DOCSLIB.ORG

Developmental Anomalies in Drosophila Hybrids Are Apparently Caused by Loss of Microchromosome

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Developmental Anomalies in Drosophila Hybrids Are Apparently Caused by Loss of Microchromosome Heredity 64 (1990) 255—262 The Genetical Society of Great Britain Received 6 September 1989 Developmental anomalies in Drosophila hybrids are apparently caused by loss of microchromosome H. Allen Orr Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1103 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A. Hybrids produced by crossing Drosophila virilis females to D. lummei males suffer from many developmental anomalies; the reciprocal hybridization yields normal offspring. Genetic analysis reveals that these anomalies involve a maternal effect: whether or not an individual will show an anomaly depends upon his mother's nuclear genotype. Several lines of evidence suggest that the proximal cause of the anomalies is the elimination of the D. lummei microchromosome (chromosome 6) from hybrids. Loss of the D. lum,nei microchromosome in this hybridization is known to involve a maternal effect (Evgen'ev, 1973), as mitosis in early development is under the control of maternally-acting genes. INTRODUCTION architecture" of morphological anomalies will resemble the architecture of normal morphological Developmentaland morphological anomalies are differences between species. common among species hybrids. Drosophila During a study of the basis of postzygotic isola- melanogaster-D. simulans hybrids, for example, tion in the yin/is group of Drosophila (Orr and often suffer from missing bristles and incomplete Coyne, 1989), we noticed that hybrids between D. scierotization of the abdomen (Sturtevant, 1920, virilis and D. lummei frequently showed several 1929). Unfortunately, almost nothing is known morphological anomalies. The following about the genetic causes of such hybrid anomalies. anomalies were observed: greatly reduced eye Elucidation of the basis of these anomalies may resembling the "eyeless" mutation of D. throw some light on speciation. In particular, it tnelanogaster (usually only one eye affected), will be useful to determine whether the genetic unequal wing lengths, broken or incomplete wing basis of developmental anomalies more closely veins, twisted abdomen, and missing or reduced resembles the basis of hybrid inviability/sterility thoracic bristles. The first three anomalies were or that of normal morphological differences particularly common. Anomalies only appeared between species. We know that the former when D. virilis females were crossed to D. lummei phenomena affect hybrid males more than females males; the reciprocal cross yielded normal pro- (Haldane's rule), involve a large effect of the X geny. This result was previously reported by chromosome (Coyne and Orr, 1989), and often Sokolov (1948, 1959) (although he misidentified show maternal effects (Orr, 1989). The genes D. lummei as "D. littoralis" (Throckmorton, underlying morphological differences between 1982)). As the D. lummei strains that Sokolov species, however, do not map disproportionately found to produce the most frequent anomalies to the X (see Coyne and Orr, 1989), and do not have been lost, little additional work on these seem to involve frequent maternal effects. As anomalies has been undertaken (however, as this Coyne and Orr (1989) note, certain explanations paper goes to press, an abstract by Heikkinen and of these different patterns predict that morpho- Lumme (1989) confirms the non-reciprocal nature logical/developmental anomalies in hybrids will of these anomalies; see below). Fortunately, the behave like postzygotic isolation (e.g., obey D. lummei strain we possessed produced frequent Haldane's rule and show a large effect of the X), anomalies when hybridized with D. yin/is. Also, while other explanations predict that the "genetic fortunately, male and female hybrids between D. 256 H. ALLEN ORR virilis and D. lummei are viable and fertile, allow- autosomes. The following anomalies were scored: ing genetic analysis of the basis of these anomalies. (1) reduced eye ("eyeless"); (2) obvious wing I report the results of this analysis here. length asymmetries; (3) wing vein anomalies (usually broken or missing veins; more rarely, small extra vein-segments appeared and were MATERIALSAND METHODS included in this category). As preliminary results demonstrated that the Thefollowing D. virilis and D. lummei stocks were D. virilis cytoplasm plays a large role in the produc- used: D. yin/is Pasadena, D. yin/is white (w: 1—105 tion of anomalies, most crosses were designed to [all map