthood, Benjamin integration of mining and manufacturing. One and omas did not. During those years Richard way for Wharton to gain control of the manu- also completed the naturalization process and be- facturing end of the business was to strictly limit came a U.S. citizen. Wetherill’s supply of ore to the tonnage specied in the contract between Pennsylvania and Le- e Michigan Copper Country high Zinc and Wetherill. is prevented Weth- erill from increasing his production and prots. Pascoe did eventually go to work for the Wharton’s plan required a temporary shut-down North West Mining Company, although his exact of the Uberroth Mine, which placed Pascoe’s po- starting and ending dates are uncertain. In July sition in limbo.25 1858 he wrote to Wharton from Eagle Harbor, In March 1857, while the Uberroth was shut Michigan, favorably describing the mine and rec- Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent 36

A cross-section of the Siler Hill Mine in North Carolina, c. 1854. (From: H. Schoonmaker, Statement of the Conditions and Prospects of the Zinc and Silver Hill Mine, in Davidson County, N.C. (New York: Baker, Goodwin, and Company, 1854).) ommending that Wharton visit it during the next During 1858, when Pascoe was there, the summer.27 company produced 166,100 pounds of copper North West Mining Company was chartered from several ssure veins.29 ese veins were in 1849 as the successor to the North West Copper transverse to the series of bedded rocks that form Association and North West Copper Company, the backbone of the Keweenaw and that in some established in 1846 and 1847 respectively. Horace areas contained the famous conglomerate and Greeley, an early investor, had been North West amygdaloyd copper deposits. e Stoutenburgh Mining Company’s president for a while. Perhaps Vein was probably the most productive during heeding his own advice to “go west,” Greeley actu- Pascoe’s time there. Four shas had already been ally visited the mines on the Keweenaw Peninsula sunk on the vein.30 A stamp mill was located be- in 1847. e company’s mines were located in the low the mines on the banks of the Montreal River. area of the present near ghost town of Delaware, e copper concentrate from the stamp mill was Michigan.28 hauled via a rugged, ve-mile-long mining road to 37 2014 Mining History Journal

Eagle Harbor, where it was loaded on Lake Supe- Lead Mining in North Carolina rior ships. It is doubtful that the mine was protable while Pascoe was there. June 1860, found Pascoe the “Agent”—mean- rough the years that followed, in an eort ing superintendent—of the Silver Hill Mine near to gain protability and benet from its large land Lexington in Davidson County, North Caroli- holdings, a series of new companies were formed na.33 Silver Hill, discovered in 1838, produced from the North West Mining Company, starting impressive quantities of native silver and lead ore with the Pennsylvania Mining Company in 1861. (cerrusite) in the early 1840s. As mining went Each new company brought in additional inves- deeper, the oxidized ore gave way to suldes of tors and capital. In 1863, the separate Delaware lead (galena) and zinc (sphalerite). e complexi- Mining Company was formed from part of the ty of that ore defeated several experimental metal- Pennsylvania’s holdings. lurgical processes, and by the early 1850s the mine In 1876 the Pennsylvania and Delaware com- had shut down.34 In the late 1850s, a New York panies consolidated as a new Delaware Copper capitalist, Franklin Osgood, purchased the mine. Mining Company, which reopened North West’s He also owned the Bergen Point Zinc Company mine on the Stoutenburgh Vein for production. in New Jersey, and was an America’s Cup sailing In 1881, the Delaware Copper Mining Company enthusiast.35 was reorganized as the Conglomerate Mining e outbreak of the Civil War on 12 April Company, which drove dris from the old North 1861 either made it impossible for Pascoe to re- West workings to access the ore in the conglom- turn north or he chose to stay in the South and erate beds. Copper production reached 734,249 continue his work at the mine. In either case, pounds in 1882 and 1,140,173 pounds in 1884, his involvement at Silver Hill continued at least but dropped sharply aer that.31 through December 1863.36 roughout the war, From 1849 to 1887, over seven million Silver Hill was the Confederacy’s back-up source pounds of copper were produced by these com- for lead aer the mines at Austinville, Virginia. panies. In spite of repeated infusions of capital to e lead ore from Silver Hill was shipped via improve the operations, however, the low-grade the North Carolina Railroad to the Confeder- ore could not be mined protably. Once again ate Lead Works smelter in Petersburg, Virginia. the mines became idle. In 1888, the Conglomer- A receipt for one shipment of 7,113 pounds of ate Mining Company was reorganized as the Lac ore was assayed to contain 4,640 pounds of lead La Belle Mining Company, but the new rm did (65%), 753 ounces of silver, and 602 penny- no additional mining. e Oneida Mining Com- weight of gold. Another receipt was for 61,636 pany, formed in 1899, did additional exploration pounds of ore containing 41,904 pounds of lead work but no mining. Eventually, the Calumet and (67.99%).37 e silver in the ore was not recov- Hecla Mining Company acquired the properties, ered at the smelter and that generated the legend but it did not resume mining either. that the Rebels were shooting Yankees with silver Today, portions of the Delaware Mine’s bullets.38 workings can be visited by tourists. e dozens In 1861, George C. Irwin, a Baltimore stock of frame buildings that once formed the mining broker, appears in Southern records as the presi- town of Delaware are long gone; however, those dent of the Silver Hill Mining Company and an willing to explore the woods near the mine will agent for the Confederate States’ Niter and Min- still nd the ruins of many of the stone structures ing Bureau.39 e bureau was responsible for built in the 1800s.32 obtaining the mineral raw materials needed to support Southern forces. Irwin was the channel Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent 38

