Detecting Glacier Surface Motion by Optical Flow
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Detecting Glacier Surface Motion by Optical Flow M.G. Lenzano, E. Lannutti, C. Toth, A. Rivera, and L. Lenzano Abstract In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using optical flow, objects, the temporal aspects of the mapping are equally in particular, large displacement optical flow (LDOF) method important, and therefore, the revisit time of satellite plat- as a possible solution to obtain surface movement data to forms may present some disadvantages. A permanent sensor derive ice flow velocities in a glacier. Tests were carried installation could offer unprecedented temporal resolution out at the Viedma Glacier, located at the South Patagonia and observation capabilities (Toth and Jóźków, 2016), and us- Icefield, Argentina, where terrestrial monoscopic image ing time-lapse imagery provides a viable approach to glacier sequences were acquired by a calibrated camera from April change detection (Harrison, 1992; Hashimoto et al., 2009; Ahn 2014 until April 2016. As for preprocessing, the Correlated and Box, 2010; Maas et al, 2010; Rivera et al., 2012b; Daniel- Analysis method was implemented to avoid and minimize son and Sharp, 2013; Lenzano et al., 2014). errors due to the measurable changes in lighting, shad- The dynamics of glaciers has noticeably changed due to ows, clouds, and snow. The results show a flow field with a global warming during in the late 20th and 21st centuries (Oer- maximum surface velocity value of 3.5 m/d. The errors were lemans, 2005; Bolch et al., 2012), and thus, to properly assess minimized by averaging the image sequence results based and monitor their dynamics requires the detailed mapping on seasons, in which the Total Error Reconstruction yielded of surface velocities and changes in geometry (Howat et al., fairly good mean accuracy (0.36 m/d). In summary, it was 2007); noted that subsurface velocities are also of importance, demonstrated that LDOF can provide accurate and robust but they cannot be easily observed. Ice flow velocities vary solution to detect daily changes in the glacier surface. along glaciers, following complex patterns defined by stress and strain rate distributions (Benn and Evans, 2010). In order to map glacier surface velocities, various methods have been Introduction used, including traditional point-based surveys, and then using Geospatial data acquisition methods for Earth observation and remote sensing methods that can provide mass points in irregu- monitoring applications have seen great technological advance- lar or regular grid distributions. Photogrammetric and comput- ments in recent years (Bartholomé and Belward, 2005), as er vision methods are available to obtain a dense and accurate the performance potential of the sensors, in terms of spatial, grid adequate to support glacier dynamic analysis (Matías et spectral, and temporal resolutions has significantly expanded. al., 2009; Westoby et al., 2012; Ryan et al., 2015, Piermattei et Consequently, nowadays remote sensing techniques representDelivered by alIngenta., 2015), and may provide various metric products, such as an attractive and affordable approachIP: to study192.168.39.151 different natural On: Sat,ice 25 velocities, Sep 2021 volume 09:32:41 changes, etc. Note that photogrammetry phenomena, such as glaciers,Copyright: where the American main advantage Society is for a Photogrammetryis fundamentally and concernedRemote Sensing about the metric integrity of the simpler and more economical implementation compared to derived products, while computer vision is primarily focused conventional field surveying measurements. At present, optical on the correct recognition and reconstruction of objects. imagery is the most commonly used sensory data to monitor gla- Clearly, photogrammetry and computer vision share, or at least ciers because it is an efficient low cost method, used since mid- should share, a common (or at least widely overlapping) theo- 1980s for mapping surface velocities. (Heid and Kääb, 2012). retical basis (Granshaw and Fraser, 2015). Certainly, exploiting To study glaciers, a variety of methods and techniques the complementarities of the two disciplines may provide ac- have been used since the mid-nineteenth century (Gao and curate solutions to monitoring many natural phenomena. Liu, 2001; Bamber and Rivera, 2007); typically a combina- Image sequence processing in computer vision is a broad tion of these is required to obtain high resolution spatial and field, and includes tracking, structure from motion (SFM), temporal observations needed to model the complexity of the optical flow, etc. These subfields are closely related, and dynamics processes. Airborne/spaceborne remote sensing the concept is that the object/observer movement enables to easily provides consistently accurate low and medium resolu- obtain accurate information of the sensed changes over time, tion data over large areas (Toth and Jóźków, 2016). In contrast, which is mostly based on identifying conjugate geometrical terrestrial or close-range sensors (Moustafa, 2000) can provide primitives in the images. Finding correspondence