positions from Alexander (1976)]), D. determine whether this effect results from a mater- virilis peach; glossy (pe: 5—203; gl: 6—1.0), D. virilis nal effect (i.e., a mother's nuclear genotype deter- varnished (va 2—231.5), D. vinilis broken; tiny mining her progeny's phenotype) or from a true bristles, gap; cardinal; peach (b 2—1880; tb 3— cytoplasmic effect (e.g., an endosymbiont or 1040, gp 3-1180; cd 4-322; pe) and D. lummei mitochondrial gene). The role of an endosymbiont Finland. A few crosses involving D. americana Red was tested by rearing flies on tetracycline, follow- Cloud, D. novamexicana San Antonio, and D. ing the protocol of Hoffman and Turelli (1988). texana Morrilton were also made. Unless otherwise indicated, all crosses were The method used to determine the genetic basis made for one week at 18°C and then transferred of the hybrid anomalies is similar to that used by to fresh vials at 22°C. Orr and Coyne (1989) to analyse the basis of hybrid sterility in the D. virilis group: D. virilis flies carry- ing morphological markers are hybridized with RESULTS wild-type D. lummei flies, and the fertile F1 hybrids are backcrossed to either parental species. By cor- Individualsfrom the pure species stocks of D. relating the presence of hybrid anomalies with virilis and D. lummei show no developmental particular markers, one can determine which anomalies (table 1). However, the D. yin/is w chromosomes play a large role in the production female x D. lummei male hybridization produces of the anomalies. Inmost cases only the X chromo- males and females who frequently suffer develop- some carried a marker, allowing one to separate mental anomalies (table 1). Hybrid females and the effects of the X from that of the unmarked males are affected at the same rate (27.8 vs. 261 Table 1Number of individuals showing various developmental anomalies in pure species, F1 hybrids, and hybrid backerosses. In this and all subsequent tables, V =D.yin/is and L =D.lummei. In a cross, the species origin of the maternal species is given first, followed by the paternal species, e.g., VL D. virilis 9 x D. lurnmei 5. (VL)L= F19 (D. virilis9 x D. Iummeid)x D. lummeid Winglength Wing vein Genotype Eyeless asymmetry anomaly Normal Total D. virilis w 9 0 0 0 200 200 5 0 0 0 200 200 D. lummej Finland 9 0 0 0 195 195 5 0 0 0 211 211 VL 9 17 38 24 205 284 5 16 23 18 161 218 LV 9 0 1 0 327 328 5 0 0 0 325 325 (VL)L 9 0 0 13 358 371 wS 0 2 1 102 105 +5 0 1 2 152 155 HYBRID ANOMALIES 257 per cent anomalous, respectively; x2= 121,df= 3, involved: although these backcross hybrids carry P>O•75). Therefore, the hybrid anomalies do not mitochondria and any endosymbionts from D. obey Haldane's rule. yin/is on a largely D. lummei genetic background, The reciprocal cross does not produce they show a greatly reduced frequency of anomalous progeny (table 1). The difference anomalies. This result instead suggests that the between the frequency of anomalies in the two anomalies involve a maternal effect: these back- reciprocal hybridizations is highly significant (for cross hybrids show few anomalies because their females, x2= 10144,df= 3, P <O0OOl; for males, mothers had an F1 hybrid, not a pure species, df=3,P<O.000l). Because the F1 genotype. If a maternal effect is involved, the females from the two reciprocal hybridizations maternally-acting genes from D. virilis are nearly possess the same nuclear genotype, production of recessive: D. yin/is mrjjs/ mrrjj,, females produce the developmental anomalies must involve the many anomalous offspring, while M,ummei/mvjrj,i, cytoplasm. There are two ways this can occur: F1 hybrid females produce very few. production of anomalies may depend upon the Proof that maternal genotype—not the species nuclear genotype of a hybrid's mother (a "maternal source of cytoplasm—causes the anomalies effect"), or may involve some autonomous cyto- requires showing that hybrids carrying cytoplasm plasmic agent, e.g.,amitochondrial gene or an from the "wrong" species, i.e., D. lummei, can also endosymbiont to which D. yin/is is resistant (a suffer anomalies. As the above results suggest that "cytoplasmic effect"). hybrid anomalies are most common when mothers To test for the presence of an endosymbiont, are homozygous for some putative maternally- the D. virilis w female x D. lummei male hybridiz- acting allele from D. virilis, I backcrossed F1 ation was performed, and progeny reared, on females from a D. lurnmei female x D. virilis w medium containing tetracycline. Control crosses male cross to D. yin/is w males. The resulting were run on medium lacking tetracycline. Tetra- backcross females carry cytoplasm from D. lum- cycline