Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches
A Peer Reviewed, Refereed & Quarterly Journal
Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN : 2349-8684
VERGAL (Roots) (The Educational Trust) Publication Division 4/27, Gandhi Nagar, Achampathu Madurai -625019. Tamil Nadu – India. Mobile : 9944212131 E-mail: [email protected]
VERGAL (ROOTS)
‘VERGAL’ (ROOTS), is an Educational Trust to serve the needy and deserving in the cause of educating. It has been working and achieving positive impacts in rural areas in and around Madurai for the past eight years. So far, it has trained above 2000 students through educational activities. Students those who have interest in science have developed as
“Junior Scientists” and students those who have interest in Arts have developed as “Little Stars”. At same time various training courses were organized for teaching professionals and the public to empower them in their relevant activities. Further, VERGAL is working together with various organizations having same wave length to serve better on National and International Conferences. And Publication division of VERGAL has published around 9 Books in different disciplines. On this basis, now we are happy to publish an International Journal of multidisciplinary researches.
Research should be at the core and must be instrumental in generating a major interface with the academic world. It must provide a new theoretical frame work that enable reassessment and refinement of current practices and thinking. This may result in a fundamental discovery and an extension of the knowledge acquired. Research is meant to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous works, solve new or existing problems, support theorems; or develop new theorems. It empowers the faculty and students for an in-depth approach in research. It has the potential to enhance the consultancy capabilities of the researcher.
In short, conceptually and thematically an active attempt to provide these types of common platforms on educational reformations through research has become the main objective of this Journal.
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER
Dr.S. Balakrishnan
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Publication Division VERGAL (ROOTS) Madurai – Tamil Nadu Mobile: 9944212131 E-mail:[email protected]
Editor and Publisher
Dr.S. Balakrishnan Director, Publication Division, VERGAL (ROOTS), (The Educational Trust), Madurai – Tamil Nadu. E-mail:[email protected]
Editorial Associate Editors
Dr.K. Fatima Mary Mr. B.P. Pereira Vice – Principal, HR – Motivational Trainer, FATIMA COLLEGE, SPEECH POINT, Madurai – Tamil Nadu. Madurai – Tamil Nadu.
Editorial Board
1. Dr. Vineeta Singhal Associate Editor, 4. Dr. Chetna Thapa National Institute of Science TGT, Department of School Communication &Information Education, Garhi Cantt., Resources (CSIR) Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi. 5. Dr.E.R.Subrahmanyam, Principal 2. Prof. (Dr.) Mamta Brahmbhatt, SKBR. PG College, Amalapuram, Associate Professor, E.G.Dt., National Institute of Cooperative Andra Pradesh. Management, (SJPI- NICM) Post Graduate Center of Gujarat 6. PradeepDigambeWaghmare Technological University-MBA Asst. Professor of History, Ramnarain Nr. Indroda Circle, Gandhinagar, Ruia College, Gujarat Matunga, Mumbai.
7. K. Binu, Assistant Professor, 3. Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Department of Sociology, (T.G. T. in Non - medical), St. Mary’s College, Govt. Senior Secondary School Kuftu, Thrissur, Kerala. Distt. Solan, Himachal Pradesh.
8. K. Mathi 14. K. Uma Giridhar, Head, Department of Mechanical Asst. Professor of Psychology, Engineering, SCSCVMV University, University College of Engineering, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu 15. Dr.K. Rajachandrasekar
9. Dr.P. Gopal Asst. Professor of Maths, Asst. Professor of Plant Bio B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Technology, MaduraiKamaraj otteri, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 16. Dr. T.Sudha 10. M.D. Saravana Balaji Asst. Professor of Economics, Head & Asst.Professor. Annamalai University, RVS Dental College, Chitambram, Tamil Nadu Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 17. Dr. J.L Uma Maheswari
11. Dr.B. Jeyanthi Asst. Professor of Business Head & Asst. Professor of English, Management, Dr.MGR University, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. 18. R. Sridevi, 12. Dr. B.J. Geetha, Assistant Professor ofMathematics, Asst. Professor of English, Loyola College of Education, Periyar University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu Salem, Tamil Nadu.
13. Prof. Balasubramanian, 19. Dr. R.Malika @ Arangamalika Head, Dept. of Journalism and Associate Professor of Tamil, science communication, Ethiraj College for Women, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu
20. Dr.V. Darling Selvi, Asst. Professor of Commerce, Rani Anna Government College for Women, Gandhi Nagar, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu.
21. Stalin Rajangam, Asst. Professor of Tamil, American College, Madurai, Tamilnadu. *** Instruction to Authors
The International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches is a peer reviewed & refereed journal. At same time the journal aims to publish original research articles and reviews of thesis from all fields. This journal is an excellent forum for intra–disciplinary and interdisciplinary study of various aspects of Arts, Science and Professional Studies as intellectually stimulating open platform for academicians, consultants, researchers, and business practitioners to share and promulgate their research works. Journal of Roots seek to publish research findings and articles that would promote research awareness and understanding dissemination.
Call for papers
The official language of the Journal is English (But the language is depended up on the particular subjects. If need to subject the article will published their own subject language). The Journal invites Empirical, Conceptual papers, case studies, PPP model, Meta analysis, and Field researches from leading academicians, Business peoples, Corporate Sectors, researcher scholars and students from academic institutions, research organizations, non – governmental organizations (NGOs), corporate sectors, civil societies, industries, and others from India and abroad.
Procedure for submission of papers.
The papers should be research based or related, be original and comprise previously unpublished material.Papers must send an abstract of the paper not exceeding 300 words, papers should be typed in MS Word Format with font size 12 Times New Roman. The full paper must not exceed 3000 words, including tables and references. The manuscript should be organized to have Title page, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Material & Methods, Findings & Results, Interpretation & Discussion and Conclusion. All quoted, reproduced material should be categorically referenced. Other than this, all contents should be original – authors own words, ideas, findings and arguments. Tables and figures should appear in the document near / after where they are referenced in the text.Photographs must be sharp, and exhibit good contrast.All figures and tables must have a caption that is intelligible without reference to the text. Correct and complete referencing of quoted and reproduced material is the obligation of the author. In the text, references should be inserted in parentheses in full.Papers can be sent by e-mail and a hard copy by post.
Roots CONTENTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN : 2349-8684 1. Transplantation in the Transnational Social Space : Uma Parameswaran's Rootless But VERGAL (ROOTS) Green are the Boulevard Trees The Educational Trust Dr. G.Arul Selvi Mariya ...... 01 Reg.No:192/2011 Publication Division 2. Introduction to Religious and Madurai - Tamil Nadu – India Moral Practice of Sikhism Dr.S. Balakrishnan ...... 06 Vision 3. 3. Women-The Social Transformers We all are known that one of our of Society academic agendas is “Lab to Land” Dr.Sr.K.Fatima Mary, (University to Village). Now as an Ms. V.Sofia Adaikala Mary & Educational based trust we want to Ms. J. Asnet Mary...... 11 promote “Land to Lab”. That can be 4. Women and Governance in redefined as “‘Village to University”. Sociological Perspectives The purpose is to integrate people with Dr. Sr. K. Fatima Mary ...... 14 the mainstream academic excellence for sustainability. 5. Widowhood is a Traumatic and Stressful Situation: A Psychological View Disclaimer Rev. Sr. Francis Pauline & The publisher and editors cannot Dr.S.Balakrishnan ...... 24 be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of 6. Realism in Jumpha Lahiri: A Study information in this journal; the views of her Work “Interpreter of Maladies” and opinions expressed do not Dr. K.Anbuselvi ...... 29 necessarily reflect those of the publisher/Association and Editors. 7. Immigrant Sensibility:-The Cry of Rohinton Mistry Communication Fernando Delishia ...... 39 Papers/Enquires should be Need for Intergrating Pre-School mailed to [email protected] 8. to Elementary Education Dr.P.Karthikeyan...... 43
9. Value Promotion of Santhals Folkloricrationality Irudayaraj. A...... 48 10. Santhals Consistent Insurrection: 18. Attitude of Higher Secondary School an Invigorating Paragon for any Students towards the use of Subjugated Community Internet for Career Orientation Dr.S.Indira……………………...... 112 Irudayaraj. A………………… 58
19. Pondicherry French Scholars And 11. DR. B.R. Ambedkar’s “Annihilation Tamil Literature of Caste” ...an Untold Truth? Dr. C. Thirumurugan………..... 118 B.P.Pereira...... 68 20. Impact of Digitalmedia on South India 12. Language in the Field of Ecology: K. Thuyavarman...... 123 A Purview of Khushwant singh’s The Sunset Club and Ruskin Bond’s Rusty Runs Away Dr.M.Rosary Royar ………….. 72
13. Customer Satisfaction with Banking Sector Services Dr.P.Asokan...... 79
13. Alternative Literature and Religion Contribution of 18 Siddhars to Medicine and Philosophy Dr. P. C. Sekar, M. Subburajan & R.Viswakumar ...... 82
14. Islamic Banking In India - Scopes &
Challenges J. Shifa Fathima...... 91
15. Learners Autonomy in Teaching of English Miss. R. Sridevi...... 102
16. KJikAk;> Rw;Wr;#oypd; jhf;fKk;; nry;tp t. Nrhgpah milf;fy Nkhp Kidth; R.M. Kj;J ...... 106
17. õº‹ è¬ô»‹
«õ. ªê‰F™ ªê™õ¡...109
Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
TRANSPLANTATION IN THE TRANSNATIONAL SOCIAL SPACE : UMA PARAMESWARAN'S ROOTLESS BUT GREEN ARE THE BOULEVARD TREES
Dr. G.Arul Selvi Mariya Assistant Professor, Department of English, Sri Meenakshi Government Arts College(Autonomous) Madurai
Multicultural, and multiethnic Indian another. Relocating oneself from one place diasporas forming a transnational singular to another may be seemingly exciting and ethnic community in the cultural mosaic of lucrative but it was difficult and compelling Canada, reflect a persistent struggle to for the immigrant population in another assimilate , or sustain cultural purity nation for they have to develop the overlooking the excruciating problem of transnational ties with more than one identity crisis. In the cross cultural Canadian country reducing the incongruence space, we find the Diasporas creating an experienced in the social and geographical ethnic space and transplanting themselves in space. A transplanted sapling grows into a the alien land. Transnationalism or tree, perhaps takes a year or two to take globalization, integrates not just the root and blossom forth and therefore economy but culture, and technology, and at efforts are taken by the transplanted to get the same time it is also an issue that is it rooted in the soil. Similarly for a receiving attention for the penalty it heavily successful transplantation, the expatriate pays in terms of poverty, unemployment, experience of homelessness, nostalgia, and inequality, and marginalization. alienation resulting out of the ghettonic Transnationalism the term is often immigrant minority life succumbs to interchangeably used with globalization but acculturation and assimilation that transnationalism is a delimited process. panegyrizes a diasporic existence . Being a transnational, one attempts to In the wake of globalization, interconnect with two or more nation states immigrant transplantion in any country is an and wrestles against the barriers and act of effortless mobilization for the world boundaries of race , class and religion that is viewed as a global village and it does not are pitted against the existing social, have any frills of air. But the life in the alien political and economic standards. land on the one hand pronounces the failed Uma Parameswaran recounts her dreams of the immigrants which get South Asian experience projecting the expressed in the transnational web space immigrant life in Canada during the and literature and on the other integrates twentieth century and contrasts the the members of the minority group into the paradigm shift present in the characters social structure of the majority group belonging to different generations in projecting an ethnic identity , that brings Rootless But Green are the Boulevard Trees. enormous change in acculturated people's Transplantation , denotatively hints at the value system. Uma Parameswaran in Rootless, process of uprooting and replanting a having been absorbed in a transplanted growing plant , replacing or relocating writer’s immigrant experience concocts a oneself and also transferring a tissue or plot to categorically represent the organ from one body or body part to concomitant existence of discordant and
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 1 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
harmonious aspects dominating the Canadian rots here selling houses. Jeesus, a crappy immigrant consciousness in the purview of real estate broker, just one step better the diasporic concord of globalization. than an encyclopedia salesman....(8) Over the past two decades, India He is quite sensible in questioning has been ranked within the top three source the motive behind his father's migration to countries of immigrants to Canada and Canada and it is all because of his father’s British Columbia. It was even the top source decision to part with the comfort and for B.C. for many years during the early security of his motherland; Sharad ,his 1980s. During the period 1980-2000, there father has not only lost his dream of were more than 77,000 Indian immigrants becoming an achiever but has also put the who landed in B.C., representing 12 per cent future of his kids in jeopardy in the white of all immigrant landings in the province. (BC dominant competitive world. In the Stats ) conversation between Jayant and Jyoti , It was during this period of Jayant makes it very clear that it is ironical considerable migration of Indian citizens to that Sharad has not succeeded in giving his Canada Rootless was published by children 'good food, a liberal education , a Parameswaran and then the motives for healthy environment where , because the migration has been greatly economical body doesn't have to scrounge for targeting towards the overall improvement sustenance, the spirit can aspire to higher of their living condition. It is also experiences than this sorry world allows'(9) understood that persons with technical skills that Sharad claims to have done. In Canada , and professional expertise migrated to the they neither experience material prosperity industrial countries like the United States, nor spiritual liberation and contentment Britain, and Canada . Here in Rootless the though they have a decent living, since they play opens in 1979 in the Bhave home in Fort are not accepted fully and are negated the Richmond , where we are introduced to Indo- same rights and privileges that the native Canadians who have a migration history that Canadians possess. records even the subtle issues of Sharad feels that he is faceless and victimization they have undergone in Canada. is oozing away in the multicultural mosaic of Elders are rallied by the angry and young Canada where he plods to trace back the Jayant for the nostalgic glorious Indian past roots and longs for the native soil. However that they treasure and the youngsters in the he is unable to transplant himself in Canada play opine that it is also a striking contrast without the roots. The elders of Bhave to that of the pulling reality that probes into family have their roots strong in India and the psyche of an immigrant , and pushes him as acculturated adapts to the new situation to hanker for his lost home and his dreams. in Canada. On answering Sharad’s vital Jayant: ...He and his pipe dreams question if they could root themselves about India. Why the hell didn't he stay there, Sharad himself in Act I, Scene III there? An atomic concludes basing his argument on the blatant energy scientist, he was right there truth that if the Ontario poplars could not from the beginning ..... Trombay, planning, survive in Mantioba, the Indo-canadians have the whole bit. He'd have been a director a very bleak chance of survival in Canada. On by now. Instead he quits the place to be and the contrary, the boulevard trees around
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 2 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
the new apartment are green assuring hope land where she has not received due and success for Jayant and Vithal who are recognition for all her academic taking all steps to adhere to the contribution. The rich cultural past which is multicultural pattern and assimilate with the trumpeted now and then by the parents dominant Canadian native culture. Though never heals the wounds and pulls their willing to follow either one of these concepts children away from the borrowed space, in the complex immigrant social framework rather it makes the young seethe in anger they are not sure of the harvest as the Indo brimming optimistically to explore the Canadian community do not escape avenues that are in front of them in spite of victimization and racial prejudice due to the disheartening threats to their growth colour and creed, resulting out of white and achievement. In Act II , Scene II, barbarism. In order to combat the Vithal says, prejudices, disappointments, disturbing Vithal: Assimilate my ass. They psychological, cultural factors and the don't want us to assimilate. They want us shocking white indifference, and transplant out. We'll be squashed like bugs soon... themselves in the land of settlement, the Serves us right for wanting to try to be one young find a space in which they can share of them. We have to stay separate from their woes and get strengthened to be them and stay together within and we've got victorious. to show them that we have as much Unscathed transplantation is of right to be here as the pissed-off whites course not the dream of the immigrants in who've bullied their way into the country the age group of eighteeen and above like these last hundred years. We've to Sridhar, Arun, Dilip , Rajen, Vithal , Jyothi stand apart and stay together. and Jayant. Though Jayant, Vithal and Jyoti Dilip: ... have their umbilical cord torn apart from Vithal: .... We've got to stand tall. mother India, they could not experience the And by God we shall. We shall build our love and comfort of her but are left in the temple at the confluence of the Red and new land to the care of the surrogate Assinibone and then we shall say Okay, we mother Canada. The rare and remote are ready to assimilate. Not association with the homeland but for the here not now. Now it'll be bootlicking and short stay and occasional trips, diminishes apple polishing. ( 28-29) their sentimental ties with India , while And this scene which enumerates on rousing their passion for the land where the position of the young, shows Vithal they are reared . The colour of their skin affirming his Indianness and emphasizing on forcefully reminds them of their immigrant his fanatic vigour to claim his inheritance in status and the identity crisis invites them to the new land which is his land of strike a balance between the two yet transplantation and therefore it becomes his difficult and challenging. Dr.Veejala Moghe home as well. Savitri, Sharad and Veejala leaves Canada for India with an explanation nullify the notion of transplantation and to the media that ,"I happen to be of wrong nevertheless embrace the idea of colour as well." ( 39). Veejala knows that her acculturation for a peaceful survival in suffering does not come to an end but she is Canada. As a transplanted tree that has no ready to suffer in her native land than in a original soil and space, the transplants in
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 3 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Canada are like the trees that grow fast in man, and live each day for all it's the limited soil in forming a broad tree-lined godamned worth and ours...(54) avenue of cement. Boulevard trees when As Vithal stated earlier Jayant also looked at are five foot , evergreen, packed stresses the need to stand tall and establish with snow. Jayant and Vithal are standing their equal status in Canada for it has been near the patio door and are looking out in their homeland wherever their roots are. Act III , in the last scene of the play. Snow They have a green and beautiful future like shovelling has caused blisters in Jayant's that of the boulevard trees for in the era of hands and the snow has an adverse effect on globalization in the end of the twentieth the boulevard trees. Metaphorical projection century, the racial , national boundaries are of the immigrants as boulevard trees , blurred for migration and settlement in reaches fruition when it is understood that distant lands happen almost every day in they continue to remain fresh despite the every nation. crushing and stabbing snow. When the ....the notion of transnational social temperature goes to the end of zero space is considerably broader than the degrees mid week , Vithal says that it would concept of transnational communities. be the end of those trees. And the way in Transnational social spaces are constructed which these youngsters Jayant, Vithal and through the accelerated pace of Sridhar envision the evergreen condition of transnational practices that become routine the boulevard trees outlines the future of practices in social life. Such practices the immigrants in their self imposed do not necessarily involve international homeland ruling out the problems of migration the recurrent and formally marginalization, which can be equated to organized transnational practices are not that of the snow that is hazardous to the simply interactions within transnational growth of the trees. And we read , spaces. These practices involve power Vithal: If the temp goes up to zero relations and hence they might be degrees midweek , as they expect , that conceptualized as transnational social would be the end of that. (He waves at the fields. While transnational social fields tree.) pertain to the relations among individuals, Jayant: So what? (Vehemently.) organizations, and agencies, the people who What does it matter how long it stands? The are thus connected are not necessarily point is that it is there, beautiful and themselves transnational. For example, green for the length of ifs life. A day, a attorneys involved in a child custody case hundred thousand days, it is a question between US and German parents are part of of what we do and are , during that time. a transnational field but they might not have This evergreen doesn' thave one Christly to even step outside the borders of their use- it isn't even good as firewood – respective state. (Roudometof,Victor) but it is there and it is green, it is beautiful. Jayant, Vithal and their friends , Sridhar: And rootless. the transplants in Canada are keen in Jayant: Yeah. Rootless. Let's face forming the transnational social space , by it, Jeesus, no one , but no one has roots professing their social identity; in Act I anywhere because that's the way Scene III we read Jayant: (still good things are in 1979 A.D. But we can stand tall, humoured but with an edge of impatience.)
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 4 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Our people , our old country , dad, violence , injustice, power differences and there's no "our people" and no "old country" troubles faced during the process of for anyone in the the world any more, transplantation; it also captures our least of all for us. This is our land and here attention to the fast growing trend of we shall stay.(14) acculturation, and assimilation, for the And the close relation between creation of transnational social space. individuals like Jyoti and Andre, Jayant, Jim and Larry, Priti and Laura , the socialisation Work Cited Arun has in International Students club BC Stats."Special Feature: where he is a regular visitor, and the future Immigrants from India." Immigration prospect of forming a cross cultural Highlights. Issue 01-1. generation of brown – white kids, 'the
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 5 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
INTRODUCTION TO RELIGIOUS AND MORAL PRACTICE OF SIKHISM
Dr.S. Balakrishnan Editor Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches, Madurai.
Abstract The Sikh faith began around 1500 Sikhism is one of the religions which do not CE, when Guru Nanak began teaching a faith follow any kind of superstitions beliefs. It that was quite distinct from Hinduism and defines from Hinduism and Islam. Still it Islam. enriched more advanced than the Hinduism Nine Gurus followed Nanak and developed and Islam the way they follow their rituals the Sikh faith and community over the next and beliefs. In Sikhism the child marriage is centuries. strictly prohibited. And also the rights between husband and wife equally Their philosophy and beliefs distributed and the windows can remarry. There is only one God. He is the Sikhism believes in one God and everyone is same God for all people of all religions. The follower of that God. The Sikh God is beyond soul goes through cycles of births and description Sikhs feel able to pray to God as deaths before it reaches the human form. a person and a friend who cares for them. The goal of our life is to lead an exemplary Sikhs regard prayer as a way of spending existence so that one may merge with God. time in company with God. For prayer to be Sikhs should remember God at all times and really effective a person tries to empty practice living a virtuous and truthful life themselves of everything of this world so while maintaining a balance between their that they can perceive God. Guru Arjan spiritual obligations and temporal obligations. wrote of the importance of prayer “The The true path to achieving salvation and praising of his name is the highest of all merging with God does not require practices. It has uplifted many a human soul. renunciation of the world or celibacy, but It slakes the desire of restless mind; it living the life of a householder, earning an imparts an all – seeing vision.” honest living and avoiding worldly Key Words: Hinduism, Islam, Sikh faith, temptations and sins. Sikhism condemns Spiritual, Religion, community, Ceremony, blind rituals such as fasting, visiting places God, Worship of pilgrimage, superstitions, worship of the dead, idol worship etc. Sikhism preaches Introduction that people of different races, religions, or Sikhism was born in the Punjab area sex are all equal in the eyes of God. It of South Asia, which now falls into the teaches the full equality of men and women. present day states of India and Pakistan. Women can participate in any religious The main religions of the area at the time function or perform any Sikh ceremony or were Hinduism and Islam. lead the congregation in prayer.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 6 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Moral of their religious practices Sikh is free to read the Guru Granth Sahib The founder of the Sikh religion in the Gurdwara (a Sikh temple) or in their was Guru Nanak who was born in 1469. He home. All people of all religions are welcome preached a message of love and to the Gurdwara. A free community kitchen understanding and criticized the blind rituals can be found at every Gurdwara which of the Hindus and Muslims. Guru Nanak serves meals to all people of all faiths. Guru passed on his enlightened leadership of this Nanak first started this institution which new religion to nine successive Gurus. The outlines the basic Sikh principles of service, final living Guru, Guru Gobind Singh died in humility and equality. 1708. During his lifetime Guru Gobind Singh The most significant historical established the Khalsa order (meaning 'The religious center for the Sikhs is Harmiandir Pure'), soldier-saints. The Khalsa uphold the Sahib (The Golden Temple) at Amritsar in highest Sikh virtues of commitment, the state of Punjab in northern India. It is dedication and a social conscious. The Khalsa the inspirational and historical center of are men and women who have undergone the Sikhism but is not a mandatory place of Sikh baptism ceremony and who strictly pilgrimage or worship. All places where Sri follow the Sikh Code of Conduct and Guru Granth Sahib is installed are Conventions and wear the prescribed considered equally holy for Sikhs. Sikhs physical articles of the faith. One of the derive their ethics largely from the more noticeable is being the uncut hair teachings of their scripture, Guru Granth (required to be covered with a turban for Sahib, and the Sikh Code of Conduct men) and the Kirpan (ceremonial sword). (theRehat Maryada). Guidance also comes Before his death in 1708 Guru Gobind Singh from the example set by the gurus and from declared that the Sikhs no longer needed a the experience of the Sikh community over living and appointed his spiritual successor as the last 500 years. Sikhs have a high Sri Guru Granth Sahib, his physical respect for life which they see as a gift successor as the Khalsa. Guru Gobind Singh from God. Most Sikhs are against felt that all the wisdom needed by Sikhs for euthanasia, as they believe that the timing spiritual guidance in their daily lives could be of birth and death should be left in God's found in Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the Eternal hands. And also the Sikh Gurus rejected Guru of the Sikhs. Sri Guru Granth Sahib is suicide (and by extension, euthanasia) as an unique in the world of religious scriptures interference in God's plan. Suffering, they because not only is it accorded the status of said, was part of the operation of karma, and being the spiritual head of the Sikh religion, human beings should not only accept it but besides the poetry of the Gurus, it also without complaint but act so as to make the contains the writings of saints of other best of the situation that karma has given faiths whose thoughts were consistent with them. This is not absolute. Sikhism (as those of the Sikh Gurus. already said) believes that life is a gift from Sikhism does not have priests, God, but it also teaches that we have a duty which were abolished by Guru Gobind Singh. to use life in a responsible way. Therefore The Guru felt that they had become corrupt Sikhs contemplating euthanasia for and full of ego. Sikhs only have custodians of themselves or others should look at the the Guru Granth Sahib (granthi), and any whole picture, and make appropriate
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 7 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
distinctions between ending life, and not The Sikh marriage is called Anand artificially prolonging a terminal state. They Karaj. This form of marriage was introduced are giving more important to care for others from the time of the Sikh Gurus and was and Much of Sikh moral teaching is devoted given statutory recognition during the to caring for others who are less fortunate. British rule in India by the Anand Marriage This suggests that the Sikh reaction to Act 1909. According to the centrally situations where people think about approved Sikh Code (Sikh Reht Maryada), euthanasia would be to provide such good persons not professing the Sikh faith cannot care that euthanasia became an unattractive be joined in wedlock by the Anand Karaj option. ceremony. Grown-up Sikh boys and girls get married when they are fully able to take on Their rituals and religious ceremony the responsibilities of married life. Child Sikhs who have been through the marriage is forbidden. Sikh marriages may Amrit Ceremony of initiation, orAmrit be arranged and assisted by parents but this Sanskar, become baptised Sikhs, take new is not necessary. Boys and girls may meet names, and wear the 5 Ks. The Amrit directly and get married. Religious guidance Ceremony is the initiation rite introduced by is that a Sikh man and woman should enter Guru Gobind Singh when he founded the wedlock without giving thought to the Khalsa in 1699. A Sikh can go through this prospective spouse's caste. An engagement initiation as soon as they are old enough to ceremony may take place before the wedding understand the full commitment that they but this is not necessary. Any day suitable to are making. The ceremony takes place in a the parties is fixed without regard to any Gurdwara , before the Guru Granth Sahib, superstition about auspicious, good or bad and in the presence of 5 initiated Sikhs (who days. Hindu types of marriage rituls are represent the Panj Piyaras, the first 5 Sikhs strictly forbidden. Most marriages take to be initiated). During the ceremony, hymns place in the morning. The ceremony starts are recited from the Sikh scripture, prayers with a meeting of the two sides are said, and the principles of Sikhism are called Milni at which holyshabads (hymns affirmed. Then amrit is prepared. Amrit is a from the Sikh Scripture, Guru Granth Sahib) mixture of sugar and water that has been are sung. Often an Ardaas (supplication) is stirred with a double-edged sword. The also said at the Milni (not prescribed). The candidates for initiation drink some of two sides say the Sikh greeting to each the amrit from the same bowl, and have it other with "Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, sprinkled on their eyes and hair. Each then Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh" (Khalsa belongs to recites the Mool Mantra (the fundamentals the Wondrous Giver of Knowledge; to whom of Sikhism). There are readings from the belong victory.) Guru Granth Sahib and an explanation of The marriage ceremony takes place rules of Sikhism. The ceremony ends with at a congregational gathering in the holy the eating of the ceremonial karah presence of Guru Granth Sahib. Shabads parshad. Parshad is a sweet tasting food (Sikh hymns) are sung and the boy and the which has been blessed. It is made from girl sit side by side facing Guru Granth semolina, sugar and ghee. Sahib. The girl sits on the left side of the boy. The couple and their parents (or
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 8 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
guardians) stand up and an Ardaas is circumambulation of Guru Granth Sahib. offered, seeking the Blessing Apparently, although cumbersome, this of Waheguru (the Wondrous Giver of seems to have become acceptable.) After Knowledge) for the commencement of the the four lavan, the hymn of Anand Sahib is Anand marriage. Any Amritdhari Sikh (man read by the ragis. There is or woman who has undergone traditional an Ardaas (supplication) of completion of the Amrit initiation and therefore practices the ceremony. Holy Vaak (random reading of a prescribed Sikh code in daily life) can hymn from Guru Granth Sahib) is read out perform a marriage ceremony. This and the holy sweet pudding Karah Pasad is officiating person apprises the couple of the distributed to all present. duties of married life according to the Guru's teachings. He explains their mutual Conclusion obligations as husband and wife. Sikh Sikhs believe that God is visible in husband-wife love is modelled on the love the Sikh congregation or Sangat, and that between human soul and the Supreme Soul as God is pleased by the act of serving the described in the four lavan (hymns composed Sangat. Congregational Sikh worship takes by the Fourth Guru in the Suhi raag section place in a Gurdwara. Sikh public worship can of Guru Granth Sahib). The bridegroom and be led by any Sikh, male or female, who is the bride vow fidelity to each other in the competent to do so. Sikhs can pray at any presence of the Guru (Granth Sahib) and the time and any place. Sikh aims to get up early, holy congregation. They accept their bath, and then start the day by meditating obligations by bowing before Guru Granth on God. There are set prayers that a Sikh Sahib. The Anand marriage is a sacrament should recite in the morning and evening, and and no document is necessary. The main before going to sleep. Sikhs don't think it ceremony is very simple. The bridegroom pleases God if people pay no attention to wears a sash over his shoulder. The end of others and simply devote themselves this is placed (by the bride's father, slavishly to religion. Sikhism doesn’t ask guardian or any other responsible person) in people to turn away from ordinary life to get the hands of the bride. The officiating closer to God. In fact it demands that they person reads the four lavan (stanzas) from use ordinary life as a way to get closer to Guru Granth Sahib. After the reading of the God. A Sikh serves God by serving (seva) first stanza, the couple rises and to the other people every day. By devoting their accompaniment of music, while the same lives to service they get rid of their own ego hymn is sung by theragis (religious singers), and pride. Many Sikhs carry out chores in walk slowly round Guru Granth Sahib, and the Gurdwara as their service to the the bridegroom leading the bride. After community. These range from working in the returning to their position in front of Guru kitchen to cleaning the floor. The Langar, or Granth Sahib after each of the four hymns free food kitchen, is a community act of (lavan), they should remain standing while service. Sikhs also regard caring for the the next stanza is read before commencing poor or sick as an important duty of service. the next circumambulation while the same The three duties that a Sikh must carry out stanza is sung by theragis. (However, these can be summed up in three words; Pray, days, couples prefer to sit down after each Work, Give.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 9 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Bibliography 10. The World According to Sikhi, by 1. Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur, The I.J. Singh, Centennial Foundation, Name of My Beloved: Verses of the Guelph, Canada, 2006, ISBN 1- Sikh Gurus (San Francisco: Harper 894232-11-9 San Francisco 1996). 11. Me Judice, by Kapur Singh, Chattar 2. McLEOD, W.H., The Sikhs: History, Singh Jiwan Singh, Amritsar, Religion, and Society (New York: 2003 ISBN 81-7601-536-9 Columbia University Press); April 15, 12. Parasaraprasna, by Kapur Singh, 1989 Guru Nanak Dev University, 3. Singh, Jatinder and Singh, Kanwar Amritsar, 2001, ISBN 81-7770-014- Ranvir, The Game of Love (New 6 Delhi: Sanbun 2003). (Small 13. Sikhism for Modern Man, by Kapur selection represented at Singh, Guru Nanak Dev University, 4. http://www.gameoflove.org) Amritsar, 2006, ISBN 81-7770- 5. SANDHU, Ranbir Singh, Struggle 002-2 For Justice: Speeches and 14. McLeod, W.H., Textual Sources for Conversations of . . . the Study of Sikhism (Chicago: Bhindranwale (Dublin, Ohio: Sikh University of Chicago Press rep. Educational & Religious Foundation), 1990). 1999. 15. Weller, P. Religions in the UK 6. W.Owen Cole and Piara Singh Directory 2001-03, (Derby: Sambhi, The Sikhs, Their Religious University of Derby in association Beliefs and Practices (Brighton: with the Inter Faith Network for Sussex Academic 1995) (2nd ed). the United Kingdom 2001). 7. London Borough of Redbridge SACRE Briefing Paper 3: Sikh Appearance and Identity (London Borough of Redbridge: SACRE 1999). 8. The Sikh Way: A Pilgrim's Progress, by I.J. Singh, Centennial Foundation, Guelph, Canada, 2001, ISBN 1- 894232-09-7 9. Being & Becoming A Sikh, by I.J. Singh, Centennial Foundation, Guelph, Canada, 2003, ISBN 1- 894232-10-0
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 10 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
WOMEN-THE SOCIAL TRANSFORMERS OF SOCIETY
Dr.Sr.K.Fatima Mary Associate Professor, Department of Sociology & PG Social Work, Fatima College (Autonomous),Madurai.