A letter om Richard Broadhead to Goernor Edward Stanley in 1862, regarding Jessie Pascoe’s desperate nancial situation. (From the Union Citizen File, U.S. National Archives.) 39 2014 Mining History Journal through which Confederate funds were provided cepted. How the family endured the hardships of for operating the mine during the war years. the remaining two-and-a-half years of war is not Prior to the start of the war, Irwin had been known. president of the Gardner Hill Mining Company, Aer the war, control of the Silver Hill Mine which owned a copper mine about thirty miles reverted to Franklin Osgood and his investors. from Silver Hill. He had also brokered the sale of e commercialization of zinc oxide and spelter Silver Hill to Osgood and his investors.40 production pioneered by Samuel Wetherill and Aer the war started, Irwin went south, os- Joseph Wharton before the war made the mine a tensibly to look aer his interests at Gardner Hill. valuable source of ore for the Bergen Point Zinc e Confederates had conscated a stockpile of Company. It is quite likely that sphalerite, which copper ore from the Gardener Hill Mine and sent had been discarded in prior years, was reclaimed it to the smelter at Petersburg. When the war aer the war. Silver Hill continued to supply the ended, Irwin was arrested for aiding the enemy in Bergen Point plant until its commercial ore was an alleged scheme to obtain copper gun caps in exhausted about 1875. Philadelphia and ship them south. Aer a few weeks in jail, Irwin was released for Lead Mining in Austinville, Virginia lack of evidence and the charges dropped. ere is no indication in his case les that federal authori- Lead was discovered in southwestern Virginia ties were aware of his involvement with the Niter in 1756 by Colonel John Chiswell. e mines de- and Mining Bureau or at the Silver Hill Mine. It veloped provided lead for George Washington’s seems likely that he was a Southern sympathizer, army during the Revolution. Moses and Stephen as were many Baltimore citizens. No evidence Austin purchased the mines in 1780, and the vil- survives of Pascoe’s wartime sympathies.41 lage of Lead Mines was renamed Austinville in Because Pascoe was unable to return north or their honor. During the Civil War, the mines at send money to his family, Jessie and his children Austinville supplied around 3.5 million pounds back in Friedensville, Pennsylvania, were in des- of lead to the Confederacy. perate nancial straits. eir plight is recorded Richard Pascoe served as mine captain for in a 3 September 1862 letter to Governor Edward the Wythe Lead Mines Company in Austinville, Stanley, the federal military governor of North Virginia, from 12 March to 12 August 1864. His Carolina in New Bern, from the Honorable Rich- salary of $150 per month was presumably paid in ard Broadhead of Easton, Pennsylvania. Confederate dollars.43 Like Silver Hill, the Aust- inville mines were under the direction of the Con- I presume to write to you in behalf of a federate Niter and Mining Bureau. Oxidized lead poor woman and her 5 children. . . . She ore (cerrusite) was produced from surface pits is the wife of Richard Pascoe who went to dug in the local residual clay between pinnacles of N[orth] Carolina before the War, [and]is the limestone bedrock.44 When surface ores were now working in the mines in that state. exhausted, mining moved underground. Lead . . . She is very poor, [and] has been selling shot was produced on site using a shot tower and her furniture to obtain a subsistence. . . . sha. Lead slag and ore were also shipped to the She wants to go . . . to New Bern where Petersburg Lead Works by the Virginia and Ten- her husband . . . can obtain subsistence nessee Railroad and the Southside Railroad. Zinc for her.42 ores—hemimorphite, smithsonsite, and sphalerite—were not recovered until aer the war. ere is no indication that this appeal was ac- Being located well within Confederate terri- Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent 40

Confederate Niter and Mining Bureau pay oucher, Austinille, Virginia, mines, 1864. (From the Confederate Citizen File, U.S. National Archives.) 