treatment did not cure the hybrid anomalies mei, but, on average, are homozygous at 50 per (table 2). Indeed, more anomalies appeared among cent of their loci for alleles from D. virilis (they hybrids receiving the tetracycline treatment (x2= are D. virilis/D. lummei heterozygotes at their 5473,df=3, P<00001). While this result does remaining loci). not rule out the endosymbiont-hypothesis (a The results are unambiguous: these hybrid tetracycline-insensitive microorganism could be females do produce anomalous offspring when involved), it suggests that it is worthwhile to test crossed to D. himmei males, despite the fact that for maternal effects. their cytoplasm ultimately derives from D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Acoustic Duetting in Drosophila Virilis Relies on the Integration of Auditory and Tactile Signals Kelly M Larue1,2, Jan Clemens1,2, Gordon J Berman3, Mala Murthy1,2*
    RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Acoustic duetting in Drosophila virilis relies on the integration of auditory and tactile signals Kelly M LaRue1,2, Jan Clemens1,2, Gordon J Berman3, Mala Murthy1,2* 1Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States; 2Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States; 3Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States Abstract Many animal species, including insects, are capable of acoustic duetting, a complex social behavior in which males and females tightly control the rate and timing of their courtship song syllables relative to each other. The mechanisms underlying duetting remain largely unknown across model systems. Most studies of duetting focus exclusively on acoustic interactions, but the use of multisensory cues should aid in coordinating behavior between individuals. To test this hypothesis, we develop Drosophila virilis as a new model for studies of duetting. By combining sensory manipulations, quantitative behavioral assays, and statistical modeling, we show that virilis females combine precisely timed auditory and tactile cues to drive song production and duetting. Tactile cues delivered to the abdomen and genitalia play the larger role in females, as even headless females continue to coordinate song production with courting males. These data, therefore, reveal a novel, non-acoustic, mechanism for acoustic duetting. Finally, our results indicate that female-duetting circuits are not sexually differentiated, as males can also produce ‘female-like’ duets in a context- dependent manner. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.07277.001 *For correspondence: [email protected] Introduction Competing interests: The Studies of acoustic communication focus on the production of acoustic signals by males and the authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Cytogenetics and Supernumerary Chromosomes In
    Hereditas 136: 51–57 (2002) Comparative cytogenetics and supernumerary chromosomes in the Brazilian lizard genus Enyalius (Squamata, Polychrotidae) CAROLINA ELENA VIN0A BERTOLOTTO1,3, KATIA CRISTINA MACHADO PELLEGRINO1, MIGUEL TREFAUT RODRIGUES2 and YATIYO YONENAGA-YASSUDA1 1 Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biocieˆncias, Uni6ersidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brasil 2 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biocieˆncias and Museu de Zoologia, Uni6ersidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brasil 3 Uni6ersidade Santo Amaro, Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brasil Bertolotto, C. E. V., Pellegrino, K. C. M., Rodrigues, M. T. and Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. 2002. Comparative cytogenetics and supernumerary chromosomes in the Brazilian lizard genus Enyalius (Squamata, Polychrotidae).—Hereditas 136: 51–57. Lund, Sweden. ISSN 0018-0661. Received August 13, 2001. Accepted January 24, 2002 Cytogenetical analyses based on conventional and differential staining were performed for the first time on five species of the Brazilian lizard genus Enyalius: E. bibronii, E. bilineatus, E. iheringii, E. leechii,andE. perditus. The species share a similar 2n=36 (12M+24m) karyotype, comprised of 12 metacentric or submetacentric macrochromosomes, except for an acrocentric pair 6 that characterizes E. bibronii. The 24 microchromosomes were acrocentrics, but in E. perditus two meta/submetacentric microchromosome pairs were unambiguously identified. Karyotypes with 2n=37 and 2n=37/38 chromosomes were also observed in some specimens of E. bilineatus as a result of the presence of supernumerary chromosomes (Bs). Ag-NORs were always located at the distal region of the long arm of the submetacentric pair 2. The constitutive heterochromatin was mostly restricted to the pericentromeric regions of some macrochromosomes and microchromosomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Pan-Arthropod Analysis Reveals Somatic Pirnas As an Ancestral TE Defence 2 3 Samuel H
