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Fertility of Eudiaptomus, Bosmina and Daphnia (Crustacea) Representatives in Lakes of Varied Trophic States in the Suwałki District

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Fertility of Eudiaptomus, Bosmina and Daphnia (Crustacea) Representatives in Lakes of Varied Trophic States in the Suwałki District Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 11, No. 1 (2002), 23-31 Fertility of Eudiaptomus, Bosmina and Daphnia (Crustacea) Representatives in Lakes of Varied Trophic States in the Suwałki District B. Czeczuga, M. Kozłowska Department of General Biology, Medical University, Kilińskiego 1, 15-300 Białystok, Poland Received: 2 July, 2001 Accepted: 10 September, 2001 Abstract In the years 1996-1999 the authors studied fertility of females of seven zooplankton crustacean species of the genus Eudiaptomus (2 species), Bosmina (4) and Daphnia (1) in six lakes of various trophic states from oligotrophic (Lake Białe) to distrophic (Lake Konopniak and Lake Suchar Zachodni) in the Suwałki Dis- trict. Water samples were collected every three months at the same sites to analyse 20 physico-chemical parameters. Chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids were evaluated as the food content indices in phytoplan- kton as a whole and separately in cells smaller than 50 µm. The study has revealed that the highest female fertility in Copepoda representatives (genus Eudiap- tomus) occurs in spring, while in Cladocera individuals (genus Bosmina and Daphnia) – in summer. Gen- erally, both in Copepoda and Cladocera representatives the number of laid eggs increases and their size decreases with the rise in lake trophic state. Keywords: zooplankton crustacean, fertility, chlorophyll, carotenoids, lake, hydrochemistry, trophic state. Introduction We decided to investigate the fertility of zooplankton representatives in the lakes of basic limnologic types in Plankton organisms constitute an unusually dynamic the Suwałki District differing in a number of features, system, immediately reacting to the changes of short and particularly in physico-chemical properties of water and long duration that occur in the aquatic environment [1]. in the content of phytoplankton, i.e. trophicity. Consequently, the occurrence of zooplankton groups and their fertility vary depending on the state of trophicity and pollution of a particular water reservoir [2]. Zo- Material and Methods oplankton representatives in reaction to environmental conditions and food abundance lay smaller or greater The study was conducted in the years 1996-1999 using numbers of eggs. such plankton crustacean species as Eudiaptomus gracilis The fertility of Calanoida representatives in natural (G.O. Sars), Eudiaptomus graciloides (Lilleborg), Bos- conditions was described by [3-6], the fertility of Cyclo- mina berolinensis (O.F. Mu¨ller), Bosmina coregoni poida representatives by [7-10], and that of Cladocera (Baird), Bosmina crassicornis (O.F. Mu¨ller), Bosmina representatives by [11-18]. longirostris (O.F. Mu¨ller) and Daphnia cucullata (G.O. Sars), which turned out to be typical of the investigated lakes. The study included 6 lakes in the Suwałki District, Corrspondence to: Prof. B. Czeczuga with Lake Hańcza lying within the Suwałki Landscape 24 Czeczuga B., Kozłowska M. Park, the remaining lakes being situated in Wigry Nation- – Lake Konopniak – a typically distrophic lake, accord- al Park. ing to [24] included in the group of mid-forest, interior, – Lake Białe called Wigierskie – about 300 years ago was mostly oval-shaped lakes called suchary. It covers an part of Lake Wigry [19,20]. It covers an area of 100.2 area of 21.0 ha; length – 230 m, width – 100.0 m, maxi- ha; length 1,875 m and mean width 750 m. Maximum mum depth 6.7 m (mean 3.1 m). It is surrounded by depth 34.0 m, mean depth 13.2 m. Like Lake Hańcza it a floating layer of peat. resembles the oligotrophic type [21]. – Suchar Zachodni – like Lake Konopniak, is a dis- – Lake Hańcza – covers an area of 314.4 