Detecting Glacier Surface Motion by Optical Flow
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PATAGONIA Located in Argentina and Chile, Patagonia Is a Natural Wonderland That Occupies the Southernmost Reaches of South America
PATAGONIA Located in Argentina and Chile, Patagonia is a natural wonderland that occupies the southernmost reaches of South America. It is an extraordinary landscape of dramatic mountains, gigantic glaciers that calve into icy lakes, cascading waterfalls, crystalline streams and beech forests. It is also an area rich in wildlife such as seals, humpback whales, pumas, condors and guanacos. The best time to visit Patagonia is between October and April. Highlights Spectacular Perito Moreno Glacier; scenic wonders of Los Glaciares National Park; unforgettable landscapes of Torres del Paine; breathtaking scenery of the Lakes District. Climate The weather is at its warmest and the hours of daylight at their longest (18 hours) during the summer months of Nov-Mar. This is also the windiest and busiest time of year. Winter provides clear skies, less windy conditions and fewer tourists; however temperatures can be extremely cold. 62 NATURAL FOCUS – TAILOR-MADE EXPERIENCES Pristine Patagonia Torres Del Paine National Park in Patagonia was incredible! I had never seen anything like it before. This was one of the most awesome trips I have ever been on. Maria-Luisa Scala WWW.NATURALFOCUSSAFARIS.COM.AU | E: [email protected] | T: 1300 363 302 63 ARGENTINIAN PATAGONIA • PERITO MORENO Breathtaking Perito Moreno Glacier © Shutterstock PERITO MORENO GLACIER 4 days/3 nights From $805 per person twin share Departs daily ex El Calafate Price per person from: Twin Single Xelena (Standard Room Lake View) $1063 $1582 El Quijote Hotel (Standard Room) $962 $1423 -
Patagonia Travel Guide
THE ESSENTIAL PATAGONIA TRAVEL GUIDE S EA T TLE . RIO D E J A NEIRO . BUENOS AIRES . LIMA . STUTTGART w w w.So u t h A mer i c a.t r av e l A WORD FROM THE FOUNDERS SouthAmerica.travel is proud of its energetic Team of travel experts. Our Travel Consultants come from around the world, have traveled extensively throughout South America and work “at the source" from our operations headquarters in Rio de Janeiro, Lima and Buenos Aires, and at our flagship office in Seattle. We are passionate about South America Travel, and we're happy to share with you our favorite Buenos Aires restaurants, our insider's tips for Machu Picchu, or our secret colonial gems of Brazil, and anything else you’re eager to know. The idea to create SouthAmerica.travel first came to Co-Founders Juergen Keller and Bradley Nehring while traveling through Brazil's Amazon Rainforest. The two noticed few international travelers, and those they did meet had struggled to arrange the trip by themselves. Expertise in custom travel planning to Brazil was scarce to nonexistent. This inspired the duo to start their own travel business to fill this void and help travelers plan great trips to Brazil, and later all South America. With five offices on three continents, as well as local telephone numbers in 88 countries worldwide, the SouthAmerica.travel Team has helped thousands of travelers fulfill their unique dream of discovering the marvelous and diverse continent of South America. Where will your dreams take you? Let's start planning now… “Our goal is to create memories that -
A Review of the Current State and Recent Changes of the Andean Cryosphere
feart-08-00099 June 20, 2020 Time: 19:44 # 1 REVIEW published: 23 June 2020 doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.00099 A Review of the Current State and Recent Changes of the Andean Cryosphere M. H. Masiokas1*, A. Rabatel2, A. Rivera3,4, L. Ruiz1, P. Pitte1, J. L. Ceballos5, G. Barcaza6, A. Soruco7, F. Bown8, E. Berthier9, I. Dussaillant9 and S. MacDonell10 1 Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina, 2 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Grenoble, France, 3 Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 4 Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile, 5 Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia, 6 Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 7 Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia, 8 Tambo Austral Geoscience Consultants, Valdivia, Chile, 9 LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France, 10 Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile The Andes Cordillera contains the most diverse cryosphere on Earth, including extensive areas covered by seasonal snow, numerous tropical and extratropical glaciers, and many mountain permafrost landforms. Here, we review some recent advances in the study of the main components of the cryosphere in the Andes, and discuss the Edited by: changes observed in the seasonal snow and permanent ice masses of this region Bryan G. Mark, The Ohio State University, over the past decades. The open access and increasing availability of remote sensing United States products has produced a substantial improvement in our understanding of the current Reviewed by: state and recent changes of the Andean cryosphere, allowing an unprecedented detail Tom Holt, Aberystwyth University, in their identification and monitoring at local and regional scales. -