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/185694; this version posted September 7, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Pan-arthropod analysis reveals somatic piRNAs as an ancestral TE defence 2 3 Samuel H. Lewis1,10,11 4 Kaycee A. Quarles2 5 Yujing Yang2 6 Melanie Tanguy1,3 7 Lise Frézal1,3,4 8 Stephen A. Smith5 9 Prashant P. Sharma6 10 Richard Cordaux7 11 Clément Gilbert7,8 12 Isabelle Giraud7 13 David H. Collins9 14 Phillip D. Zamore2* 15 Eric A. Miska1,3* 16 Peter Sarkies10,11* 17 Francis M. Jiggins1* 18 *These authors contributed equally to this work 19 20 Correspondence should be addressed to F.M.J. ([email protected]) or S.H.L. 21 ([email protected]). 22 23 24 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/185694; this version posted September 7, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 25 Abstract 26 In animals, PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) silence transposable elements (TEs), 27 protecting the germline from genomic instability and mutation. piRNAs have been 28 detected in the soma in a few animals, but these are believed to be specific 29 adaptations of individual species. Here, we report that somatic piRNAs were likely 30 present in the ancestral arthropod more than 500 million years ago. Analysis of 20 31 species across the arthropod phylum suggests that somatic piRNAs targeting TEs 32 and mRNAs are common among arthropods.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Analysis of Drosophila Virilis Sex Pheromone: Genetic Mapping of the Locus Producing Z-(Ll)-Pentacosene
    Genet. Res., Camb. (1996), 68, pp. 17-21 With 1 text-figure Copyright © 1996 Cambridge University Press 17 Genetic analysis of Drosophila virilis sex pheromone: genetic mapping of the locus producing Z-(ll)-pentacosene MOTOMICHI DOI*, MASATOSHI TOMARU, HIROSHI MATSUBAYASHI1, KIYO YAMANOI AND YUZURU OGUMA Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan (Received 27 June 1995 and in revised form 18 December 1995) Summary Z-(ll)-pentacosene, Drosophila virilis sex pheromone, is predominant among the female cuticular hydrocarbons and can elicit male courtship behaviours. To evaluate the genetic basis of its production, interspecific crosses between D. novamexicana and genetically marked D. virilis were made and hydrocarbon profiles of their backcross progeny were analysed. The production of Z- (ll)-pentacosene was autosomally controlled and was recessive. Of the six D. virilis chromosomes only the second and the third chromosomes showed significant contributions to sex pheromone production, and acted additively. Analysis of recombinant females indicated that the locus on the second chromosome mapped to the proximity of position 2-218. - and some work on the genetic basis of their control 1. Introduction has been done. Female cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila play an In D. simulans, intrastrain hydrocarbon poly- important role in stimulating males and can elicit male morphism is very marked, and two loci that are courtship behaviours, that is, some can act as a sex involved in controlling the hydrocarbon variations pheromone (Antony & Jallon, 1982; Jallon, 1984; have been identified. One is Ngbo, mapped to position Antony et al. 1985; Oguma et al. 1992; Nemoto et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Genomics Education Partnership and Collaborative Genomics Research in Drosophila
    Tested Studies for Laboratory Teaching Proceedings of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education Vol. 34, 135-165, 2013 Introduction to the Genomics Education Partnership and Collaborative Genomics Research in Drosophila Julia A. Emerson1, S. Catherine Silver Key2, Consuelo J. Alvarez3, Stephanie Mel4, Gerard P. McNeil5, Kenneth J. Saville6, Wilson Leung7, Christopher D. Shaffer7 and Sarah C. R. Elgin7 1Amherst College, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 5000, Amherst MA 01002 USA 2North Carolina Central University, Department of Biology, 2246 MTSB, Durham NC 27701 USA 3Longwood University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 201 High St., Farmville VA 23909 USA 4University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive 0355, La Jolla CA 92093 USA 5York College/CUNY, Department of Biology, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd., Jamaica NY 11451 USA 6 Albion College, Biology Department, 611 