Ms. V.Sofia Adaikala Mary Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology & PG Social Work, Fatima College (Autonomous),Madurai.
Ms. J. Asnet Mary Assistant Professor in Zoology, Fatima College(Autonomous),Madurai
Introduction adjustability, able administrator and highly India is a country known for its bounded by emotions etc.,The women have richness in tradition, custom bound the potential to change themselves as well as practices, patriarchical society and the able to bring changes in the traditional and pillars of the Nation are Village System, evil practices are identified as the Caste Panchayat and Joint family system. In contributors of Change. It is simply the the traditional Patriarchal society, the change, when it happens individually but women were allowed to play only a secondary when the women are able to bring changes in role and not allowed to take up the higher their surroundings and in the structure then role both in the family and in the society. it is known as Social Transformation. But inspite of that, the women started to come out of it and changed their position Social Transformation and influenced the changed in the Structure When the ascribed social status of too. one’s parents are been changed into achieved From time immemorial, the society status by individuals then it is called as had undergone the process of changes. That Social Transformation. When the mobility changes which led to constructive upliftment happens at individual level it is identified as of the socially, economically marginalized. change but when it influences the group at The voice of the vulnerable had been heard larger level there arises social by women who stepped out of the comfort transformation. In the history there are so zone, perceived their goals and purpose of many change makers who fought for life persistently. These women have become themselves and some have contributed to transformers and inscribed the reformation the society. When it comes to women it is in the history of society. The transformers very less but in future there will be increase are the one who had been the dreamers and in number. viewed the reality of life with objectivity The transformers can be of two and they are the one who are ready to pay kinds. One is transformed by their inner the price for it. spirit and others are developed the attitude in their own life by the society. Women Transformers are developed by two ways. Women constitutes half of the There are born transformers who have been population on earth, a multifaceted led by their inner spirit for the social personality, symbol of love, compassionate, change. The other group is victims who had
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 11 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
walked on the rough roads set by the society Women as Scientist of disparity and became reformers. The The identification of Scientist was born transformers have the bird’s view to holded only by men but women also started see the ailments of society which has to enter in the field and contributed to the disparity, inequality, hierarchical oppressions nation’s development through the research. in the society. They propose an alternate For example, Marie Curie who worked for society where everybody finds their own Radioactivity and that is used today for all space. On the other hand, the reformers are treatments. emerging from grass root level. They are branded as vulnerable by birth itself. Women as Peace makers Socialization conditioned group. The Bringing peace within oneself and transformers have not imprisoned with others is not an easy task but to themselves in the concept of flesh, but the promote that women are succeeded both in society weakens their efforts by touching their family life as well as in social life and the physical aspect. The Women ever use to identify as a sign of love, transformers are not against men but to compassion, extending help to others, patriarchical society and against the evil sacrifice .For example, Mother Teresa a practices which degrade women. symbol of social services, created a new vision and mission in rendering service to Women in Environment underprivileged, who were left uncared and The life of human on earth is thrown on the roads. She sacrificed her life sustained by the pollutant free environment, fully in serving abandoned people of the which is achieved by trees. Women have a society. major role in protecting Environment, particularly against deforestation. The Women as Social Activist Chipko Movement is an ecological movement, Women involved themselves as concerned with the preservation of forests social activist in order to be the voice for by the act of hugging trees to protect them the voiceless. Wherever, the marginalized from being felled. This was first initiated by are been suppressed and deprived of their Amrita Devi while protesting against a King's rights the fearless women started to men to cut the tree. A historical event took express their feelings towards disparity in place on March 26, 1974 when a group of dealing the people and unwillingness through peasant women in Reni village, Hemwalghati, agitations, dharna etc., For example Medha in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India, Patkar a renowned Social Activist who acted to prevent the cutting of trees and associated herself in the agitations reclaim their traditional forest rights which conducted by the tribals , peasants to were threatened by the contractors safeguard the rights of the downtrodden. assigned by the state Forest Department. And Arundhati Roy known as Novelist and To the utter surprise of everybody, 27 activist. She concentrates on the political women of Reni village successfully prevented issues through writings and expresses the about 60 men from going to the forest to problems faced by the people and criticized fell the marked trees. the practice of displacement, corruption etc.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 12 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Women as Leader Conclusion To lead the group of people in the The above discussed personalities right direction is not a simple task. While used their own style in bringing changes in initiating one should understand, provide their life as well as in others life. care without hurting each other feelings of Women are the pillars of the family the members in the group. For example, and determinants of welfare of their Emily Murphy a Canadian women’s rights members. Therefore, any change that activist brought changes for women. Indira emerges through women has greater impact Priyadarshini Gandhi served the nation in the in the society. As the hidden lamp cannot capacity of Prime Minister and hold the lighten the place, Women have to come out office as women. of the shackles set by the society in order to lit the life of many. Let us vanish the Women as Inspirers traditionally defined roles of women and To inspire others one should have develop an attitude as change makers to the potential, talent and good role model. make a positive difference in the society as Inspiring somebody is not an easy task. Only a rent to be paid on the earth for living. few will possess. For example, Preethi Monga who is an inspirer to many in bring changes in References others life having been a visually challenged. 1. Jothi Mitra, Women and Society, Kiran bedi the first woman officer Kanishkha publishers, New Delhi, in the IPS, who brought the changes in the 1997. tihar prison and all the endeavours in which 2. Illustrated biography of Mother she is engaged. Malala Yousafzai addressed Teresa, Rohan Book Company about the importance of education especially International Delhi,2004. children’s education at a very young age. 3. Nirmala Jeyaraj (Edited), Women and Society, Vanguard press, Madurai ,2001.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 13 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
WOMEN AND GOVERNANCE IN SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Dr. Sr. K. Fatima Mary Associate Professor, Dept. of Sociology, Fatima College, Madurai.
Introduction Governance involves creative The concept of governance is not intervention by political actors to new but relative. However governance has change structures that inhibit the become the new catchword which means expression of human potential. different things to different people. Governance is a rational concept, Therefore we have to get one focus right. emphasis the nature of interactions "Good governance is epitomized by between states and social actors, predictable, open and enlightened policy- and among social actors themselves. making, a bureaucracy imbued with Governance refers to particular professional ethos acting in furtherance of types of relationships among the public good, the rule of law, transparent political actors: that is, those which processes, and a strong civil society are socially sanctioned rather than participating in public affairs. Poor arbitrary. governance (on the other hand) is Therefore the critical analysis of this characterized by arbitrary policy making, concept reveals to us the important unaccountable bureaucracies, unenforced or characteristics of governance as unjust legal systems, the abuse of executive interdependence, continuing interaction, power, a civil society unengaged in public life, transparency. Added to this, the structural and widespread corruption." (The World classification of governance-hierarchical, Banks Experience, as it has special relevance self governance and co -governance captures for the developing world, 1991) The World my attention. In particular the model of ‘co- Bank definition highlights the need for governance’ which means inclusiveness. collective policy making, professional ethos, Inclusive of both male and female in political and transparent processes as criteria for scenario, both in framing and execution good governance. The Governance approach process of legislations. The successful adopted by Gorden Hyden brings greater stories of few women can not be a life clarity to the concept. He says history of all. Though the involvement in the Governance is a conceptual approach local governance is a driver and a starting that, when fully elaborate, can platform for macro level enrolment in state frame a comparative analysis of that the propagation on the micro level macro-politics. development is only clouds our conscience Governance concerns “big” questions with justification. It does not mean the of a “constitutional” nature that process in which women are thriving in local establish the rules of political politics is minimized and under valued. conduct. However the revaluation of the total process is mandatory. Therefore the relevant query to be raised is ‘where do women stand?’ This is the central theme of my paper. There
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 14 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
are four different contemporary theories issues, dowry problems and violence are applied to defend my arguments. against women and children. First the gender difference They focus on change, preferring a perspective more democratic and transparent Secondly Gender inequality theories approach. Thirdly Theories of gender The meritocracy model or Individual oppression and perspective adopted by Roslin Grove in his Finally Structural Oppression book “Women and Leadership Paradigm: Theories Bridging the Gender Gap” also picturises the perspective difference of men women on The gender difference perspective: This ‘power. The meritocracy model or individual perspective identifies that women's location perspective model (Estler 1975: schmuck, and experience of, social situations are 1980) both are psychological orientations differ from men's. Cultural feminists look to (tallerico and burstyn1996).The model looks the different values associated with at women for cause: personal traits, womanhood and femininity (e.g., caring, characteristics, abilities or qualities, cooperation, and pacifism) as a reason why individual attitudes such as self image and men and women experience the social world confidence; motivation and aspirations also differently. In general, Women are family fall into this domain. The belief associated and community oriented. Their concerns and with this model is the women are not interests are entirely different that of men. assertive enough, don’t want the power, lack They have a greater sense of social of self confidence, don’t aspire for line issues and the well being and positions’ unwilling to play the game or work welfare of their communities. Their the system (tallerico and burstyn1996). The priorities are more likely to centre belief concerning women’s lack of desire for on housing, safety, clean water, power may not be related to their lack of sanitation, education, and the social desire to obtain power but how power is implications of policies, health perceived, that is quite different from men services, child care, poverty (conner1992) women use power to empower alleviation and community others. This is based on the notion that development. power is not finite but rather expands as it They have a commitment to is shared (conner1992) improving the environment within Though women possess the their communities as they are very characteristics that make for good much connected with environment candidates, they often are not encouraged even for their livelihood they to step forward to become candidates. encourage quality of life& Women are also less likely to present harmonious living. themselves as candidates, often seeing They have different priorities and themselves as lacking the relevant skills are prepared to spend time on necessary to perform well in politics. Even issues to resolve disputes that some after selection as candidates, their decision- men find trivial such as family making positions are constrained by different factors. This includes a lack of
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 15 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
financial support and time for campaigning and better candidates and are given because of difficulties in balancing family preference to female candidates. and public life. Additionally, the environment Women face lot of discrimination of political institutions is not ‘gender- when standing for office and when friendly’. elected or appointed to local The socio-economic position of government positions. Attitudes women negatively affects their participation. that put politics and decision-making Typically, women earn less than men and the into the male preserve see women as sexual division of labour in society also incapable of management and imposes a triple burden when participating in governance roles. Women are politics. They have a responsibility to their excluded from decision making. work or profession, to their family, and if Survey results show that they become involved in politics they are conservative attitudes, particularly effectively taking on a third full-time job. towards women at senior management level, have meant that Gender-inequality theories: It recognizes women did not fit the image on the that women's location in, and experience of, ‘man in charge’ concept. This social situations are not only different but prevailing attitude also generates also unequal to men's. Liberal feminists lack of confidence in voters on argue that women have the same capacity as women. In Japan some women men for moral reasoning and agency, but reported facing gender-related that patriarchy, particularly the sexist discrimination from their opponents patterning of the division of labor, has when standing for election, including historically denied women the opportunity to mass disemination of handbills that express and practice this reasoning. Going contained slanderous information on with this theory the organisational the women candidates. In Australia perspective or the discrimination model the harassment and intimidation of focuses on the aspirations and achievements one woman chief executive resulted of men and the women as an effect of the in a public enquiry and subsequent limited opportunities that accompany gender dismissal of the council. The enquiry bias or described (estler found that “a lot of the hostility to, 1975:schmuck,1980, tallerico and and prejudice against her as one of burstyn1996). Men seem to advance women its principal causes or roots, the even if they posses same abilities and choose fact that she is not only a women, to do the same work(estler 1975). The local but a forceful and successful power governance is not exempted from this in the world. inequality. Theories of gender oppression: In the process of candidate This theory go further than theories of selection (where candidates are gender difference and gender inequality by taken on by the party for election), arguing that not only are women different women face a number of obstacles. from or unequal to men, but that they are Men are often viewed as more viable actively oppressed, subordinated, and even abused by men. This exploitation is not just
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 16 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
related to class but also to gender. Power is fact that they have often the key variable in the two main theories of outperformed men. And some of the gender oppression: the social perspective women surveyed in the Philippines model-(estler 1975:schmuck,1980) report pointed out that a barrier to emphasizes cultural and social norms that women entering local government encourage discriminatory practices(tallerico was the attitude that politics and and burstyn1996) the norms, folkways and decision-making are part of the mores of society coincide with different male world: women being seen as socialization patterns that channel women physically and intellectually and men into different areas of work and incapable of managing towns. differential pay and status (schmuck,1980 Political parties are the major It is easy to point out numerous ‘gatekeepers’ in determining who will examples of women who have be candidates in elected office. worked entirely according to what They play a critical role in advancing they were told by their husbands or or impeding women’s participation in male members of their families. decision-making bodies. Through the In some cases elected women process of candidate selection remained at home while their (where candidates are taken on by husbands attended the panchayat the party for election), women face meetings and carried out official a number of obstacles. Men are transactions on their behalf. often viewed as more viable and Some of the elected women were better candidates and are given approached by men only when their preference to female candidates. signatures (or thumb impressions) Structural oppression theories: were needed. These theories posit that women's The male environment within oppression and inequality are a result of political institutions also deters capitalism, patriarchy, and racism. Social- women. Women have to work within structural explanations focus on the ways in styles and modes that are which the different institutions of society acceptable to men. As a result are structured in such a way as to prevent women find they cannot be open women from participating in political life. about women’s issues and social They focus on the unequal distribution of justice. Some also find they are resources in society creates immense judged harshly by society and by obstacles for women. Paxton and Hughes their colleagues. For example, if (2007) describe the different resources they handle matters as men do they that women lack: are said to be arrogant and seeking Lack of recourses to fund campaigns the limelight. (Ex) In China the and promote their candidacy inspite traditional beliefs about superiority of their self earning. of men had a negative impact on shortage of time for the fact that women in the indirect elections for women spend time on the second and village committees. The women are third shifts. Worldwide, women still criticized and rejected despite the carry the majority of the burden of
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 17 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
childcare and household organizational activities than seeing maintenance in addition to being women as decision makers and involved in the formal and informal leaders, economy. Few male politicians ever Many women are just not prepared have to deal with such criticism. to be involved in political Accusations from family members environments which support an for neglecting their families and aggressive culture, combative children. debate and personality conflicts. Lack civic skills (such as public Nor are they prepared to have to speaking, running a meeting or a deal with male colleagues who have budget or community organizing) difficulty coping with women and so especially in very patriarchal belittle and personally attack them. societies where women’s voices are The increasing corruption in politics hardly ever heard. This is also due has been another impediment for to their lower levels of education. women to sacrifice their life for no Similarly, women are less likely to cause. have experience in union organizing As a result of such disadvantaged than men. position, women are also more likely to lack The experts noted that the social capital and relevant networks of structure and organization of connections that are so useful in the political political parties is an obstacle to sphere. Currently, women are striving to the participation of women. The develop women’s networks on a global scale impact of different types of party precisely to gain such connections. organizations and their internal Witnessing these entire culture, including clientelist parties, misfortunes can we still justify that the patronage-based parties and gender biased political system has been programmatic based parties, affect transformed to function with gender the influence of women within the perspective and the policies are gender party. Clientelist and patronage sensitive because of the introduction of parties tend to have internal panchayat raj( 1993), Beijing platform for procedures that are poorly defined action (1995) which emphasized the women’s with rules that are likely to be active participation in political decision ignored, and decision-making is making process, United Nations Economic Clientelism and patronage politics and Social Commission for Asia and are dominated by a cadre of party Pacific(UNESCAP,1999) effort to advance elites who are, for the most part, women in urban local government and 50% of men. Therefore, it becomes reservation (2009) by Indian government difficult for women members to and finally UNO convention on the influence party policies. In addition, Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination party leaders tend to treat their Against Women(CEDAW)which guarantees female members instrumentally, to political and civil rights of women. Since the secure women’s votes and to involve political arena is ‘male dominated’ the them in the party’s lobbying and existing realities of disparity and
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 18 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
discrimination continue to exists and hinder organizations to mutually inform and women to progress in governance with sensitise each other. Female politicians conviction and commitment. coming from the women’s movement tend to be more committed to both ensuring that Leadership Style of women the political system is made accessible to Men and women have different other women, and to promoting women’s leadership styles. The difference is men issues. In order to create sustainable, equal sees leadership as leading, women see and democratic local governments, women leadership as facilitating women embrace and men should have equal access to relationship, sharing and process but men decision-making, equal access to services and focus on completing task, achieving goals equal treatment in these services, the and winning (chliwniak1997). In spite of odd gender perspective must be mainstreamed and hard realities women have battled into all areas of policy making and against the ‘male dominated political empire management in local government. ‘through their specific style of leadership (International Union of Local Authorities such as: (IULA) worldwide declaration on women in More inclusive, collaborative and local government) so to persuade the gender consultative issues there is a clarion call for women to More tolerant on different points involve in local politics to ascertain their of view space and place to construct equitable More people orientated society. Encourages participation Places a higher emphasis on the The main reasons for the participation of importance of good communication women in (local) politics : with their communities Justice: Women constitute half of any Uses more democratic and country’s population, and therefore have the facilitative forms of decision- right to constitute half of the decision- making making bodies. The democratic process can Based on leadership by example, be truly represented and recognised only by focusing on the issues rather than having more (locally) elected women, A personalities Society without women as part of the More assertive, innovative and Political System is an unjust Society. conscientious Efficiency: Women have different experiences and resources to bring into Why Women in Local governance? Politics. A Political System, which does not Mainstreaming gender issues and make use of both women’s and men’s adopting a women's perspective in policy and experiences and resources, is therefore planning would not have been possible inefficient. without the organized force of women over Diversity: In general, women and men live in the last two decades. Women politicians and different economic and social conditions and civil servants do not automatically give have different political interests. Women priority to gender issues. This is why it is having the major responsibility for crucial to establish links with women’s reproductive activities, women have a
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 19 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
particular interest in the allocation of local approach citizens got more confidence in resources and services, towards community politics. They also mentioned a change in building. Male politicians normally do not political and parliamentary language and automatically represent women’s interests. mores. (IPU, 2000). The active participation of women in Barriers: decision-making will ensure their specific Women are underrepresented in local needs and interests. They can be prime government in the Asia and Pacific region. actors in promoting gender-sensitive Statistics shows the percentage of women in governance that addresses the interests of local government seats range from a high of both women and men and enhances access to 33 percent to a low of 2 percent. There are and control over local resources for both. A even fewer women in management positions survey of women’s political experience, in local government. Leijenaar (1999) makes carried out by the Inter-Parliamentary a distinction between individual and Union in 1999 and including 187 women from institutional factors affecting the chances 65 countries shows that 89% of the women of women to become involved in political politicians consider that they have a special decision-making. However both the factors responsibility to represent the needs and and mechanisms have put women in a interests of women. (IPU, 2000).Besides, disadvantaged position. Inclusive of all the neither men nor women form a homogeneous barriers let emphasis on category. The divergence in both to be taken ‘Glass Ceiling Barrier’ that limits into account to achieve democratic process women from achieving high ranking position must be overcome (culler Change in the Political System: More and luna 1993) women in politics can change the Political Society attitude toward appropriate System. Research into corruption shows that male and female in another women are less likely than men to behave obstacles. That identifies women as opportunistically, thus bringing more women not task oriented enough too into Government may have significant dependent on feedback and lacking benefits for Society in general. independence. (Dollar,1999). The Survey of the Inter- Women receive no encouragement Parliamentary Union showed women’s vision to seek leadership position of how women’s involvement in politics makes High level of illiteracy among women a difference: women noted a shift in political Corruption and criminalization of priorities and outcomes, behaviour and politics. practices, and a broader and enriched political process (a crosscutting approach). The techniques for advancement Politics became more responsive to the To obtain leadership position in 21st people’s needs in general and to women’s century Morrison et al(1992) suggest four needs in particular, and showed a move core components towards true gender equality. It led to Be Able :women should make sure better democracy, increased transparency but they know what the position and improved governance. With a more entitles develop needed skills to human and gender-sensitive political compete
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 20 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Be Seen As Able : no one should empowerment. As long as the development ever allow her abilities to be policies and strategies become gender discouraged or ignore she should be sensitive all the development process will viewed as potential leader . remain as myth. After 63 years of Know What You Want: women independence still women are barking for should be willing to balance their survival with human dignity. prioritize sacrifice relax Legislations play a vital and active role in Help Others To Help:-find people supporting the opperasive structures of with same interest (like minded get society and thus maintaining women’s a plan strategies and declare to marginalization in the development process. others A gender sensitive local governance has the aim to legislate gender equality and promote Suggested Administrative Skills and protect women’s rights. Take time to plan All governance is people governance. Recognize the fact that All public service is people service. The competition does exist people relationships are the DNA (de- oxyribo nucleic acid) of governance Keep going and develop confidence .Governance is more than machinery. Posses courage and determination Relationship are the heart of the governance to battle the male dominated (Lau2000,). There are two types of capitals establishment the human capital and Social capital. The Learn to delegate effectively former relates to people who produce goods Need deadliness and services where as social capital stands Develop and exercise meaningful for the bonds of mutual respect and care skills among members of a collective body. Social Achieve the vision and mission capital allows for reducing the transaction cost of economic exchange (wiegel1997) through self motivation without large investments in social capital Quality assessment for the work ,the tones of world bank and other tax Periodic follow up for the schedule payers money allocated to modernize the planned economies of country are liable to be wasted Develop interpersonal skills and , deepening the chasm of mistrust and empathetic listening cynicism, fostering more corruption and increasing citizen apathy. The currency of Conclusion social capital is trust (Rose, 1996: fukuyama, Struggles can be part of life but life 1995) .The ‘cash value’ of currency is real. Development of social capital would itself can’t be a struggle. If every concerns strengthen the bond between male and and rights of women to be achieved only by female to reduce gender discriminations. shouting on streets then what justice do we speak of ? what development and empowerment we are proud of ? Women can not be used as instruments for men to reach their goals. The uniqueness and dignity of women to be respected and recognized in political sphere then alone blossoms the real
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 21 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Reference In S.K .Biklen & M.Brannigan(Eds), 1. Lau, E(2100) Government of feature Women and Educational leadership (paris: Organization for Economic 239 -259 hexington, MA: hexington .Cooperation & Development. 10. Jean Drag,(2001) School of Political 2. Rose., R.(1996) Trust & Distrust in Science and International an Hour Glass Society in Jabes, J., relations,Victoria ed developing organizations and 11. University of Wellingtion changing Attitutes; Public ,NewZealand ,(Paper presented to Administration in Central & Eastern the Asia- pacific Summit of Women Europe .Fourth Annual Conference mayors and Councillors’, Phitsanulok Held in Tirana Alloauia. ,Thailand, Seth & Amita, (2009) 3. Rober kramer ; American University Women participation in urban local Washington Dc,USA. governance, ALP Books, New delhi 4. Wiegel ,W (1997) on the 12. Letha Kumari, (2006) Women in Improvement of relationship olitics: Participation and governance, Between citizens & Government Authors Press Ltd, New delhi. authorties .The reduction of 13. S.Pankaj, (2004) Electronic Transaction costs , in Jabes, J., ed., overnance, APH publishing, New professonlism of Public Servents in delhi. central and Eastern Europe : Fifth 14. Naunihal singh, (2001) Corruptions Annual Conference held in Talin, and good governance, Authors press Estonia Ltd, New delhi 5. Conuer, M.L.(1992) restracting Schools: Clearing House 65 (6) 337 Web Site & Ural address -339 – WWW.wpnet.Com / Egi-bin Women in Local Governance /epwtop /pope 1. http://www.unescap.org/huset/wom 6. Chliwuiak, L (1997) Higher Educa Y en/reports/india.pdf al leadership Analysing the Gendral 2. www.unescap.org/huset/women/repo gap. WWW.ed.gov/database ERIC_ rts/ Digests/ ed 410846 .html. 3. http://www.quotaproject.org/uid/vi 7. Esther ;S.E (1975) Women as ewSources.cfm?country=105 leaders in publication education Women & Governance science, signs; Journals of womens 4. http://www.uneca.org/itca/governan in culture & society 1(2) ,pg.363 - ce/Documents%5CPromoting%20par 386. ticipation%20of%20women%20in%2 8. Morison ,A..m et al ,(1992) “Breaking 0local%20governance.pdf the glass ceiling; can women reached 5. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHo the top of Americian longest mePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?I corporations? MA; Addition wesly D=199834 Public Company 6. http://www.ipacindia.org/pdf/repor 9. Schmuck , P.A (1980) Changing ts/conference_on_women_in_gover womens representation in school nance.pdf management; A system Perspective,
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 22 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Concept of Governance 11. blogs.worldbank.org/publicsphere/c 7. http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/Pr ategory/tags/sociology ojectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governa 12. www.scribd.com/doc/185288/The- nce.asp Sociological-Perspective 8. http://jopna.net/pubs/jopna_2004- 13. www.irle.berkeley.edu/workingpaper 02_Governance.pdf s/114-05.pdf 9. http://vigo.univie.ac.at/research/th Panchayatraj: eories-and-concepts-of-governance/ 14. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_raj Opinion of sociologist on governance 15. panchayat.gov.in/ 10. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_ law
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 23 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
WIDOWHOOD IS A TRAUMATIC AND STRESSFUL SITUATION: A PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW
Rev. Sr. Francis Pauline Secretary Fatima College, Madurai,
Dr.S.Balakrishnan Editor Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches, Madurai.