41 2014 Mining History Journal tory, Austinville’s lead mines escaped destruction e newly formed Naval Brigade, under Com- for most of the war. It is also likely that the U.S. modore J. R. Tucker, participated in the Battle of government failed to appreciate their strategic im- Sailor’s Creek on 6 April. e Confederates were portance. Finally, on 17 December 1864, Union defeated and seven thousand men forced to sur- forces under General George Stoneman attacked render in the last battle before Lee surrendered at the mines and burned the facilities before leaving Appomattox, Virginia, on 9 April 1865. On 28 the area. e facilities were rebuilt and back in April 1865, Pascoe was paroled from a naval brig production in late March 1865, only to be de- in Burkeville, Virginia, just a few miles from Sail- stroyed again by the Federals on 7 April 1865, just or’s Creek.47 Aer nearly ve years he was nally two days before Lee’s surrender at Appomattox.45 able to return to his family in Friedensville. Aer the war, zinc became an important prod- uct at Austinville. e New Jersey Zinc Company Pascoe’s Return to Friedensville later acquired the mines and operated them until 1981. Today, an historic shot tower, dating from In 1865, Pascoe resumed his earlier position about 1820, is preserved in a state park along the as captain (superintendent) of the Uberroth Mine banks of the New River about three miles east of in Friedensville. In the seven years since Richard Austinville. Pascoe le the Uberroth to go to the Michigan copper country, many changes had occurred at Pascoe in the Confederate Navy the mine and the zinc works. His old employer, Joseph Wharton, had successfully ousted Samuel e details of just what happened to Rich- Wetherill and gained full control of the mines and ard Pascoe aer his work at Austinville are not zinc oxide plant in Bethlehem. e name of the precisely known, except that at some point he company had been changed to the Lehigh Zinc was conscripted into the Confederate Navy. He Company. Wharton had experimented with dif- served on CSS Virginia II, an ironclad in the James ferent processes to make zinc metal (spelter). He River Squadron that guarded the river approach successfully adapted the Belgian Process for re- to Richmond. On 23 January 1865, Virginia II, covering vaporized zinc in ceramic retorts. two other ironclads, and eight wooden vessels at- In 1860, he contracted with the Philadelphia tempted to penetrate barriers placed across the owners of the company to permit him to build a James by Union forces. eir objective was to at- spelter plant and operate it for three years, aer tack the critical federal supply base at City Point which they would retain ownership. e plant (now Hopewell), Virginia. e three-day Battle was a success and, thanks to the increased demand of Trent’s Reach ended in a stalemate. Pascoe was for zinc because of the Civil War, zinc prices rose, wounded during intense Union shelling of Vir- making Wharton a rich man. In 1863, following ginia II. Fortunately, his injuries were minor.46 the terms of his contract, Wharton le Bethle- Under relentless pressure from Ulysses S. hem, Friedensville, and the zinc industry. Aer Grant’s army, the Confederate government and Wharton’s departure, Lehigh Zinc continued to Robert E. Lee’s forces abandoned Richmond on 3 be a major producer of zinc oxide and spelter. In April 1865. e ships of the James River Squad- 1865, a rolling mill was added to the zinc works. ron were burned to prevent them from falling It produced the rst sheet zinc in the U.S.48 into Union hands. e ocers and crews were At the Uberroth, the near-surface oxidized ordered to receive arms and rations and to try to ores that had been mined in the open pit were fol- join Lee’s retreating army at Amelia Courthouse, lowed at depth into the veins and fractures of the Virginia. surrounding limestone. Below 150 feet in depth, Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent 42

the principal ore was sphalerite. It was necessary engine and associated equipment cost $350,000. to separate the sulde ore from the zinc oxide ore, e engine operated continuously from its which could be sent directly to the smelter. e dedication until 28 October 1876. Aer that it sphalerite was roasted to remove the sulphur be- was operated for short periods of time to dewa- fore that ore was sent to the zinc works. ter neighboring mines. When the Uberroth was Underground, the miners sought to recover producing ore, pumping costs were estimated to only the rich ore minerals, sometimes freeing be from four to six dollars per ton of ore mined.53 huge blocks of the barren limestone which were Most of the stone portions of the huge y-six by unstable and required extensive timbering for sup- forty-ve foot rectangular stone engine house still port.49 In 1865, Pascoe was injured in an incident stand as a testament to this engineering accom- at the mine, likely a rock fall, that aected him plishment. for the rest of his life.50 is injury may have been e declining fortunes of the Friedensville the reason that Pascoe took no further consulting mines began in 1876 with the expiration of the jobs requiring long periods away from home. Wetherill patents. Having lost its competitive ad- By far, the greatest change at the mine was the vantage of the exclusive use of the patents, Lehigh large inow of water that increased as the mine Zinc shut down production at its Friedensville went deeper. By the late 1860s, with the mine at mines and contracted for cheaper zinc ore from a depth of 150 feet, it was evident that the inow mines at Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey. was increasing to a point that the existing pumps e Uberroth Mine was apparently kept in an op- would not be able to handle it. In a bold and ex- erational status so that the President could be used pensive move, Lehigh Zinc contracted for delivery as needed to help dewater neighboring mines. of the world’s largest Cornish-type walking beam Pascoe remained mine captain until 1881.54 steam engine to operate additional pumps at the Of the ve mines in Friedensville, all were mine. e engine and pumps were dedicated on owned by Lehigh Zinc except the Correll Mine, 29 January 1872 and