E. Porter St., Albion MI 49224 USA 7Washington University, Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Dr., St. Louis MO 3130 USA ([email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) The GEP, a group of faculty from over 90 primarily undergraduate institutions, is using comparative genomics to engage students in research within regular courses. Using a versatile curriculum, GEP undergraduates undertake projects to improve draft genomic sequences and/or participate in the annotation of these improved sequences. An additional goal of the annotation curriculum is for students to gain a sophisticated understanding of eukaryotic gene structure. Students do so by carefully mapping the protein-coding regions of putative genes from recently- sequenced Drosophila species.
    [Show full text]
  • The Actin Family Member Arp6 and the Histone Variant H2A.Z Are Required
    Short Report 3739 The actin family member Arp6 and the histone variant H2A.Z are required for spatial positioning of chromatin in chicken cell nuclei Eri Ohfuchi Maruyama1,*, Tetsuya Hori2,*, Hideyuki Tanabe3,`, Hiroshi Kitamura1,*, Ryo Matsuda1, Shigenobu Tone4, Pavel Hozak5, Felix A. Habermann6, Johann von Hase7, Christoph Cremer7, Tatsuo Fukagawa2 and Masahiko Harata1,` 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan 2Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan 3Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan 4Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan 5Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics, AS CR, v.v.i., Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic 6Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany 7Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany *These authors contributed equally to this work `Authors for correspondence ([email protected]; [email protected]) Accepted 3 April 2012 Journal of Cell Science 125, 3739–3744 ß 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.103903 Summary The spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus contributes to genome function and is altered during the differentiation of normal and tumorigenic cells. Although nuclear actin-related proteins (Arps) have roles in the local alteration of chromatin structure, it is unclear whether they are involved in the spatial positioning of chromatin. In the interphase nucleus of vertebrate cells, gene-dense and gene-poor chromosome territories (CTs) are located in the center and periphery, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Microchromosomes Are Building Blocks of Bird, Reptile and Mammal Chromosomes
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.06.451394; this version posted July 7, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Microchromosomes are building blocks of bird, reptile and mammal chromosomes Paul D. Waters1†, Hardip R. Patel2†, Aurora Ruiz-Herrera3,4, Lucía Álvarez-González3,4, Nicholas C. Lister1, Oleg Simakov5, Tariq Ezaz6, Parwinder Kaur7, Celine Frere8, Frank Grützner9, Arthur Georges6 and Jennifer A. Marshall Graves6,10* 1School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia 2The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia 3Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain. 4Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain 5 Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna University of Vienna, Austria 6 Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra ACT 2601 Australia 7 School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia 8 Global Change Ecology Research Group, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia 9 School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 10 School of Life sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia †Equal contribution *Corresponding author: Professor J.A.M. Graves, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019.12.19.882399V1.Full.Pdf
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.19.882399; this version posted December 20, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Identifying the causes and consequences of assembly gaps using a multiplatform 2 genome assembly of a bird-of-paradise 3 4 Valentina Peona1,2, Mozes P.K. Blom3,4, Luohao Xu5,6, Reto Burri7, Shawn Sullivan8, Ignas Bunikis9, 5 Ivan Liachko8, Knud A. Jønsson10, Qi Zhou5,6,11, Martin Irestedt3, Alexander Suh1,2 6 7 Affiliation 8 9 1 Department of Ecology and Genetics – Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Science for 10 Life Laboratories, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden 11 2 Department of Organismal Biology – Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 12 SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden 13 3 Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05, 14 Stockholm, Sweden 15 4 Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, 16 Germany 17 5 MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang 18 University, Hangzhou, China 19 6 Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 20 7 Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich-Schiller- 21 University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany 22 8 Phase Genomics, Inc. 1617 8th Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA 23 9 Uppsala Genome Center, Science for Life Laboratory, Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of the Chromosome Structures Between the Chicken
    http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jpsa doi:10.2141/ jpsa.0130090 Copyright Ⓒ 2014, Japan Poultry Science Association. Comparison of the Chromosome Structures between the Chicken and Three Anserid Species, the Domestic Duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata), and Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides), and the Delineation of their Karyotype Evolution by Comparative Chromosome Mapping Fhamida B. Islam1, Yoshinobu Uno1, Mitsuo Nunome1, Osamu Nishimura2, 3, Hiroshi Tarui4, Kiyokazu Agata3 and Yoichi Matsuda1, 5 1 Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan 2 Genome Resource and Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan 3 Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan 4 Division of Genomic Technologies, Center for Life Science Technology, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan 5 Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan To better understand the process of karyotype evolution in Galloanserae (Galliformes and Anseriformes), we performed comparative chromosome painting with chicken chromosome-specific DNA probes and FISH mapping of the 18S-28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, telomeric (TTAGGG)n repeats, and cDNA clones of 37 genes for three anserid species, the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), and Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides). Each chicken probe of chromosomes 1-9 and the Z chromosome painted a single pair of chromosomes in the three species except for the chromosome 4 probe, which painted acrocentric chromosome 4 and a pair of microchromosomes. The 18S-28S rRNA genes were localized to four pairs of microchromosomes in the domestic duck and Muscovy duck, and eight pairs of microchromosomes in the Chinese goose.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Chromosomes of the Two Sub-Species Drosophila Virilis Virilis and Drosophila Virilis Americana* Roscoe D
    AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHROMOSOMES OF THE TWO SUB-SPECIES DROSOPHILA VIRILIS VIRILIS AND DROSOPHILA VIRILIS AMERICANA* ROSCOE D. HUGHES Columbia University, New York, and Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia Received July 19, 1939 INTRODUCTION NCREASING attention is being focused on the use of Drosophila as a I convenient organism for investigating such fundamental problems as the formation of new species and interspecific sterility. Studies of the hybrid from the cross D. melarzogasterXD. simulans by PATAU(I935), and by HORTON(1939), and D. pseudoobscuraXD. miranda by DOB- ZHANSKY and TAN(1936), as well as studies of the hybrids from the inter- racial crosses of D. pseudoobscura by DoszHANsKY and STURTEVANT (1938), have amply demonstrated the advantages of the salivary gland technique in affording a new approach to such old problems, and making possible a more critical analysis of the differences in gene alignment. The present paper is a study of the differences in gene alignment of the two sub-species, D. virilis virilis and D.virilis americana as determined by the salivary gland chromosome analysis of the hybrid, and the differences in the chromosome configurations in the larval ganglion cells. Such a study has made necessary a revision of my preliminary map (HUGHES1936) of the salivary gland chromosomes of D. virilis. These two sub-species are of special interest because, among other reasons, they can be crossed easily and yield hybrids which are partially fertile (SPENCER1938). Both male and female hybrids are partially fertile when crossed inter se, or backcrossed to either parent sub-species. That two sub-species differing so widely in gene alignment, in the chromosome configuration of the ganglion cells, in phenotypic appearance, and physio- logical characteristics can be crossed is unusual for the genus Drosophila, and it is remarkable indeed that the hybrid is partially fertile.