“Remember that stress doesn't come from account by treating physicians, social what's going on in your life. It comes from workers and others who come to the aid of your thoughts about what's going on in your such women. A change in mindset of the life”. society is required before these women get - Andrew Bernstein their rightful place, for which a strong will is needed in the minds of the people, and in Abstract law-governing bodies. The advancement in standard of Keywords: Psychological variables, living of the population is widely seen but the Psychological aspects, Widowhood, condition of widows and divorced women Divorce, Widow Stress, Depression, remains worst and deplorable in society as Substance dependence. well as in developing nations with their unique social, cultural and economic milieu, Introduction which at times ignores the basic human In everyday life, we come up with a rights of this vulnerable section of society. wide range of pressures. We have different A gap exists in life expectancies of men and kinds of coping strategies to successfully women in both developing and developed deal with these pressures. When we fail to nations. This, coupled with greater cope up with pressures, stress arises. remarriage rates in men, ensures that the Technically the stressful situations put the number of widows continues to exceed that individual under pressure which may have of widowers. Moreover, with women harmful and unpleasant or disabling effects. becoming more educated, economically Now a days it is very difficult to think of a independent and aware of their rights, stress free life. Stress comes in all shapes divorce rates are increasing along with and sizes and has become so pervasive that associated psychological ramifications. The it seems to permeate everything and fact that widowed/divorced women suffer everybody. Stress is unavoidable from varying psychological stressors is often consequences of life. Without stress there ignored. It has been concluded in various would be no life. Stress is a major source studies that such stressors could be hurting human being. In common parlance harbingers of psychiatric illnesses (e.g., stress is experienced when an individual depression, anxiety, substance dependence), becomes incapable to cope with the demands and hence should be taken into of environment. People always have had to cope with the expected and the unexpected.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 24 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Even our ancestors had to face events like of stress for the individual and by extension uncertainties of climate, food supplies, and larger society many. For instance, it has relationship with the neighboringtribes etc. been established that the disappointment or as stressful events. One writer refers these frustration that causes stress also can lead events as major events. For a child going to to depression, a serious mental illness school and facing new faces and new characterized by fatigue, insomnia, boredom, challenges are stressful. Students going restlessness, lack of interest in life, and from high school to college, marriage are withdrawal which if left untreated can lead another stressful event - Pleasurable it may to a feelings of unworthiness, isolation and be but stressful. For a women child – rearing even suicide. The death of a spouse appears process, children leaving home-either for to be most crucial amongst stressful life further studies or after marriage, events especially for women. According to menopause, retirement, death of a husband Atchley (1972) the loss of a spouse is a are all stressful life events. A Gallup Poll significant life event and has a strong impact commissioned and published by Health on social and personal adjustment, health magazine in 1994 listed the sources of and life satisfaction of a person. When a stressful events that women are facing Spouse dies the survivor must not today are as follows: Gallup poll is a system only adjust to the loss of a close introduced by Dr. Gallup of the U.S for relationship, but also manage daily decisions eliciting public opinion on subjects of and responsibilities that were once shared common public utility by taking a random poll. by both. Widowhood may be perceived as a Job related -> 71% new position involving major change in a Money problem -> 63% women’s role both in family and society. Family -> 44% Hence, she has to enact new roles, like the Housework -> 37% role of a wage earner or a role of leading an Health related -> 35% ascetic life, and so forth. The problems of Child care -> 20% widows can lead to intense frustration which The environmental psychologist H.S. could result in anxiety, stress, depression Asthana, said Coping and Mental Health has and other forms of adaptive behaviour if pointed out that the stress seen in India their pattern of reactions to frustration is today is because of conflicts within the not appropriate and it therefore becomes value system – especially related to the role imperative to look at the person’s of women. psychological factors which may determine the pattern of reaction to frustration. Widow’s Stress and Depression Widowhood is a traumatic and stressful Stress has been defined as a body situation. It brings about several socio and mind way of meeting a challenge that economic, cultural, emotional, and leads to a build-up of tension that if not psychological deprivations. Widowhood relieved, can cause anxiety-a fear of what stress is the spring of physical, mental or might happen even when no threat exists emotional response to events that causes (Missouri Advisory, Council for bodily or mental tension. The most common Comprehensive Psychiatric Services, Oct., physical symptom is head ache (widowhood 2003). The symptoms and resultant effects stress causes people to unconsciously tense
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 25 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
their neck, forehead and shoulder muscles). an experience come forward to help others. The long term stress experienced by widows This would serve the twin benefits of could lead to digestive problems including rehabilitating these women as well as ulcers, insomnia, fatigue, high blood providing the much needed care and support pressure, nervousness and excessive to the distressed among them. An increasing sweating, heart diseases, strokes etc. The need is being felt for more strict mental health of widows are greatly implementation of existing laws regarding affected which includes anxiety, anger, women's right to the deceased husband's depression, irritability, frustration, over property and other belongings, pension reaction to everyday problems, memory loss benefits, alimony to divorced women, and the lack of concentration (Avison, Ali & visitation rights (for women who do not have Walter 2007). Widowhood is commonly custody of their children) and laws regarding viewed as a life transition, hence, a major custody of children after divorce or after change in life circumstances that takes place remarriage of a widow. over a relatively short period of time, but with a lasting effect on large areas of a Guidelines About Stress Management person's life. Thus, the reality of widowhood Stress is mainly understood as an requires the development of new life habits organism's response to adverse stimulation. or ways of coping. In psychology, stress is usually understood as the process where a person and the Create Awareness among Public. environment interact. Sometimes the nature Widowhood is significantly of the stressor is the focus of research. In distressing events in the life of an individual, health psychology, joint effects of the with associated psychological ramifications. person and environment on pathology are These problems are further compounded studied, along with mediating and moderating among women owing to particular social and factors, such as coping and social support. cultural aspects, which lead to increased We will briefly address this distinction in feelings of guilt, remorse and aloofness. order to provide a better understanding of There is also a tendency to reject the role of stressful life events. Stressful depressive symptoms as something socially life events constitute an important research and culturally acceptable, whereas paradigm for health psychology. Research on significant distress associated with these stressful life events too often adheres to a events could be harbingers of psychiatric stimulus-based view of stress, neglecting illness often requiring attention (medical or transactional processes. This shortcoming is otherwise). The need of the hour is to also reflected by the measurement of create awareness among public in general stress. One common research prototype in through various means of mass media. NGOs health psychology rests mainly on checklists and other such self-help groups who come to or interview schedules on life events that the aid of such women should be appraised require the respondents to review all of the possibility of such entities so that demanding and disastrous situations in the proper attention and early intervention can past and to supply subjective ratings of be initiated. It would also be beneficial if incidence and severity. These ratings of women who themselves have undergone such cumulative life stress can lead to an
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 26 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
ambiguous sum score that may obscure mediators and moderators, such as various exposure conditions and may mask personality, coping, and social support. Many more information than it reveals. Stressful clinical and community interventions have life events can shape individual biographies been initiated, mainly as debriefing and and affect mental and physical health to a crisis counselling, but they are not well large extent, including premature death as a evaluated. Systematic intervention studies result of suicide or severe disease. allow treatment effects to be examined, for Numerous studies have documented example by testing coping strategies that morbidity and mortality data as a result of aim to modify certain stress/health stress. The relationship between stressful pathways. life events and health, however, is complex, and it requires consideration of mediators Conclusion and moderators. Several pathways portray Widowhood among middle aged the causal mechanisms. One path refers to women is further compounded owing to stress-induced physiological changes, such as particular social and cultural aspects, which the wear and tear on blood vessels, lead to increased feelings of guilt, remorse immunosuppressant, or endocrine and and aloofness. There is also a tendency to cardiovascular reactivity. This again might reject depressive symptoms as something not be a direct relationship, but it could be socially and culturally acceptable, whereas mediated by negative affects that follow significant distress associated with these stressful life events. Constant rumination, events could be harbingers of psychiatric worrying, loneliness, or depression illness often requiring attention (medical or themselves generate physiological changes otherwise). The need of the moment is to that produce illness in the long run. A create awareness among public in general different pathway is represented by stress- through various means of mass media. An induced behaviours that impair health, such increasing need is being felt for more strict as smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of implementation of existing laws regarding exercise, sleep deprivation, unhealthy eating, women's right to the deceased husband's etc. Furthermore, someone who is already ill property and other belongings, pension and needy might fail to mobilize social benefits, alimony to divorced women, support, seek treatment, and adhere to visitation rights (for women who do not have medication, etc., in times of severe stress. custody of their children) and laws regarding The existence of several causal pathways in custody of children after remarriage of a the development of poor health is intuitive, widow. Behavioural changes are often but empirical evidence is sparse. One of the observed in women after divorce or reasons for this deficit lies in the difficulty bereavement. These changes are often to identify synergistic effects. Moreover, overlooked and assumed to be a normal one cannot discover causal links when only reaction to an adverse life event. It is now cross-sectional data are available. The known that the changes may be due to existing state of research calls for underlying psychological trauma being longitudinal and prospective study designs experience (anxiety, frustration, anger, loss that allow for a more detailed analysis of of memory). Attention should therefore be the stress/health association, including paid to such psychological variables capable
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 27 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
of creating stress in widows early enough to 13,2012 from htm retrieved forestall double tragedy on the part of the on20.6.2012 affected individuals. 7. Jogsan Y.A. & Vasavada J.P. (2005) : Psycho-Pathology “Life is never free of stresses and Akhhar Publication, Ahmedabad-22. conflicts. 8. Li, S. et al. (1989).The prevalence of Stress is easier to bear if you can control study discontinuance in students it” caused by mental disorders among -William Jackson. 16 college and universities in Beijing from 1978-1987.chinese mental References health Journal, 3, 113-115. 1. Able, M.H. and Sewell, 9. Litzrow, M.A. (2003). The Mental J.(1999).Stress and Burnout in Rural Health needs of today ‟ s college and Urban Secondary School students: challenges and Teachers, The recommendations. Journal of Journal of Educational Research. student Affairs and practice, 2. Agra Wali Vimala (1994)Stress and 41,167-181 Multiple Role of Women Lucknow 10. Mankad A.M. (1994): A Comparative Indian Journal of Social study of Mental Hygiene of College Science,July. going students of Morbi city 3. Arben, P.D. (1996). Are Souvenir 11th GPA Annual mental illnesses biological Conference, Morbi. diseases? Some public policy implications. Health and Social Website Reference Work. 21(1): 66. 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar 4. Bhatt D.J & Gida G.R. (1992): The ticles/PMC3151454/ Mental hygiene Inventory(M) 2. http://www.academia.edu/6740122/ „Construction and Standardization‟ A_Study_of_Stress_and_Mental_ Department of Psychology, Health_among_Widow_and_Divorce Saurashtra University, Rajkot. e_Women 5. Harris, T. (2001). Recent 3. http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/v developments in understanding the ol7no3/7.3-14-Busari.pdf psychosocial aspects of depression. 4. http://medind.nic.in/jak/t06/i1/jak British Medical Bulletin. 57: 17-32. t06i1p221.pdf 6. Jiangong,S .et al. (2000). A Study 5. http://userpage.fu- of Mental Health state and berlin.de/health/materials/lifeeven Influencing factors in college ts.pdf students. Journal of Baotou Medical 6. http://www.ualberta.ca/~jennyy/PD college, 2.Retrieved on April Fs/17540047.pdf
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 28 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
REALISM IN JUMPHA LAHIRI: A STUDY OF HER WORK “INTERPRETER OF MALADIES”
Dr. K.Anbuselvi Head and Associate, Professor of English, A.P.A. College of Arts and Culture, Palani-624601
The New Generation Realism may be Prize for fiction. It was also chosen as The described as the truthful treatment of New Yorker's best debut of the year. The material. Vigorous advocates may further stories are about the hard realistic lives of state that the Realism means little until the Indians and Indian Americans who are realists' concepts of truth and their caught between the culture that they have selection of material are designated. inherited and the new world they now find Generally, realists are believers in themselves in. Interpreter of Maladies is a Pragmatism, and the truth they seek to find collection of short fiction which reflects the and express its relativistic truth, associated lives of some ordinary Indian diasporas, with discernible consequences and verifiable struggling to live in the world unfamiliar to by experience. Jhumpa Lahiri as a new age them. realist believes in democracy and the The term diaspora is derived from materials that she elects to describe are the Greek Diasperien, meaning dispersal or the common, the average, the everyday. scattering of seeds. A typical example of Furthermore, Realism in her works can be Diaspora is given by new Webster's seen as the ultimate of middle-class art, and dictionary and thesaurus of English she finds her subject in middle class life and Language. The dispersal Jews after manners. Babylonian captivity; their dispersion. New Generation Realism is a literary Currently, the term diaspora and diasporic method; a philosophical and political community are taken as metaphoric attitude, and a particular kind of subject reference of several groups such as matter which is dominated in the works of expatriates, expellees, refugees, alien Jhumpa Lahiri in form of Diaspora. Where residents, immigrants etc. In every diaspora, romanticists transcend the immediate to however, there is a notion of movement and find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the displacement which embodies social, culture actual to find the scientific laws which and political consequences and implication of control its actions, Realists like Jhumpa such diaspora community specific secrets Lahiri center their attention to a remarkable have the positive and negative impact on the degree on the immediate, the here and now, characters. the specific action and the verifiable Novels like A Temporary Matter, consequence. Interpreter of Maladies and Sexy, Interpreter of Maladies and particularly deal with the feeling, of Unaccustomed Earth are two collections of uneasiness to keep the secrets inside their short fiction authored by Jhumpa Lahiri. own personal relationship. This is, more or The first one was published in the year 2000 less, the same kind of uneasiness that one and won name and fame for the author. experiences while watching or going through Interpreter of Maladies won the Pulitzer the plays of Girish Karnad like Haynvndnn
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 29 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
and Nag Mandnla The marked feature of "She wasn't this way before. She used these plays like the diaspoiric sentiments, is to put her coat on a hanger, her in completeness that's why these plays are sneakers in the closet, and paid bill as called the complete play about soon as they came. Now she treated the incompleteness. A Temporary Matter is the house as if it were a hotel. The fact first story of collection of nine short fiction that the yellow chintz armchair in the consolidated under the title Interpreter of living room clashed with the blue and Maladies. Although this story is set in maroon. Turkish carpet no longer Boston, it could take place anywhere because bothered her. of its universal appeal. The story is about The depression of both the detachment, grief and lost love. It takes characters is the most dominating mood of five days for this story to unfold. At the the story. They had stopped being together, very first day; a young wife Shoba comes eating their meals at different locations in home from her editing job and is informed the house. They have developed an attitude that tire power will be out for one hour each of avoiding each other in their bed-room. evening for approximately five days. They seem to have reached a stage in their The title of every short fiction in grief where they prefer the loneliness and this collection is very appropriate and isolation to facing each other. They were appealing. A temporary matter proves to be afraid to see their own pain reflected back the up rooter of the most permanent latent at them in the eyes of their spouse. The sentiments of the couple in this story. power outrage for a certain time in attempt Although the story covers only a five day to silence the quietness of awkward kind; period it actually had begun six months they begin to play a game of confessions. earlier when their child was stillborn. A lot This game leads to mixed messages; which of unspoken pain and grief prevails their lead to several painful revelations. lives. They are fighting their depression in Momentarily it appears that all hope for the different ways, but not together. After the survival of their marriage is over. Yet in the death of their child, Shukumar took time off end they are finally able to grieve together. his teaching duties to work on his The author very poignantly and dissertation for his doctorate. Instead he realistically creates an atmosphere for the lies sleepless in bed until late in the morning, reader to feel the loneliness and isolation of when he gets bored and reads a novel when the couple. The more distant Shoba seems to he should be typing. He goes out when he become; the more depressed Shukumar is. must and returns quickly. He no longer shows They hadn't celebrated Christmas and they or even brushes his teeth daily. The narrator systematically avoided friends. Presented in reveals that although Shukmar is a mediocre narrative voice the story is passionately student he had been diligent in his studies. written with remarkable insight to its And he cannot focus on his work at all. characters. The world is pictured through Shoba, once was capable and organized but the eyes of Shukumar for maximum part in now she is distracted. Her clothes are lying the story, yet the author skillfully lapses around in the pantry that once was into omniscience and back again. The author efficiently stocked is now bare; she once gives a glimpse to what is going on in the enjoyed cooking and now she no longer cooks. psyche of Shukumar but Shoba's direct
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 30 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
quotation of mind is not given a pass. The remembers how she threw him a surprise story suggests that Shoba seems to be the party for his birthday and how his fingers only reason for Shukumar to get up. The only linked with hers all night. Using routine daily thing that he consistently does each day is details the novelist skillfully exposes how cooking. He begins to look forward to their they have come to be two people sharing a game at night and spends his day roof rather than a loving married couple. The deliberating what he will share. He becomes most remarkable feature of Lahiri in this anxious about what Shoba will share. The story is her ability to convey each and every words he fears hearing reveal his feelings of aspect without coming out and saying it. It is guilt and insecurities. In a very simplistic felt by the reader that Shukumar is manner; Lahiri creates layers of complexity depressed because he forgets to brush his in the relationship of husband and wife. teeth, he doesn't get up until noon and the Through symbolism the author only productive thing that he does all day is shares the traumatic effect of their loss on cooking. It was the one thing that made him their marriage and each other. Instead of feel productive. devoting his time to study, Shukumar thinks At the same time it is also an of how they deliberately spent time on attempt at feeling needed: - he knew that if separate floors; how he no longer looked it were not for him, Shoba would eat a bowl forward to the weekends when he would of cereal for her dinner. watch her work for hours and they would go The doctor is portrayed as cold and to market together every other Saturday. uncaring through a description of his actions Shukumar deliberately chose the nursery for not by making a descriptive statement. his study because he knew that Shoba would "The doctor explained these things avoid it, but more because he found solace happen smiled in tire there. In a quiet unpretentious voice, the kindest way. It was possible to smile at author reveals the unbearable grief. Iir a people known only very subtle effort, she raises the hope that professionally nothing to indicate she under the grief; love may still be alive. When would not be able to have the cook book is used by Shukumar, he note children in the future". that his wife Shoba dated each recipe with Lahiri shifts moods without using the date they first ate each dish together. any words of emotion. She takes her reader "April 2, cauliflower with fennel. January from empty despair to anxiety, hope, 14,chicken with almonds and sultanas. He had tenderness, pain, revenge and eventually no memory of eating those meals, and yet grief. The transition between two emotions there they were, recorded in her neat is smooth and almost unnoticeable but proofreader's hand". predictable for sure. The reader is not The first night of the confessions overwhelmed with details, though she uses game; Shoba chose to share how she peeked them to create a kind of atmosphere that is in his address book when they were first quite believable. When Shukumar dating. On the second night, she initiated remembered the last day he saw Shoba washing dishes together and then spending pregnant. He remembered the red station time on the back porch together. When wagon cab with blue lettering. The author Shukumar found the birthday candles, he uses this opportunity to help one visualize
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 31 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Shukumar "Six feet tall.... with hands too big from different cultural background, but to rest comfortably in the pockets of his they are all the same in nature. The author jeans he felt dwarfed in the back paints an elegant picture about people of seat". different culture who are greatly alike in so The irony in tire story here lies in many ways but at the same time the fact that this is also the very same dissimilarities are also there. moment when he first fully welcomed the The story also underlines some image of being a father and even envisioned examples of contrast between American and having several children. Another master Indian subcontinent's culture. Mr. Pirzada stroke of irony is when Shukumar looks at came from Pakistan on study leave in New his wife he notices, "Her beauty which had England. When Lilia's parents recognized his once overwhelmed him, seemed to fade. The last names through the University directory; cosmetics that had seemed superfluous were they invited Mr.Pirzada to come and visit necessary now, not to improve her but to their home. Lahiri enlightens us about the definer her." Here Shukumar seems looking kindness of Lilia's parents to somebody they no longer through eyes of love but through a do not really know. Lilia's family knew heart of despair making the depression and nothing about Mr. Pirzada but they still despair most dominating moods of the story invited him to come and visit them after A temporary Matter. talking to him over the phone. Mr.Pirzada's The second story of Jhumpa visit establishes a bond of affinity with Lahiri's collection Interpreter of Maladies is Lilia's parents. When Mr. Pirzada came to Dine. In an I have no memory of his first visit or his interview when this amazing story-teller was second or his third, but by the end of asked which story was most difficult to September, I had grown so accustomed write, she replied that to Mr, Pirzada's presence in our living When Mr. Pirzada came to Dine, was room that one evening , as I was hard. It was the first time I began to dropping ice cubes into the water write closer to my own experience, pitcher, I asked my mother to hand me a though it is not an autobiographical fourth glass from a cupboard still out of story. It took several years to come to my reach. that point of view and to feel secure Mr. Pirzada came from Pakistan ; working from that point of view. whereas Lilia's parents are from India. But The second tale is a beautiful story both the food that they relish and their narrated by Cilia, an Indian American girl actions show that they are similar. They ate who is born and raised in the United States pickled mangoes with their meals, ate rice where people are sheltered from foreign every night for supper with their hands. Like affairs. The story takes place in New Lilia's parents, Mr. Pirzada also took off his England, the year is 1971 and Pakistan is in shoes before entering a room, chewed fennel the process of Civil War. Mr. Pirzada is a seeds after meals as digestive, drank no Pakistani man who visits Lilia's family every alcohol, for dessert dipped austere biscuits night to have dinner with them and watch into successive cups of tea. At first the the news as well. Mr. Pirzada's and Lilia's narrator Lilia thought that Mr. Pirzada was families are from different countries and an Indian just like them but her father told
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 32 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
them that he is no longer considered Indian. reminds one of Lenny, in Ice- Candy-Man by The country was divided irr 1947, the same Bap si Sidhwa, who turned eight on the day day when India got freedom the country was partition is announced. Lenny is a female, a divided into two India and Pakistan. Parsee, a victim of polio who bears a truth One moment we were free and then infected tongue. Born into the tiny Parsee we were sliced up. Further Lilia's father Community, Lenny is outside the communal tries to explain the difference on the basis frenzy and follows but emotionally torn by of geography with the help of a man to Lilia. the violence engulfing her friends. When "As you see Lilia, it is a different country, a Pirzada came to Dine has Lilia as a different color my father said, Pakistan was marginalized narrator and Ice-Candy-Man yellow not orange. I noticed that there were has Lenny as the story teller. two distinct parts to it, much larger than In two of the stories set in India, the other, separated by an expanse of Jhumpa Lahiri focuses on the plight of the Indian territory; it was as if California and people from the lower strata of the society. Connecticut constituted a nation apart from The author depicts the lower classes as the US"(21). having an integral function when making It was somewhat hard for Lilia to decisions, and creating, within themselves understand that Mr. Pirzada and her parents smaller hierarchies. The function of class spoke the same language, laughed at the and community and their impact have been same joke, looked more or less the same but depicted in A Real Durwan and The they were different somehow. The author Treatment of Bibi Haidar uncared for by her also shows us how America's people are own relatives, Bibi Haidar feels alienated. sometimes sheltered from foreign affairs. "Through her, Lahiri depicts that people can After Lilia was caught reading a book about be isolated in their native places if their own Pakistan, her teacher Mrs. Kenyon —lifted people became indifferent to them". The the book at the tip of its spine as if it were opinion and generalization made by the a hair clinging to Lilia's sweater. As India community in A Real Dimvan have a great and Pakistan were drawing closer to War, effect on how Boori Ma acts and interprets Mr. Pirzada as if they were a single person, her own identity and class status. Much of sharing a single meal, a single body, a single her eccentric behavior is excused because silence and a single fear. of her age. Lahiri works on her theme through Boori Ma's mouth is full of ashes, but a 10 year old girl's perspective that she is the victim of changing time" was different people can always find something the refrain of Mr. Chatterjee. He had in common. It is amazing how people consider neither strayed from his balcony nor themselves different sometimes, on the opened a newspaper since independence, basis of value in society, goals and dreams but in spite of this fact, or may be and even on the basis of food people eat. because of it, Ms opinions were always Lahiri shows what the common ground is highly esteemed. through Lilia's eyes. It is the reasons and The communication gap resulting concerns about one and all that bring each from generation gap and the fictionalization and everyone together. Only then one can of previous lifestyle are underlined in this find a familiar ground. Lilia as a narrator story. Boori Ma is the product of the
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 33 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
changing times that-effectively explains her therapists members of our town brought fictionalizations in the story. The function her holy water from seven rivers. of class and community in regards to Boori With useless antidotes offered to Ma has been depicted by the author with the her a direct connection can be made between touch of Realism. The existence of Boori Ma Bibi's illness and the way she is treated by is the result of the changing time. "Boori her family and community as well as the Ma’s mouth is full of ashes, but this is doctors. Treatment offered by the doctors nothing new. What is new is the face of this only made matters worse. Allopathic, building. What is building like this needs is a homeopathy, ayurvedic over time all real durwan". branches of medical arts had been The treatment of the people consulted. Their advice was endless. After towards an aged creature like Boori Ma is X-rays, probes, auscultations and injections, heartening. She belongs to no one and no one some merely advised Bibi to gain weight, belongs to her is the complete story of Boori others to lose it. If one forbade her to sleep Ma. She was offered leftover food from the beyond dawn, another insisted she should residents of the building but it was not remain in bed till noon. This one told her to selfless offering. People expect something perform headstands and that one to chant from her. They expect the safety of their Vedic verses at specified intervals household by assigning the task of durwan throughout the day.
=the gate keeper' to Boori Ma. The Shuttled from one specialist to description of Boori Ma is so gloomy and so another Bibi Haider had been prescribed vivid that one can easily locate one such strange methods to get rid of her ailments Boori Ma in one's neighbourhood. like to shun garlic, consume disproportionate One can feel that Jhumpa Lahiri quantities of bitters, meditate, drink green prefer the familiar to the outcastes, as she coconut water and swallow raw duck's eggs does in A Real Durwan. As a Realist she sees beaten in milk. In short Bibi's life was an her characters as pieces of trembling encounter with one fruitless antidote to humanity and she seems to love them very another. The treatment of Bibi Haidar has much before she seeks to put them into her much to expound about the idea of sexuality piece of composition. The treatment of Bibi and specifically one's own agency in Haidar is the next story in her collection establishing it. It is once determined that that depicts the function of class and Bibi, an older woman with seemingly incurable community while detailing the helpless disease that causes fits of seizures should character of Bibi Haldar.The treatment of marry in an attempt at a cure. The people Bibi Haidar tells the story of a young woman around see her as a sexual object for the with an unexplainable disease. The story first time after doctors make this begins with the description of Bibi Haidar's suggestion. Irony plays pivotal role in the everlasting plight. stories of Jhumpa Lahiri as the same device For the greater number of her twenty- helps in highlighting social issues and nine years, Bibi Haidar suffered from an sentiments in her fictional works. The image ailment that baffled family, friends, of sustained girlhood has been beautifully priests, palmists, spinsters; gem painted by Jhumpa Lahiri in her story This Blessed House.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 34 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
According to the generalizations set importance on her mantelpiece above the forth by the author the people in India fireplace. The hero is somewhat distracted expect women to be docile homemakers, and confused about how his colleagues will especially in case of marital relationships, as react to them showing an interest in Twinkle in the story Tins Blessed House Christianity and may think that they have attempts to be. Her girlish charm is not, converted. This story is very well narrated however, a quality Sanjeev, an Indian and the contrasting natures of characters husband in diaspora in America, admires or and their feelings and associating irony make even tolerates in his wife. This of course has it a very impressive tale that appeals to one something to say about gender stereotypes and all. and more specifically husband-wife roles The Third and Final Continent is a within diaspora cultures. first person story of an Indian immigrant Twinkle the wife, is characterized who looks back at his first few weeks in as excited and delighted by little things, America, thirty years ago. Lahiri said about crossing her fingers before any remotely The Third and Final Continent a story which unpredictable event, like tasting an ice bounds in the experiences of diaspora, that cream with a new flavor or dropping a letter there was the added challenge of writing in the mailbox. something based in real life. Since it was It was a quality her husband based on her father's past there was the Sanjeev did not understand. It made him challenge of working. feel stupid; as if the world contained hidden In the late 1960's at the age of 36, wonders he could not anticipate or see. He he arrives to work at the Massachusetts could not appreciate the small wonders. He Institute of Technology, after having appears to be vacillating between accepting studied for four years in London, which was things as if everything is a miracle or his second continent. Just before coming to nothing is a miracle. When she enters her America, he takes a trip to Calcutta to — new house in America she gets very excited attend his arranged marriage, staying there by the effigies scattered all over and she only a week, barely getting acquainted with ironically described herself as a good little his bride. She has to await her visa for six Hindu. Her excitement coupled with her weeks before she can join him in America. lethargy and apathy in all other things say a In America, the protagonist lot about the way she views herself within responds to an advertisement in the paper her marriage in America. She is and ends up living with an elderly woman who unintentionally trying to redefine her gender is hundred and three years of age. He role or knowingly she is trying to break out becomes very caring and even amazed that boundaries. this old woman who is so old. Because of the The title of the story This Blessed age of the old lady she is not accustomed to House is very symbolic, as Blessed House is a the modern times in which this story takes treasure Chest of objects related to place. The narrator just like elderly woman is Christianity, which is found by a Hindu not accustomed to the times in America. So couple who are the new owners of the house. the company of another ignorant person Tire heroine is a agog about the significance helps the narrator to feel more comfortable of the treasure and gives them a place of in his new setting in North America, which is
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 35 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
the melting pot of the world. A 103 year old speaks with an American accent he had widow, Mrs. Croft lives by herself. She is a heard many times on American TV shows. stay-at-home eccentric mother of a 68 year The opening sentences of the story old daughter who thinks it improper that her describe the bickering that symphonizes the visiting daughter wears a dress high above failing marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Das-the her ankle. "For your information mother, it is tourists. Mr. Kapsi works as tour guide only 1969.What would you do if you actually left on the weekends, and has another job during the house one day and saw a girl in a mini the weekdays as an interpreter in a doctor's skirt?"Mrs. Croft sniffs: "I„d have her clinic who is ignorant of Gujarati tongue arrested". translating the Gujarati spoken by some of When the narrator's wife, Mala his patients. Mina Das, the wife proclaimed arrives from Calcutta, Mrs. Croft scrutinizes his job as an interpreter of Maladies as her from top to toe. Her red eye still romantic. Perked up with the comment Mr. searching on Mala's feet. She might have Kapsi, from whose point of view the whole been seen someone Sari clad for the first story is told and whose own marriage is time in life. At last Mrs. Croft declared with fattering, looks at her closely. He begins to equal measure of disbelief and delight: She fantasize a romantic relationship with her. is a perfect lady. It is this scrutiny that The couple invite him to be included in the first evoked the narrator's empathy with his photograph they take. Mina asks him for his bride for it reminds him of his own address so they can send copies from experience as a bewildered stranger in America. This feeds his fantasy. London. In the process of introducing his At the crisis point of the story, wife to Mrs. Croft and his developing when two of them are in the car, Mina attachment towards old lady he also comes confesses to Mr. Kapasi that one of the closer to his wife. couple's two boys was clandestinely fathered The Interpreter of Maladies at 27 by her friends's Punjabi Indian friend during pages is the longest in the collection. It is a a brief visit. This a malady which she hopes multi-layered story about a second Mr. Kapasi will provide a remedy for. generation Indian American couple, who However all the interpreter of Maladies can along with their three children are visiting come up with is: It is really pain you feel, India. This story in her debut collection, like Mrs. Das, or is it guilt? After all he is only a all other stories of her, is teeming with all translator of native language. Jhumpa Lahiri manner of humanity; it is in turn frank and describes the psyche of Mrs. Das from the subtle, bold and understated. There is view of Mr. Kapasi, A woman not yet thirty, immediacy to Lahiri's style that bridges any who loved neither her husband nor her gulf between the more structured traditions children, who had already fallen out of love of Indian culture and the brashness of with life. Her confession depressed him. American life. The Indian-American tourist In the closing paragraph Mr.Kapasi hires a tour guide to see the famous Sun observes the little paper on which he had so Temple at Konark. Mr. Kapsi, whose first carefully written his address slips out of name has never been mentioned in the story, Mina's handbag. This story gives the idea becomes curious about the couple who looks that some secrets are better not revealed in Indian, yet dress like American tourists and certain situation or any situation. On
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 36 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
revealing her secret to Mr. Kapasi, Mrs. Das Sexy differs from other stories in expected some remedy from the interpreter the collection because it depicts in the most of Maladies so that she could feel better outright realistic manner the blatant about what she had done but Mr. Kapasi fetishization of India by American and other didn't. Also, he did not disclose the secret Western culture'. Dev, the Indian lover to Mr. Das so in a way the secret remains cheats on his wife while utilizing Western unrevealed which is the best thing for Das fetishization of Indian men to his own family. Mr. Kapasi as tour guide and advantage. The actions of Miranda, the interpreter of Maladies shoulders his stereotypically flighty and flirty American responsibility so well that the family bond, woman, provide evidence to support the idea though not very pleasant or romantic, of a sexually fetishized India. The intended remains intact and this is the sheer or unintended acts of Laxmi, Dev or Rohin Indiarmess in part of Jhumpa Lahiri, a encourage Miranda's false notion of sexually diasporic author. erotized India. Apart from that the author takes Jhumpa Lahiri is an exceptional the reader through the countryside of India, Personality. With each story she draws where heat and dust can be seen languorous believable characters in both ordinary and or onerous and where monkeys can change in extraordinary situations without an instant from magical creatures to ominous compromising the elements of Realism by ones. Throughout this ride to Konark, the making the task seem sweetly effortless in reader is treated to the mental and the process. The range of her talent and emotional machinations of an imagination is very broad but she never loses underappreciated man, striving for focus in its execution. She displays the recognition and affection. As the trip unique ability to paint the worlds - as they become more arduous, the family in his really are - of both the immigrant and the vehicle becomes more querulous, and the native in miniature, allowing for accurate self-doubt that blossomed into hope begins immersion in detail, while simultaneously to drop under the weight of reality. This, of placing them in a grand, sweeping course, is a brilliant story, infused with perspective of Universal truth. wisdom and tinged with, but not burdened She is one of the most realistic by, the brush of intelligent cynicism. diasporic writers of the intercultural Jhumpa Lahiri's finely tuned ear miscommunications and conflicts all too for irony is readily apparent throughout often experienced by Indian migrants and Interpreter of Maladies. Her ability to fuse second generation Indian Americans. She the sense of irony with compassion for her gives an accurate portrayal of the cultural characters is particularly adapt in two crossover in her books of short stories. The stories: A Real Durwan, where Boori Ma, stories establish convincingly the elements Sweeper of the stairwell and teller of tall of diasporic obsession with the longing for a tales, falls victim to the greed and envy of home, where the diasporans can feel at the apartment building dwellers; and Sexy home. where coincidence breeds introspection in a Jhumpa Lahiri as an author has woman having affair with a married man. achieved nearly impossible. She is one of the most respected authors in literary circle
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 37 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
while also being one whose books top the References best seller lists Chetan Bhagat enjoys only 1. Lahiri, Jhumpa, Interpreter of Maladies the status of being best seller author. She (1999), New Delhi, Harper Collins, 2000. has made an indelible mark in arena of 2. Lahiri, Jhumpa, Unaccustomed Earth, New literature with a Pulitzer- Prize winning Delhi, Haper Collins, 2008. debut collection of short stories 3. Anderson, Benedict . Imagined Communities: Interpreter of Maladies. Lahiri returns with Reflections on the Origin and Spread of a bang with another collection of short Nationalism, London Verso, 1991. stories entitled Unaccustomed Earth. 4. Bhabha, HomiK. The Location of Culture, The stories in this collection have London, Routledge, 1994. the stories of families from the Bengali 5. Brah, Avtar. Cartographies of Diaspora: state in India who have moved to America to Contesting Identities, London, Routledge, pursue career and raise their children. Each 1996. story seems to feature parents who bring 6. Debi, Ashapurna. The First Promise (Pratham their children back to Calcutta (Kokatta) Pratisruti), Tr. Indira Chowdhury, New Delhi, each summer to visit relatives; each story Orient Longman, 2004. features children who struggle to conform 7. Eliot, George. Daniel Deronda, Oxford, to their parents' traditional expectations as Oxford University Press, 1988. well as the cultural demands of an American 8. Kumar, Amitava (ed.). Away: The Indian adolescence. Loss marks the families in one writer as an Expatriate, New York of the new age realities in the descriptions Routledge, 2004. of Jhumpa Lahiri. The families in the book 9. Radhakrishnana, R. Ethnicity in age of try to cope with loss in alternately quiet and Diaspora from Theorizing Diaspora, Eds. dramatic ways. The short fiction in the Jana Evans Braziel and Anitha Mannur, Unaccustomed Earth expand upon the mood Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2003. and sentiments as expressed by the author 10. Sage, Lorna. The Cambridge Guide to in her epigraph, which is a metaphysical Women’s Writing in English, Cambridge passage from The Custom-House by University Press, 1999. Nathaniel Hawthorne suggesting that 11. Shakespeare,William. Hamlet, Act V Scene I transplanting people into new soil makes 261-264. them hardier and more flourishing.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 38 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
IMMIGRANT SENSIBILITY:-THE CRY OF ROHINTON MISTRY
Fernando Delishia Associate Prof. in English, Fatima College, Madurai.