dubbed “the President” in which had been leased from 1850 by the Passaic honor of President Ulysses S. Grant.51 Zinc Company. When that lease expired in 1875, e massive engine alone weighed 650 tons. Franklin Osgood leased the Correll to supply his e steam boilers, pumps, and associated equip- Bergen Point Zinc Company and to replace the ment raised the total weight of the installation ore supply from Silver Hill. In 1881, Osgood pur- to over 1,000 tons.52 e engine was designed by chased the Lehigh Zinc Company’s mines, formed John West, an engineer for Lehigh Zinc. It was the Friedensville Zinc Company, and erected a constructed by Merrick and Sons’ Southwork zinc-oxide plant and zinc smelter in Friedensville. Foundry in Philadelphia. e pumps were manu- ese plants replaced the Bergen Point zinc works factured by the I. P. Morris Company of Philadel- in 1885.55 e great President pumping engine phia and intended to eventually pump seventeen last operated on 15 September 1891, and was sold thousand gallons per minute from a depth of three for ten thousand dollars for scrap in 1892. e hundred feet. high mining and pumping costs at Friedensville Pascoe would have been responsible for pre- caused all of the mines to shut down for good by paring the underground workings for the installa- 1893.56 tion of the new pumps. e pump sha, located immediately outside the engine house, measured Mining Iron Ore thirty by twenty feet and contained two pump rods (each two by three feet), four thirty-inch li e sale of the Uberroth Mine and the unlike- pumps, and four thirty-inch plunger pumps. e ly prospects for its continued operation probably 43 2014 Mining History Journal

e Uberroth Mine with the President pump house, Friedensville, Pennsylania, c. 1876. (From Benjamin Miller, “Lead and Zinc Ores in Pennsylania,” Pennsylania Geological Survey, Mineral Resource Bulletin, M5.) Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent 44 caused Pascoe to end his long connection with the likely to have provided signicant value. e op- mine. By that time, he had already begun the next portunities provided by the explosive growth of phase of his career in iron ore mining. He and his railroading in the second half of the nineteenth associates leased the Jobst Mine near the village of century were not lost on Pascoe’s sons. All ve Vera Cruz, about ve miles southwest of Friedens- worked for the Lehigh Valley Railroad for some ville.57 ey had a one-year contract to provide portion of their own careers. ve thousand tons of ore to the Hellertown Iron Richard Pascoe died at his home in South Company, part of the omas Iron Company. Easton on 29 November 1887. His career had In 1848, magnetite iron ore veins had been spanned two continents, four countries, and nu- discovered along the southeast-facing side of merous mining areas. e respect for the old South Mountain. In 1875, miners drove an adit Cornishman was demonstrated by the closure of into the deposit and discovered two parallel veins. the Lehigh Valley’s Bridge Department so that its ey then drove a 135-foot vertical hoisting sha workers could attend his funeral. upward to the surface from the intersection of the Following his well-attended funeral, Pascoe second, larger vein and the adit, and also extended was buried in a large plot in the historic Nisky it 75 feet below the adit level. Mining took place Hill Cemetery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It is in the second vein below the adit level and about tting that the cemetery overlooks the site of the three hundred feet along the vein. e vein got Lehigh Zinc smelter, as well as the Lehigh River, larger with depth, up to een feet thick in the the Lehigh Canal, the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and lowest level of the mine. During this period of the Bethlehem Iron Company (the predecessor of its operation, the mine produced a total of forty Bethlehem Steel Company). He rests among the thousand tons of ore. e end of the lease marked giants of the iron and zinc industries of the Le- Pascoe’s last involvement in mining. While min- high Valley. ing iron ore, he had continued to live in Friedens- vile.58 In 1882 he moved to Bethlehem, Pennsyl- Richard Pascoe’s Legacy vania. Richard Pascoe’s career illustrates the world- e Lehigh Valley Railroad wide demand for Cornish mining expertise in the 1800s and the important contributions of the Pascoe spent the nal years of his career Cornish Cousin Jacks and Jennies to the estab- working with his son, William, superintendent of lishment and growth of the U.S. mining industry. bridges stationed at the Lehigh Valley Railroad’s As a youth he learned his mining skills well, be- shops in South Easton, Pennsylvania. e large coming a mine captain at an early age. He earned South Easton Shops manufactured and repaired the respect of mining capitalists both in England rolling stock, switches, bridges, and other railroad and in America. equipment, employing about two hundred work- He was a risk taker who was unafraid of the ers. e facilities included a boiler shop, machine rigors of the primitive conditions in the camps on shop, car shop, blacksmith and hammer shop, the U.S. and Canadian mining frontiers. In hind- foundry, warehouse, and twenty-four-stall round- sight, we know that he didn’t always pick the best house.59 mines. Kaskawilliam, Friedensville, Silver Hill, We know nothing of Pascoe’s actual duties and Austinville were good mines, but Michipico- with the railroad, but his varied technical and ten and North West weren’t. His objective clearly managerial experience and his personal contacts was employment. Both he and the mine owners in the industrial community of the region are understood the risks inherent in mining. 45 2014 Mining History Journal