    [Show full text]
  • Variability Levels, Population Size and Structure of American and European Drosophila Montana Populations
    Heredity 86 (2001) 506±511 Received 22 September 2000, accepted 22 January 2001 Variability levels, population size and structure of American and European Drosophila montana populations JORGE VIEIRA* & ANNELI HOIKKALAà Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT U.K. and àDepartment of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90401 Oulu, Finland The level and patterns of nucleotide diversity have been characterized for two X-linked loci, fused (fu; a region of 2362 bp) and suppressor of sable (su(s); a region of 413 bp), in one European and one American D. montana population. Sequence variation at these loci shows that the two populations are divergent, although they may not be completely isolated. Data on the level of silent site variability at su(s) (1.1% and 0.5% for the European and American populations, respectively) suggest that the eective population sizes of the two populations may be similar. At the fused locus, one European sequence was highly divergent and may have resulted from gene conversion, and was excluded from the analysis. With this sequence removed, the level of silent site variability was signi®cantly lower in the European population (0.28%) than in the American population (2.3%), which suggests a selective sweep at or near fu in the former population. Keywords: DNA sequence variation, Drosophila montana, fused, population structure. Introduction Higuchi, 1979). Allozyme variability studies have been conducted so far only on North American D. montana Knowledge of the level and patterns of nucleotide populations (Baker, 1975, 1980). Thus it is not known polymorphisms within and between conspeci®c popula- whether there is a single world-wide D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chicken .82-Microglobulin Gene Is Located on a Non-Major
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 1243-1248, February 1996 Genetics The chicken .82-microglobulin gene is located on a non-major histocompatibility complex microchromosome: A small, G+C-rich gene with X and Y boxes in the promoter PATRICIA RIEGERT*, ROLF ANDERSENtt, NAT BUMSTEAD§, CHRISTIAN D6HRING*, MARINA DOMINGUEZ-STEGLICH$, JAN ENGBERGt, JAN SALOMONSENII, MICHAEL SCHMID1, JOSEPH SCHWAGER**, KARSTEN SKJ0DTtt, AND JIM KAUFMAN*#t *Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland; tBiochemical Institute B, Panum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; §Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratories, Compton, United Kingdom; lInstitute for Human Genetics, University of Wiirzburg, Wurzburg, Germany; lllnstitute of Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark; **Centre de Recherche sur la Nutrition Animale, Societe Roche S. A. Village-Neuf, France; and ttInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University of Odense, Odense, Denmark Communicated by D. Bernard Amos, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, October 26, 1995 ABSTRACT f32-Microglobulin is an essential subunit of birds, that some chromosomes were affected to the point of major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) class I molecules, becoming microchromosomes, and that this process effectively which present antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes. We se- ended in the genomes of the few survivors that actually gave quenced a number of cDNAs and two genomic clones corre- rise to the birds (12-14). sponding to chicken .j2-microglobulin. The chicken 132- Mhc class I molecules are composed of an Mhc-encoded microglobulin gene has a similar genomic organization but polymorphic class I a chain noncovalently associated with a smaller introns and higher G+C content than mammalian small nonpolymorphic protein called P32-microglobulin (322m).
    [Show full text]