Model Research Investigation
National Aeronautics and Space Administration EXPEDITION EARTH AND BEYOND Student Scientist Guidebook Model Research Investigation Written and Developed by: Paige Valderrama Graff, Science Education Specialist, Expedition Earth and Beyond Director Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES) Directorate ARES Education Program, NASA Johnson Space Center JACOBS - Engineering Science Contract Group (ESCG) Edited and reviewed by the following individuals within the Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES) Directorate at the NASA Johnson Space Center: Marshalyn Baker, Classroom Teacher Tim McCollum, Classroom Teacher Trevor Graff, Planetary Scientist William Stefanov, Chief Scientist Charles Lindgren, Classroom Teacher Susan Runco, Physical Scientist Michele Mailhot, Classroom Teacher Kim Willis, Principal Geoscientist Additional reviewers include: Joshua Bandfield, Research Assistant Professor Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington © 2013 Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES) Education Program. All rights reserved. This document may be freely distributed for non-commercial use only. National Aeronautics and Space Administration EXPEDITION EARTH AND BEYOND Student Scientist Guidebook Model Research Investigation The Expedition Earth and Beyond Student Scientist Guidebook Model Research Investigation is designed to help student researchers model the process of science and conduct a research investigation. This Model Research Investigation includes a complete and thorough research investigation that can be used as an example as you progress through each step of your research. The Table of Contents listed below outlines the steps included in this guidebook. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Section Subtitles Page Overview of Section Getting Actively Involved in General overview of Expedition Earth and Beyond and the modeled 9-step NASA Exploration, Discovery 3 - 6 process of science. -
Los Glaciares National Park General Information
GLACIERS: ORIGIN AND FUNCTION Our Park A glaciation is a period of long-term reduction in the Water factory temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, Glaciers have two important roles: resulting in the expansion of continental and polar Los Glaciares National Park is situated • They are a climate regulator: they keep our planet ice sheets and glaciers. The largest ice sheet in the southwest of Santa Cruz province, cool by reflecting back 45 to 85 per cent of the sunlight. expansion took place one million years ago covering, Argentina. It covers an area of 726.927 • They are an important freshwater reservoir: only in these latitudes, the south of Santa Cruz from the 3% of all water on our planet is fresh. hectares (2,807 sq. mi.) and was Andes to the Atlantic Ocean. Nevertheless, despite established to preserve a significant portion their impressiveness, ice sheets and glaciers of southern Andes, glaciers, forests (Bosque nowadays are just the remains of past ice ages. Andino Patagónico) and steppe. It is the Salt largest park in Argentina's Protected Glaciations in Patagonia Fresh water Areas System. Glaciers change the Earth’s topography with their water 97% erosive power. They reshape valleys and transport 3% rocky materials. When they retreat, big depressions It was declared a UNESCO’S world heritage are carved by the weight of the ice and filled with Superficial site in 1981. water melting water, thus forming large glacial lakes. 1% Massive glaciers of incredible beauty such as Some of the glaciers in LGNP are easily accessible Liquid Perito Moreno, Upsala, Viedma and Spegazzini and are located in an area where the climate is more Ice water Ground template than other areas with glaciers in our planet. -
Boundary Dispute Between Argentina and Chile Concerning the Frontier Line Between Boundary Post 62 and Mount Fitzroy
REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the frontier line between boundary post 62 and Mount Fitzroy 21 October 1994 VOLUME XXII pp. 3-149 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 PARTI Case concerning a boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the delimitaion of the frontier line between boundary post 62 and Mount Fitzroy Decision of 21 October 1994 Affaire concernant un litige frontalier entre la République Argentine et la République du Chile portant sur la délimitation de la frontière entre le poste frontière 62 et le mont Fitzroy Decision du 21 October 1994 CASE CONCERNINGABOUNDARYDISPUTE BETWEEN ARGEN- TINA AND CHILE CONERNING THE DELIMITATION OF THE FRONTIER LINE BETWEEN BOUNDARY POST 62 AND MOUNT FITZROY, 21 OCTOBER 1994 AFFAIRE CONCERNANT UN LITIGE FRONTALIER ENTRE LA REPUBLIQUE ARGENTINE ET LA REPUBLIQUE DU CHILE PORTANT SUR LA DELIMITATION DE LA FRONTIERE EN- TRE LE POSTE FRONTIERE 62 ET LE MONT FITZROY, 21 OCTOBRE 1994 Determination of a boundary line in a sector of the frontier between Argentina and Chile — The force of the resjudicata of an international award applies to the award and to the concept used therein — Interpretation and implementation of an international award — Competence of interna- tional judges: ultra vires decision; excès de pouvoir and the rule of non ultra petita partium — Continental and local water-parting — Subsequent conduct of the parties as a means of interpreta- tion of an international -