His political stance during the Civil War is University, State College; Columbia University not known. Although his work at Silver Hill and Library, New York; Lehigh University Library, Austinville supported the Confederacy, the hard- Bethlehem, PA; Michigan State University Li- ships that he and his family endured during the brary, East Lansing; Michigan Tech Archives, war indicate that he may not have understood Houghton; Department of the Interior Library, the potential impact of the war when he started Washington, D.C.; U.S. Geological Survey Li- working for the northern owners of Silver Hill in brary, Reston, VA; U.S. National Archives, Wash- 1860. ington, D.C.; Library of Congress, Washington, Outside of his involvement in mining, Pas- D.C.; Davidson County Historical Museum, Lex- coe’s legacy and that of his wife, Jessie, can be seen ington, NC; Lehigh County Historical Society, in the lives of their ve sons. Jessie raised their Allentown, PA; National Canal Museum, Easton, children during his extended absences. Each PA; Northampton County Historical Society, son had some early involvement in mining. e Easton, PA; Maryland Historical Society, Balti- eldest, Archibald, worked for a few years on the more; Historical Society of Schuylkill County, Comstock in Gold Hill, Nevada, before returning Pottsville, PA; Copper Country Explorer (www. to Pennsylvania. e other boys, John, Joseph, coppercountryexplorer.com); Ontario Ministry Richard, and William, each worked for a while at of Northern Development and Mines, Sudbury; the Uberroth in Friedensville. John was active in Moravian Archives, Moravian College, Bethle- mining and quarrying and became the president hem, PA; and the uaker Archives, Friends His- of a blasting powder company that supplied the torical Society, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, anthracite mines. PA. Special thanks to Amanda Bielskas, Pamela e careers of all ve brothers eventually Daniel, Martha Fox, Carol Herrity, Pat Kaas, Jane included employment with the Lehigh Valley Moyer, Linda Musser, Robert and Patricia Pascoe, Railroad. ey worked primarily as managers in Don Pugh, Marc Stewart, Peter Yasenchak, and bridge construction and at the South Easton ma- Mary Jo Zeter. chine shops, which supported the rapid expansion of the railroad in the late 1800s. John and Joseph L. Michael “Mike” Kaas is a retired mining engineer were also very active in politics. At the time of his with a lifelong interest in mining history. His career in- death, John was a candidate for the Pennsylvania cluded employment with the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Of- state senate. Joseph served as postmaster in Easton ce of the Secretary of Interior, IBM Corporation, and several mining companies. He received a BS degree in and as comptroller of customs in Philadelphia. mining engineering om Pennsylania State Univer- sity and an MS degree in mineral engineering om the Acknowledgements University of Minnesota. He is the author of numerous technical and historical papers. He serves as a olunteer e geographic scope of this research would docent at the Smithsonian Institution’s Natural History not have been possible without the assistance of Museum. His current mining history interests concern many institutions and individuals. e author mines and mineral processing plants in the eastern states, is particularly grateful to the following: Allen- with a particular focus on those that operated during the town, PA, Public Library; Bethlehem, PA, Pub- Civil War. He is a member and past director of the Soci- lic Library; Easton, PA, Public Library; Earth ety for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME). and Mineral Sciences Library, Pennsylvania State Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent 46

Notes:

1. None of Richard Pascoe’s personal papers have survived. the nine-month gap is the time he was on Michipico- Genealogical information on the Pascoe family was ten Island, Ontario, Canada. generously shared by Patricia and Robert Pascoe. 13. “Maps of the Kaskawilliam Colliery,” Bureau of Mine Robert is the great-great-grandson of Richard W. Safety, Oce of Anthracite and Industrial Minerals Pascoe. is information, along with that compiled Mine Safety, Pennsylvania Department of Environ- by the author, was developed from on-line sources in- mental Protection, Pottsville, Pennsylvania, 2012. cluding www.Ancestry.com, www.FamilySearch.org, is series of maps shows the locations of the under- and a variety of other genealogical record sources. ground workings in the steeply pitching anthracite 2. omas Spargo, e Mines of Cornwall and Devon: coal seams. e locations of surface features, includ- Statistics and Observations (London: Victoria Press, ing the town site and breaker, are also shown. 1865). 