Abstract Introduction It is felt pertinent to highlight the “Disparity can never be eliminated in this trials and tribulations of immigrants in a distant world”. –Thomas Campbell. land like Canada where the culture is very It is very hard to define the phrase different. It is not the preview of all the efforts “immigrant sensibility”, it is imperative to put in by the author Rohinton Mistry but just a know the right meaning of the said terms of little light thrown to highlight the array of lamentation in the works of Rohinton Mistry, a the writings of Rohinton Mistry , an Parsi writer who is of Mumbai origin and whose immigrant writer .By birth he is an Indian work Such a Long Journey created a furore ,who currently lives in Canada. The Longman recently and has been removed from the Modern English Dictionary defines University syllabus by the ruffle created by the “immigrant” as someone who immigrates into Bal Thackeray clans not without reason because a country and “Immigrate” as the action of Mistry has criticized them in his work. He is entering a country of which one is not a completely very comfortable as untouched and native, in order to live in it permanently. It unruffled as he currently lives in Canada. His works are highly acclaimed by the critics and the is derived from the Latin root word general reader. Pathos interspersed with the tinge “immigrare”. The above said dictionary of humor is his forte. In his own inimitable style defines ‘Sensibility’ as the ability to respond he has expressed his views in most of his works to a sense stimulus, emotional especially in his collection of short stories responsiveness, especially to the pathetic, entitled Tales from Firozsha Baag. By virtue of extreme refinement of taste , feeling easily an immigrant himself, he pours out the hurt et al. expectation of society and the inner feelings of an RohintonMistry is the author of a immigrant in a more realistic manner. “Those two girls went abroad for studies many years ago, and collection of short stories ,’Tales from never came back. They settled there happily and Firozsha Baag(1987), and three novels that like them, a fellow called Sarosh also went abroad, were all shortlisted for the Booker prize : to Toronto, but did not find happiness Such a Long Journey( 1991) , A Fine there”.(Tales from Firozsha Baag. 185) This is the Balance (1996) and Family Matters (2002). exact lamentation where the character Sarosh is His fiction has won among other awards, The none other than Rohinton Mistry himself. This is Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book just one example of how he threads his feelings (twice), the Los Angeles Times Award, the into his writings but the tears are interspersed with animosity because he makes this particular Giller prize, the Governor – General’s Award short story into a hilarious one. Even though he and the Royal Society of literatures has already climbed the higher echelons of Winifred HoltbyAward .Mistry is one of the literary society, he does not forget the hard days most powerful writer of Pathos of our time. and is ever ready to tell his readers what kind of Citing his words from his life the immigrant leads in a distant land. masterpiece ‘A Fine Balance’ the tinge of humor inter-spread with the sarcastic
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 39 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
remarks about the state of affairs, things feels secluded even amidst other Parsis in can be brought to their proper perspectives Toronto. “Their airs and opinions sicken him : It was MORNING when the gulf they speak condescendingly of India and flight bringing Maneck home Landed in the Indians”(Shahani 22). An echo of this idea is capital after a delayed departute .He had reflected when the protagonist in “Swimming tried to Sleep on the plane but the annoying Lessons” is questioned when he goes for his flicker of a movie being shown in the swimming classes as, economy cabin kept buzzing before his “Are you from India ? She asks , I eyelids like malfunctioning fluorescent lights nod . I hope you don’t mind my asking , but I Bleary – eyed ,he stood in line for customs was curious because an Indian couple inspection…The smell of sweat, Cigarette ,husband and wife , also registered a few smoke, stale perfume, and disinfectant minutes ago. Is swimming not encouraged in roamed the air . India?” (A Fine Balance 579) (Tales from Firozsha Baag 280) These words are the exact Sometimes the query maybe an innocent experience every immigrant has in flights of question from the local to a foreigner or it is dreaming a life of abundance in the foreign the sarcastic remark of a citizen of a lands . The humiliating looks , and the harsh country to an immigrant. This question may words are the rewards for any immigrant irritate a highly placed officer of another awaiting in a distant land. How the words are country whereas this may please an unwary taken to heart or just taken with a wave of individual who may not analyze the tone of hand is individual’s preference. The other the question. The mentality of a submissive land may not be so pleasant for all individual is very different but a sensitive immigrants. individual may be hurt by this particular In the case of the novel “A Fine Balance question in certain circumstances. The “,the entire novel illuminates the poverty atrocities committed upon students of stricken Indian and the caste differences, Indian origin in the continent of Australia here is one vignette that just give a glimpse are an example which illuminates this point. upon the plight of immigrants. Though this “Diversity of cultures has given rise particular episode is about the incident in to the emergence of varied literatures, the the local airport, he links in an inextricable most noteworthy being South Asian Canadian way that the reader understands the pain literature. It constitutes the work of the and agony.Mistry’s “ work illustrates writers which show South Asian sensibility collectively certain basic preoccupations or their writers maintaining a distinct South which the immigrant writer is concerned Asian identity. New immigration legislation in with and which inevitably arise from the the 1970s opened Canada’s border to a very fact of his being relatively a new comer larger number of Asian immigrants whose on foreign soil”.(Shahani 18).Mistry’s two impact on Canadian writing started surfacing stories –Lend me your Light and Swimming in the Mid eighties ,in the journals such as Lessons throw light on the immigrant’s The Toronto South Asian Review and in the experience in Canada . Kersi, the protagonist works of individual writers like Saros in Lend me your Light is portrayed as a lost Cowasjee, Rohinton Mistry, Bharathi and lonely person in a new atmosphere and Mukherjee, Surjeet Kalsey, and
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 40 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
M.G.Vassanji” (Dhawan 10-11). Most of the was affixed to the statue’s base. These South Asian writers were writing before words remain the quintessential expression coming to Canada. While there are other of America’s vision of itself as a haven for writers who started writing in Canada and those who denied freedom and opportunity in achieved fame. The experience of an their native lands. The Americans are so immigrant painted in Swimming Lessons is as proud of their generosity towards their follows : immigrant, because they themselves are Armed with my Surf King I enter immigrants from the United Kingdom. John the high school and Go to the pool area. A Bunyan’s “The Pilgrim’s Progress may be a sheet with instructions for the new Class is book of verses of an immigrant because he pinned to the bulletin board. All students cites examples from the bible as the must Shower and then assemble at eight by Israelites are taken from the clutches of the shallow end. As I enter the showers the Egyptian Pharaohs and walked over to three young boys probably from a Previous the wilderness to a land of wealth. class emerges. One of them holds his nose. As a Parsi in India, the writer feels The Second begins to hum under his breath; more like an immigrant from Persia than an Paki, Paki smell like curry .The third says to Indian, because Parsis traditional wisdom the first two :pretty soon all inherited from their forefathers is a kind of the waters are going to taste of curry .They a Persian Insight. Rohinton Mistry in Family leave”.(286) Matters throws light on the longingness of These infuriating words are quite the Parsis to migrate to the West as they common for all the Asians irrespective of are dissatisfied with their life in India. Most one’s individual country. The individual may of the Parsis yearn to leave India at any cost be from Pakistan for the word Paki is to and settle in Western countries. The kernel degrade the Pakistanis but this particular of the novel, Yezad and his family wish to word can be thrown at anybody from South settle in Canada. Unfortunately Yezad’s Asia whether one is from India, Pakistan, dream gets unfulfilled .After a long waiting Srilanka or Bangladesh. The white and of six months after applying for emigration coloured divide may not be very visible in the to Canada the Yezads are invited for an North American Continent but the words of interview. In the interview the officer asks animosity is definitely there everywhere for certain ruthless questions to humiliate and the immigrant .Like Parsis in India there is shy them away. Later, when Yezad is one other tribe all over the world who feels confronted with domestic problems, he the same way that is they don’t belong to laments over his fate and cries,….they would the country of their living. For example all be living happily right now in Emma Lazarus ,who had worked with East Toronto,breathing the pure Rocky Mountain European immigrants through her association air instead of the noxious fumes of this with the Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society, dying city, rotting with pollution and garbage composed ‘The New Colossus’ in 1883 as part and corruption. (Family Matters 275) of a fund raising campaign for erecting the As the world becomes a small globe Statue of Liberty. In 1903, a tablet with her by the invasion of the communication words –“ Give me your tired, your poor, your equipments there are numerous people all huddled masses yearning to breathe free “— over the world who have the feeling of
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 41 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
forsaken people- the immigrant. The Indians indefinable sufferings and sorrowful in Libya is a classic example who are being feelings. Still today it happens in the streets deported from the country because they do of India and the complaints of the immigrant not belong there. Any internal strife affect in the far off lands are too painful to be the immigrant community. As Rohinton described in mere words. These are the Mistry feels he is being treated as an words that are lived in pain and poked the outsider in his own city of Mumbai , he minds and hearts that make themselves speaks through his protagonist in his short stand out which speaks for immigrants story Auspicious Occasion as, around the world. These lines have the sense “ But unbeknownst to Rustomji , on and also the sensibility. Absolutely fearless the upper deck sat fate in the form of a of the modern day political thugs he puts mouth chewing tobacco and beetle nut and a forth his points which may have irked some mouth with a surfeit of juice and aching jaws off the present day politician. But the crying for relief. And when the bus halted at warrior in himself walks bravely with the Marine Lines, fate leaned out the window to armaments of written thought which speaks release a generous quantity of sticky, volumes of their happenings around the viscous, dark red stuff.” (Tales from world for centuries. His critics may have a Firozsha Baag 20) When Rustomji stepped difference of opinion about his remarks but on to the pavement, “the squirt of tobacco those written words are testimony etched on juice caught him between the shoulder the pages of own life history which would be blades : blood red on sparkling white. read, researched and felt by generations to Rustomji “ looking up saw a face come. with crimson lips trickling juice, mouth “Our problems are man-made, chewing contentedly and in an instant knew therefore they may be solved by man” John what had happened .He roared in agony, F Kennedy helpless, screaming as painfully as though it was a knife in the back, while the bus slowly References pulled away. Dhawan ,R.K.Canadian Literature Today.New ‘Saalogandoo ! Filthy son of a whore ! Delhi : Prestige,1995. Print. Shameless animal – spitting paan from the Mistry, Rohinton.A Fine Balance.London: bus! Smash you face I will, you pimp…”(Tales Faber & Faber, 1996Print. from Firozsha Baag 20) ---.Tales from FirozshaBaag. London:Faber & Faber, 1992Print. Conclusion ---.Family Matters. New York : Vintage Rohinton Mistry empirically International Edition,2002Print. describes with agony and compassion about Shahani ,RoshanG.”The Indian Immigrant the inhuman treatment meted out to the Experience : Two Case Studies.” The Parsis by the Marathi community. So it is apt Bombay Literary Review 2 (1990):18-25 to say that being a Parsi, Mistry led a life of Print. an immigrant in his own country with
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 42 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
NEED FOR INTERGRATING PRE-SCHOOL TO ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Dr.P.Karthikeyan Principal Sri Renugambal college of Education, Ettivadi, Polur, Thiruvannamalai Dist
Abstract emphasis on fostering the natural process of Learning starts from birth children spontaneous self motivated self-education in learn through interactions with social which children learn just as a play and as a physical and cultural environment provided form of play out of their innate curiosity and to them. Early childhood experiences are urge to acquire knowledge of the therefore important from the point of view environment. of helping them to learn better during There is a need to improve the primary stage and beyond. The present quality of primary education the quality basic article highlights the need for good quality education is the only means of fighting pre-school education for all children and poverty at all stages and in different integrating it with elementary education in contexts. It reduces the vulnerability of order to improve the quality of education. under privileged population to poverty by providing them with a set of production to Challenges of Quality Primary Education in poverty by providing them with a set of India production and livelihood skills. Education The quality of education particularly can thus be a lever to start making a primary education is low. This is quite difference in the lives of the poorest of the evident from the fact that millions of young poor. The quality basic education is a right children in lower income groups especially of every individual. rural and girl children comprising nearly 30% Quality primary education would of the first grade entrants never complete eliminate the phenomenon of dropout at the primary education. Even among those who do primary stage. It would further develop many of them lack even rudimentary reading among learners requisite knowledge and and writing skills? The low quality of competencies. For improving the quality of education often imparts little or no real primary education there is a need to address learning this is primarily due to many factors factors mentioned above which affects poor quality of pre service and in service adversely the quality besides addressing the education of teachers lack of proper said factors appropriately there is a infrastructure facilities in schools such as research evidence that in children are drinking water toilets particularly separate provided opportunities for quality early toilets for girls inadequacy of teaching work childhood education their learning at the force rooms for instruction and teaching primary stage becomes better thus to materials high teacher pupil ratio the last improve the quality of primary education but not the least outmoded teaching there is a need to provide children methods being used by teachers for appropriate quality early childhood transacting the curriculum. Besides the education. education system in India hardly lays
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 43 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Development of Brain Cells and Thinking quality early childhood education has long Skills term positive effect on children’s learning There is a need to stimulate the and subsequent school success. Early development of brain cells during early year childhood education produces meaningful and foster a spontaneous curiosity and gains in cognitive social and emotional natural love for learning in children teaching development during the pre-school years. content of different school subjects is not Further it better prepares children to meet the end of schooling there is a need to the complex demands of formal schooling. develop thingking skills among pupils. The content is just a vehicle to develop thinking Pedagogy of Early Childhood Education skills such as to think creatively and think What and how children should learn critically. The successful instruction is that at an early age are primary guided by which develops thinking skills among pupils cultural values of the society in which they while teaching subject matter. Thinking and live? There are two sciences science of subject matter content are neither separate teaching of adults and science of teaching of from nor in opposition to each other, children the former is known as and argosy innovations experimentation decision making and the latter pedagogy Malcolm Knowles has and drawing conclusion etc if the task is not undertaken a great deal of research on the sufficiently challenging, the students will basis of his research he mentions that there revert to reproducing knowledge is a difference in the learning behavior of children and adults children process Objectives of early childhood education information in a different way than adults as As recently as fifty years ago it was a consequence different instructional widely believed that the major objectives strategies are suitable for teaching adults for children during the pre-school years and children. were those of socialization be able to bear Instructional strategies which are the anxiety of separation from home, suitable for teaching children at secondary learning how to interact with peers and and primary stages are not suitable for early unfamiliar adults, and experiencing new childhood education this is primarily because materials in a novel environment to be able the objectives of early childhood education to make them school ready today it is widely are different from those of primary and recognized that the first five years is the elementary education further the period of enormous growth of linguistic, information processing capabilities of pre- conceptual and social competence among school children are different from those of children. Right from birth healthy infants pupils at the primary secondary stage. with their developing abilities explore and The research on early childhood even control their environment scholars learning reveals that young children are bloom (1964) and others report that half of capable of understating and building the adult intelligence is developed by the age knowledge they are highly inclined to do so. of five. Therefore early childhood education The pre-school teachers should therefore influences intellectual development besides design rich tasks for these children to fostering social and emotional development provide them opportunities for learning and there us also research evidence that high guided exposure to complex thinking than
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 44 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
when they receive no such support. The children below the age of 6 are immunized environment exerts a large influence on both they are also expected to provide antenatal cognitive and emotional development. Pre- care to pregnant women and ensuring that school teachers should provide early they are immunized against tetanus etc they childhood learners with a rich environment. are also providing necessary supplementary Education and care in the early years are nutrition to children Besides their duties two sides of the same coin. Furthermore include inter-alia to provide pre-school research on early childhood pedagogy education to children who are between 3 to manifests that cognitive, social emotional 5 years of age. Most of the anganwadi (mental health) and physical development are workers possess 10+2 certificate. From their complementary mutually supportive areas of academic qualification and the training which growth all requiring active attention in the is provided to them, it is clear that they do pre-school year’s for instance social skills not possess any certificate to diploma in and physical exercise influence cognitive early childhood education they do not have development. On the other side, cognition any grounding in the pedagogy of early plays an important role in children’s social childhood education. Hence they do not understanding and psycho-motor possess requisite competencies to provide competencies. Further the research reveals quality early childhood education. that the responsive interpersonal relationship between the teacher and the Need for improving quality of education pre-school learner nurture young children’s The Right of children to free and disposition to learn and their emerging compulsory education act-2009 covers abilities therefore pre-school teachers’ children from classes I to VIII. This act is relationship with the pre-school learners landmark legislation in the history of India should be very open. The pre-schoolteacher to realize the constitutional provision of should have liberty to approach the teacher quality education for all. After the without any hesitation and fear the research implementation of the act from 2st April further indicates that quality pre-school 2010, there is a hope that the country will education better prepares student for achieve education for all in near future. formal schooling learning at the early Though the emphasis on universal childhood level should be in the form when schooling in fine, but the discourse must now their interest and curiosity are awakened shift to quality. This is because despite a story telling needs to be used to make welcome high enrolment rate-around 96.7% learning a fun. at the primary levels, the quality of school learning is simply not up to the mark. Most Responsibility of Early Childhood Education government school lack basic infrastructure In India early childhood education is such as blackboards and textbooks. Teaching presently in the hands of anganwadi workers standards are poor on account of many an anganwadi worker is basically a health factors. It is a little wonder that only 48.2% worker chosen from the community and given of Class V students surveyed under Annual some training in health nutrition and child status of education report (ASER) were able care they are required to provide care for to read class II level texts, among other newborn babies as well as ensure that all depressing statistics, unless school
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 45 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
education is rescued from this quagmire of Compulsory Education Act 2009 needs to be mediocrity all talk about developing a skilled amended suitability to include pre-school human resource pool and realizing the education under its ambit. country demographic dividend will be without substance. The human resource ministry at Quality pre-school and in-service the centre and state level as well as education of pre-school teachers education department of states cannot duck In order to improve the quality of their responsibility of improving quality of pre-service education there is a need to education have quality pre-school teachers. Early There is an excessive reliance on childhood teachers should have a bachelor’s rote learning in our schools. There is hardly degree with specialized education related to any emphasis on developing thinking skills early childhood education with focus on among people. The pratham’s Annual Status developmental psychology, pedagogy of early of Education Report (ASER) 2011 assessing childhood education. Pre-service teacher schools in rural India found declining education programmes for student-teachers attendance, over reliance on private tuitions should provide them with a stronger and and declining reading and mathematical more specific foundational knowledge of the abilities among children in the 6 to 14 years development of children’s social and age category. affective similarly programme for professional development of pre-school Need for Free and compulsory pre-school teachers should be need-based and practical education in nature rather than mere theoretical One of the significant interventions The state governments should which could improve the quality of education initiate programmers’ of research and particulary at primary/elementary stage is development aimed at learning more about that there should be universal pre-school effective preparation of early childhood education. Every child in the country in the teachers. The curriculum for pre-school age range 3 to 5 years should have an access teachers needs to be revisited periodically in to quality pre-school education studies have the light of findings of research studies. demonstrated that the quality pre-school There should be quality training of early education prepare children better for childhood teacher education. learning at the primary/elementary stage. They should be provided with Presently the pre-school education is under suitable experiences with regard to anganwadi system. Very limited percentage andragogy- science of teaching adults. of children in their early childhood is being covered by the anganwadi system. The Reference quality of early childhood education under 1. Anderson; James .D The Education this system is abysmally poor. The quality of of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935, education can only be improved if it is taken University of North Carolina Press, over by the government the government 1988. owns the responsibility of providing quality 2. Gleason, Philip: Contending with pre-school education to each child in the Modernity: Catholic Higher country. The Right of Children to Free and
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 46 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Education in the Twentieth Century. Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Oxford .U Press, 1995 1990 3. Allen, G Pre-primary Education: 6. Galbraith, M.W. : Education Through American Opinion, May issue, 1971 Community Organizations, San 4. Evers, C. & Lakomski, G. Knowing Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1990. Educational Administration, Oxford, 7. Jeffs, T. and Smith, M. Using Pergamon, 1991. Primary Education, Milton Keynes, 5. Chumbow, B.S. The place of Mother Open University Press, 1990. Tongue in the National Policy of
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 47 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
VALUE PROMOTION OF SANTHALS FOLKLORICRATIONALITY
Irudayaraj. A. Assistant professor, Department of philosophy, Arulanadar(Autonomous) college, Karumathur, Madurai.
Introduction modern technological Rationality? (iii)What Human beings live in a highly are the values of santhals rationality is in sophisticated, mechanized, modernized and opposition to the modern Rationality?(iv)Can technocratic society today where in the modern Rationality of this generation learn science has developed beyond leap and anything from the ethnic rationality of bounds, in medicine remarkable santhals? achievements have been made and in various fields such as Industry, education, Space 2. Aim of this paper Research, technology in communication, This paper aims at the exploration medicine has gone up to the higher realm of of ethnic Rationality of the santhals vis-à-vis life. But due to the fragmented mindset of evaluation of the technological Rationality in human beings, they are completely cutaway the light of santhals world view, life cycle, from nature and started exploiting nature. festivals and social administrative As a result nature starts reacting we structures etc. witness this through floods, failure of monsoon rain, earth quake, tsunami, storm, 3. A brief History of santhals change of seasons and climate which does lot The origin of santhal tribe seems to of havok to the humanity. Threatened by the be from hiliri-pipri which has been claimed reaction by nature so many as Babylon and the tribe had entered India environmentalists, scientists and through the khyber and bolar passes prior to educationists started to find out preventive aryans. The santhal oral tradition speaks measures to safeguard nature and keep about the origin of the santal tribe from a human beings away from danger and so many wild goose which came from the great ocean research have been carried out to care for alighted at hiliri-pipri or ahiri-pipri and laid the Mother Nature. In this context it is two eggs.The santhals call themselves as relevant and fitting for us to study about Hor1 or HorHopon2, meaning child or children the santhal tribal community who lived in of human beings. The santhals are the harmony with nature and made their life as largest homogeneous scheduled tribe in paradise which is in opposition to the technocratic society of today.
1. Issues The questions that are to be 1 Cf. KOTTARAM Mathew, Santhals and discussed in this paper are (i) what is the evangelization, in Indian Missiological central aspect of the ethnic rationality of review, 7, 1985, 2, p.172. the santhals tribe? (ii)Is ethnic rationality 2 Cf. HEMBROM Thimotheas, The santhal of santhals’ tribe enhanced or worsened by Anthropological-Theological Reflections on santhali and bible creation traditions, Calcutta: Punthipustak, 1996, p.7
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 48 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
India.3 According to tradition, it is believed situation does not disturb, since nature that their ancestors came to this land as blesses man, if he acts honourably. The immigrants from the ChampaDisomwhich is santhals believe that there are gods situated most likely north-west of the everywhere. They worship the Chotanagpur plateau. They are spread ‘bongaburu’.The santhal world view through the states of Bihar, Assam, west incorporates man , nature, god and the Bengal, orissa and jhakhand in India as well relationship exist between these as in various parts of Bangladesh and components. Nepal.The land of santhals is bounded on the north by bhagalpur and purnea districts of 4.1. Ethno-centrism: the key to the the state of bihar; in the east by Malda, santhals community Mursidabad and Bhirbum Districts of West Santhals are ethno-centric to the Bengal; the Jharkhand district of Dhanbad; extreme. They believe that their own way of and the west Bengal District of Burdwan in life is all important and the best. This the south; and the west by Hazaribarg, ethnocentrism helps them for intra-tribal Monghyr and bhagalpur district of Bihar. An integration and cultural stability. A santhal eminant Anthropologist namlyBiswas writes, is best understood by the saying, ‘a millian ‘If there is any culture which still carries on santhals have a single word.whatever the the impress of the underlying philosophic individual he is the first and last of a speculation and order of their thought that santhal’. was wide spread in India prior to the rise of the dravidian culture, it was very likely to 4.2. Aim of santhals towards the belief and social order of pre-Dravidian attainment of good and happy life santhals. So in the pre- Aryan and pre- The four constituents of a happy Dravidian culture of India the Santhals life is (i) To be free from disease and 4 stand in the limelight . Sickness (ii) To be free to enjoy oneself without restrictions of time schedules: ‘to 4. Santhal world view: A Triune model eat, drink, and be merry’ (iii) To have Santhal world view is that life is full friction free and balanced relation with all of agony, pain and pleasure also. Pleasure and the members to the group, in family and in pain are true in their peaceful state of life, society (iv) To have a balance between the they remain suppressed and curtailed. The world of men and world of spirits. life, the creation itself is the gift of godly power. God may get angry, if man does not 4.3. The ethnic Rationality santhals: follow the rules of nature. A natural An archetype for modern society The ethnic rationality of santhals is model for the modern society because 3 Troisi J, Tribal Religion: Religious beliefs santhals believe that their life revolves and practices among santhals, New Delhi, around three major features: (1) Communion Manohar Publications, 1978, p.24. with spirits (2) Communion with the nature 4 Biswas P.C., Primitive Religion, social (3) Communion within the community. The organization Law and Government among the santal in The Journal of the Department spirit, nature and the community make a of Letters, 21, 1935, p. 8 triangle model of a santhal tribal community.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 49 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
4.3.1. Communion with spirits tutelary Bongas of the Ojha (medicine men) For santhals, spirits are the who also act as exorcists and diviners (ix) supernatural beings, the unseen supernatural JomSimBongas(Tutelary Spirit): the Santals powers and the deceased human being spirits had a special feast called JomSim in honour withwhomhumanbeings are supposed to live of Sin Bonga(the sun) and the Maran Buru in spiritual union and close association.They (x) DekoBongas (Hindu Deities): The callGod as chando baba- sun god, Thakurjia- pantheon of Santhal Bongas (spirits) which god supreme andmarangburu- Great also seem to include some deities of Hindus. Mountain.Bongas occupy a prominent role in the life of santhals.There are two kinds of (b) Malevolent and Spiteful Spirits: Bongas. They are Benovelentbongas and Agents of suffering to humanity malevolent bongas. Everything good proceeds The evil bongasare the ones which bring lot from the malevolent bongas and they are of havoc to humanity.They are(i)Sima and honoured with sacrifices. The Santals belief BahreBongas (Village Boundary Spirits) are that the benevolent spirits give life provides said to be very jealous, if they are in any the necessaries for life and allots the span way hurt, they become angry and cause of life. The malivalent or evil bongas are disease (ii)Buru Bongas (Mountain and Hill placated; lest they become angry and bring Spirits) are believed to be liable to ruin the about vengence as they are the agents of crops and also to cause accidents of various suffering to humanity.They have to be pacify kinds (iii)RongoRujiBonga (Forest Spirit) is with certain offerings. believed to be completely obsessed with sex, (a) Benovolent and good spirits: The as a result of which, it is very important to agents of wellbeing regale her with obscene songs and stories The following spirits are considered as (iv) NaiharBonga (Spirit of Father-in-law) is benevolent and good spirits by the Santhals. said to belong to the father-in-law’s (i) Maran Buru (The Great Mountain): The household and he has to be send back by Santhals also believe that there is a close offering sacrifices5 (v) KisardBongas (Spirit affinity between Maran Buru and their that Brings Richness) that must be ancestors (ii)Moreko-Turuiko is believed to exorcised because it will cause and will ‘eat preside over the welfare of the village and up’ everybody in the house (vi)ThapnaBongas to have control over rain, crops and (Buried Spirits) which has to be localized to epidemics (iii) Jaher Era (The Lady of the a stone, If anyone steps on the stone, he is Grove) is concerned about their bodily needs at once struck with disease or even death (iv) AbgeBonga (subclan spirit) and as their (vii) Dan (Spirit-Husbands of Witches) are OrakBonga (household spirit) (v) said to be the thorns of the Santal social ParganaBonga (National spirit): This spirit fabric. They undermine society and bring has great significance for the Santhal who about injury and death. believes that he has special powers over witches (vi)Manjhi Haram Bonga (Headman Spirit) is believed to preside over the village
(vii)HapramkoBongas (Ancestral Spirits) 5 Cf. BODDING Paul Olaf, Studies in Santal each Santhal household worships the spirits Medicine-connected folklore, Calcutta: The of its ancestors (viii) SaketBongas or the Asiatic society, 1986, p.32.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 50 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
(c) The prime concern of santhals consider as time of happiness and the Santhal cannot think of a world without disappearance of moon as a period of sorrow. bongasbecause bongas in a special sense, a For the santhals the star is known as the santhals creation, monopoly and prerogative ‘ipil’. The santhals use the path of stars to of santhals. Their prime concern is to go for grassing cows and findingout the gratefully remember the benevolent spirits agricultural field. The santhals refer the and regard them with gratitude and to earth as ‘ath’. Agricultural products, depends appease the malevolent spirits with certain on the nature of the earth. Agricultural land offerings and sacrifices.Santhals believe is the most valuable resource as it is that the Bongas or Spirits roam and only everlasting.The santhals refer to water as coming to terms with them can santhals be ‘da’. It is of various types of water of rain, happy. Therefore santhals are always in canel, river, pond, ringwell etc.santhals union with the spirit in every walk of their believe that all these are one or the other life. way contribute for their meaningful existence. 4.3.2. Communion with the nature (b) The Land and forest: Fundamental Santhal life world is very much not only source of livelihood connected with spirits but also connected The livelihood of santhals is based on with nature which exists around the human agriculture and forest. For santhals society. The Santhals concept of land, agriculture is the backbone of their village forest, rivers and mountains are not only the economy because 98% of the santhal means of production, but are also means of populations are involved in agriculture. As an livelihood created and given by God. They agrarian society the santhals have great are therefore, holy and because of that they attachment to their land. Land is their life- are inalienable and non-transferable. blood. It is for the land their ancestors shed According to them holiness means belonging their blood in the ‘hul’. It has a great to God and not to oneself. Santhals think sentimental value attached. A santhal that land, forest, rivers and mountains considers it a dignity to possess a piece of a belong to God or to the spirits and land. Therefore, anyone who lays hand on humankind is only the custodian of these6. there is taken to be laying hand on their (a) The sky, sun, moon and stars very life. Hence all the land and the natural The santhals are closely associated with the resources belonged to the village community sky, sun, moon and stars. The sky is known as and every individual has the right to use ‘remil’ which gives rain to the earth and the these resources for the livelihood. growth of their agriculture. The sun and Certain things and properties are moon is considered to be husband and wife. common property for the Tribals (ponds, The sun is known as ‘sin chando’ which gives Rivers, Forests). Even the surplus of the light during day time and the moon which is produce or income which should be shared known as ‘nindchando’ which gives light at with the week, sick, widows, orphans and night. The full moon day time, the santhals children. In want, they share food with neibourschildren.the tribals need not return 6 Cf. KULLU Paulus, Tribal Religion and if they have borrowed something in need. It Culture, in jeevadhara, 24, 1994, p.94. may be strange but it is the fact.Santal life
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 51 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
is greatly conditioned and influenced by Festival) isthe occasion of sowing the winter forest, on which they depend for their paddy (iv)HariarSim (Sprouting Festival) is supply of food, fodder, animals, fuel, and celebratedwhen the paddy seeds have wood for building and materials for tools and germinated and pushed out new shoots and medicine. The forest is also an important transplanting the paddy seedlings starts source of their income from which they (v)Janthar (Offering of First Fruits obtain edible oil-seeds and timber and Festival) is celebratedwhen thepadddy is fuelwood for trading in the market.7They ready for harvesting (vi)MaghSim(Reaping of were also involved in their traditional pursuit the Thatching Grass)is celebrated which of hunting and gathering. marks the end of the Santhal year (vii) Mak More Karam(Cleansing Festival) is celebrated (c) The agricultural festivals: an whenever sickness is raging in the village expression of communion par (viii) Karam (Wealth Festival) is observed to excellence seek an increase in wealth and progeny and As nature started providing everything that to ward off any evil through the worship of they needed, they celebrating their life in the Karam tree. All these festivalsare harmony with nature for the wonderful celebrated singing and dancing and offering things that they received. Their communion prayers andpoojas to thebongas and the with nature is very much expressed in the ancestoral spirits. following festivals which santhal society organized to ensure safety and prosperity to (d) The symbolic values of festivals the village community. Traditionally the The festivals reveal certain symbolic values. Santhals have seven annual festivals The first symbolic value is a sense of connected with agriculture presence and fellowship with the spirits. (i)Sohrae(Harvest Festival) is celebrated for This is expressed in the sacrificial offerings six days. It is the festival of thanks giving, that are shared by the people and the of love and brother-hood and sister-hood. spirits. Another symbolic element is a sense The great freedom the Santals experience of new life and of harmony with nature. The at this festival mentally takes them back to new life is manifested by celebration of the golden age of the tribe when they were Sohrae (harvest festival) symbol of in Chai-Champa (city of forts).8 (ii)Baha abundance, Baha (flower festival) symbol of (Flower Festival) is celebrated when trees new life and the HariarSimsymbolises the begin to blossom which marks the beginning germination of the paddy seeds. of the Santal year.9 (iii) ErokSim (Sowing 4.3.3. Communion within the community 7 Cf. Manuel Raj v., A Santhal Theology of Communion and being together is one of the Liberation, New Delhi: Uppal publishing most important aspects of santhal tribal house, 1990, P.5 community which is expressed in the various 8 Cf. MAHAPATRA Sitakant, Modernisation aspects of life cycles, clans, social and Ritual-Identity and change in santhal organizations, relationships, food habits and society, Calcutta: oxford University press, p. way of greetings, dance and musicetc. This 9. 9 Cf. HEMBROM T, The Santals intact web of relationships serves as a model Anthropological,p.43. for the rest of the humanity.TheSantals by
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 52 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
nature are communitarian.10 There is a lot of (2) CacoChatiar(Initiation into the togetherness in the Santal village. All normal tribe) activities of life and all the rites of passage The ceremony of caco-chatiarhas to be held necessitate the participation of the before marriage through an individual is community. When there is a heavy work to given all the priviledges as the fullfledged be undertaken either for the community or member of the tribe. for the individual, the whole village is there (3) Bapla (Santhals marriage) to extend their helping hands. When some Santhal marriage is known as ‘bapla’which one dies, all the villagers are present for the brings together or amalgamatestwo clans funeral ceremonies. In the same way when (or) subclans to the tribe. Santhal marriage there is an occasion for rejoicing like is mono-gamous. The santhals average initiation rite, marriage, the celebration of a marriage age is between eighteen to twenty feast, everyone is there together to rejoice. five years. Marriage is not just of two All that means the Santals live, work, persons but communion of two families and rejoice, suffer and die in communion with two villages. The young couple are supported one another. and encouraged by the community as they (a) The life cycle of santhals pledge the gift to themselves to one The great significant life cycles of santhals another. The marriage rites make the are (1) Birth (2) Initiation (3) marriage (4) santhal couple reproductive members of death (5) Re-Union with the ancestors. their community. It links the couple to the (1) Janamchatiar (Birth ceremony) spirit world of santhals. They use water and For santhals, child birth is one of the sindur at marriage to manifest the element important ceremonies. In child birth is the of purification and couples’ access to mother and the child, the house and the ancestoral spirits. Santhals believe that villages are considered defiled by the birth santhal marriage is for eternity, for it of the child. In this ceremony purification of continues even in ‘hanapuri’ – the next world. the village and the house, naming the child, A santhal cannot marry a non-santhal who admitting the child into the father’s clan broke this law are excommunicated from the take place. This particular idea of tribe to preserve the santhal solidarity. defilement indicates the inter-openness of Santhals are not supposed to enter into the social structure of the santhals marriage with their own clan for the community. By sharing the members of the same clan are considered to ‘nimdakmandi’which is prepared by margoza be brothers and sisters. There are several leaves, rice powder and bit of sugar cleanses traditional forms of marriage. Among them the entire village from defilement. This the most important form of marriage is the symbolizes the hardness, sacredness and ‘sadaibaple’ or ‘kirinbalubapla’which takes happiness of earthly life which has to be place when a man brings his for a bride for metout with as a whole community. whom he has paid the bride price. In the santhal marriage, the rites and customs have two fundamental attitudes (i) The new involvement of the couple (ii) The 10Cf. MANUEL RAJ V., A Santal Theology of consciousness of the santhals relatians and Liberation, p. 22. dependence on their spirits. Thus, Marriage
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 53 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
is a much a union of two villages and two 4.4. The social clan of santhals: An families as it is of two persons. ancient model (4) Moron(Death) The twelve clans emerged in the beginning of According to the santhals, death is like the human origin from the santhal ancesters dropping of a ripe, fruit from a tree. which also expresses srongly the communion Santhals attribute death to the malignancy within the community in the initial stages of of certaibnbongas (spirits), impersonal their history until this day. Every Name of powers and witchcraft. The santhals believe the clans is derived from either from plants that on the death of an individual, his or her or animals which has connection with the social personality is not annihilated but deeds and the birth of the clans which rather transformed. According to the indicates their undivided unity with the santhal belief, the soul, after leaving the world of nature. The name of the various body, becomes a bonga (spirit) joining the clans and their duties and affiliation with abode of decesed ancestors. Death indicates nature and the community is given. Hasdak the victory of all the hostile ‘bongas’. Death are advicerswho are considered to be brings in a momentary pollution in the village. superior clan of the santhals,Murmu, the The entire village is deprived of its tribal priest who sacrifices animals. Antilope was gaurdian spirits. Therefore ‘bandan’ first hunted and sacrificed from then on the ceremony is performed on the fifthday of santhals started hunting and eating the the dead, to safegaurd the village aganinst flesh of the animals. Kiskusare regarded as evil influence and to free the soul of the kings and are given the royal status. The decesed and send him or her to the kingfisher is their totem. Hemberms are the ‘hanapuri’. believers of ancestors who were born under (5) Re-Union with the ancestors the betel-nut tree. Marandis are called The santhals believe in the survival of the traders who are linked with grass or type of soul after death. They also believe that the weed. Sorens are soldiers and their totem dead is living in union with their ancestoral constellation of stars. Tudus are musicians spirit and do benevolent things to the and owl is their totem. Baske are cooks and community .There are also another belief in relate them with stale rice. Hembram, the regeneration or rebirth of the dead Besras, Chores, Pourias, Bedias, are related ancestors that is his or her image gets born Betalnut tree, falcon, pigeons, lizards, sheep in his or her grandchildren. The grandsons respectively and their duties in the society become the image of their grandfathers and is not clearly known. From these the granddaughters become the images of developments only the santhals started to their grandmothers. Santhals believe that build up their social organizations and during festivals and special celebrations at administrative systems which prove the home the dead ancestors visit the house intact communion within the community. therefore they offer food and drink in the puja place of the house. In this way they 4.5. The social organization of maintain good relationship and communion Santhals: A swaraj model with their dead ancestors and the dead Basically Santals are village centred people ancestors with their community. and the village is the most traditional and
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 54 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
ancient institution.11 For them village means headman. He resolves all the problems of everything – their country, their nation, santhal community like out casting etc. their tribe, indeed their whole world. It is in Problems are to be solved with in the village their village they live out their economic, council and if is not, it is taken to pargana political, religious and family life. It is here council and if necessary then finally the that they have their altar, and their place of matter taken to the Hunt council. Santhals government, their court of justice, in a word abide by their institution because it keeps everything. This belongingness to the village every member of the community to live in makes them to live in communion with the communion with each other. community. It is fecilitated through the santhal social organization such as (i) village 4.6. The various aspects that affirm council (ii) pargana council (iii) Hunt council. the communion among santhals The Village council consists of seven village There are also various things which officicials (i)Manjhi is the village headman, expresses santhals communion with who links the external relations of the themselves such as language, food habits, village to the internal relations. Paranik is dress, way of greetings and music and dance the assistant of the village headman. Godet etc. The most interesting aspects of their is the messenger of manjhi (2) Jog-manjhi is lives are (i) give importance to mother the social headman who takes care of social tongue (santhali) and speak only in santhali funcitons and is incharge of internal social among themselves and have sentimental ceremonies connected with life-crisis, attachment (ii)They eat rice, bitten rice and festivities and jog-paranik assists him. (3) dal. They feed the guest with plate full of Naekeis the religious headman who does the rice.Itis a matter of joy for them. It is very sacral function and performs sacrifices and important to know that no member of the worship of the santhal Bongas during community is isolated. No orphans and ceremonies and agricultural rituals for the beggars can be found in the santhal whole village. Kudkunaekeassists him. There society.The santhals are generous, is also pargana council which consists of (i) hospitable and possessa goodwill to share Parganaitwho is the pargana head and he not only food but also their wealth with plays secular and sacral function and he is other members of his or her community. (iii) incharge of all the manjhis in his territory of They wear simple dress .The men-folk wear 50 villages. Desh-manjhi is the assistant and ‘Panji’ and ‘dagri’ and woman- folk ‘panchi’ and chakaldhar is the messenger. (ii) Jan guru or ‘parhat’and the women adorn themselves with ojha is the medicineman who is known for his silver ornaments and flowers (iv) They have knowledge and withcraft. There is hunt very interesting and respectable way of council is the higest body which consists of greetings (dobo) from child to elders and few parganas (i)Dehariis the hunt council through which one can even identify the relationship among them. (v) Music and dance 11Cf. MAHAPATRA Sitakant, Modernisation flow in the blood of santhals. The santhals and Ritual, Identity and Change in Santal have thirty one types of dances and twenty Society, Calcutta: Oxford University Press, tunes to suit their life style. In all the 1986, p. 30 ceremonies of life events the whole community of santhals would sing and dance
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 55 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
togetherthe whole night. Men play the Ethono-centrism which serves as the key to drums, play flutes and animate the dances. the santhal community is as against the ego- It is the deep expression of their communion centrism of the modern man which leads to and happiness. This indicates the intact suicides, Psychosis and neurosis problems communion and relationship within the etc. (2) Eco-friendliness with the mother santhal community. To sum up, (1) the earth (forest and land), the life giving santhals have a strong feeling of communion source for santhals is in opposition with the within themselves and network of modern developments by deforestration, and relationships which are expressed in the the other pollutants such as Air pollution, twelve clans and their village administrative water pollution, taxic wastes, thermal systems. All are treated equally in the pollution which causes natural disasters such community.(2)They want to keep up their as tsunami, storm, drought, undue change of tribe pure. Therefore they do not enter into climate and seasons, earthquake etc. (3) marriage other than santhals. They believed Santhals Belief in Supernatural beings gives that mixing up will result in eradication of them the feeling of protection, safety and santhal tribe. (3)Theydo not entertain security and an imperative to live a moral life modern medical practices because they where as the modern man’s belief in highly believe that the sicknesses are caused by mechanizedequipment, dangerous weapons bongas. Once they are appeased with and terrifying bombs always gives him a sacrifices of blood and offerings, the continuous fear and anxiety over his life.(4) sicknesses can be healed and they are also Santhals network of relationships as it is experts in natural herbal medicines. But expressed in their rites, rituals and festivals some of them move towards modern medical which are pure and true in its love relational treatmentsthese days.(4)Santhals celebrate sense which are in opposition to the world of every walk of life from birth to death. Their web, networks, communication advancements, world outlook is materialistic in nature, they face book which makes human beings to eat, make merry, enjoy, sing and dance. They encounterfake and folly relationships which don’t have the habit of saving for the even break down the genuine love future. The strong belief is that the relationship of human beings and families. community will support mutually each other (5)Santhals dance and music of the in their richness and poverty. (5)The singing community are so much community centered, and dancing of the whole community unity based and life revealing is in opposition indicates that every human being is invited to modern music and dance which promotes to celebrate life to the full without looking individualism and uniformity in its visible into the various factors of age, gender, clan, sense. (6) Santhal tribal administrative rich, poor, educated and uneducated etc. system is against hierarchy, based on equal status, more democratic and less punitive is 4.7. Value pollution of modern agaist modern man’s highrarchy of high and technology vsValue promotion of low status, caste discriminations in India, santhals Ethnic rationality Black and white wrath in the west,rich and The mode of operation of lifestyle of poor in a technological society etc. (7) santhals contributes lot of insights to the Santhals group loyalty, agnate property, global human community. They are (1) joint village land holdings is as against
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 56 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
modern man’s false group solidarity, and non- human community. In today’s technocratic value based caste or race solidarity and world, there is more communication but lack private property. (8)Santhal celebrations of of love and relationship. Though technology birth, marriage and death and others are has improved so much something is basically rejuvenating the life of the individual and lacking and ironically missing in human life the community is in opposition to today’s that is contentment of heart, peacefulness birth day parties, marriage ceremonies, of soul and happiness in life, which is night clubs which reveal the social status, possible if and if only human beings are able economical affluence, cheap popularity and to find out secrets and success of santhals political power of the individuals.(9) Santhals rationality of life that is nothing but genuine hospitality to the guests and relatives are communion with nature, supernatural beings magnificent in comparison with the modern and human community. man’s folly hospitality (10) santhals way of life is more dynamic, open-minded (within Bibliography the clan), cheerful and relaxed than the 1. Bodding Paul Olaf, Studies in Santal modern man’s search for relaxation with Medicine-connected folklore, Calcutta: closefisted and apathetic mind set. The Asiatic society, 1986. Therefore no technologies and scientific 2. HembromThimotheas, The santhal advancements can strongly influence this Anthropological-Theological community. Reflections on santhali and bible creation traditions, Calcutta: Conclusion Punthipustak, 1996 Ethnic rationality of santhals invites 3. MahapatraSitakant, Modernisation every one of the people who are in the and Ritual, Identity and Change in modern world to live in harmony with the Santal Society, Calcutta: Oxford divine, the cosmos and the human beings. In University Press, 1986. the santhal tribal world, there is no 4. Manuel Raj v., A Santhal Theology of distinction between the sacred and the Liberation, New Delhi: Uppal secular, the human world and non- human publishing house, 1990. world because they are in relation with each 5. Troisi J, Tribal Religion: Religious other. Communion with nature tells us the beliefs and practices among santhals, human being to respect the nature because New Delhi, Manohar Publications, all basic necessities are provided by mother 1978. earth and nature. This serves as a model to end the exploitation of human beings Magazines and News letters towards nature. Communion to the 1. Biswas P.C., Primitive Religion, social community invites the egoistic and organization Law and Government individualistic human beings to live in among the santal, The Journal of the Department of Letters, 21, 1935. interdependence with the human community. 2. Kottaram Mathew, Santhals and Community centeredness regulates all the evangelization, Indian Missiological social activities of the community. This web review, 7, 1985. of relationship of triangle model of 3. Kullu Paulus, Tribal Religion and Culture, relationship will serve as a model to the Jeevadhara, 24, 1994.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 57 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
SANTHALS CONSISTENT INSURRECTION: AN INVIGORATING PARAGON FOR ANY SUBJUGATED COMMUNITY
Irudayaraj. A. Assistant professor, Department of philosophy, Arulanadar(Autonomous) college, Karumathur, Madurai.