Estrategia Nacional De Glaciares Fundamentos
REPÚBLICA DE CHILE MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE AGUAS ESTRATEGIA NACIONAL DE GLACIARES FUNDAMENTOS REALIZADO POR: CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS CIENTÍFICOS - CECS S.I.T. N° 205 Santiago, Diciembre 2009 MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Ministro de Obras Públicas Ingeniero Civil Industrial Sr. Sergio Bitar Ch. Director General de Aguas Abogado Sr. Rodrigo Weisner L. Jefe Unidad de Glaciología y Nieves Geógrafo Sr. Gonzalo Barcaza S. Inspectores Fiscales Ingeniero Civil Sr. Fernando Escobar C. Ingeniero Civil Sr. Cristóbal Cox O. CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS CIENTÍFICOS Jefe de Proyecto Dr. Andrés Rivera (Glaciólogo) Profesionales MSc Francisca Bown (Glacióloga) Claudio Bravo (Geógrafo) Daniela Carrión (Licenciada en Geografía) Dr. Gino Casassa (Glaciólogo) Claudia Flores (Secretaria) Dra. Paulina López (Hidroglacióloga) MSc Camilo Rada (Geofísico) Sebastián Vivero (Licenciado en Geografía) Pablo Zenteno (Geógrafo) Índice 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................6 1.1. ORIGEN DEL PROYECTO Y TRATAMIENTO GENERAL DEL TEMA .............................................6 1.2. HIPÓTESIS DE TRABAJO .........................................................................................................6 1.3. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................................7 1.4. ¿P OR QUÉ UNA ESTRATEGIA NACIONAL DE GLACIARES ? .....................................................8 2. GLACIARES -
Los Glaciares Experience
LOS GLACIARES N.P. • ARGENTINIAN PATAGONIA The extraordinary scenery of Los Glaciares National Park © Shutterstock Day 3 El Chalten Days 4/5 El Chalten LOS GLACIARES Take a shared bus across the steppes of Patagonia Enjoy a guided hike within the National Park to the picturesque village of El Chalten (220km) with views of Monte Fitz Roy. Day 5 at leisure EXPERIENCE at the foot of the mighty Monte Fitz Roy in the Overnight El Chalten. B 6 days/5 nights northern part of Los Glaciares National Park. Day 6 Tour ends El Calafate From $883 per person twin share Overnight at your lodge. B After breakfast return to El Calafate by shared Hotel/Estancia bus. Tour ends. B Departs daily ex El Calafate MONTE FITZ ROY Season: October - April 3359M EL CHALTÉN Price per person from:* Twin VIEDMA GLACIER A Xelena Hotel/Destino Sur $1315 B Imago/Senderos Hosteria $1090 CHILE C Rochester Hotel/Las Piedras $883 LAKE MOYANA GLACIER VIEDMA *Based on two people sharing, singles on request. INCLUSIONS ARGENTINA Scheduled airport transfers in El Calafate, shared UPSALA GLACIER transfer El Calafate to El Chalten, accommodation on a B&B basis, shared transfer El Chalten to El Calafate Airport, shared tours as per itinerary, entrance fees to LAKE ARGENTINO National Park, services of English speaking guide. EL CALAFATE PERITO MORENO xplore the scenic wonders of Impressive peaks of Cerro Torre © Shutterstock GLACIER © Natural Focus EArgentina's Los Glaciares National Park, home to 47 spectacular glaciers including the renowned Perito Moreno Glacier, one of the largest in South America. -
Sample of Pre and Post Cruise Excursion Available from Tara Tours
Sample of Pre and Post Cruise Excursion Available from Tara Tours: Buenos Aires EZE, AEP 3 days / 2night Tara No.001 Day 01- Meeting on arrival and transfer to hotel selected. Day 02- Half day tour of South America’s most elegant capital. On the way we will pass by Plaza de Mayo and the buildings that surround it: Casa Rosada (Government House), Cabildo (Old City Hall), and The City Hall. Then, onto the monumental Congress Building and its Square. Driving on 9 de Julio Ave., the widest in the world, * Iguassu to see the Colon Theater, the famous Opera House that stages the most important Mendoza * artists and musicians from all over the world. We will also visit San Telmo, Puerto Madero, and Palermo Park with jacaranda and palo borracho trees which flower in spring and late summer, the polo field, the race track and the historical Recoleta Cemetery with its ornate memorials. BuenosAires Day 03- Transfer to airport. Mar del Plata 2019 LAND TOUR RATES PER PERSON, 3days/2 nights based in Double occ * Sample rates: Peulla Hotel Dazzler US$395 P.Montt Peulla*Bariloche Hotel Loi Suites Recoleta $528 P.Madryn Hotel The Brick US$640 Atlantic Ocean BUENOS AIRES OPTIONAL TOURS (Rates per person) SIC PVT *Lago Argentino *Rio Gallegos "Live" Tigre & Delta “Live Tour” US$ CAL w/lunch no op! 199 L *Ushuaia Gaucho Fiesta F/D TU to SU, lunch 210 418 Santa Susana Dinner and Tango show La Ventana 130 310 Dinner and Tango show Gala Tango 266 490 Half day Jewish Heritage tour NA 340 Wine tasting + dinner/show at –EL ---- Querendi no op! Dinner & Tango Show – Rojo Tango 410 (drver only) Full Day Colonia w/lunch, trfs, ferry 580 CAL L * Minimum Half FULL DAY GAUCHO FIESTA at Santa Susana By the end of the last century, Mr. -