ha; Maximum trophic type of reservoir of suchar nature. It covers an depth 108.7 m; length 4,535 m and width 1,175 m; area of 1.2 ha; length – 195.0 m, width – 80.0 m, maxi- stony bed and poor lakeside flora. This reservoir ap- mum depth – 2.3 m. (mean 1.1 m). It is surrounded by proximates the oligotrophic type [22]. a floating layer of peat. Both in Lake Konopniak and – Lake Wigry covers an area of 2,118 ha, has a well-de- in Suchar Zachodni the water is of tea-coloured due to veloped coastal line of 72 km with numerous bays. the presence of humus substances [25]. Maximum length is 17.5 km, width 3.5 km; maximum Physico-chemical parameters of the water were as- depth 73.0 m (mean 15.8 m). Bottom relief is irregular, sayed using the methods recommended by Greenberg et with a number of deep and shallow waters forming the al. [26]. Water samples were collected from the epilim- so-called subaqueous mounds. Investigations were car- nion of the pelagic zone at a depth of about 0.5 m at the ried out in Słupiańska Bay, the largest bay of this lake, same site and time as the rest of the research material. situated in its western part (48 ha, maximum depth 25 Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents as trophic state m). Wigry is a mesotrophic lake [23]. [27-29] were estimated in the whole seston and in the – Lake Leszczewek, like Lake Białe, used to be a bay in seston smaller than 50 µm. Six litres of water were col- Lake Wigry [19]. Cultivated fields are its direct catch- lected from Lake Hańcza, 6 l from Lake Białe, 3 l from ment, the lake being eutrophic. It covers an area of the Słupiańska Bay of lake Wigry, 2.5 l from Lake Les- 21.0 ha, and is 1,000 long and 325.0 m wide, with maxi- zczewek, 1 l from Lake Konopniak and 1 l from Suchar mum depth of 6.5 m (mean 3.6 m). There is an abun- Zachodni. The water was filtered using Whatman GF/C dance of rushy plants which cover an area of 1.8 ha. filters, and the seston deposit was then placed in a mortar Table 1. Range of data of physico-chemical factors of the water of the investigated lakes – in each lake samples were lokated at one site close to lake shore, distance 10-50 m, depth 0.5-1.0 m (range at values for all sampling terms). Lake Parameters Suchar Białe Hańcza Wigry Leszczewek Konopniak Zachodni Temperature (oC) 12.0-23.0 9.0-22.5 1.5-22.0 0.5-24.0 10.5-24.7 11.0-24.0 Transparency (m) 4.05-9.05 3.8-8.5 0.50-5.30 0.50-1.90 0.85-1.60 0.45-1.10 pH 6.96-8.09 6.97-8.30 7.04-8.48 7.0-8.21 4.5-5.8 5.2-6.9 -1 O2 (mg L ) 6.8-12.2 7.6-12.6 7.2-12.6 7.2-12.2 4.4-11.6 7.6-14.4 -1 BOD5 (mg L ) 1.2-5.2 1.2-5.0 1.2-5.0 3.8-7.4 1.0-4.8 2.0-6.8 COD (mg L-1) 4.20-6.80 4.0-7.0 4.20-13.20 5.10-17.82 10.1-21.3 22.57-29.70 -1 CO2 (mgL ) 2.2-15.4 0.0-11.0 0.0-8.8 4.4-11.0 2.2-11.0 4.4-6.6 -1 Alkalinity in CaCO3 (mval L ) 1.8-3.4 2.4-3.0 2.3-4.3 2.8-4.8 0.5-1.6 0.6-1.1 -1 N-NH3 (mg L ) 0.050-0.280 0.100-0.310 0.007-0.470 0.100-0.890 0.44-1.27 1.05-1.78 -1 N-NO2 (mg L ) 0.0-0.004 0.001-0.008 0.001-0.008 0.001-0.008 0.0-0.010 0.002-0.018 -1 N-NO3 (mg L ) 0.010-0.035 0.0-0.105 0.0-0.045 0.025-0.150 0.010-0.160 0.030-0.240 -1 P-PO4 (mg L ) 0.010-0.210 0.011-0.295 0.010-0.445 0.060-0.460 0.0-0.320 0.002-0.052 Sulphates (mg L-1) 7.40-41.96 5.00-51.02 13.03-29.00 14.81-24.27 4.94-53.90 6.99-16.96 Chlorides (mg L-1) 10.0-20.0 12.0-24.0 14.0-25.0 10.0-59.0 14.0-87.0 80.0-170.0 Total hardness (mg Ca L-1) 23.76-41.76 34.56-54.0 27.36-59.04 41.04-77.04 2.88-10.01 6.48-15.20 Total hardness (mg Mg L-1) 6.02-17.63 3.44-30.53 12.09-35.54 10.75-21.93 0.0-0.86 0.0-0.44 Fe (mg L-1) 0.0-0.25 0.0-0.42 0.0-0.30 0.01-0.60 0.01-0.52 0.05-0.11 Dry residue (mg L-1) 36.0-152.0 31.0-212.0 88.0-294.0 104.0-398.0 21.0-88.0 80.0-199.0 Dissolved solids (mg L-1) 32.0-127.0 29.0-164.0 59.0-260.0 66.0-336.0 2.0-82.0 8.0-81.0 Suspended solids (mg L-1) 7.0-179.0 4.0-69.0 25.0-60.0 5.0-62.0 1.0-37.0 12.0-169.0 Fertility of Eudiaptomus ... 25 Table 2. Chlorophyll a content in phytoplankton of the investigated lakes (in mg m-3).
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