Introduction powerless santhals in the Indian sub- Today the world is becoming continents during 18th and 19th centuries to increasingly mechanized and technocratic. keep up their indigenous identity and their Those people who are affluent and rich and heritage from the cunningness of the who are all capable of withstanding the powerful Britishers and their faithful changing trends of the world as well as able officials and Jamindarsetc. Consequently the to keep up their identity traits such as santhals upraising through the formation of culture, habits, customs, and way of life etc. social organizations, movements and In this complex era there are so many personnel who were involved in upholding and subaltern groups which are struggling to uplifting the special identity of santhals and keep up their identity. The subaltern finally their success story of creating a cultures are forced to renounce their statehood for them in view of the plurality, identity and ethnicity. The culture affirmation of the social Identity and rights. of the powerful is as against the culture of the powerless which takes precedence in Background of the rebellion social life. A specific type of global type of Santhals tribe is one of the culture is being materialized, popularized numerically large tribe lived by clearing the and politicized in order that those who are forest by their physical skill and making the forced to be powerless may be wiped away land cultivable and also by hunting in the from the face of the earth. Homogenization forest in the hilly districts of cuttack, of culture takes place in the International Dhalbhum, Manbhum, Barabhum, and national level. Swallowing up of Ethnic Chhotanagpur, palamau, Hazaribagh, cultures of Indian soil takes place in a Midnapur, Bankura and Birbumchotanagpur systematic and invisible manner. Though especially in the districts of hazaribagh, Indian nation has accommodated many palamausingbhum and midnapore at the cultures but still in the name of beginning of British rule in India in the 18th accommodation annihilation of the cultures and 19th century. takes place as well by the strategy of ‘absorb and annihilate’ or ‘subjugate and do Cunning invitation to clear the forest into away’ dictum of the vedic as well as western cultivable lands cultures. One of the aboriginal groups that Since a famine struck Bengal and succumbed to this kind of trauma in Indian Bihar most of the cultivators vanished and soilis the santhal tribal community; but the much of the agricultural land was abandoned way in which they reorganized themselves in and there was scarcity of cultivators. obtaining their lost land, rights and dignity Therefore the landlords and Britishers are amazing.Thus this paper aims at bringing invitedsanthals who were experts in to light the constant struggles of innocent, cultivation. The santhals immigrated in large
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 58 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
numbers into the area called the Damin-i-koh Unending continuous slavery form (or) skirts of the Rajmahal during the generations to generations second half of the 18th century with a hope The interest for the debt was 25% of settling there. and more. Therefore the debtor was never able to pay. Sometimes the mahajansused to Laying heavy taxes to appropriate the land take away the cattle of the santhal The santhals were encouraged to do debtors.Some of the santhals were afraid to the cultivation and enjoy the products of the meet Mahajans to pay back their land for first three years but the problem debtbecause whoever went to meet were was when the santhals cleared the forest falsely accused as dacoits and punished with lands and made it as completely cultivable the cunning intention of keeping them under landthe revenue court staffwith the support perpetual slavery. The pity is that even ofmahajans and zamindarslaid heavy land after the death of the debtor the son of taxes chased them away making use of their the debtor is responsible for the debt. Thus inability to pay and appropriated the lands the unending slavery continues from from them. The government estate of Dami- generations to generations. Santhals were i-koh also started oppressing santhals by also demanded money for any important paying low price for their food grains that festivals, ceremonies of the jamindars they have produced. The santhals had to family. The santhal women were disgraced borrow salt, oil and cloth and other basic and abused by them. This experience of loss necessities of life from Hindu merchants by of land, perpetual inhuman slavery, false the exchange of food grains and butter. The accusations and maltreatment, abusing of Hindu merchants used false (weights) women has pricked in themselves as thorn in measures to cheat them which also caused the flesh made them to become the them to be in debt. Whenever all these revolutionaries. unjust things were brought to the notice of police, the voice of the santhals went Emergence of various social protest unheeded;because traders, merchantswere movements: need of the time in British in good company with each other. Regime in India Various social protest movements Appropriation of the land and Enslaving emerged and fight for restoration of dignity santhals for cultivation by loans and rights.The firebrand of all the events Poverty and the drinking habit of was Santalhul 1855, followed by SaphaHor santhals caused them to borrow money. movement or kherwar movement 1874, Anti- Mahajans lent money to santhals with the sensus movement 1880-1881, santhals and agreement of‘kamoiti and harwahi’ system the National movement 1942 and other which instructs the borrower had to work continues movements and protests, finally for the lender till the repayment of the loan. the emergence of Jharkhand MuktiMorcha The harwahipledges to borrower to plough which consequently resulted in Santhals the field of the lenders whenever required, state Jharkhand. in addition to personal service.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 59 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Santhal insurrection Sahibs and to the Zamindars.”12 The Santhal hul was the foundation of government was totally unprepared for this all the social protest movements of santhal kind of revolt. Still a body of troops was rebellion. All the experience of oppression sent by the British government to subdue and exploitation made the santhals to unite santhals but the troop was defeated. Later and find a way-out for their survival. Unable more than 30, 000 santhals rebels joint the to put up with any more exploitation and Hul. The lohars (black smiths), kumhars injustice,there emerged four landless (pottars), telis (oilmen), gwalas (milkmen and santhals namely sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and cowherds) nais (barbers), domsetc supported Bhirab who incited the fellow tribals to unite and participated in santhal Hul. and rise against the exploiters to regain The Britishers soon understood that their land and their heritage. The twin there was no point fighting with them in the brothers-‘sidu and kanu’ told the santhals, forest rather British officers ordered the the miraculous story of divine revelation in army men to fire without bullets and the year 1855 where the santhal Gods withdraw against santhal attack so as to appeared to them and ordered them to rebel bring the santhals to the foot of the hill. As against their enemies and promised that the soon as the santhals reaches the foot of the divine guidance and providence would be with hill the British war elephants army attacked them. Once the leaders instructed the santhal rebels with full power using real santhals who were in the wretched state of bullets and modern firearms. themselves at life losing their safety, security, wealth, land the foot of the hill. The unfortunate etc., came together under the leadership of santhals were cut to piecesand this event sidhu and kanhu and wanted to establish a was very disastrous in the life of kingdom of their own an independent santhal santhals.After this event the British raj by chasing the Britishers,jamindars, attacked every village of the Santhals, traders and merchants. plundered them, raped their women and On 30th June 1855, 10,000 santhals whipped and castrated their teenagers, to met at bhagnahadihi, the capital ofDamin-i- make sure that the last drop of Koh and planned with the leaders’ sidhu and revolutionary spirit was annihilated. Even kannu and On 7th July 1855- a rebellion though the revolution was brutally broken out- the santhals about 10,000 suppressed, it marked a great change in the marched in different directions with bows, colonial rule and policy. The day of rebellion poisoned arrows, axes and swords and looted is still celebrated among the Santhal markets and killed number of their worst community with great respect and spirit for oppressors such as mahajans, moneylenders the thousands of the Santhal martyrs who and traders etc. The Britishers initially lost sacrificed their lives along with their two the battle and were not able to withstand celebrated leaders in their glorious albeit the guerrilla war tactics of santhals bows unsuccessful attempt to win freedom from and arrows because santhals are expert in archery could throw arrows extremely accurate and with great impact.The Cry of 12Bhowmickp.k. “Rethinking Tribal the slogan was “Death to police, to the Culture in India”,Calcutta: Antiquarian mahajans, to the civil officer, to the railway book sellers,2001,p.347-348
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 60 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
the rule of the zamindars and the British had to depend upon money lenders, landlords operatives. and the government for their survival. Many were unable come out from the psychosis of Awakening of British government and war.British government also did not provide attainment of santhal parganas santhals enough means and safety measures to rebellion protect the offered lands by offering loans Santhal rebellion awakened and has for cultivation etc and also santhals were drawn the attention of British government undergoing agony and suffering due to which till then was completely ignorant of natural calamities such as famine and the people’s oppressive conditions and poverty. In 1874, in Bihar a famine broke corruption in the administration which was out, santhals came to goddafor relief where left in the hands of others. A direct mahjajanswere served with the necessary communication between people and the things and santhals were neglected by government was set up and an attempt was Britishers. Therefore santhals felt made to utilize the santhal village neglected and understood that every organization and tribal polity in misfortune happens due to the wrath of god. administering the area. Judicial and Therefore they felt the need of religious administrative reforms were soon adopted in reform.Hence a new movement namely and around the damin-i-koh and the territory saphahor(pure man)was started in 1871 in were formed into separate non-regulation bowsee, in south Bhagalpur under the district called santhal parganas. The act leadership of Bhagirah, gyanpargamite and XXXVII of 1855 was followed by the police dubiagossain.Sapha-hor movement is also rules of 1856 which recognized the village known as kerwar movement which is known headman system in villages and gave police for its self-purification. powers to village officers.13The santhals The aim of the sapha-hormovement were given 5,470 square miles of area which was (1) To return back to the original is known as santhal parganas for their religion and culture (2) To achieve the settlement which includes in the north by complete independence from Britishers. the districts of Bhgalpur and purnea, an the Fuchs gave a plausible explanation for this east by malda, mushidalad and Birbhum and outbreak: “This tradition of a former purer the south burdwan and manbhum and on the belief ordinarily does not trouble the west hazaribash, monghtr and bhagalpur. santhals, but the dormant memory of god is Another important reform is that the awakened when anything extraordinary santhals received their land rights and it is happens, a famine or epidemic, for instance. illegal for a santhal to transfer of ownership Then the santhals feel guilty of abandoning of his land to non-santhals. their supreme God and worshipping the spirits, and they vow to reform themselves. SaphaHor/kherwar movement 1874 This also explains the spasmodic character After the santhal hul and the of the movement. In times of comparative formation of santhal parganas the santhals plenty and prosperity very little is heard of were in serious economic hardships and they it, during times of distress the movement
13 Ibid. p.349.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 61 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
revives”14. Bhagirath (babaji) with the aim of the products were the gift of god and fruit reviving the Santhal religion he said that god of their labour. Bhagirathwas arrested and has sent him to redress their grievances and imprisoned for two years But the kherwar found Santhal Raj that is free from the movement was animated by his followers. scarcity and suffering15. Santhals heard his The government took repressive voice and he was anointed as their king. He measures to bring to an end to the initiated the new cult and put on sacred movement. Even the shrine of at tardihawas thread and requested the followers as well. demolished and his brother Ram gain He exhorted his people to kill their fowls parganait was imprisoned. But and pigs as an act of purification. He onceBhargirahwas released from jail,he requested them to pay fourannas for every silently spread the principles of sapha-hor ox and every buffalo plough. All their movement. They are (1) Certain individuals , petitions were submitted to god thekherwar leaders have been divinely (chamba).Santhals looked upon the sun as chosen to show the Santhals the right the creator and preserver of all16. This was religion (2) Consequently, the Santhals must the wonderful strategy used by Bhagirathto worship the deities prescribed by those make people as one unit to join hands leaders and perform the rituals laid down by together fight against the repressors. them (3) Those who disobey their leaders Though initially the sapha- hor will incur divine punishment (4) Those who do movement was interested in religious perform the new rituals will become reformation later it changed itself into a prosperous (5) When the new practices are social protest movement. In 1875 when the followed a new golden age will dawn; and government asked the santhals to pay back government officials, land lords and the advances taken previously and the taxes Christian Santhals will leave Santhal to the government. Bhagirath, the leader and parganas. Therefore kherwars involved in the Santhals refused to pay. Bhagirathtold drivingoutgovernment officials, land lords the Santhals, “As no human being has and Christian Santhals etc. They also sought created the earth or sands, rain and religious revitalization and also sunshine, no human being has cleared and strengthening the community morally so that ploughed this land but ourselves. Therefore their material sufferings might end and the no human being but ourselves has a right to a community is restored to its days of golden share in the produce”17 Because the land and past when people were free and so without any suffering18. But the Santhals were again 14 Stephen Fuchs, Rebellion prophets, alienated and lead to a miserable life. Bombay, 1965, p.53. Saphahormovement was unsuccessful among 15Mathew Areeparampil, s.j. Struggle for santhals because it was greatly influenced by Swaraj,lupungutu, chaibasa: tribal Hinduism concept of purity and strict research and training center (TRTC) 2002 avoidance of meat and also santhals , p.176 celebrations cannot be thought without 16Malley, Bengal district gazetteers, Calcutta, santhal pargans 1910, p.147. 17 Suresh singh, The dust storm and the 18 Mathew Areeparampil, Struggle for hanging mist, Calcutta, 1966,P.26 Swaraj, Ibid. 178.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 62 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
meat19.Kherwar movement also lost its jamtara and etc. from the year 1880 – 1881. rhythm as the time passed and the The Santhals agitated in various ways and repressive actions taken by the government. have threatened the personals who were appointed to carry out census, the Anti-census movement 1880-1881 commissioners were thoroughly questioned After the cruel experience from and lot of slogans was raised against them santalhul and sapha-hor the santhal created and the British government. The agitators another anti-census movement in 1881 sometimes set fire to the bungalows of the because the government wanted to take officials and protested with sticks and arms census of the Santhals with the help of in their hands with great fury. But all the European officers andzamindars with an efforts were put off by imprisoning the intension of bringing Santhals under control. leaders who were heading the protest and During the period of 1872 – 79 the santhals the Santhals were silenced by the military lost their freedom of collecting wood from police of the British government because forest. The forest rent was enhanced many they were protesting in drunkenness and in times higher. The power of Santhal manjis three groups. The census was taken by was also reduced. The Santhals having force. experienced betrayal and deceived every time by the government, they did not want The santhals and the National movement to co-operate with the government for the 1942 census. Because they suspected and Though the Britishers started spreadrumours that the census are taken suppressing the revolutionary movements of for the following reasons (i) in order to lay Santhals time and again the Santhals heavy tax on them (ii) for converting longingto assert their identity and dignity Santhals into Christian faith (iii) to deport sustained them through various leaders and male Santhals into Kabul and women to movements. Amidst long struggle the most Assam. Thus the whole community was afraid important factors that kept them together of the process. Therefore in various places was their customs and belief systems. under the leadership various persons the Though saphahoror kherwalmovement was anti-census movement emerged. suppressed as a political freedom movement, The agitation and the fierce protest but it survived due to its religious thrust and was from the sapha-hor Santhals, the practices. After the anti- census movements’ Dubiababaji Santhals, bheluaragarsunder the struggle by the hands of the British leadership of Dubiagossain at hazaribagh, government the Santhals wanted to join Khariamanjhi at jamtara, kairbani and hands with the national movement to protest narayanapur, Guliamanji at jamtara, Babaji at against the British government. According to dumka, Bhagrilal at katikund and the various K.K. Datta20, some evidence of the movement places of Santhal parganas, hazaribagh, again vigorously revived in 1938 when the movement emerged in the nationalistic 19 Manuel Raj V., A Santal Theology of Liberation, NewDelhi: UppalPublising 20Dattak.k.,History of the freedom housing House, 1990, p.49. movement in Bihar, vol.III, Patna,1957,pp.185-195
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 63 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
movement started by the Indian National keen on handling the freedom fighters congress and the followers called sapha- carefully. Hors played asStephenfuchs pointed out a great significant role in the revolution of (ii)Anti- liquor campaign along with 1942, burning the police stations and the Mahatma Gandhi government houses and in damaging bridges, Anti- liquor campaign was another liquor shops and the roads21. Santhal mode of protest which was used as a weapon participated actively in (i) Non- cooperation against politics. “In April, 1922 the tribal movement (ii) civil disobedient movement (iii) volunteers picked liquor, ganja and toddy Individual Satyagraha joining with the shops in mahespurZamindariin national congress. santalparganas.22” In 1925 Mahatma visited different places in Bihar i.e., present (i)Non- cooperation movement against Jharghand and at a public meeting at British government deoghar. He heard about the terrible Santhals were involved in fighting sufferings of the santalsparganas in1921- against Britishers for the Independence of 1922 and advised that “there should be India. Damin-i-koh was the starting place for persistent agitation among the Santhals such wonderful act, beginning with non- against drinking habit and the charkha cooperation movement of santhals. There should be systematically organized.”23 At are few events of non-cooperation of Kharakdiha, Gandhi was pleasantly surprised santhals which disturbed the british to see that Santhals had given up drinking as government. Dansanand, a famous non- the non- cooperation movement had cooperation leader held a meeting at revolutionized their life towards jamtara,twenty two santhals attended the purification”24. meeting 26th February, 1921. Shayamacharan, a congress leader was (iii)Civil disobedient movement involved in awakening Santhals to fight for Santhals too participated in various their rights and freedom and was arrested civil disobedient movement events which in 1921. UmendraRakshit of the Bariobangla stand unique in the Indian history. Civil who has given shelter to the congress disobedient movements, the santhals and workers and involved in freedom struggle paharias jointly participated and criticized was expelled from Damin in 1922. Robin government for not providing adequate soren was a great challenge for the British solution from the oppression of the land authorities by joining hands with the non- cooperation movement. In godda sub division, 22 F.I.R. Maheshpur police station, case three Santhals were convicted for having no.1, 6th April, 1922,police special file hoisted a national flag in early 1922. The 230, Bihar and orissa government,1922, intention of British was completely to Bihar state archives, patna in Ibid, p.287. submerge the agitation of any kind. 23Mahadevdesai, Gandhijee in Indian Therefore they were very particular and villages in K.K.Datta freedom movement in bihar, Vol.p.475. 21 Stephen Fuchs, Rebellious Prophets, 24Jha,J.c., The tribals of Bihar and the Bombay, 1965, p.58. Indian freedom movement, p.289.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 64 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
lords, money lenders, and civil court and (iv)Santhals Satyagrahafor the arrest of government officers. There was a strong Jawaharlal Nehru and others resistance from the police, therefore three Santhals are also involved in thousand to four thousand santhals gathered Satyagraha which shows their significant together near bisaha hill to discuss role in Indian Independence. When aboutKhadi on 29th October, 1930 and they Jawaharlal Nehru and sardarvallabhaipatel were arrested and imprisoned. Fifty seven were arrested Sarbanadmisra, lalHemram, santhals were laticharged and arrested as and pahanmarandi arose against the they wanted to gather again to plan for the government and delivered a speech against next strategy for protesting against British them for arresting on 20th November, On 6th November, 1930. Bongamanji, 194026. In another meeting at Dumkha on Hopnamanja and somramanji under the 28th December 1941, hundred red shirt section 108 of the criminal procedure were santhals and pahardias participated and prosecuted and sent to jail. condemned the arrest of Sri Sarat Chandra The santhals of Dumri,Hazaribagh Bose.27 On the 24th August, 1942 a party of districts refused to get their children 500 to 1000 santhals damaged liquor shop at vaccinated against small pox. Santhals also devanr and Burnt bungalows at bokrabandh staked claim to kshatriya-hood before the and susni. A bridge near bokrabandh and census enumerators in 1931.On 26th January, forest guards and quarters at susmi were 1931 a couple of hundred santhals proceeded also damaged the party28.All these political to hazaribarg to take part in the activities of the congress and forward bloc Independence Day celebrations at the call of aroused in santhals the political volunteers even before India obtained consciousness in abundance. Therfore independence. The authorities persuaded santhals joint the revolution in 1942 with them to return home but they refused to great zeal and enthusiasm without bothering return. The janeodharisantals at asnagarh about the consequences of the British organized a meeting in February 1931 and government. LalHembram was another decided to disobey the orders of the important santhal leader of deshoddharak government and more and more tribals were Dal, who bravely faced the British army and asked to join the civil disobedient fought them at lathi-Bahar on 17th February, movement.25 The sapha – Horsantals actively 1943 and Later they surrendered in 1945 to participated in the revolution and stood the British government and released in 1946 against the British government throughout as per the request of Gandhi. the parganas.
26Datta, K.K. Freedom movement in Bihar, Volume II, P.403 25 Dinesh V.N. Nationalist movement in 27 Fort nightly report, 1942, confidential Jharkhand (santalparganas)(1885- government of Bihar Police Deportment, 1945),Academic forum publication, Special section, Patna, p.2 Rampurhat, Birbhum(W.B.)., 2006, P.41- 28Confidential, D.O.No.2283/File no: 92, 42. p, Bihar state Archives, Patna.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 65 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Attainment of santhal Jharkhand state, innumerable sufferings of various santhal 2000 leaders’ blood shed of santhal martyrs and Any community which consistently the constant encouragement and support of struggles for its freedom by all means which well-wishers. Special salutations are reaches it by all means became true in the rendered to the initial crusaders life of santhal tribal community. Starting siddhumurmu and khannumurmu. from pre-Independent era up tothe attainment of statehood in the Independent Conclusion era santhals constantly strived to attain Santhal consistent insurrection their santhal Raj which is the best model for remainsas a light house for the many any suffering community of the modern communities in Indian soil, who are world. The Santhal hul aimed at a santal raj subjugated and subordinated in the name of which would keep the away from the caste, religion, language and gender etc. subjugation of Britishers oppression of Because the world is so complex that only jamindars, enslavement of land lords and those persons and communities who are arrogant police and would assure them of the capable of constantly sustaining and fighting right of possessing the land form their for their rights and liberation alone can settlement and cultivation. The kharwar survive and all others will be wiped away movement aimed at a Santhal raj by bringing from the face of the earth by the changing socio-religious movement. Being rooted in trends and popularized cultures of the the cultural traditions and spiritually world. And also anyone who obtains their own purifying oneself will enhance the Santhals land will be capable of preserving their to avoid the wrath of god and this movement Identity and cultural heritage till the end. made a progress and became a social protest The wonderful example is santhals who are movement to obtain political freedom. The successful in this great endeavor and have anti-censes movement also focused on set anideal for the rest of the world. chasing away Britishers, zamindars, land lords and create a santhal raj. The santhals Bibliography joining hands with the national movement 1. Bhowmickp.k. “Rethinking Tribal strengthened them and they were able to Culture in India”, Calcutta: confront the Britishers in a non-violent way. Antiquarian book sellers, 2001. After the long struggle for freedom from 2. Stephen Fuchs, Rebellion prophets, the hands of Britishers, the santhals in view Bombay, 1965. of emerging as a political party started All 3. Mathew Areeparampil, Struggle for India Jharkhand party on 28th December, Swaraj,lupungutu, chaibasa: tribal 1947 and many santhal parties emerged to research and training center, 2002 till the creation of statehood in 14th 4. Malley, Bengal district gazetteers, November, 2000 by President Mr. K.R. Calcutta: santhalpargans 1910. Narayanan who approved the Bihar 5. Suresh singh, The dust storm and reorganisation bill 2000. The First Chief the hanging mist, Calcutta, 1966. Minister of Jharkhand was Mr.BaulalMarandi 6. Manuel Raj V., A Santhal Theology from the santhal community. This was of Liberation, New Delhi: possible due to theconstant struggle,
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 66 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
UppalPublishing housing House, 8. Stephen Fuchs, Rebellious Prophets, 1990. Bombay, 1965. 7. Dattak.k.,History of the freedom 9. Dinesh V.N. Nationalist movement in movement in Bihar, vol.III, Jharkhand - santalparganas1885- Patna,1957. 1945, Academic forum publication, Rampurhat, Birbhum(W.B.)., 2006.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 67 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR’S “ANNIHILATION OF CASTE” ...AN UNTOLD TRUTH?
B.P.Pereira HR/Soft Skills Trainer, SPEECH POINT Madurai.