Currentknowledgeofthe
CURRENTKNOWLEDGEOFTHESOUTHERN PATAGONIA ICEFIELD Gino Casassa':", Andrés Rivera':', Masamu Aniya', and Renji Naruse" 1. ABSTRACT We present here a review of the current glaciological knowledge of the Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI). With an area of 13,000 km2 and 48 major glaciers, the SPI is the largest ice mass in the Southern Hemisphere outside of Antarctica. The glacier inventory and recent glacier variations are presented, as well as ice thickness data and its variations, ice velocity, ablation, accumulation, hydrological characteristics, climate changes and implications for sea level rise. Most ofthe glaciers have been retreating, with a few in a state of equilibrium and advance. Glacier retreat is interpreted primarily as a response to regional atmospheric warrning and to a lesser extent, to precipitation decrease observed during the last century in this region. The general retreat of SPI has resulted in an estimated contribution of 6% to the global rise in sea level due to melting of small glaciers and ice caps. Many glaciological characteristics of the SPI, in particular its mass balance, need to be determined more precisely. 2. INTRODUCTION The Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI) extends north-south for 370 km, between 48°15' S and 51°35' S, at an average longitude of73°30' W (Figure 1). Its mean width is 35 km, and the minimum width is 9 km. The first detailed glacier inventory was compiled by Aniya el al. (1996), who showed that the SPI is composed of 48 major outlet glaciers and over 100 small cirque and valley glaciers. These glaciers flow frorn the Patagonian Andes to the east and west, generally terminating with calving fronts in freshwater lakes (east) and Pacific Ocean fjords (west). -
Los Glaciares National Park Parque Nacional Los Glaciares
Los Glaciares National Park Parque Nacional Los Glaciares (Spanish: The Glaciers) is a national park in the Santa Cruz Province, in Argentine Patagonia. It comprises an area of 4459 km². In 1981 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The national park, created in 1937, is the second largest in Argentina. Its name refers to the giant ice cap in the Andes range that feeds 47 large glaciers, of which only 13 flow towards the Atlantic Ocean. The ice cap is the largest outside of Antarctica and Greenland. In other parts of the world, glaciers start at a height of at least 2,500 meters above mean sea level, but due to the size of the ice cap, these glaciers begin at only 1,500m, sliding down to 200m AMSL, eroding the surface of the mountains that support them. Los Glaciares, of which 30% is covered by ice, can be divided in two parts, each corresponding with one of the two elongated big lakes partially contained by the Park. Lake Argentino, 1,466 km² and the largest in Argentina, is in the south, while Lake Viedma, 1,100 km², is in the north. Both lakes feed the Santa Cruz River that flows down to Puerto Santa Cruz on the Atlantic. Between the two halves is a non-touristic zone without lakes called Zona Centro. The northern half consists of part of Viedma Lake, the Viedma Glacier and a few minor glaciers, and a number of mountains very popular among fans of climbing and trekking, including Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Torre. -
Two Visits to the Andes of Southern Patagonia
· 158 TWO VISITS TO THE ANDES OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA TWO VISITS TO THE ANDES OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA BY ERIC SHIPTON (I) LAGO A.RGENTINO HE objects of the small expedition which I took to Patagonia in the southern summer of 1958- 9 were to make botanical and zoological collections and some glaciological observations in the country west of the great lakes. But my O\vn motive for launching it was not, alas, scientific. It was to satisfy a desire, of many years' standing, to make the acquaintance of this strange region; an acquaint ance which I hoped might in time ripen into terms of intimacy. For, like Tilman, I had long been intrigued by its remarkable geography, the labyrinth of fjords which split the Chilean coast, forming an archipelago a thousand miles long, and bite deep into the mainland; the curiously similar pattern of lakes on the opposite side; the innumerable glaciers which radiate from the central ice-caps and thrust their massive fronts into the intricate system of water"'rays surrounding them. That so much of the region remains unexplored is due almost entirely to its physical difficulties. Most parts of the main range even on the eastern side, can only be reached by amphibious operations which are liable to be rendered hazardous by the violent storms which prevail. The glaciers in their lower reaches are often so broken that it is impossible to travel on them; lateral moraines rarely offer an easy line of approach, and the forest, which covers all but the steepest slopes and extends to an altitude of about 3,ooo ft., is usually dense, trackless and difficult to negotiate.