between high resolution observations (Schwalbe et al., 2016), and pairs of points in two images remains one of the fundamental thus difficult to map topographies, such as glaciers, can be computational challenges in computer vision (Wedel et al., surveyed with high accuracy for smaller areas. Satellite-based 2009). At the beginning of the 1980’s, techniques based on optical sensors may often have limiting factors for observa- coarse-to-fine strategies were developed, such as intensity- tions, such as cloud cover, especially in mountain regions based optical flow algorithms, and then quantitative methods (Gleitsmann and Kappas, 2006). Since glaciers are dynamic of computer vision, including many early feature-based stereo correspondence algorithms (Szelisky, 2010). In some cases, M.G. Lenzano, E. Lannutti, and L. Lenzano are with different motion and structure paradigms were developed, the Departamento de Geomática. Instituto Argentino using optical flow as an intermediate representation of mo- de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales-CCT, tion correspondences between image features, correlations, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. Casilla de correo 300, Av. or properties of intensity structures (Beauchemin and Barron, Ruiz Leal s/n. Parque Gral. San Martín. Mendoza. Argentina. CP: 5500. ([email protected]). Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Vol. 84, No. 1, January 2018, pp. 33–42. C. Toth is with the Department of Civil, Environmental and 0099-1112/17/33–42 Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA. © 2017 American Society for Photogrammetry 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 and Remote Sensing A. Rivera is with Centro de Estudios Científicos de Chile, doi: 10.14358/PERS.84.1.33 Valdivia, Chile. Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, Chile. PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2018 33 1995). The optical flow extracted from imagery is the result Patagonia Icefield (SPI), Argentina between 2014 and 2016. This of the apparent movement pattern between objects, caused site is an important calving glacier in the region covering an by either relative deformation or absolute movements. The area of 945 km2 (Aniya et al., 1996). Since the behavior of the objective of motion estimation is to compute an independent glacier at the terminus is of high interest, this area was selected estimate of motion for each pixel, which is generally known for the investigation. The investigation is a continuation of our as optical flow (Szelisky, 2010). Optical flow-based methods previous effort (Lannutti et al., 2016; Toth et al., 2016). The can be classified as differential, correlation, frequency, and outline of this paper is as follows: the next Section provides variational (De la Nuez, 2010). The variational methods have a detailed description of the study area and data collection, demonstrated the best performance, allowing the accurate es- followed by a review of the methodology proposed. Then, the timation of dense flow field based on the original formulation, results with analysis is provided leading to the conclusions. introduced by Horn and Schunck (1981). In spite of the existence of a variety of optical flow tech- niques, the majority of the algorithms concern small displace- Test Area and Data Acquisition ments and only a few procedures have been developed to The South Patagonia Ice field (SPI) is located in South Ameri- detect large displacements, such as work by Weinzaepfel et al. ca, Argentina and Chile, covering an area of 13,000 km2 with (2013). With respect to the image acquisition rate, changes oc- an average length of approximately 30 to 40 km at a mean curring in time-lapse images of glaciers, where for half of the altitude of 1,191 m ASL (Aniya, 2013). Viedma glacier is lo- day no imagery can be acquired, the changing displacement cated at 49° 31′ S, 72° 59′ W, Los Glaciares National Park, SPI, could be large. The Large Displacement Optical Flow (LDOF) Santa Cruz, Argentina, see Figure 1. The glacier was selected method (Brox et al., 2004; Brox et al., 2009; Brox and Malik, for this study due to the availability of earlier investigations, 2011) offers a powerful solution to estimate large displace- carried out over the past 30 years (Skvarca et al., 1995; Aniya ments in image sequences, and is based on a solid numerical et al., 1996; Lopez et al., 2010; Riveros et al., 2013), and its method that combines descriptor matching with the variation- representativeness at the SPI. al model, and uses a coarse-to-fine strategy with the so-called To support the field image acquisition of the time-lapse warping technique. Finally, the descriptor matching and the imagery, an integrated data acquisition system was built discrete optimizations can provide sub-pixel accuracy. based on a CANON EOS Mark II DSLR camera (C1); pixel size: Only a few studies of ice motion have been carried out us- 7.2 μm, objective focal length: 50 mm, and FOV: 46°. The C1 ing optical flow algorithm, such as using satellite and terrestri- was calibrated prior to field deployment by the United States al images by (Vogel et al., 2012) and (Bown, 2015), respectively.