14. Pennsylvania anthracite mining ourished for decades 3. “1841 Census Enumeration Schedule,” District 7, Rose- aer Pascoe moved on. Production peaked around warne, Camborne, England, 19. John Pascoe, Sr., is World War I, aer which the industry collapsed due listed as a mine agent and his ve sons, John, Rich- to competition from other fuels. Anthracite is still ard, William, omas, and Joseph, as copper miners. being mined on a small scale in this area. e small “1851 Census Enumeration Schedule,” Camborne patch town of Kaska still provides housing for twen- District, Town of Camborne, England, 41. John Pas- ty-rst century miners. coe, Sr., is listed as a mine agent and his two sons still 15. Heller, History of Northampton County, 115-7, 482-4. living at home, William and Joseph, as copper min- 16. Donald E. Pugh, “Ghosts of Michipicoten Island,” Cana- ers. “1861 Census Enumeration Schedule,” St. Mar- dian Frontier 3, no. 3 (Fall 1974): 27-9. e author tin’s Camborne District, Town of Camborne, Eng- describes the discovery of copper and early mining land, 167. John Pascoe, Sr., is listed as a mine agent. eorts. Of special interest is a Detroit reporter’s de- Only his daughter, Jane, was still living at home. scription of his 1853 visit to the mines. D. E. Pugh, 4. “Captain Richard W. Pascoe Obituary,” Easton [PA] Ex- “Michipicoten Island: Tales of Fear and Disasters,” press, 2 Dec. 1887. Algoma [ON] News Review, 8 May 1974. e author 5. W. J. Heller, “Joseph W. Pascoe Biography,” History of describes the discovery of copper and early mining Northampton County, Pennsylania, v. 3 (New York: eorts by English and New York investors. American Historical Society, 1920), 115-7; W. J. Hel- 17. “Mineral Property File on the Michipicoten Island Cop- ler, “Richard Freemont Pascoe Biography,” History of per Mines,” Ontario Ministry of Northern Develop- Northampton County, Pennsylania, v. 3 (New York: ment and Mines, Sudbury, Ontario, 2012. is le American Historical Society, 1920), 482-4; “Richard contains several reports that have been generated by Pascoe Obituary.” e biographies of Pascoe’s sons various exploration eorts on Michipicoten Island provide some details about his early life and work since the 1930s. e reports contain sketch maps of in Cornwall and Scotland. Additional informa- the historic workings of the uebec Mine, the larg- tion about his early years is provided in his obituary. est of these mines. ere are some inconsistencies in these sources. 18. Pugh, “Ghosts of Michipicoten Island,” 29. 6. “Jessie C. Pascoe Obituary,” Allentown [PA] Morning 19. Pugh, “Ghosts of Michipicoten Island,” 29. Call, 17 Nov. 1905, 1. 20. “File 03139, Charles Jones Location; uebec Mine,” 7. Passenger List, Barque Hyperian, Glasgow to New York, Abandoned Mine Information System (AMIS), On- 14 Sep. 1849. (Jessie and Archibald emigrating to tario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, join Richard in the United States.) Sudbury, Ontario (www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov. 8. “United States 1850 Census Schedule 1,” Blythe Town- on.ca, accessed 20 Mar. 2012). is on-line le con- ship, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania (1850), 98. tains a summary of exploration and mining work 9. Heller, History of Northampton County, 115-7, 482-4. from the mid-1800s to the present. “Prospectus of 10. Henry Darwin Rogers, e Geology of Pennsylania, v. the Michipicoten Mining Company,” (New York: II, p. I (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1858), C. O. Jones, 1864). is prospectus contains several 121. reports on the geology and mining eorts to-date 11. “Richard Pascoe, Naturalization Petition,” Schuylkill on the island. Of particular interest is a geological County, Pennsylvania, 15 June 1851. investigation by a Philadelphia consulting geologist, 12. “Kaskawilliam Mine Payroll Ledger,” Schuylkill Coun- which may indicate the involvement of investors ty Historical Society, Pottsville, Pennsylvania. e from that city. Pascoe would later become involved ledger contains payroll records for Richard Pascoe, with several mining projects promoted by Philadel- Foreman, June 1851 (starting date of ledger) to July phians. 1851 and April 1852 to May 1853. It is likely that 21. “Michipicoten Post and Michipicoten Island,” Ontario Parks, Ministry of Natural Resources, Sudbury, On- 47 2014 Mining History Journal

tario (ueen’s Printer of Ontario, 2004). is back- of Natural Resources, 1992): 73-5, (www.michigan. ground report for management planning contains gov/documents/deq/CMG92_301731_7.pdf ) ac- detailed maps of the island that show geology, pat- cessed 28 May 2013. e exploration and mining at ented land, and mining locations. “Team MiBSAR the North West Mine are described. Of particular Completes 9-day, Long-Range, SAR Backpacking interest is the succession of mining companies orga- Expedition on Canada’s Seldom-Visited Michipico- nized to invest in and develop the mineral deposit. ten Island,” Michigan Backcountry Search and Res- None were protable. cue (MiBSAR): Special Operations Blog (Notes) 29. B. S. Butler and W. S. Burbank, “ e Copper Deposits on Sunday, 11 June 2011 (www.facebook.com/ of Michigan,” U. S. Geological Survey, Professional note.php?saved&¬e_id=198086636904891, Paper 144, (Washington, D.C.: USGPO, 1929), 93. accessed 24 Apr. 2013). is blog posting con- 30. J. D. Whitney, e Metallic Wealth of the United States tains several excellent photographs of the ruins of (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, and Company, the uebec Mine and describes the rugged terrain 1854), 269-72. is publication contains cross-sec- encountered on the island. tions of the workings on the Stoutenburgh and Ho- 22. “Kaskawilliam Mine Payroll Ledger,” 1853. gan Veins at the North West Mine. 23. L. Michael Kaas, “ e History of Zinc Mining in Frie- 31. “ e Conglomerate Mining Company” (Philadelphia: densville, Pennsylvania,” unpublished manuscript, Conglomerate Mining Company, 1887). is