Abstract to the Supreme Court of India, caste “Caste without character is meaningless; it classifications for college admission quotas, is just an empty label” –Sri Saibaba. job reservations and other affirmative The caste system in India is a system action initiatives are based on heredity and of social stratification which historically are not changeable. These initiatives by separated communities into thousands India, over time, have led to many lower of endogamous hereditary groups called caste members being elected to the highest jātis, usually translated into English as political offices including the election of K.R. "castes". The jātis are thought of as being Narayanan, a Dalit, as President of the grouped into four varnas: nation from 1997 to 2002 Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. “The community will fall uprooted by Certain groups, now known as "Dalits", were misfortune which has no good citizens to excluded from the varna system altogether, support it by public spirited sacrifice ostracised as “untouchables”. Caste used to without complexity of caste and creed” – be thought of as an ancient fact of Hindu Thiruvalluvar. life, but contemporary scholars argue that The Indian government officially the caste system was constructed by recognises historically discriminated the British colonial regime. Between 1860 communities of India such as the and 1920, the British segregated Indians by Untouchables under the designation caste, granting administrative jobs and of Scheduled Castes, and certain senior appointments only to the upper economically backward Shudra castes castes. Social unrest during 1920s led to a as Other Backward Castes. The Scheduled change in this policy. From then on, the Castes are sometimes referred to as Dalit in colonial administration began a policy contemporary literature. In 2001, the of positive discrimination by reserving a proportion of Dalit population was 16.2 certain percentage of government jobs for percent of India's total population. the lower castes. After India achieved Article 15 of the Constitution of independence, this policy of caste-based India prohibits discrimination based on caste reservation of jobs was formalized with lists and Article 17 declared the practice of of Scheduled Castes (Dalit) and Scheduled untouchability to be illegal. In 1955, India Tribes (Adivasi) enacted the Untouchability (Offences) Act Discrimination against lower castes (renamed in 1976, as the Protection of Civil is illegal in India under Article 15 of its Rights Act). The Scheduled Castes and constitution. Ancient Hindu texts suggest Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) caste system was not rigid. This flexibility Act was passed in India in 1989 permitted lower caste Valmiki to compose The National Commission for the Ramayana, which was widely adopted and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes became a major Hindu scripture. According (SC/ST) was established to investigate,
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 68 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
monitor, advise, and evaluate the socio- Vivekananda, is the only condition of life, of economic progress of the Scheduled Castes growth and of well-being. and Scheduled Tribes. Mulk Raj Anand's debut “The execution of Law is more novel, Untouchable (1935) based on the important than making of them” –Thomas theme of untouchability. Hindi film, Achhoot Jefferson. Kanya (Untouchable Maiden, 1936) starring Ashok Kumar and Devika Rani was an Introduction early reformist film. The debut novel of “Caste has nothing to do with religion. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Religion is purely a personal matter” Things (1997) also has themes surrounding –Mahatma Gandhi. the caste system. A lawyer named Sabu The caste system has been Thomas filed a petition to have the book criticised by many Indian social reformers. published without the last chapter, which For example, Jyotirao Phule vehemently had graphic description of sexual acts criticised any explanations that the caste between members of different castes. Sabu system was natural and ordained by the Thomas, a member of Syrian Christian Creator in Hindu texts. If Brahma wanted community of Kerala, claimed the obscenity castes, argued Phule, he would have ordained in the last chapter deeply hurts the Syrian the same for other creatures. There are no Christian community, the basis of the novel. castes in species of animals or birds, so why “Annihilation of Caste” is the speech should there be one among human animals. In prepared by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, in 1936 but his criticism Phule added, "Brahmins cannot not delivered. It is an audacious denunciation claim superior status because of caste, of Hinduism and its caste system. The because they hardly bothered with these “navayan’s” annotated Critical Edition by when wining and dining with Europeans." S.Anand is now on News-shacks with Golak Professions did not make castes, and castes Khandual’s cover art page depicting author’s did not decide one's profession. If someone adoring portrayal in Black and White. does a job that is dirty, it does not make Arundhati Roy in her profound them inferior; in the same way that no introducing essay under “The Doctor and the mother is inferior because she cleans the Saint”, for Dr.B.R.Ambedkar’s “Annihilation excreta of her baby. Ritual occupation or of Caste”, pens that “Reading Dr. Bhimrao tasks, argued Phule, do not make any human Ramji Ambedkar bridges the gap between being superior or inferior. what most Indians are schooled to believe in Vivekananda similarly criticised and the reality we experience every day of caste as one of the many human institutions our lives” From Dr.B.R.Ambedkar’s verses, that bars the power of free thought and she jots, “To the Untouchables”, Ambedkar action of an individual. Caste or no caste, said, with the sort of nerve that present- creed or no creed, any man, or class, or day intellectuals in India find hard to caste, or nation, or institution that bars the summon, ‘Hinduism is a veritable chamber of power of free thought and bars action of an horrors’. She records, today “Untouchable” individual is devilish, and must go down. has been substituted with the Marathi word Liberty of thought and action, asserted ‘Dalits’ (broken People). Arundhati Roy breaths new life into Dr.Ambedkar’s
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 69 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
anticaste utopia, and firmly says that Dr.Ambedkar’s large oeuvre-by small, mostly without a Dalit revolution, there can not be Dalit owned printing presses, and read by any other India. mostly Dalit readers over seven decades. It Dr.Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who now has the curious distinction of being one needs no introduction in this world, present of the most obscure as well as one of the and yet come; was born in 1891 into a caste most widely read books in India. This in that was classified as “Untouchable”, became itself illuminates the iron grid of the caste a leader of human rights in India, a prolific system. writer, and a key person in drafting modern Dr.B.R.Ambedkar raises the curtain India's constitution in the 1940s. He wrote of feelings on the withdrawal of the extensively on discrimination, trauma and invitation by the Mandal and on text of the what he saw as the truth. There has been undelivered speech, with warm sorrow, criticism of the caste system from both wording scripted…”Friends, I am really sorry within and outside of India. One of India’s for the members of the Jat-Pat Todak most radical thinkers, he transformed the Mandal who have so very kindly invited me to social and political landscape in the struggle preside over this Conference” against British Colonialism. He was a prolific After a pause continues” I have writer who oversaw the drafting of the criticized Hindus. I have questioned the Indian Constitution and serves as India’s authority of the Mahatma whom they revere. first Law minister. In 1935, he publicly They hate me. To them I am a snake in their declared that through he was born a Hindu, garden The Mandal will no doubt be asked by he would not die as one. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar the politically minded Hindus to explain why eventually embraced Buddhism, a few months it has called me to fill this place of honour. before his death in 1956. It is an act of great daring. I shall not be “Annihilation of Caste’, is a text surprised if some political Hindus regard it prepared by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar in 1936, when as an insult. This selection of mine certainly a Hindu reformist group, the Jat-Pat Todak cannot please the ordinary religiously minded Mandal (Forum for Breakup of Caste) of Hindus”. Lahore, which had invited him to deliver its Navigating through his script, the annual lecture. When the group read an emotional thirsts he had in his vision to make advance copy of the speech, it found the entire humans equal are transparently felt contents “unbearable”. The Mandal realized with the confidence he brought in himself to that Dr.B.R.Ambedkar intended to use its solve boldly and courageously to make India platform not merely to criticize the practice a national unity and equality besides secular. of caste, but to denounce Hinduism itself, and withdrew its invitation. Simply for a sample… In May 1936, Dr.Ambedkar printed The Hindus claim to be a very 1,500 copies of the text of his speech at his tolerant people. In my opinion this is a own expenses. It was soon translated into mistake. On many occasions they can be six languages. While the majority of the intolerant, and if on some occasions they are privileged castes are blissfully ignorant of tolerant, that is because they are too weal its existence, Annihilation of Caste has been to oppose or too indifferent to oppose. This printed and reprinted-like most of indifference of the Hindus has become so
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 70 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
much a part of their nature that a Hindu will Reference quite meekly tolerate an insult as well as a 1. Ambedkar.B.R., Annihilation of wrong. You see amongst them, to use the Caste. Edited & annotated by words of Morris, “The great treading down S.Anand. 2014.navayana. the little, the strong beating down the weak, cruel men fearing not, kind men daring not and wise men caring not” With the Hindu gods all-forbearing, it is not difficult to imagine the pitiable condition of the wronged and the oppressed among the Hindus. Indifferentism is the worst kind of disease that can infect a people. Why is the Hindu so indifferent? In my opinion this indifferentism is the result of the caste system, which ahs made sangathan and cooperation even for a good cause impossible. Reformers working for the removal of Untouchability, including Mahatma Gandhi, do not seem to realize that the acts of the people are merely the results of their beliefs inculcated in their minds by the shastras, and that the people will not change their conduct until they cease to believe in the sanctity of the shastras on which their conduct is founded. “Reaction breeds only opposition, but reform breeds further reform” -J. Krishnamurthy.
Conclusion “In my opinion, it is only when Hindu society becomes a casteless society that it can hope to have strength enough to defend itself. Without such internal strength, swaraj for Hindus may turn out to be only a step towards slavery. Goodbye, and Good Wishes for your success.” –Dr.Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 71 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
LANGUAGE IN THE FIELD OF ECOLOGY: A PURVIEW OF KHUSHWANT SINGH’S THE SUNSET CLUB AND RUSKIN BOND’S RUSTY RUNS AWAY
Dr.M.Rosary Royar
Associate Professor (Retired), Department of English Fatima College Madurai.
Human beings are closely linked with the a fixed value, unchanging and unchangeable. natural environment. While discussing the On the contrary, ‘words are more like relationship between human beings and the kaleidoscopes, shifting in shape and colour as natural environment, Saroj Chawla they are tilted and turned, whether distinguishes two dimensions of reality deliberately or not’ (109).The user of the namely ‘Objective and cognitive. Objective language can exploit these qualities. Even reality is the natural environment – air, when language is used for communication, as water, ocean, mountains, climate etc. language possesses these properties, it Cognitive reality is human perception and conveys messages beyond what was intended. creation’. Chawla also points out that the People who have the zeal of creative dimension modifies objective reality protecting the environment also use the and ‘cognitive reality and language are language of exploitation. They are unwilling closely related, for the modification of to adopt the alternative expression. They objective reality is facilitated by language’ look upon it as a trivial matter and do not (115). Language is a powerful tool in realize that it is a powerful force that constructing our world view / philosophical shapes people and society’s opinions, discourse and attitude toward natural attitudes and ultimately behavior. Arguing environment. If the natural environment is thus, Schultz refers to three main linguistic to be protected, the language which acts as devices working in favor of the commercial an agent also needs to be checked. If we are use of environment. They are ‘natural words to perceive the cosmos holistically, that have connotations complimentary to fragmented view cannot be helpful and exploitation where as the reality they human beings cannot be placed in dominant represent is very different. The second is position. Human beings cannot stand apart the commercial device, euphemism calling from organic life, neither can they exercise unpleasant things by pleasant names. The authority over the organic world. However, third is the less common but equally the scientific world view and the power of powerful device of calling neutral or pleasant technology render human mastery over things by pejorative terms’ (109-110). nature which had been held in check in the Schultz points out as an example of earlier days by a wider ethical framework. It the first device, that the word ‘development’ necessitates to reassess our world view for has the commercial users interpret the which language habit also needs to be phrase sustainable positive meaning. considered. Combining the word with the adjective To illustrate that language has ‘sustainable’ development as sustained definite power, it is appropriate to relate development, when it is clear that it is the critical views of Beth Schultz who says unsustainable and conservationists added an that words are not like coins or medals with adverb and say ‘ecologically sustainable
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 72 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
development’. Schultz argues that the like calling war ‘a game’ or ‘genocide ethnic addition of the word ecologically to the cleansing’. Similarly, ‘global warming’ is phrase sustainable development suggests misleading for warm greetings talk of the that there can be ‘sustainable development warmth of a caring loving relationship. that is not ecologically sustainable whereas Schultz suggests instead of ‘green house in the long term nothing is sustainable that effect’ or global warming the alternative is not ecologically sustainable’ (110). If the expression could be ‘climatic dislocation’ for goal is sustainability and not continuing that is the effect of human-induced business in the form of sustained increases of carbon-di-oxide. development, the apt or better expression The third literary device, would be ‘development towards pejoratives, is used to downgrade, denigrate sustainability’. and debase things in order to control, harm In order to portray the activities to or destroy them. Commercial users use the be benign or beneficial to natural word ‘weed’ to describe one of the three environment euphemism is another literary principal tree species in Australians south- device that is exploited. For example, west forest ecosystem, the marri or redgum. ‘Improving on nature’ and ‘value-adding’ are It is used to justify the exploitation of the such expressions that there is more value in old-growth marri trees for woodchips. The the product, given by human, than in nature’s words ‘litter’ and ‘trash’ are used for humus creations. The word ‘clearing’ is positive but and plant material on the forest floor. looking upon native vegetation as an Schultz, quoting the above examples, argues impediment and clearing the land for that it implies that they are meant only for ‘improving’ does not add a positive value. burning but humus is ‘earthworm food’ and With so much of native vegetation degraded plant material is ‘animals’ homes’ and and destroyed, an accurate expression would stresses that people need to take a strong be ‘native vegetation removal’ rather than stand on language if they promote the clearing. objective that society is to become In forestry the euphemistic sustainable. expressions are ‘clear felling’ also known as Edward Sapir in his path breaking ‘full sunlight regeneration’ and ‘normal essay says language is a complex of symbols forest’. The other terms are ‘prescribed reflecting the whole physical and social burning’ ‘controlled burning’ and ‘fuel background. They are not placed in reduction’ burning. Controlled burning gets dialectical frame. The term environment out of control and fuel reduction burning comprises both the physical and social increases the fuel. Harvest means taking the factors. The topography of the country- annual production of a crop and it also coast, valley, plain, mountain- climate and indicates moral entitlement. Using the same rainfall denote the physical environment term in forestry, they say timber harvesting which forms the economic basis of human when it is in reality forest destruction (111). life. The social environment comprises The ‘green house effect’ is applied religion, ethical standards, form of political to disastrous climatic changes. Green house organization and art. Briefly speaking, it brings in an image of lovingly tended plants, refers to the various forces of society that flowers, vegetables etc. Schultz equates it mould life and thought of an individual. It is
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 73 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
the complete vocabulary of the language, a insects. Having lived with them for so many complex inventory, that reflects the ideas, years, she had ‘developed an intimacy with all interests, occupations of a community. It that grew and flourished around her’(11). comprises both the character of the She herself was a ‘ravishing beauty’ in her physical environment and the characteristics twenties. Rusty slithers down the slope and of the culture of the people who make use of lands up on her nasturtium bed (12). She it (14). He also concludes that all informs, at each meeting, the names of environmental influences reduce at last flowers: a small golden flower is bukhilo analysis to the influence of social flower, a pale pink flower with a soft heart environment. shaped leaf is a wild begonia, the purple Depiction of nature in the chosen flower is salvia etc. Finally, she presented two novels communicate to the reader the him Flora Himaliensis published in 1892, a power of nature besides serving as the locale record of wild Himalayan flowers. She for the interaction of characters and the speaks with a kind of premonition that she significance of the events that occur in the may not be there when he comes after his society. In Rusty Runs Away, Rusty begins holidays. The winter chill and the snow had the narration in spring at Dehra spending his killed her in her lonely house. The text time at the window, he looks at the banyan presents the prospect of flowers in its tree and its inhabitants two squirrels, a few breath – taking beauty. It is an unpolluted mynahs, a crow and at night, a pair of flying environment breathing fresh air. The foxes. ‘When the rain came, it came with a depiction is primarily ecological rather than vengeance, making a bog of the garden and a economical. Even her death is presented as river of the path’ (6). Kohi, as she sits with if commingling with nature. ‘She had gone Rusty watching through the window, away to the mountain where the blue gentian observes ‘the window is the screen, the and purple columbine grow’ (21). The world is the picture’(6). Lonely Rusty depiction is primarily ecological rather than befriends Kohi and both plant the pumpkin economical. There is no utilitarian seeds in the mud but the rain washes away. consumption but it is purely aesthetic. They decide not to close the window for if Treating nature with such high standard of they do, it will spoil the bougainvillaea value, there is a strong deep – seated desire creeper. The children nourish the to preserve the flowers and get to know relationship with the advent of spring and them to pass it to posterity . they take keen interest in the growth of Nature can be too endearing and it plants, the blossoming of flowers and the can make a human person undertake any sort birds. It is a world of pure enjoyment. of endeavour to perpetuate its life. Puran, a Miss Mackenzie, elderly English loyal servant of Rusy’s father continues to spinster well over eighty, lives in Mulberry serve Rusty’s mother. Rusty’s stepfather Lodge. She had lived in the hill station since Major Summerskill had ordered Puran to her teens and that had been before the close the well but he does not have the first World War. In her small garden, she heart to close it for he finds the pigeons grew dahlias, chrysanthemums, gladioli and a living there. He pleads with Rusy’s mother to few rare orchids. She knew a great deal leave it uncovered but to no avail. He recalls about plants, wild flowers, trees, birds and how Rusy’s father A.A.Bond used to sit near
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 74 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
the well in the evenings with a book and voice was lost as the ship gained speed. made drawings of birds, flowers and insects. Yokohama, San Diego, Valparaiso, London-all The Major arrives unexpectedly and gets the places that he wished to visit were wild for not closing the well. Puran gives ‘slipping away for ever’ (101). The gulls excuses-unsatisfactory cement, unfavorable wheeling around them, they both stand on weather, unfavorable gods for not closing the pier. Dream has to give in to the reality the well and finally mumbles about something of returning to school and facing the bubbling in the well. The major looks inside indignation of his guardian. and ‘like a conjurer making a pass he The whole scene becomes a appeared merely to tap him once on the synecdoche for the life that he dreamt of bottom’ (28) and the stern Major fell into and longed for, seems to recede further the well. Pigeons flew up, circled the well away. The ship moving further into the sea thrice and settled on the roof. Puran had the symbolizes the unattainable dream but the well covered quickly and it remains the brutal realities and the unforgettable unknown tomb of the Major. His wife wrote hardships that they had before reaching the to the Colonel of the Regiment and received sea become a series of the events of the a reply that he had gone home several weeks past and the immediacy of the future ago. It was presumed ‘somewhere in the remains unwelcoming. The physical vastness of India, the Major had environment cannot be disconnected from disappeared’ (30) or he had been murdered the lives of people. Dreams propel a human and the corpse had been flung into the river. being to take risks but at times it recedes Puran alone knew the truth. His empathy before one can ever reach, grasp and grapple towards the helpless pigeons had driven him with it. But the dream stays on to become a to this extent. He was happy that the pigeon reality one day. flew away before closing the well. He was an Khushwant Singh’s The Sunset Club instinctive uneducated- environmentalist for speaks of itself by its subtitle Analects of he did not want them to be buried alive. It is the Year 2009. The sunset club carries a not anthropocentric but biophilic world that symbolic meaning for its three well we get to know. educated, great-officials and renounced men Rusty runs away from school and the Pandit Preetam Sharma Nawali Barkatullah guardian Mr.Harrison for he was ‘running Baig Dehlavi and Sardar Boota Singh are in towards a dream’ (54) He runs away with his their late eighties, the sunset years of their classmate Daljit, to undertake a voyage with lives (5). At the end of the text, except his uncle Jim who was very affectionate Boota Singh, the other two die. The novel towards him. Traveling by land and train, repletes with nature, politics and private wading through river, crossing jungles, riding lives and the three discuss, share and argue in a bullock cart, starving, moneyless winning of various matters. At sunset, three meet the sympathy and favor of man, they manage regularly at Lodhi Gardens which ‘has a vast to reach Jamnagar and from there they get variety of trees, birds and medieval into a pony cart-two hours journey - to reach monuments. It is perhaps the most scenic the harbor. As they run towards the ship it historic park in India’ (3,4). It is known as was moving out to the sea. Rusty shouts at Lodhi Gardens for most of its monuments the wind calling uncle Jim and his pleading were built during the rule of the Lodhi
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 75 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
dynasty. But the place had been turned into richly without getting back anything from a park by the then Vicereine, Lady men. Willingdon and for a brief spell, it was known February is a ‘floral month’ providing ‘a riot as Lady Willingdon Park. of colors’ (37). Lodhi Gardens has an On 26th January 2009, Lodhi enclosed rose garden with exotic varieties Gardens is crowded and on its many lawns of roses. They look beautiful but lack men and women lie sprawled on the grass. fragrance. It also has ‘an incredible variety Around each group is a debris of paper of flowering trees’ and ‘they attract lots of plates and cups, with stray dogs wagging tree-lovers’ (38). Boota is interested in their tails, begging for leftovers’ (11). growing trees. He planted six avocados, Though it is artificially set up, people find hybrid Amrapali mango tree close to the spatial park as a place for relaxation. sandalwood. The kadam tree he planted grew Sprawling on the grass enlivens them as to over thirty feet. It is a handsome tree their bodies come in close contact with the with large green leaves. He invites friends to lawn. The breeze sweeps away the toxic air see the tree and one friend pointed out that of the city and away from the confined it is not kadam but kasam he has and gave a space of home and office, the open space kadam sapling which grew quickly to twenty brings in an air of freedom . Human person feet height. Palas or flame of the forest are needs to be closer to the environment, in full bloom by the way side. When Robert though artificially made, in order to feel Clive defeated Nawab Sirajuddowlah in liberated and get rid of the tension- induced 1757, the palas were in full bloom and so the monotonous life. Lodhi Gardens intertwine battle came to be known as battle of nature and historic monuments. Monuments plassey, after palas (40) . War and flower to signify the fading glory and power of man be associated and historical battle to be and nature-trees stand as silent witnesses named after flower seems surprising. Even a to the events but carry on the work of gruesome battle can have a causal name and clearing the space and supplying pure air to a that too related with a kind of flower. The healthy environment for man. text brings a scene where men do not Singh portrays that ‘the short spring makes enclose a ground for mining to hoard a colorful entry and melt in the summer’s economic gain but that which manifests the heat by the end of February…the mustard is variegated beauty of nature. in full flower. At places it is a sea of bright Singh observes: ‘In March, death canary yellow. In honour of the mustard and rebirth go hand in hand’. Peepals, neems, flower, men wear yellow turbans, women kosams and many other trees denude yellow dupata’ (36). People consume mustard themselves of leaves. Mulberry trees which leaf with passion mixing it with different look like ‘clothless umbrellas of dry items. Men tend to use it and the sticks’(60) get a green fuzz by Holi and they consumption goes unacknowledged. But here are laden with green or purple caterpillar they honour the mustard flower; it is not like fruit, much relished by the Holi sheer exploitation, though it provides the revelers. Boota recites the spring song of economic basis and contributes towards Mir Taqi Mir and to quote a line ‘the leaves their nourishment. Nature offers its sources are green and flowering trees / are in full bloom’… ‘The garden is on fire’ (74) and the
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 76 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
sunset club enjoys the evening just by the monsoon winds’. They arrive at our western sheer delight of nature. shore by early June. They are known as Singh is so adequately adept in depicting monsoon birds, ‘harbinger of monsoon’ (124). the change in season. Inter and intra play of The arrival of the birds signifies the nature catches the heart of man. Singh seasonal change and foretell of what is to recalls Sanskrit writer Bhasa’s Avimaraka : follow. Boota encourages the friends not to Love’s Enchanted World which begins ‘how lose hope for the monsoon is sure to follow enchanting is the great variety of this and that means famine cannot thwart people. world’. He depicts thus: ‘Semuls shed their If we are attentive, nature speaks to us. pods which burst and cover the ground with Summer arrives. Once again Amaru, blobs of cotton. The palas glory is gone and a writer of ninth century, is quoted ‘The has a cloak of leaves just as corals do. But summer sun . . . . . / plundered all the water jacarandas are in full bloom. Some places are of the rivers’ and Yogeshvara, a writer of ‘ablaze with fiery orange and yellow the first century, describes peacock dancing gulmohars and Krishna siris (96). Indeed it and it is apt to quote a line ‘Treading the becomes enchanting in its variety. rhythmic dance from side to side / Eyeing May arrives with scorching heat. the rain cloud’s dark, majestic hue’ (129). Dust storm with gale force sweeps over the The animate life of nature is in such close city knocking down the trees. The hailstone link with the environment and even before rain cooled the place. But the flowering of human could understand, it perceives in its laburnums makes May memorable. Alongside fiber and begins to dance. The the road the flowers appear: ‘a mass of interdependence is active and every change’s canary gold dripping down like bunches of significance is experienced in its full Kandahar grapes. You gape open-mouthed at potency. this miracle of beauty. No fragrance, only Rains due in August come in gaudy showers of gold’ (102).This glory lasts September. Intermittent showers are for a week and then they return to the drab followed by a heavy downpour. Flowers existence. Nature’s bounty could well be appear on the chorisia tree. The Yamuna is in expressed by comparison and that too from spate with the waters of melted snows and nature alone. The scenic beauty becomes a monsoon rains. Kalidas, a keener observer of rapture for the people. The writer nature describes that autumn comes ‘with interweaves life with such an engulfing nodding rice stems in her hair/ And lilies in beauty. her face’. He notes that the post- monsoon Nature’s change and existence can period is a season of fulfillment, for communicate silently and soothe man. Baig example, he says ‘Over the rice – fields, warns the club that if the rain fails, there laden plants / Are shivering to the breeze / will be famine and his Begum has already While in his brisk caresses dance / The started stocking up grain, rice and pickles blossom – burdened trees’ (151). It is with against the eventuality. At that time, a flock poetic elation the season is sketched out. of black and white birds flies overhead and The migration of birds to different places, call to each other as they perch on trees. according to the season, never fail. They Boota explains that these ‘birds come all the travel without a map but unerringly reach way from Africa, taking advantage of the destiny. It is not a guided tour. They
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 77 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
flock together and never get separated. References They act in unison. Thus the animate and 1. Bond, Ruskin. Rusty Runs Away. New inanimate life of nature stand to edify man, Delhi: Puffin Books, 2003. if he is willing to learn. They exist in tune 2. Chawla, Saroj. ‘Linguistic and with each other, unlike human beings. Philosophical Roots of Our In the two texts, the rich Environmental Crisis’. The vocabulary, denoting the nature world, brings Ecolinguistics Reader: Language, alive the rich variety. The two texts abound Ecology and Environment. Eds. Alwin with objective reality and human beings are Fill & Peter Muhlhausler. London : not depicted in dominant position. In fact, Continuum, 2001. 115 – 123. the characters seem to be nature lovers and 3. Sapir, Edward. ‘Language and they warn that life cannot be separated Environment’. The Ecolinguistics from organic life. The texts do not acquaint Reader: Language, Ecology and the reader with euphemism and pejoratives Environment. Eds. Alwin Fill & Peter to camouflage the underhand dealing of men. Muhlhausler. London: Continuum, Nature depiction does not imply of man’s 2001. 13 – 23. greed for economic gain at the exploitation 4. Shultz, Beth. ‘Language and the of nature. The physical and social Natural Environment’. The environment co-exist continuously and nature Ecolinguistics Reader: Language, nourishes man perennially. Ecology and Environment. Eds. Alwin Fill & Peter Muhlhausler. London : Continuum, 2001. 109 – 114. 5. Singh, Khushwant. The Sunset Club: Analects of the Year 2009. New Delhi. Ravi Dayal & Penguin Books, 2010.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 78 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION WITH BANKING SECTOR SERVICES
Dr .P. Asokan, M.Com., M.B.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Controller of Examinations, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore – 632 115
Abstract issues come up with regard to the banking Customer satisfaction with service sector. quality can be defined by comparing This paper attempts to recapitulate perceptions of service received with the outcome of view on customer expectations of service desired. When satisfaction towards the services of a bank expectations exceeded, service is perceived from five different perspectives namely, to be of exceptional quality and also to be a service encounters, waiting time of the pleasant surprise. Service quality has been customer to get the service, customer recognized as the ‘single most researched relationship management maintained and area in services marketing to date’, and it is customer complaints and service quality maintained that for service – based towards the bank. Attraction, retention and companies, ‘quality is the lifeblood that enhancement of the customer relationships brings increased patronage, competitive are essential to maintain a base of delighted advantage and long term profitability’. A and committed customers who form the customer always wants something and basis for the sustainable competitive expects that the bank should come up to the position of the bank. level to fulfill those needs. The banks like other business organizations are deploying Customer Satisfaction innovative sales techniques and advanced Sharma and Kaur.G (2004) studied marketing tools to gain supremacy. that strategies of customer satisfaction in Key Words: Customer Satisfaction rural banks. This study is concerned with Hoshiarpur District of Punjab. They used Introduction five – point likert scale and found that the Customer satisfaction with service rural customers are not satisfied from the quality can be defined by comparing strategies adopted by Germin Bank. Varshist perceptions of service received with A.K. (2004) proposed that in the era of expectations of service desired. When liberalization and globalization, the leading expectations exceeded, service is perceived banking, therefore, quickly shifted their to be of exceptional quality and also to be a focus to provide prompt and efficient pleasant surprise. When expectations are customer service and offering variety of hi- not met, service quality is unacceptable. tech banking products and services. When expectations are confirmed service quality is satisfactory. Expectations are Service Quality based on several sources, including word of Service quality has been recognized mouth, personal needs, and past experience. as the ‘single most researched area in Many authors, journalists have come up with services marketing to date’, and it is their views, criticisms and suggestions under maintained that for service – based various heads of bankers and when new companies, ‘quality is the lifeblood that
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 79 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
brings increased patronage, competitive management is about attracting, developing, advantage and long term profitability’ maintaining and retaining profitable Mohammed Hossain, Shirley Leo (2009) customers over a period of time . Lau K, et al stated that in order to achieve higher levels (2003) highlighted that the challenge before of quality service in retail banking, banks the banks is not only to obtain updated should deliver higher levels of service quality information for each customer, but also to and in the present context customers’ use the information to determine the best perceptions are highest in the level of time to offer the most relevant products. It infrastructure facilities of the bank, is also important to understand that if followed by timing of the bank and return on customers bring in profits for the bank, it deposit. Owing to the increasing competition becomes imperative for the bank to provide in retail banking, customer service is an excellent services to those customers, important part and bank managers should be otherwise they switch to other banks. rethinking how to improve customer Parvatiyar.A and Sheth J.N.(2001) observed satisfaction with respect to service quality. that CRM is a comprehensive strategy and Vimi and Mohd (2008) suggested that the process of acquiring, retaining and determinants of presentation in the Indian partnering with selective customers to retail banking industry based on sensitivity create superior value for the company with of customer satisfaction. The finding of the the customers. study reinforces that customer satisfaction is linked with performance of the banks. The Complaint and Shift customer satisfaction is studied with the Customer complaint behavior variable intermediaries’ behaviour, quality of represents a breakdown or weakness in the service, waiting line strategy, handling of exchange process, an understanding of which customer complaints and service encounters. is essential for rectification of the problem. Nadiri H. Kandampully j and Hussain K Reducing the number of dissatisfied (2009) suggested that increase in service customers and increasing the number of quality of the banks can satisfy and develop satisfied customers will increase the sales attitudinal loyalty which ultimately retains by improving the customer loyalty. Zhu, valued customers. Zhen, (2004) proposed a conceptual framework of service failure and recovery Customer Relationship strategies and transformed it into a Good customer service is a mathematical model to assist managers in prerequisite for maintaining customer deciding on appropriate resource allocations relationships. Customer service covers all for outcome and process recovery strategies sequences of service provision, i.e. service based on customer risk profiles and the actions that take place “before, during and firm’s cost structures. Douglas M. Stewart, after a purchase. Customer service is the Richard B. Chase, (1999) stated that a primary end of any bank. A customer always substantial portion of service failures is the wants something and expects that the bank result of human error in the delivery should come up to the level to fulfill those process. needs. Massey, A.Montoya – weiss.M,Holcom. K (2001) believes that customer relationship
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 80 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Service Encounter provide all the services at the customer’s Service encounter is the time taken doorstep. Every engagement with the by the customer to interact with the customer is an opportunity to either develop service. It includes face- to –face, telephone or destroy a customer’s faith in the bank. communications, automated systems, e-mail Intense competition among the banks has and the like. This is the first stage where redefined the concept of the entire banking the customers judge the quality of service system. The banks are looking for new ways provided to them. Devinder K. Banwet and not only to attract but also to retain the Biplab Datta, (2000) indicated that service customers and gain competitive advantage performance generally lags behind user’s over their competitors. The banks like other expectations. Improvement in the quality of business organizations are deploying services increased the level of satisfaction innovative sales techniques and advanced of the user. A multicompany empirical study marketing tools to gain supremacy. The examining relationships from the model domino effect obtained from the study will concerning customers’ behavioural intentions help the organizations to take essential show strong evidence of their being actions to improve the service quality and to influenced by service quality. Parasuraman, A achieve the customer satisfaction. (2002) proposed a framework for understanding the inter – linkages among References service quality and the various components 1. Anderson, E. W. & Fornell, C. 1994. A of the company – customer perspective of Customer Satisfaction Research productivity. Valarie A. Zeithaml, A. Prospectus. In Service Quality: New Parasuraman and Arvind Malhotra, (2002) Directions in Theory and Practice, R. T. stated that to deliver superior service Rust & R. L. Oliver [Eds.]. Thousand quality, managers of companies with Web Oaks, CA: Sage, 241- 268. presences must first understand how 2. Bahia, K and J Nantel (2000), A Reliable customers perceive and evaluate online and Valid Measurement Scale for customer service. Hasanbanu.S (2004) Perceived Service Quality in Banks", studied customer services in rural banks. He International Journal of Bank found that the rural customers are not Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 84-91. aware for what purpose the loans are 3. Howcraft, J.B., (1991), "Customer available and how they can avail. Customers satisfaction in Retail Banking", Service do not know the complete rules, regulations Industry Journal, January, pp. 11-17. and procedures of the banks as they 4. Levesque, T. and Mcdougall, G.H.G., preserve them for themselves and do not (1996), “Determinants of customer take interest in educating them. satisfaction in retail banking” International Journal of Bank Conclusion Marketing, 14 (7),12-20. The financial services is the 5. McDoughall, G. and Lavesque, T. (2000) backbone of service sector. This is Customer Satisfaction with Services: important not only for the banking sector putting perceived value into the but of the Indian economy as a whole. Now, equation, Journal of Services Marketing, the financial institutions are trying to 14 (4/5): 392-410.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 81 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
ALTERNATIVE LITERATURE AND RELIGION CONTRIBUTION OF 18 SIDDHARS TO MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY
Dr. P. C. Sekar Professor, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
M. Subburajan Project Manager, CED (Centre for Entrepreneurship Development), Madurai.
R.Viswakumar Asst Prof (Sr.G) Agni School of Business Excellence, Dindigul. Abstract diseases. Siddhars have also written many Siddhars are Saivaites, are known religious poems. Their contribution to to have great control over body, mind, and literature and philosophy is immense and the transcend the barriers of time and space by same is elucidated in this article. meditation, and they use substances called Rasayanas that transform the body to make Overview of Indian Healing Traditions it potentially immortal, along with a Archeological and modern genetic particular type of Pranayama (breathing- evidence suggest that mankind have been practice). Through their practices, they have living in the Indian subcontinent since reached stages of insight, which enabled prehistoric times. The knowledge of the them to tune into the powers hidden in medicinal value of plants and other various material substances and practices. substances and their uses date back to the Siddhars were saints, doctors, alchemists, time of the earliest settlers. The vast and mystics. They wrote their findings in the amount of medical knowledge that has come form of poems in the Tamil language, on palm down to modern times is the result of long leaves, which are collected and stored in evolution through trial and error and “Palm leaf manuscripts.” These are owned, exchange of know-how between diverse and preserved in public institutions in India, communities. The process of exchange and Germany, Great Britain, and the United assimilation continues, and today traditional States. Siddhars developed branches of vast medical practices are obliged to knowledge-system, known as Siddha accommodate to the norms of modern medicine, practised mainly in Tamil Nadu as a biomedicine. type of traditional alternative medicine. However there is growing awareness Siddhars are also believed to be the among the scientific community and the founders of Varmam - a martial art for self- general public about the intrinsic value of defence and medical treatment at the same traditional medicine, and as a result time. Varmam are specific points located in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha have entered the human body which when pressed in the mainstream to compliment biomedicine. different ways can give various results.This The challenge today is to integrate the best system is akin to Acupuncutre treatement of the different healing traditions to meet followed by ancient Buddist (Chinese) monks. the healthcare needs of contemporary Siddhars were the first to develop society. pulse reading to identify the origin of
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 82 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Prehistoric era was a period when diverse cultures were Excavations at different sites interacting in small kingdoms and urban suggest that medical interventions such as centers and there was growing awareness of dentistry and trepanation were practiced as the influence of life-style and regimens on early as 7000 BCE in the Indian health and well-being. In such a context, in subcontinent. Organized forms of the region east of the confluence of Ganga agriculture practiced by the people of the and Yamuna, Buddhism, Jainism and other Indus civilization, the importance they gave new ascetic and philosophical movements to certain medicinal plants and trees and the arose. Many of these movements promoted emphasis on hygiene and water sanitation free spirit of enquiry and experimentation in suggest an advanced awareness of health all fields of knowledge, especially in management. Trade routes linked the Indus medicine. We find early Buddhist and Jaina valley civilization to other parts of the texts in Prakrit (Pali and other vernacular subcontinent and westward to Persia, languages) describing the use of medicines, Mesopotamia, and the Arabian Sea, and surgical procedures, trepanation, purges and northward to Central Asia. It is highly likely emetics, practices consolidated from all that botanical and medical commodities and levels of society. The early texts also knowledge were among the prized items of recognized the importance of cultivating exchange. compassion and humanistic values as being essential for health and well-being (3). The Vedic era poor, those sufferings from disease and The Vedic hymns of the migrant those afflicted by sorrow should be helped. Aryan tribes are the earliest literary source Even insects and ants should be treated with of information about healing practices in the compassion, just as one's own self. sub-continent. These hymns provide insights Ashtangahrdayam Sutrasthanam (2.23) into diseases prevalent during the period and Buddha himself was seen as the their perceived causes. Most ailments, both “healing guru” (Bhaishajyaguru) and healing physical and mental, were attributed to practices were part of the Buddhist malevolent spirits and cures consisted of monastic tradition. Medical centers rituals, charms, mantras, medicines and privileging humanistic values that were surgical intervention. The hymns in the attached to Buddhist monasteries catered Atharva Veda, the last of the four Vedas, to monks and lay persons. Buddhist monks and largely composed after the Aryans were disseminated Indian medical knowledge well settled in the sub-continent, indicate westward to Persia and Central Asia, to that indigenous non-Aryan healing practices China and to South-east Asia. Buddhism also had influenced the Vedic Aryan healers. took with it medical knowledge to southern part of the sub-continent and Sri Lanka, Post-Vedic era especially during and after the reign of The Sanskrit-speaking Vedic Aryan Ashoka the Great. influence eventually spread eastward from the Punjab and Doab region towards the Middle Gangetic plains, which had its own socio-cultural and linguistic context. This
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 83 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
The 18 Siddhars and their respective modern, stressful world. It is helpful in contribution to system of Siddha combating non-communicable diseases such Thiru Agastya Siddhar as myocardial infarction, degenerative He is the Father of Tamil diseases, and depressive disorders. Regular Literature. He compiled first Tamil grammer practice of yoga will undoubtedly improve called Agathiyam. He lived in the 6th or 7th the over-all health and human character for Century BC. He is direct disciple of Lord the better. Siva. Specialized in language, alchemy, Thiru Korakkar Siddhar medicine, meditation, & spirituality (yogam & He is known as Korakkanathar. His gnanam). Guru was Allama prabu. His Disciple was In addition, Agastya has 96 books in Siddha Nagarjunar. the name of Agathiyar – Vaidiya Sigamani, His Contributions areKorakkar Chendhooram - 300, Mani-400, Sivajalam, brahma gnanam 1 - Korakkar kalai gnanam Sakthijalam etc. 500(endangered) - Korakkar vaippu Still belief is that the healing spirit (Endangered), Korakkar brahma gnana of Agathiya hovers in the mountains of the soothiram, Korakkar karpa soothiram. Courtalam in the southern end of Tamil Special notes on Korakkar states Nadu. that he has specially used kanja (Indian hemp) in his preparations poorana Thiru Thirumoolar Siddhar lehyam/chooranam and so that herb is named The Prince of Mystics said to be the after him. disciple of Nandhidevar.His age fixed approximately between 5th and 8th Thiru Konganar Siddhar centuries. His work Tirumandiram, deals with Konganar is considered as the son of the body and soul. Thirumanthiram is still Bogar. His period is said to be 4th and 5th the Bible for Thanthrik Yoga. centuries B.C. Thirumoolar is considered as the He has lived probably in Koganagiri Emperor of Siddha system of medicine who of Kongunadu in Tamil nadu. is the prime author for the famous literary Out of all his works, more than 40 works of THIRUMANTHIRAM and SAIVA deal with the alchemy and the elixir (muppu) SIDDHANTAM, which framed the basic of life. principles of Siddha system. He has also contributed more on A hypothesis of Thirumoolar in philosophy, medicine, and spiritual practices. Atomic theory has been reinstated as Nanotechnology in this decade. His principles Thiru Edaikkadar Siddhar on Physiology in Siddha system are The period of Edaikkadar was astonishing. Thirumoolar is the only Siddha between 11 th and 12 th century AD.His who emphasized more on sound mind in a place of birth was Thiruedaikkodu sound body by which one can achieve the His Guru was Karuvurar/ mortality by kalpa yoga procedures. Bogar/Navanatha siddhars, and his disciples Versions of Thirumoolar are were Alukanneesar /kudhambai/kaduveli.He certainly appropriate for this present / attained Samadhi at Thiruedaikkodu.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 84 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Special notes on Edaikkadar are philosophy in China. He is considered as the that his contribution towards descendant of Thirumoolar. Rasavatham/Kayakalpam is remarkable. He has attained samathi at Palani. It is considered that the statue of Thiru Karuvoorar Siddhar Lord Muruga was concocted with Nava The Period of this siddhar is said to pasana (Nine arsenical compounds). He has be 11th century AD.He is also known as contributed on the field of alchemy, Karuvur thevar. medicine and yoga. His Place of birth is Karuvur. His His contribution on the synthesis of Guru was Bogar/ Kamalamuni. His Disciple mercury, mercurial compounds and arsenical was Edaikkadar. compounds are note worth. More than 42 His Contributions are- Karuvurar works on Siddha medicine are found to be vadha kaviyam Karuvurar siva gnana available on his name. bodhakam Thiru isaippa. Special notes on Karuvoorar are Thiru Chatta muni Siddhar that His contribution in construction of His period was 11th century AD. He Tanjore temple is enormous. There is a was also called as Kamblichattamuni/kailasa special siddhar sannidhi for him even now at chattamuni/sattanadar. His place of birth Tanjore big temple. was in Srilankan. His Guru was Dakshinamoorthy/ Nandhi. His Disciple was Thiru Therayar Siddhar Sundarandhar. He attained Samadhi at He is the latest siddhar lived. His Sirkali. period is fixed between 14th & 15th His contributions to Siddha Centuries.He is considered to be the master literature was Satta muni pin gnanam 100, of all the fields like astrology, mysticism, Sattamuni vadha kaviyam 1000, Sattamuni alchemy, medicine and language. The degree vatha soothiram 200, Sattamini gnana of his scholarship is considered supreme. vilakkam 51, Thiru isaippa. The style of the language is considered as Special notes on this siddhar are the best as any contemporary Tamil poets. that his contribution as guru for Alchemy is He has mastered all the languages noteworthy. like Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Thulu, and Sanskrit. Thiru Sundaranandar Siddhar His Guru (Master) was His period was during the 11th Dharmasowmiyar. century AD. He was also known as His work on medicine especially on Sorupamendra siddhu. His place of birth was classification of diseases with their in the Mahendra hills/Podhigai hills. His guru managements and prognosis are highly praise was Chattamuni. His disciple was Tamarakar. worthy. He attained Samadhi at Kudal/Thiruvarur/Varaka kundram. Thiru Bogar Siddhar His contributions to Siddha system His period is ascribed 4th Centuries was Sundaranandar siva yoga gnanam 32, B.C. It is believed that he has traveled to Sundaranadar vakkya sutram 64. China and propagated the spiritual
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 85 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Special notes on this siddhar are Special notes on this Siddhar are that His expertise in preparation of chunnam He is called as “samayathitta siddhar” as he is of great astonishment. retained Sivabakthi.
Thiru Ramadevar Siddhar Thiru Kudambai Siddhar His period was during 6-8 century His period was during the 11th AD. He was also known as Yacob. His place of century AD. His place of birth was in birth was Mahendra hills/Podhigai hills. His Mayavaram. His guru was Alukaneesar. He guru was Pulathiyar. His disciple was attained Samadhi at Mayavaram. Tamarakar. He attained Samadhi at Alagar His contributions to the siddha malai. system was “Kudambai siddhar padalkal His contribution to the siddha was on philosophy of Siddhars” Rama devar 1000. Special notes on this Siddhar are Special notes on this Siddhar is that His works are more towards spirtiual that his contribution in conversion of Sthula bliss and gnanayoga. sariram into sukkuma Sariram and devlpment of kayakalpa as art and science. Thiru Azhuganni Siddhar His period was during the 11 th and Thiru Pambatti Siddhar 12 thcentury AD. He was also known as His period was in the 11th century Azhugai siddhar. His place of birth was Vaira AD. His place of birth was Marutha malai in giri. His guru was Edaikkadar. He attained kongunadu. His Guru was Chattamuni. He Samadhi at Nagapattinam. attained Samadhi at Sankaran koli. His contributions to the Siddha His contributions to the siddha system were Siddhar gnanakovai. system were “All the versions related with Special notes on this Siddhar are gnana siddhi starting with Aadu Pambe.” that All his poems are pathetically melodious Special notes on this Siddhar are adressing the lady. that his “Atta maa siddhis of siddhars” are mentioned by him. Thiru Ahappei Siddhar His period was during the 11th Thiru Machamuni Siddhar century AD. His place of birth was in His period was during the 11th Marutha malai in kongunadu. His guru was century AD. He is also known as Nondi korakkar. He attained Samadhi at siddhar. His place of birth was in Machai Thiruvalankadu. desam in Pandya kingdom. His Guru was His Contributions to the siddha kapusundar/ agasthiyar/ pinnakkesar. His system was that of all the versions related disciple was Sundarandhar. He attained with Gnana siddhi starting with “Devil mind- Samadhi at Thiruparankundram. Endangered”. His contributions to the siddha Special notes on this Siddhar is system were Machendra nadhar endra nondi that - He is different from other siddhars siddhar padal. mentioning search for peace instead of yoga.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 86 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Thiru Nandhi devar Siddhar Garima (weight) – The capacity to His period was during 11th century weigh a lot, though seemingly being small. AD. His place of birth was in Marutha malai Prapthi (fulfillment of desires) – in kongunadu. He was considered the direct The capacity to enter all the worlds from disciple of Lord Shiva. His disciples were Brahma Loga to the nether world. The power Thirumoolar/ Romarishi/Dakshinamoorthy. of attaining everything desired. He attained Samadhi at Sri Sailam in Andhra Prakasysm (irresistible will) -- Power pradesh. of disembodying and entering into other His contributions to the siddha bodies (metempsychosis) and going to heaven system were - Nandhi kalai gnanam 1000. and enjoying what everyone aspires for. Special notes on this Siddhar are he Isithavam (supremacy) -- Have the is considered - “GURU OF GURUS”. creative power of God and control over the Sun, Moon and other natural elements. Thiru Kakapusundar Siddhar Vasithavam (dominion over the His period was during the 11th elements) -- Power of control over kings and century AD. He was also known as Pusundar. gods. His place of birth was at Vadasalai. His guru was Agasthiyar. His disciples were Romarishi Siddha medicine / Vasinathar. He attained Samadhi at Kailaya Siddha medicine is considered as padayam. the oldest medical system known to mankind. Contemporary Tamil literature holds that His contributions to the siddha system the system of Siddha medicine originated in were “Pusundar Mei gnana vilakkam- Southern India, in the state of Tamil Nadu, 80/pusundar gnanam-19”. as part of the trio Indian medicines - ayurveda, siddha and unani. Siddha medicine Special notes on this Siddhar was is is reported to have been practicied for more expertise in “Thailatham, Anjanam, Vaidyam, than 10,000 years ago &Vatham”. Siddhars were the premier Ashtama siddhis - Powers of siddhars scientists of ancient days. Siddhars mainly The siddhars are believed to have laid the foundation for Siddha system of powers which are described in detail in medication. Siddhars were spiritual adepts various yogic and religious texts.They also who possessed the ashta siddhis, or the are said to have the power of converting eight supernatural powers. Sage Agathiyar is their mass to energy and there by travelling consideredto be the guru of all Sidhars, and to different part of the world and in to his disciples and Siddhars from other other part of universe. Anima (shrinking) – schools produced thousands of texts on The power of becoming the size of an atom Siddha, including medicine, and form the and entering the smallest beings Mahima propounders of the system to the world. (illimitability- measurless) – The power to The basic concepts of the Siddha become mighty and co-extensive that is the medicine are almost similar to ayurveda. The power of increasing one's size without limit. difference is that, the siddha medicine Lagima (lightness) – The capacity to be light recognizes predominance of Vaadham(air), (weight) though big in size Pitham (fire)and Kabam(earth) in childhood,
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 87 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
adulthood and old age, respectively. medicine. When the physician is well- According to Siddha medicine, various qualified and the other agents possess the psychological and physiological functions of necessary qualities, even severe diseases can the body attributed to the combination of be cured easily, according to these concepts. seven elements: They are ooneer (plasma) According to the Siddha concept, responsible for growth, development, and matter and energy are the two dominant nourishment; cheneer (blood) responsible for entities, which have great influence in nourishing muscles, imparting colour and shaping the nature of the Universe. They are improving intellect. Then Oon (muscle) called Siva and Sakthi in Siddha system. responsible for the shape of the body; the Matter cannot exist without energy and koluppu/Kozhuppu (fatty tissue) responsible vice-versa. Thus both are inseparable. The for oil balance and lubricating joints. The universe is made up of five proto-elements. others are elumbu (bone) responsible for The concept of five proto-elements and body structure and posture and movement; three doshas in this system of medicine is then elumbu majjai (bone marrow) quite similar to Ayurvedic concept pertaining responsible for formation of blood to them. However there are certain corpuscles; and the last is sukkilam (semen) differences in the interpretation responsible for reproduction. (Narayanaswamy, 1975). The concepts It is assumed that when the normal behind diagnostic measures also show great equilibrium of the three Vaadham, Pittham similarities differing in certain aspects only. and Kabam is disturbed, disease is caused. Diagnosis in Siddha system is carried out by The factors, which are assumed to affect the well -known ‘ashtasthana pareeksha’ this equilibrium, are environment, climatic (examination of eight sites) that conditions, diet, physical activities, and encompasses examination of nadi (pulse), kan stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio (eyes), swara (voice), sparisam (touch), varna between these three Vaadham, Pittham, (colour), na (tongue), mala (faeces) and neer Kabam are 4:2:1, respectively. (urine). These examination procedures are According to the siddha medicine provided in greater detail in classical Siddha system, diet and lifestyle play a major role, literature (Narayanaswamy, 1975). not only in health but also in curing diseases. In the Siddha medicine, the This concept of the siddha medicine is treatment should be commenced as early as termed as pathiyam and apathiyam, which is possible after assessing the course and essentially a list of "do's and don'ts.” cause of the disease. Treatment is classified The objective of the treatment in into three categories: devamaruthuvum siddha medicine is to keep the three factors (Divine method); manuda maruthuvum in equilibrium and maintenance of seven (rational method); and asura maruthuvum elements. So proper diet, medicine and a (surgical method). disciplined regimen of life has been advised In Divine method, medicines like for a healthy living and to restore parpam, Chendooram, guru, kuligai made of equilibrium of humors in diseased condition. mercury, sulfur and pashanams are used. In Saint Thiruvalluvar explains four requisites the rational method, medicines made of of successful treatment. These are the herbs like churanam, kudineer, or vadagam patient, the attendant, physician and are used. In surgical method, incision,
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 88 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
excision, heat application, bloodletting, or ideas. Of special importance are leech application are used. Amudakalaijnanam, Muppu, Muppuvaippu, According to therapies, the Muppucunnam, Carakku, Guruseynir, treatments of siddha medicines can be Paccaivettusutram and Pannir-kandam by further categorized into following Agastya; Kadaikandam, Valalai-Sutram and categories such as purgative therapy, emetic Nadukandam by Konganavar; Karagappa, therapy, fasting therapy, steam therapy, Purva, Muppu-Sutram and Dravakam by oleation therapy, physical therapy, solar Nandisvar; Karpam and Valai-Sutram by therapy, bloodletting therapy, yoga therapy, Bogar etc.. etc The Neem tree is regarded as The Siddhars used drugs that could sacred in Mohenjo-daro Civilization. In the be classified into three groups: thavaram annals of the ancient Siddha System of (herbal product), thadhu (inorganic Medicine, the first medicinal plant substances), and jangamam (animal mentioned as well as found a place, in ancient products). The Thadhu drugs were further Tamil literature is Margosa or Neem. This classified as: uppu (water-soluble inorganic has been used by Tamils from time substances or drugs that produces vapour immemorial as a deterrent for smallpox and when put into fire), pashanam (drugs not other infectious diseases and also dissolved in water but emit vapour when considered to possess powers to ward off fired), uparasam (similar to pashanam but evil spirits. Perhaps they were aware of the differ in action), loham (not dissolved in germicidal action and the medicinal water but melt when fired), rasam (drugs properties of the Margosa, Tirumular, the which are soft), and ghandhagam (drugs great siddha is said to have been in deep which are insoluble in water, like sulphur). penance for several thousands of years The drugs used in siddha medicine before the Christian Era in eternal bliss are classified based on five properties: suvai under a sacred pipal tree. (taste), gunam (character), veeryam (potency), pirivu (class) and mahimai (action). Siddha: Present Education system in According to their mode of application, the Siddha in India siddha medicines could be categorized into At present, there are seven Siddha two classes. institutions imparting education in Siddha Internal medicine used through the System of Medicine in the country. Out of oral route and further classified into 32 the seven, one Siddha Medical College is in categories based on their form, methods of the State of Kerala and the rest are in Tamil preparation, shelf-life, etc. Nadu. Admissions are purely on the basis of External medicine includes certain common entrance test conducted by the forms of drugs and certain applications (such Govt. of Tamil Nadu and by the Govt. of as nasal, eye and eardrops), and certain Kerala for the colleges situated well within procedures (such as leech application). It the respective states. also classified into 32 categories. The Central council of Indian Siddha literature on medicine has Medicine regulates the education of Siddha about two hundred works in Tamil on Siddha system in the country. Within the council, medicine have rich and varied alchemical there is a separate education committee for
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 89 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
this system. The education committee is India. Oxford University Press. p. charged to deal with all matters pertaining 80. ISBN 9780199715008. to Siddha education including the 5. V. Jayaram. "Study of siddhas". development of a detailed curriculum and Hinduwebsite.com. syllabus both at under-graduate levels. 6. Dr. J. Raamachandran, Herbs of Siddha Mediicines/The First 3D References book, pp.iii 1. Meditation Revolution: A History 7. Upinder Singh, Nayanjot Lahiri, and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Ancient India: New Research, Lineage. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. Oxford University Press, India 2010 2000. ISBN 9788120816480. 8. Zysk, K. Medicine in the Veda: 2. S. Cunjithapatham, M. Arunachalam Religious healing in the Veda Motilal (1989). Musical tradition of Banarisidas, Delhi 1996 Tamilnadu. International Society for 9. Recipes for Immortality: Healing, the Investigation of Ancient Religion, and Community in South Civilizations. p. 11. India: Healing, Religion, and 3. Journal of Indian history, Volume Community in South India, p.93, 38. Dept. of History, University of Wellington Richard S Weiss, Oxford Kerala. 1960. University Press, 22-Jan-2009 4. Weiss, Richard (2009). Recipes for 10. "18 siddhars". Palanitemples.com. Immortality: Healing, Religion, and 11. Siddhars". Sathuragiri.org. Community in South India: Healing, 12. "Ashtama Siddhis". Siddhars.com. Religion, and Community in South 13. http://crisiddha.tn.nic.in/siddhars.h tml
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 90 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
ISLAMIC BANKING IN INDIA - SCOPES & CHALLENGES
J. SHIFA FATHIMA Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Madurai Institute of Social Sciences, Madurai.
Abstract floating rate of interest is pegged to the Islamic banking refers to a system company's individual rate of return. Thus of banking activities that is consistent with the bank's profit on the loan is equal to a the Sharee'ah (Islamic law) and guided by certain percentage of the company's profits. Islamic economics. Thus, banking procedures Once the principal amount of the loan is including payment of Ribaa (usury or repaid, the profit-sharing arrangement is interest) is Haraam (Islamically prohibited). concluded. This practice is called Islamic law also prohibits trading in financial Mushaarakah. Further, Mudhaarabah is risk (which is seen as a form of gambling), venture capital funding of an entrepreneur investing in businesses that include alcohol who provides labor while financing is or pork, or businesses that produce anti- provided by the bank so that both profit and Islamic media, etc. In the late 20th century, risk are shared. Such participatory a number of Islamic banks were created, to arrangements between capital and labor cater to this particular banking market. The reflect the Islamic view that the borrower first modern experiment with Islamic must not bear all the risk/cost of a failure, banking was undertaken in Egypt under cover resulting in a balanced distribution of income without projecting an Islamic image for and not allowing lender to monopolize the political reasons. The pioneering effort, led economy. Islamic banks have grown recently by Ahmad El-Najjaar, took the form of a in the Muslim world but are a very small savings bank based on profit-sharing in the share of the global banking system. Micro- Egyptian town of Mit Ghamr in 1963. This lending institutions such as Grameen Bank experiment lasted until 1967, by which time use conventional lending practices, and are there were nine such banks in the country. popular in some Muslim nations, but are Islamic banking has the same purpose as clearly not Islamic banking. The present conventional banking except that it operates study has been conduct give an overview of in accordance with the Islamic rules, known Islamic Banking in India, its Scopes and as Fiqh Al-Mu'aamalaat (Islamic rules on Challenges. The study is fully based on transactions). The basic principle of Islamic Secondary sources. banking is the sharing of profit and loss and Key words: Islamic Law, Islamic Economics, the prohibition of Ribaa. Amongst the Ribaa, Haraam, Islamic Image for Political common Islamic concepts used in Islamic Reasons, Savings Bank and Conventional banking are profit sharing (Mudhaarabah), Banking. safekeeping (Wadee'ah), joint venture (Mushaarakah), cost plus (Muraabahah), and leasing (Ijaarah). There are several other approaches used in business deals. Islamic banks lend their money to companies by issuing floating rate interest loans. The
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 91 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Introduction not comply with the Sharia, then it is not Islamic banking applies the laws, engaged in Islamic banking. A key rule of values and beliefs of the Islamic faith to its Sharia applicable to Islamic banking is to method of operations. The avoid the assessment of interest. The Quran term Sharia means laws, values and religion. teaches that Allah has forbidden riba. Riba The term mu'amalat refers to the rules means interest or usury. Accordingly, of Sharia that apply specifically to contracts Islamic banking cannot charge interest on its and transactions. In essence, the Sharia loans. Furthermore, Islamic banking cannot provides the moral values for Islamic pay interest to its customers for depositing banking. It is like a code of ethics. The money into savings accounts with the bank Sharia is the key to understanding Islamic because the Sharia forbids both assessment banking. The Sharia derives its rules from and payment of interest. Islamic banks three sources, which are the Quran, the provide services comparable to the services Sunnah, and Islamic religious scholars. The provided by western banks. Examples of Quran contains the revelations of Allah or services include checking accounts, God. According to Muslims, Allah made these electronic fund transfers, travelers’ checks, revelations to the prophet Muhammad. The safe deposit boxes, and letters of credit. Quran is the source of Islamic law. The The bank charges its customers a fee for Sunnah refers to the teachings of the various services instead of interest. An Muhammad. It also includes the way Islamic bank must obtain prior approval from Muhammad lived his life, which serves as an the Sharia board before offering any new example for followers of Islam. The Sunnah products or services. After obtaining is contained in the Hadith, which are books. approval, the bank may introduce the new To understand the Quran, a person must also products and services to its customers. study the Sunnah. Islamic religious scholars provide interpretation, guidance, and advice Objectives for institutions engaged in Islamic banking. The present study has been If the Quran and the Sunnah do not address conducted with the following a particular situation, then Islamic religious aims/objectives: scholars will provide guidance for Islamic 1. To know about the Islamic banks. Islamic religious scholars have Banking in India developed Sharia supervisory boards or 2. To study the feasibility of advisory boards to fill the needs of Islamic Islamic Banking in India banking. These boards help Islamic banks by 3. To analyse the scope and ensuring compliance with the Sharia. The opportunities of Islamic Banking Sharia boards are independent of the banks in India and function like a regulatory agency. 4. To study the threats and Interpretations provided by the Sharia challenges of Islamic Banking in boards must be consistent with the Quran India and Sunnah. Islamic banks must comply with the religious rulings of the Sharia boards. Methodology The term fatwa refers to a ruling of the The study is mainly based upon the Sharia board. If a financial institution does collection of secondary data. The secondary
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 92 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
data was collected from various sources of according to the 2001 Census, it is reported publications such as Magazines, Journals, that thousands of crores earned in interest Research articles, Internet and un-published is kept in suspended accounts, as believers thesis. do not claim it. Muslims both rich as well as those employed in the Gulf invest their Islamic Banking in India money on gold and real estate which are not Even after forty years, since productive investments. They also indulge in nationalisation of the banks about 60% lavish spending in marriages and other population do not have access to formal rituals and many of them fall into trap of banking and only 5.2 % of villages have bank bogus financial institutions lose their hard branches. The financial exclusion of a large earned money. The collapse of leading Wall segment of the population has far-reaching Street institutions, notably Lehman implications for the socio-economic and Brothers, and the subsequent global financial educational uplift of the masses. These tsunami and economic recession, Islamic financially excluded classes would not banking is seriously being considered and has hesitate in sharing a “returne on their emerged as a possible alternative to the investment but they often find it difficult to conventional banking because of the meet the demand of a pre determined return followings: unrelated to the yield. If finance is available It is based on Ethical and without the burden caused by pre- Socially Responsible determined interest rates, it will be a Investments (SRI) welcome development for the marginalized It aims at Equity and Justice and also especially for same. Interest-free and leads to poverty alleviation Islamic Banking can fill up this gap. For and Muslims, as per the Sachar Committee It acts to new dimension to report based on census 2001 data, the assets and actual projects percentage of household availing themselves aiming to support real economic of banking facilities is much lower in towns growth instead of financial and villages where the Muslim population is engineering. high. This is due to a certain mindset It provides services to under prevailing in the banking sector which has banked populations ignored by categorized Muslims and Muslims dominated conventional banks areas as Negative Zones as documented in In 2005, Government of India asked Sachar report. Prohibition of interest and Reserve Bank of India to examine Islamic thus for reasons of faith Muslims are away banking instruments and constituted a from the conventional banks as referred to Working Group headed by Mr. Anand Sinha, in the report of the Committee on Financial Chief Manager, Department of Banking and Sector Reforms of the Planning Commission Operation and Development along with senior headed by Dr. Raghuram Rajan. In the Bankers from SBI, ICICI and Oman absence of an alternative to the convention International Bank that came up with its based on interest, in the state of Kerala report in 2006 which said: In the current where Muslims make up around 25% of the statutory and regulatory framework it would population of Kerala, which was 31.8 million not be possible for banks in India to
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 93 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
undertake Islamic Banking activities and capital of Rs.1, 000 Crores and would concluded that if the banks are allowed to perform on the principles of Islamic do Islamic banking appropriate amendments financial institution. Al Barakah will not are required in Banking regulations Act 1949. operate as a bank and extend loans but make Another significant development has taken direct investments into infrastructure place in the state of Kerala. Govt. of Kerala projects not linked with pork, alcohol and under KSIDC (Kerala State Industrial other non Halal products, after which Development Corporation) has taken a profits would be shared in the form of courageous and commendable step to form dividends and not as interest. KSIDC has 11 an Islamic Investment company named Al percent stake and rest would be raised by Barakah Financial Services Company, an NRIs and state Muslim population. The Al NBFC after an exhaustive feasible report Barakah promoters' team has P Mohamed Ali undertaken by a reputed international as chairman, CK Menon and MA Yusuf Ali as consulting firm Ernst & Young. This NBFC vice chairmen, and PNC Menon (Shobha will be turned into a global Islamic bank as group), Siddique Ahmed ( Saudi Arabia )), soon as the RBI accommodates it after an EM Najeeb (Air Travel Enterprises), Abdul amendment in the Banking regulations. Dr. Wahab, PA Ibrahim Haji, and PK Ahmed, and Subramaniam Swamy has submitted a two representatives of the KSIDC, namely T petition in the High court to stop the Balakrishnan and VKC Mohammed Koya, as participation of the Kerala Government. the other members. The final board will be Admission of his petition has put a hold on constituted after investors pick up stakes in the proceedings for the time being. Almost the company. Kerala has cosmopolitan society all the foreign banks have started their with the mixture of different faiths. It has Islamic Banking units or divisions in their a reputation of being, communally one of the respective banks. In India, a large amount of least sensitive states in India. According to funds are lying in current accounts because the 2001 Census of India figures, 56% of of the reason of avoiding interest. In some Kerala residents are Hindus, 24% are localities, certain communities are not Muslims, 19% are Christians, and the banking because of their attitude towards remaining follow other religions including interest. These funds can be taped into the Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Judaism. In interest-free banking net work and the oppose to common perception that initiative dividend or profit. of Islamic financial company has been taken by state government to woo the Muslim Islamic Banking in Kerala voters, we analyzed that financial company Kerala set the stage to start first based on Islamic finance will attract the Islamic non banking finance company (Al Muslim emigrants of state from gulf region Barakah Financial Services Ltd) in India with NRKs to invest the money in infrastructure the partnership of state government projects based on Shariah principles instead department (Kerala State Industrial of keeping the same in cash form. As per Development Corp-KSIDC) after dismissal of CDS report for the year 2008, Muslim petition filed by Subramaniam Swamy and RV constitutes around 40% shares of total Babu in High court. Barakah would be a emigrants of Kerala. Muslim has almost 45% unique company with an authorized share percent share (18998 crore INR) of total