pro- 2013. spectus-like booklet describes the extensive physical 24. Benjamin L. Miller, “Lead and Zinc Ores in Pennsyl- plant that had been built by the various companies vania,” Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Mineral that operated the mines at this site. Photographs Resource Bulletin M5 (Harrisburg: Department of show the old buildings of the North West Mining Forests and Waters, 1924), 54-85. e author in- Company’s “D” Sha and engine house. An inven- cludes maps and photographs of the early mines in tory of the equipment in these buildings is also in- the Friedensville district. cluded. Butler and Burbank, “Copper Deposits of 25. W. Ross Yates, Joseph Wharton, uaker Industrial Michigan,” 84, 93, 182, 227. Pioneer (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 32. “Delaware: A Site Tour – Part 1,” Copper Country Ex- 1987). e author describes Wharton’s ventures plorer (www.coppercountryexplorer.com/2010/08/ in making zinc oxide and spelter. Wharton to Pas- delaware-a-site-tour-p1, accessed 25 Apr. 2013). coe, letter from Philadelphia, 28 Jan. 1857, “Joseph is website contains extensive historic and current Wharton Family Papers (1691-1962),” Friends His- photographs and maps of the North West Mine loca- torical Library of Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, tion, subsequently renamed the Delaware Mine and PA. Wharton advises Pascoe of the status of nego- the Conglomerate Mine. An excellent map shows tiations with Samuel Wetherill and the uncertainty the original position of the many shas and build- about when the Uberroth Mine will resume opera- ings that once existed at the location. tions. 33. “United States 1860 Census Schedule 1,” South Divi- 26. Moss to Pascoe, letter from Philadelphia, 23 Mar. 1857, sion, Davidson County, North Carolina (1860), 90. “Wharton Papers.” Moss inquires about Pascoe’s 34. L. Michael Kaas, “ e Silver Hill Mine: First Silver availability for the position of agent with the North Mine in the United States and Supplier of Lead to West Mining Company at their copper mine in the the Confederacy,” Mining History Journal 16 (2009): Keweenaw Peninsula, MI. Pascoe to Wharton, let- 29-44. In response to an 1861 interrogatory, General ter from Friedensville, PA, 29 Mar. 1857, “Wharton Josiah Gorgas, head of the Ordinance Bureau of the Papers.” Pascoe attached the letter from Moss and Confederate War Department, noted that Governor sought Wharton’s opinion of the oer. Wharton to Warren Winslow had contacted Pascoe regarding re- Pascoe, letter from Philadelphia, 7 Apr. 1857, “Whar- opening the Silver Hill Mine. is contact was prob- ton Papers.” Wharton apparently suggested that Pas- ably made in 1860, before the Civil War had begun. coe not take the job oer. e letter was referenced 35. “Twice He Saved the Cup, Osgood’s Career in Business in the subsequent response from Pascoe to Wharton and as Yachtsman,” New York Times, 14 Jan. 1888. but has not been found in the archives. Pascoe to Franklin Osgood’s obituary tells that he purchased Wharton, from Friedensville, 10 Apr. 1857, “Whar- the Silver Hill Mine shortly before the Civil War. ton Papers.” Pascoe says he will not take the job and Pascoe went to Silver Hill before the Civil War dur- will wait for a better oer. ing the time the mine was owned by Osgood. 27. Pascoe to Wharton, letter from Eagle Harbor, MI, 3 July 36. “Silver Hill Mining Company Ledger, 1859-1862,” 1858, “Wharton Papers.” Southern Historical Collection, Manuscripts De- 28. “North-West Mining Company, First Annual Report” partment, University of North Carolina Library, (Philadelphia: John C. Clark, 1849). Ellis W. Court- Chapel Hill, 237, 319, 341. is original, though in- er, Michigan’s Copper Country [Contributions to complete, ledger contains nancial transactions for Michigan Geology, 92-01] (Lansing: Michigan Dept. Richard Pascoe from 14 June 1860 to 15 Mar. 1862. Richard W. Pascoe, Mine Superintendent 48

“Richard W. Pascoe Vouchers from Confederate Ni- 45. Robert C. Whisonant, “Geology of the Civil War in ter and Mining Bureau,” Confederate Citizen File, Southwestern Virginia: e Wythe County Lead National Archives, Washington, D.C. (www.fold3. Mines,” Virginia Minerals 42, no. 2 (1996): 1-19. com/image/#465535531, accessed 2 May 2012 and 46. Heller, “History of Northampton County,” 483. His 25-30 Apr. 2013). Most of these vouchers are for son’s biography mentions Pascoe’s service in the purchases of routine mining supplies such as tallow Confederate Navy. “North Atlantic Blockading for miners’ candles and blasting powder for the Silver Squadron (October 28, 1864-February 1, 1865),” Hill Mine. ey span the period from 4 Nov. 1861 Ocial records of the Union and Confederate Navies to 29 Dec. 1863. in the War of the Rebellion, ser. I, v. 11 (Washington 37. “George C. Irwin Vouchers from the Confederate Ni- D.C.: USGPO, 1922), 688-9. Pascoe’s name is inter and Mining Bureau,” Confederate Citizen File, cluded in the list of those killed and wounded in the National Archives, Washington, D.C. (www.fold3. Battle of Trent’s Reach. Ta Kiser, “ e Richmond com/image/#1|35845685, accessed 2 May 2012 and Ironclads at Trent’s Reach,” Notes on Virginia no. 53 25-30 Apr. 2013). ese vouchers cover many types (Richmond: Virginia Department of Historic Re- of transactions relating to mining supplies and lead sources, 2005): 48-9, contains a concise description shipments at Silver Hill and to Irwin’s travel expenses of the battle. as an agent for the Niter and Mining Bureau. e 47. “Richard Pascoe’s Discharge (Parole) from the Confed- vouchers span the period from 16 Sep. 1861 to 1 erate Navy, 28 April 1865,” U.S. National Archives, Oct. 1864. Washington, D.C. Microlmed records M260, Roll 38. Kaas, “Silver Hill Mine,” 38. 6, Records Relating to Confederate Naval and Ma- 39. “Irwin Vouchers.” rine Personnel. 40. “George C. Irwin Account and Letterbook, 1845-1875,” 48. Kaas, “History of Zinc Mining in Friedensville.” Special Collections, Maryland Historical Society, 49. Miller, “Lead and Zinc Ores,” 65, 77-80. Miller’s publi- Baltimore, MD. is ledger contains accounting cation contains several photographs of the Uberroth transactions including many pertaining to North Mine, c. 1877, showing the surface pit, the stone Carolina mining ventures. Only one transaction in- engine house containing “ e President” pump, the volved Richard Pascoe. Its purpose is unknown. mill, and other buildings. Other photographs show 41. “George C. Irwin Case Files,” in the Confederate Citi- the abandoned mine c. 1922. zen File, National Archives, Washington, D.C. 50. “Richard Pascoe Obituary.” (www.fold3.com/image/#287095580 and www. 51. “Friedensville Zinc Mines,” Engineering and Mining fold3.com/image/#287095577, accessed 2 May Journal 13 (1872): 65-6, 73, 329. ese articles in- 2012). ese les contain the documents relating to clude the speech of B. C. Webster, Lehigh Zinc Co. Irwin’s arrest and his alleged involvement in a scheme president, at the dedication ceremony for “ e Presi- to illegally obtain copper gun caps from a company dent.” in Philadelphia and have then shipped through Latin 52. “Pumping Engine with Pumps and Sha Works Ledger,” America and back to the Confederates. e charges Records of the Lehigh Zinc Company (1841-1881), were eventually dropped. e records span the pe- Moravian Archives, Moravian College, Bethlehem, riod from 27 Apr. 1865 to 27 May 1865. ese les PA. e ledger contains an extensive record of the do not contain any references to Irwin’s involvement transactions regarding the purchase, transportation, at the Silver Hill Mine. and installation of e President and other pumping 42. Hon. Richard Brodhead to Military Gov. Edward Stan- equipment. “Pumping Engine at the Lehigh Zinc- ley of New Bern, North Carolina, letter from Eas- Works, Friedensville, Pennsylvania,” Scientic Ameri- ton, PA, 3 Sep. 1862. Union Citizen File, National can Supplement 1, no. 32 (5 Aug. 1876): 502-4. Archives, Washington, D.C. (www.fold3.com/ 53. Miller, “Lead and Zinc Ores,” 74. image/#291136608, accessed 25 Apr. 2013). 54. “Pascoe Letters,” Records of the Lehigh Zinc Company 43. “Payroll Receipt for Richard Pascoe, Confederate Ni- (1841-1881), Moravian Archives, Moravian Col- ter and Mining Service, Austinville, Virginia, 12 lege, Bethlehem, PA. An extensive series of letters August 1864,” Confederate Citizens File, National between various ocials of Lehigh Zinc and Cap- Archives, Washington, D.C. (www.Fold3.com/ tain Richard Pascoe, superintendent of the Uber- image/#46535998, accessed 2 Apr. 2012). Pascoe roth Mine, dealing with day-to-day operations at the was paid for ve months work as the mine captain mine. e letters are dated through June 1881, when at the Wythe Lead Mines from 12 Mar. to 12 Aug. the mines were sold to Franklin Osgood and Pascoe 1864. le the company. Pascoe to Liebert, letter of 5 Feb. 44. omas Leonard Watson, “Lead and Zinc Deposits of 1881, regarding the need for coal at Pascoe’s home Virginia,” Geological Survey of Virginia, Geological in Friedensville. e letter shows that Pascoe was al- Series, Bulletin No. 1 (Richmond: Board of Agricul- ready engaged in mining iron ore while continuing ture and Immigration, 1906), 83-99. his duties for Lehigh Zinc at the Uberroth Mine. 49 2014 Mining History Journal

55 Kaas, “History of Zinc Mining in Friedensville.” sylvania Topographic and Geological Survey, 1941), 56 Nadine Miller Peterson and Dan Zagorski, “Zinc Min- 316-7, 323. Mining of magnetite ore at the Jobst ing in the Saucon Valley Region of Pennsylvania, Mine near Vera Cruz, PA, is described. e property 1846-1986,” Canal History and Technology Proceed- was leased in 1880 by Pascoe and others to supply ings XX (Easton: Canal History and Technology ore to the Hellertown Iron Company, owned by the Press, National Canal Museum, 2001): 159. e omas Iron Company. at company’s founder, sale of e President is described. “Pit of Friedens- David omas, had pioneered the use of anthracite ville Mines,” Beyond Steel, Lehigh University Digital to make iron and was the rst president of the Amer- Library (http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/cdm4/be- ican Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME). yond_viewer.php?DMTHUMB= 1&DMTEXT= 58. “Richard Pascoe Obituary.” zincmining&searchworks= searchzincmining_0_0_ 59. Lyman Coleman, Guidebook to the Lehigh Valley Rail- 11&CISOROOT=/postal&ptr=2589, accessed 20 road (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1873), 35-6. e Mar. 2013). is c. 1910 postcard showing the aban- facilities of the Lehigh Valley’s shops are described. doned Uberroth Mine was signed by Alice Pascoe Ethan Allan Weaver, e Forks of the Delaware Illus- Ritter, granddaughter of Richard Pascoe. trated (Easton, PA: Press of the Eschenbach Printing 57. “Richard Pascoe Obituary;” Benjamin L. Miller, “Geol- House, 1900), 29. is publication has a photograph ogy of Lehigh County,” Pennsylvania Geological Sur- of the Lehigh Valley’s South Easton Shops. vey, Fourth Series, Bulletin C39 (Harrisburg: Penn-