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 94 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
state remittance flowing to state from corporate with interest in multiple domains overseas. As per the report “Inflow of about sought 74% stake in it, and the Doha Bank Rs 43,288 crores to the Kerala economy by expressed desire to pick up a 46% equity", way of remittances has had a very says Kareem. After introduction of Shariah significant effect on the state’s economy index in Bombay stock Exchange (BSE), it is and the living conditions. For a total second serious attempt to include the Indian population of 3.371 crores in Kerala in 2008, Muslim in mainstream financial setup and the total Remittance of Rs 43,288 crores certainly would be milestone to achieve the means an average per capita remittance of inclusive growth vision of country. Rs 12,840. For an average household, it is Rs 57,215 per year. Remittances thus Feasibility of Islamic Banking in India contribute substantially to the annual income The feasibility of Islamic banking in of the households in Kerala. Remittances India is questioned by the critics on the were as much as a third (31 percent) of ground that interest plays a crucial role in Kerala’s NSDP. The per capita income of the the savings and investment of funds in the state was Rs 41,814 without including economy. Although Islamic banking has the remittances but would be as much as Rs same purpose as conventional banking, the 54,664 if remittances were also included. profit and loss sharing and the prohibition of The importance of remittances in Kerala is interest are fundamental to the functioning evident from the fact that remittances were of the Islamic banks. The banking system 1.74 times the revenue receipt of the state, currently operating in India is essentially 5.5 times of the money Kerala got from the interest based system. The whole credit Central Government, 2.3 times the annual system is built upon the institution of non-plan expenditure of the Kerala interest. Under the system, the borrower is Government. The remittances were obliged to pay a predetermined rate of sufficient to wipe out 70 percent of the interest on the one amount borrowed even state’s debt in 2008. Remittances were 36 though he may have incurred losses. The times the export earnings from cashew and relationship between the bank and its client 30 times of those from marine products.” is, therefore, that of creditor and debtor. All these aforementioned facts This has led to so many economic and social indicate to the positive results which would evils among other things. From the reflect in state economy by incorporation of foregoing, it is obvious that the detrimental Islamic financial company. After getting the effects of interest (applicable to consent of High court, Kerala industry conventional banking) are evident as interest minister Elamaram Kareem said "There is was originally forbidden by all major enormous interest among Gulf-based NRIs in religions of the world (Islam, Christianity investing in Kerala through the Shariah and Judaism in particular). Even the non- route. There has been an offer to bring in Rs Muslim scholars, economists and bankers 10,000 crore from Oman alone, through the acknowledge that Islamic banking has made a initiative of Muscat-based Keralite place for itself in the whole world of businessman, P Mohamed Ali",”The interest finance. The Vatican has put forward the in the proposed NBFC is so strong, that idea that “the principles of Islamic finance immediately after it was floated a large may represent a possible cure for ailing
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 95 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
markets. The main goal of the Islamic large dependence on funds from the West economic system is social justice and (Europe and the US) which are dwindling equality. It tries to be fair to one and all. It lately, is leading to depreciation of the rupee helps in promoting individual enterprise and and inflation, thus entangling the economy in also controls the economic system in a fair a vicious circle. An effort to pause and take and equal manner. In the Islamic financial notice of an age old yet, ironically nascent system, the financial institutions (banks) mode of banking based on Shariah principles become a partner in business. The utilization of Islam evidently holds potential to relieve of the funds from the institution by a the Indian financial sector of its troubles. business house or an enterprise is on a profit and loss sharing basis. Gains from the Demographic Trends in India business as well as losses to the business are India has the third largest Muslim shared proportionately by the institutions population in the world, which totals to and the enterprise. The benefits of Islamic around 161 billion (2011census). Arguably, banking in a growing economy like India most Muslims, bound by their religious cannot be overemphasized. Islamic banking faiths, have stayed away from the will contribute significantly to the overall conventional interest based banking system. development of the country by developing For the largest democracy in the world, micro-credit schemes aimed at improving the which holds secularism as one its most job prospects for the poor and the important principles, equitable access to downtrodden. There are also ample bank credit for every section of the society opportunities to attract foreign direct should remain one of the primary concerns. investment (FDI’s) into the country Census data shows that the percentage of especially from the oil producing Muslim households availing banking facilities is much countries. lower in villages where the share of Muslim population is high. The Sachar Committee Rationale of Islamic Banking in India Report, which analyzed the condition of Liquidity crunch has been rocking Muslims in India, pointed out the lack of the financial world. Banks have been access of bank credit to this section of the reporting lack of liquidity in their systems country. Alarmingly, Muslims who amount to leading to India incorporations inhibited around 14% of the country’s population hold access to credit and thus retarding growth only around 7.4% of the deposits and have and investments. The Reserve Bank of India received only 0.5% of the credit disbursed (RBI) has exhibited a biased dependence on by State cooperative Banks (SCBs). Though interest rate structures and reserve ratios low income levels are one of the mentioned to tackle the crisis, in the short term. reasons. Strict adherence to religious Further, the shaken economies of the West bindings is an important concern that cannot have become largely stringent in their be overlooked in this context. Also, the overseas investments and have been pulling study shows that participation of Muslims in out money from the Indian system to finance banking related jobs is as low as 2.2%, a their domestic needs. The central bank’s clear indication that the community has efforts to ease interest rates to enhance remained uncomfortable with riba (interest) liquidity in association with the country’s based activities.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 96 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
allows the depositor to undertake the pilgrimage to the holy cities of Makkah on its maturity. The money is reinvested in Shariah-compliant vehicles that give reasonable returns. “It mainly goes into infrastructure funding. We build roads, bridges and other basic infrastructure using this fund. There are big office complexes and housing projects that it has funded,” said Rajah Mohammed Abdullah, chairman Source: Sachar Committee Report on Indian and chief executive officer of the Muslim Muslims World Biz, which holds global summit on Chart: Access of Bank Credit for Indian Islamic finance here every year. Last year, Muslims India's central bank, Reserve Bank of India, decided to give license to non-banking India Takes Key Step Toward Full- financial companies to offer Shariah- Fledged Islamic Banks compliant products and Cheraman Financial India is planning to set up a body to Services Limited (CFSL), launched by Kerala fine-tune and promote Islamic finance with the support of prominent expatriate before issuing license to start full-fledged entrepreneurs in the Gulf, was first to get banking operations, according to one of the the RBI license. Khan wrote to the RBI country's senior ministers. “The formation Governor, Raghuram Rajan, saying it was the of the entity is an important step forward. duty of the State to facilitate every citizen We need to set a framework for rules for to practice and follow their religion under different financial products to be offered the Constitution and the governor, while by these banks or through the Islamic accepting his view, wanted certain banking windows,” said Rahman Khan, India's amendments to the laws concerned. Khan has minister for minority affairs. He was talking urged the ruling party leadership to to Arab News on the sidelines of the expedite the process before the elections. international seminar on Interfaith Harmony “This is a great development everybody was and Tolerance in Kuala Lumpur organized by looking forward. It'll help India attract a lot the International Islamic University of foreign and domestic investments in Malaysia (IIUM) in association with Kerala- infrastructure development and other core based Ma'din Academy recently. “We will areas,” said Siddeek Ahmed, one of the introduce a financial product like Tabung directors of the CFSL. India needs huge Haji which would be a great relief to those investments to put its economy back on who want to undertake the pilgrimage,” said track and to give the much-needed push to the minister, who has aggressively been its ambitious infrastructure development pursuing the idea ahead of the general plans. The Islamic finance is estimated to be elections two months away. Tabung Haji, a US$2.1 trillion industry by the end of this Malaysia’s Haj management system, provides year and it is seen as a small but decisive an opportunity for Haj aspirants to step towards opening up the sector to systematically invest money that grows and interest-free banking. “I personally hope
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 97 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
that the proposed Haj fund will ultimately India’s first mosque in the Kerala town of lead to the undesirable practice of Kodungallur, plans to offer leasing and government offering subsidy to Hajj equity-finance products under Islamic pilgrims,” said Ahmed, who heads the Saudi- principles to begin with. It has already based ITL-Eram group. “Cheraman did not to started funding startup companies and set up such a fund because we found the infrastructure projects and floated the Rs government funding was not desirable as its 2.5bn Cheraman Fund, a private equity fund sources of income include liquor and with a minimum of Rs10 million set by gambling”. Nonresident Indian billionaires Securities and Exchange Board of India based in the Gulf, P Mohammed Ali, PNC (SEBI) per investor. It also has a subsidiary Menon and CK Menon, are among other Cheraman Infrastructure for “channelizing directors of the NBFC that follows Islamic ethical investments for developing world principles in which the state government class industrial, social and residential holds 26 percent equity. It was not allowed infrastructure” in Kerala. This business to accept deposits from the public or offer vertical focuses on infrastructure retail banking services, which needs development activities through Build amendments in Indian laws, making it Operate and Transfer (BOT) and other inaccessible to ordinary citizens who want to related modes. The company targets make small investments. In fact, Raghuram development of industrial and knowledge Rajan, the chairman of the RBI, was serious parks, standard design modules, logistics about banking sector reforms that would parks, special economic zones, electronic pave the way for full-fledged Islamic banks parks, roads and urban transportation, social and Islamic banking counters at commercial infrastructure like hospitals and educational banks like in many other countries, especially institutions, housing and shopping malls. in Europe. In 2008, a high-level committee on financial sector reforms headed by Rajan Opportunity/Scope of Islamic Banking in recommended interest-free finance and India banking in the “interest of inclusive and India with a 15% Muslim population, innovative growth” and suggested taking the highest in a non-Islamic country and measures “to permit the delivery of second highest in the world offers huge interest-free finance on a larger scale, opportunities to exploit. The size of the including through the banking system”. market will be very large as the Indian Islamic banking and finance is now present in population is above 100 crore and Muslim over 75 countries including Australia, population itself is about 15 crore and France, the UK, Hong Kong, Singapore, majority of them, in the name of religious Luxembourg, South Africa, Sri Lanka and faith, are looking for interest free banking Malaysia, which claims to be its capital. In and finance. It is pertinent to mention here India, there are a lot of Muslims who did not that Islamic banking is not meant for claim interest on deposits or give them in Muslims only but non Muslims may also avail charity and, according to a 2009 study there the benefit of it. And it is feasible to have a are unclaimed interests worth Rs50bn lying parallel banking system based on Sharia in Kerala banks alone. Cheraman, named along with a conventional one. After 9/11, after the king who is believed to have built most of these countries started pulling out
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 98 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
their investments from the US and Europe introduction of Islamic banking, Indian because of the fear of freezing of assets. government will certainly gain diplomatic Another reason could be the slowdown in the advantages to make financial dealings with economies of western countries. A growing Muslim dominated nations especially to Indian economy has created a huge attract trillion dollars of equity finance from enthusiasm among Islamic nations as it sees the gulf countries. This is more important the unlimited opportunities it can avail. In after the fall of the titans like Lehman fact, five Indian companies, Reliance Brothers because it reflects the economic Industries, Infosys Technologies, Wipro, downturn in the west and the need of Tata Motors and Satyam Computer Services alternative sources of FDI for the Indian figure in the Standard & Poor's BRIC Sharia economy. India needs to provide a congenial Index. Eleventh Five Year Plan envisages economic environment to attract the inclusive growth with development in all financial inducement from the Gulf region. sectors of economy. Islamic banking is an Islamic scholars have defined market effective mechanism to subjugate the instruments in length and they have liquidity and inflation problems along with permitted with some conditions to have allowing inclusive growth. For real inclusive investments in stock market .Certain broad growth, we have to ensure increase in income criteria are: and employment status of workers in all The company's activities should not segments. If Islamic banking is introduced, include liquor, pork, hotel, casino, the inadequate labor capital ratio, for gambling, cinema, music, interest informal sector workers associated with bearing financial institutions, agriculture and manufacturing industries conventional insurance companies, could be resolved through equity finance, etc. which might be a revolution in our The total interest bearing debt of agriculture and unorganized sector. With the company at any point in time improved labor capital ratio, our vulnerable should remain below one third of its workers associated with agriculture and average market capitalization during unorganized sector might be able to compete the last twelve months. effectively with the formal sector workers. Its aggregate of account Thus Islamic Banking may financially receivables should remain below empower majority of Indian workers. Islamic 45% of total assets. banking may induce our political leaders to If company has any interest bearing substitute grants and subsidies with equity income it should not be more than finance schemes through specialized 10% in any condition. financial institutions because equity finance While Sharia compliant investment allows access to credit without debts of avenues are now becoming available in most borrowers. Equity Finance helps achieve countries, India has not seen large-scale self-reliability which never comes through development. To estimate the scope of grant and subsidies. Islamic banking should Islamic investment opportunities in the not be a religion based banking business, but Indian stock market, it is imperative to could be profitably used to resolve our examine stocks that conform to Islamic issues pertaining to economy. Moreover with Shariah principles "Out of 6,000 BSE listed
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 99 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
companies, approximately 4,200 are Sharia business out of it because of the Sharia's compliant. The market capitalization of prohibition of interest. And they are not these stocks accounts for approximately able to convert themselves into banks 61% of the total market capitalization of because the government will not permit any companies listed on BSE. This figure is form of banking without interest. Some of higher even when compared with a number of them have collected crores in interest-free predominantly Islamic countries such as deposits, but they do not have any avenue to Malaysia, Pakistan and Bahrain. In fact, the invest that money, growth in the market capitalization of these stocks was more impressive than that of the Threats and Challenges non-Sharia compliant stocks. The software, Islamic banking could be a huge drugs and pharmaceuticals and automobile political issue. Certain parties might abhor ancillaries sector were the largest sectors the use of the word "Islamic" and could term among the Sharia compliant stocks. They it as anti-Indian. They might argue that the constitute about 36% of the total Sharia very concept of Sharia banking would go compliant stocks on NSE. Further on against the secular fabric of our country. examining the BSE 500 the market We are already facing problems pertaining capitalization of the 321 Sharia compliant to Muslim Personnel Law and trying to companies hovered between 48% and 50% of implement Uniform Civil Code. Therefore, at the total BSE 500 market this juncture, if we introduce Islamic capitalization."(Source: www.islamicequity.co. banking in India, it will create more problems in) than solving the issue. Moreover, it may Another opportunity is mutual fund bring financial segregation in the economy. which is based on 100% equity. These funds The compartmentalization of Sharia are invested in different sectors like IT, compliant and Non Sharia Compliant banking automobile telecommunication, cement. In might be used by certain vested interest to fact, Tata Mutual Fund made a pioneering communalize the finance sector in India. attempt when, at the instance of the Barkat Such questionably sane but unquestionably and some other Islamic financial group, it dangerous trend must be prevented with full launched Tata Core Sector Equity Fund in might. 1996 . This scheme was specially tailored keeping in view the Muslims' inhibition of Conclusion dealing with interest bearing and haram Islamic banking is at an incipient investments. This scheme surprised many by stage. The existing legal framework does not being able to raise Rs. 230 million from the permit Islamic Banking. Only selective public. Moreover, large number of Muslims activities like equity investment is possible, who are considered unworthy of credit by while trade finance aspects like taking title commercial banks would welcome Islamic to goods is not possible. A lot of banking. People prefer to put their money in amendments need to be carried out in the gold or jewellery, which is the worst kind of prevalent legal set up. Appropriate models investment from the economic point of view. need to be selected and implemented to suit Some Islamic societies in India accept society's diverse financial needs. Islamic deposits and lend money, but can't make a Bank of Britain, Islamic banks of Thailand,
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 100 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Singapore and USA may be glaring models the rest may have an alternative to interest for Indian bankers. The reputed domestic bearing conventional banking. Both systems and international banks along with the can co-exist. Let the people of the largest collaboration of RBI should be involved in democracy decide democratically which one the process of determining and implementing they should bank upon. The young sapling of Islamic Banking products. The importance Islamic banking must be nurtured by the and relevance of Islamic banking in India in Government so that the country may reap the context of "Financial Tsunami" that has the benefit of its fruit in the coming period. taken place in recent times further enhances the need of Sharia banking. Also the political References parties need economic rationality to convince Siddiqi, M. N (1988), “Islamic majority of voters that Islamic banking is Banking: Theory And Practice.” In not being introduced to please Muslim voters Mohammad Ariff Ed., Banking. In but to genuinely boost faster and inclusive Southeast Asia, Singapore: growth for the Indian economy. Obnoxious Institute Of Southeast Asian politics in the name of religion must be Studies, P.P. 34-67. avoided. I personally believe to refer Rao, K.N (2012),” Islamic Banking: 'Islamic Banking' as 'Interest Free Banking' The New Dynamics.”The Icfai so that it could be looked through the broad University Press, Agartala, India economic kaleidoscope and not a narrow Ahmad, Ausaf (1987), Development religious prism. With only minor changes in and problems of Islamic Banks, their practices, Islamic banks can get rid of Islamic Research and Training all their cumbersome and sometimes Institute, Islamic Development Bank doubtful forms of financing and offer a Jeddah clean and efficient interest-free banking. Uzair, Muhammad, "An Outline of Participatory financing is a unique feature of Interestless Banking': Islamic banking, and can offer responsible Karachi/Dacca, Raihan Publications, financing to socially and economically 1955.p-34 relevant development projects. This is an Khatkhatay, M.H. "Islamic additional service that Islamic banks offer Investment Activities in India': over and above the traditional services Paper presented at the second provided by conventional commercial banks. conference on Islamic Banking and Such a system will offer an effective Finance, Toronto, Canada, June banking system where Muslims in India may 1997, Mimeo, p. 2. invest in pursuant to Islamic principles and
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 101 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
LEARNERS AUTONOMY IN TEACHING OF ENGLISH
Miss. R. Sridevi Asst. Professor in Mathematics Education, LOYOLA College of Education, Nungambakkam, CHENNAI Abstract especially sensitive to the motivation/need The ability to take charge of one’s own of the learners for learning the language so learning makes the learner to play an active that he/she may adapt the materials and role in participatory democracy. Thus organize the learning environment to satisfy Learner autonomy demands learners’ the learner’s needs. involvement, reflection, and appropriate use In a country like ours, where the of the target language. This paper highlights learners differ considerably with reference the importance of promoting learner to their needs for learning as well as their autonomy among language learners, certain competence in the language, an omnibus methodology issues, possible adaptation for curriculum cannot be relevant. later use, and role of technology in promoting learner autonomy. LEARNER-CENTERED INSTRUCTION
Keywords: Learners, Learners autonomy, Technology and methodology. Facilitates an Introduction atmosphere for Teaching of English becomes a exploration challenge, especially in those language learning environment where exposure to English language is limited to the classroom and the language is absent in the speech L.C.I community of the learners home or his immediate neighborhood especially peer group. Personal Provides To understand the nature of opportunity language and language acquisition, the Discovery ‘teaching of English’ attempts to take into consideration the issues directly related to teaching methodology in English language Under this approach, the learners teaching while focusing on nature of learners should be provided with the and learner factors. atmosphere in which the learners In poor learning environment, the need to explore the meaning and opportunities of learning English are understand both the risks and severely limited and occur only in the formal rewards of seeking new knowledge educational setting, especially restricted to and understanding. the text book. This makes the learning of Learners must be given frequent the language for more difficult. On these opportunities to confront new situations, the teacher needs to be information and experience in
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 102 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
search for meaning by using their Enrich the curriculum beyond past experience without the text books. dominance of a teacher. Making examination more New meaning should be acquired flexible and integrating them through a process of personal with classroom life. discovery. The methods adopted for Nurturing an overriding identity this must be individualized and informed by caring concerns adopted to the learner’s own styles within the democratic policy of and pace for learning. the country.
Learner Autonomy Role of Teachers in Learning Autonomy Knowledge is that Teachers are seen as facilitators, which is required counselors and resources. They should through personal Involve the learners in a non – experiences. stop quest for good learning -- Thiruvalluvar. activities. To set their own learning Learner autonomy is nothing but targets. learners accepting responsibility for their To promote discussions, analysis process and sharing in the decisions for the and evaluation in the target learning process. Learners who take up language. learning responsibility can achieve their To make the learning identify learning targets. For eg. how students the individual goals but through working in groups on projects of different collaborative group work. themes took up responsibility for their To insist the students maintain learning. a written record of their A curriculum should be framed to learning (lessons, projects, list imply/impart quality education. Quality of useful vocabulary) education promotes the innate potential of To engage the learners in learners, inculcation of self-discipline, regular evaluation of their assimilation of the best learning experiences progress as individual learners which result in creating interest in learning and as a class. among students. To promote autonomous learning in primary education (ABL method), NAF (National Curriculum Framework) 2005 introduced five cardinal principles in the Elementary Teacher Education are as follows: Connecting knowledge to life outside the school. Learning shifts away from rote methods.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 103 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Learner’s Role in Autonomous Learning goals. In language teaching, Self-Directed Learners autonomy is feeling free Learning (SDL) can be motivated. It creates and volitional in one’s action is –a basic human awareness to the learners some need for need (Deci 1995 p.2) learning and ‘learn how to learn’ because it is Learners draws on their intrinsic mingles with out natural process. Many of motivation when they accept the new developments in education such as responsibility for their own learning. ABL, ALM etc, put an intense responsibility In English Classroom students can on the learners to take a good deal of do the task given under any initiative for their own learning. This will grammar exercise of their own. lead to ‘Lifelong learning skills’. Students need not depend on teachers but do the tasks on their Steps Involved in Learning Autonomy own. In English classroom, students can Learners develop the skills of be assigned with different task on their reflective self-management in choice will promote freedom and self learning. analysis. The knowledge and skills acquired in Probing questions the classroom can be applied to Inquire and solve problems situations that arise outside the Accepting others opinion classroom. Scan and quickly pick the relevant Learning a language is governed by resources three basic pedagogical principles. Acquisition through self- Learner’s involvement observation and feed back Learner’s reflection Self assessment Appropriate target language use. Meet the goal Compare and contrast your goal with The Independent Learning Centre others In language learning class, self Firm, continuous work by the learning materials (SIM) can be used. The learners following simple diagram will tell us how ILC Move through the learning cycle promote learners autonomy For Example, Continuous self-motivations Learners can consult ILC for their development in various skills. Language improvement plans To acquire fluency in spoken English Mock job interview practice CV writing Letter writing Report writing Writing Agenda and minutes Book Review … Teachers can act as a counselor to give the learners suggestion to attain their
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 104 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Autonomous Learning in Different Levels – Web quest tasks – web 1.0, web 2.0 and web LEVEL METHODOLOGY 3.0
ALL LEVELS LANGUAGE Pronunciation – PRIMARY ABL Logical and LABORATORY accent – LEVEL natural – creates modulation – drill English and exercise – atmosphere in fluency - the classroom – learning involves Conclusion LSRW – helps in Autonomous learning is an important acquiring the aspect of quality education. It aims at right type of pronunciation successful learning, good understanding. It SECONDARY ALM Promotes and is mostly allowed in the specific context and LEVEL involves students shows how the learners utilize resources and in doing thing strategies. It motivated the learner’s and thinking integrated learning through their personal what they are doing – it is in experience. contrast to standard mode Reference of instruction – 1. Dickinson, Leslie (1987): Self learning is Instruction in Language learning natural – active and direct. 2. Learners autonomy from Google HIGHER ICT,VIRTUAL Self Wikipedia LEVEL LEARNING, Instructional 3. The Journal of Engish Language E LEARNING, Materials (SIM) Teaching(India) Volume XLIX No 5, ONLINE – flexible – Sep – LEARNING blended learning PROGRAMMED – self evaluation oct2010.http://englishharmony.com LEARNING – all purpose /conquer-fear-of-making-mistakes- symbolic when-speaking-english/ instruction - update their knowledge by browsing the net
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 105 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
KJikAk;> Rw;Wr;#oypd; jhf;fKk;;
nry;tp t. Nrhgpah milf;fy Nkhp> Ma;thsh;> r%ftpay; Jiw> nghpahh; gy;fiyfofk;> Nryk;.
Kidth; R.M. Kj;J> cjtp Nguhrphpah;> r%ftpay; Jiw> fhkuh[;gy;fiyfofk;> kJiu.
Kd;Diu Rw;Wr;#oiyg;ghjpf;fhky; ,Uf;f “kdpjdha; gpwe;jpl Ntz;Lk;. mJ tsh;r;rp> jpl;lq;fis ey;ykhjtk; nra;jplNtz;Lk;”. Mk;> epiwNtw;Wtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijaha; gpwe;J> ,isQuha; ve;j xU tsh;r;rp Rw;Wr;#oiy tsh;e;J> Kjpatuha; Kjph;e;J> gpd; ghjpf;fhky; ,Uf;fpd;wNjh> me;j ,wf;Fk; xt;nthU kdpjhpYk; tsh;r;rpNa epiyjpUf;f $ba ,aw;if gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. tsh;r;rp vd;W ngah;. ,t;Tyfpy; gazpf;Fk; ,j;jhspy;> jw;fhy xt;nthU kdpjdpYk;> jdp Rw;Wr;#oy;> KJikia tsh;r;rp tho;thdhYk; rhp> r%f ghijf;F ,l;Lnry;fpwjh? my;yJ tho;thdhYk; rhp> ,aw;ifapd; gq;F gf;f tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpwjh? ,y;yhky; ,y;iy. kdpjd; jd; vd;gij ghh;g;Nghk;. tho;it ,aw;ifNahL ,izj;J tho Ntz;Lk;. vt;thnwdpy; ePh;> kdpj eyk; epyk;> fhw;W> neUg;G> Mfhak; Mfpa kdpjDila kpf Kf;fpakhd gQ;r G+jq;fSld; jhd; kdpjdpd; tpiykjpg;gw;w clik mtDila tho;f;if rhh;e;J ,Uf;fpwJ. eyNk MFk;. mJ mtDila Kd;ndhUfhyj;jpy;> nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JtNjhL ,aw;ifNahL xd;whf ,ize;J mtDila tho;f;iff;Fk;> nfhz;L tho;T elj;jpatd;> ,d;W kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ. ,aw;ifia tpl;L rw;W js;sp> eyk; kdpjdpd; mbg;gil ,aw;if NtW> jhd; NtW vd;W chpikahfTk;> mtDila js;sp epw;fpd;whd;. tsh;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhfTk;> ,t;tho;T> tho;NthL $ba cyf mstpy; xU rKjha Rw;Wr;#oYk; khwp tUk; Nehf;fkhfTk; cs;sJ. jw;fhyj;jpy;> gy;NtW gpur;ridfs; vOfpd;wd> kdpjd; ,aw;ifia eyk; - tiu tpyf;fzk; Jd;GWj;Jfpwhd;;. mjw;F gjpy; eyk; vDk; nrhy; ntWk; nfhLf;Fk; tpjkhf> ,aw;ifAk; Nehapd;ikia kl;Lk; Fwpg;gjpy;iy. tpl;L itg;gjpy;iy nghq;fp clystpYk;> kdj;jstpYk;> rKjha vOfpwJ> kdpjid rpukgLj;JfpwJ. mstpYk;> KOikahf Neha; my;yJ rpukgLj;JfpwJ vd;gijtpl Fiwfsw;w epiyapy; ,Ug;gij epidTg;gLj;JfpwJ. xd;Wk; nra;ahj Fwpf;Fk; vd cyf eyepWtdk; vd;id> Jd;ggLj;jpdhy; ,Jjhd; tiuaWf;fpd;wJ. tpisT vd;W. Rw;Wr;#oy; epiyaw;w tsh;r;rpapypUe;J ePbj;J epiyj;J ,Uf;f $ba tsh;r;rp vd;gJ> xU tsh;r;rpahdJ
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 106 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684 eyj;jpidj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;: 4. Rw;Wr;#oypd; jl;gntg;g cUg;ghpkhzk; epiykhWjy; cly; vd;gJ clypd; 5. ,urhad khw;wk; nray;fs; Kiwahd mstpy; 6. jukhd czT tpdpNahfk; ,aq;Ftijf; Fwpf;Fk;. clypd; Fiwjy; midj;J cWg;GfSk;> rPuhf 7. tPl;bd; jiu mikg;G ,aq;FtJ. Kjpath;fspd; fhy;fis gjk;ghh;f;fpd;wd. csg;ghpkhzk; 8. kUe;J khj;jpiufspd; juk; kdeyid rpwg;ghf itj;J FiwT. nfhs;tij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. xU kdpjd; 9. Muha;r;rp vd;w ngahpy; ve;jtpj kdg;Nghuhl;lk; ,y;yhky; fjph;tPr;Rfs; gf;f tpisit ,Ug;gJ> Raf;fl;Lg;ghL> Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. midthplKk; gphpakhfTk;> xj;J 10. Gjpa tifj; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; cioj;J NghtJ. xyp> xsp khRghL. ,it midj;Jk; nghJthf rKjhag; ghpkhzk; midj;J tajpdiuAk; rKjha eyk; vd;gJ xU ghjpf;fpwJ. mjpy; Fwpg;ghf kdpjDf;Fs;Sk;> kdpjDf;Fk; Kjpatiu kpfTk; mjpfkhf> rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s gpw mjpf mstpy; ghjpf;fpwJ. kdpjh;fSf;fpilNaAk;> cyfpy; Kjpath;fshy; ,ij cs;s midthpilNaAk; cs;s jhq;fpnfhs;s rf;jp ,y;yhky; xw;Wik kw;Wk; gpwhplk; RKfkhf> ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. fhuzk; gpur;ridapd;wp goFtJ. Rw;Wr;#oypd; khRghL. Nkw;Fwpj;j vjpyhtJ rPuhf ,y;yhky; mtw;wpd; nray;fs; fhuzq;fs; eOtpg; Ngha; NfhshWfs; Vw;gLtNj 1. ngWfptUk; njhopw;rhiy – Neha; vdg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; ntspahFk; fopTfs;. 2. ,urhazg; nghUl;fshy; Kjpath; vd;gth; ahh;? Vw;gLk; NfLfs;. tajpy; %j;jth;> jiyKb 3. ,aw;if tsq;fis eiuj;J> cly;jsh;e;J> eil mopg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; NfLfs;. jsh;e;J> gpwiu rhh;e;J tho$ba 4. caukhd fl;blq;fshy; epiyapy; cs;stNu Kjpath; vd;W Vw;gLk; NfLfs;. mwpagLthh;. 5. xyp mjph;Tfshy; cz;lhFk; rhh;e;J tho;tJ vd;gJ cly;> NfLfs;. kd> rKf> kUj;Jt kw;Wk; 6. flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; kf;fshy; nghUshjhukhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Kjph; Vw;gLk; khR. tajpy; vijvLj;jhYk; gpwiu 7. cyfkakhf;fy;> rhh;e;J ,Ug;gNj MFk;. jhuhskakhf;fy;> jdpahh;kakhf;fy;. 8. efh;g;Gwf; FbNaw;wk;. Rw;Wr;#oypd; jhf;fk; Kjpath; kPJ 9. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk;. 1. cly; ey NfL> kdjsh;r;rp. 10. ruhrhp kio mstpy; FiwT. 2. jukhd ePh; / ePh; 11. G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs;. Rfhjhukhffpilg;gjpy;iy. 12. td;Kiw 3. jukhd fhw;W Rthrpg;gjw;F 13. Nkw;f;fj;jpa Nkhfk;. fpilf;ftpy;iy. 14. gpsh];bf; nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jy;.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 107 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
15. mkpy kio Kjpath;fSf;Nf! ,ij rhpfl;l> 16. tptrha epyq;fis mopj;J kdpjd; ,aw;iff;F jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;;. FbapUg;Gfs; mikj;jy;. ghh;it E}y;fs; KbTiu 1. T.M. nrse;juuh[d;> ,aw;if> ,aw;if> Rw;Wg;GwKk; RfhjhuKk;> ,aw;if…. vd;W kdpjd; jd; jkpourp gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> tho;tpy; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk;> 1984. ,aw;ifia Rw;wpNa kdpjdpd; tho;T 2. Kidth; M. Nahf%h;j;jp> mike;Js;sJ. Rw;Wr;#oy; jUk; Rftho;T> Mdhy;> jw;NghJ cs;s [{gplh; Mg;nrl; gphpz;lh;];> mtru cyfpy;> ,ae;jpu cyfpy;> nrd;id> 2006. jhd;kl;Lk; eykhf thoNtz;Lk;> 3. Kidth; rp. NrJuhkd; & gpwiug; gw;wp rw;Wk; Kidth; r. mwpnthsp> mf;fiwnfhs;shj kdpjDf;Fk; #oypay; fy;tp> ghit ,aw;if Njhs;nfhLf;f gg;spNf\d;]; (gp) ntspaPL> kWj;Jtpl;lJ. nrd;id> 2009. Njhs; nfhLf;f kWj;j ,aw;ifia> nraw;ifia itj;J rhjpj;Jtplyhk; vd;W vz;zpa kdpjDf;F fhj;jpUe;jJ gf;ftpisTfSk;> jhf;fq;fSNk ! ,jdhy; ngUk;gq;fhd ghjpg;G
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 108 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
õº‹ è¬ô»‹
«õ. ªê‰F™ ªê™õ¡.
è¬ôŠð¬ìŠ¹èª÷¡ð¶ Ü®ˆî÷ˆF™ àÁFò£è¾‹ õˆF¡ð£Ÿð†ì‹. å¼ Ü¬ùˆ¶ˆ ñèÀ‚°‹ ñQîQ¡ àœ÷£˜‰îŠ ¹Kî™è¬÷Š ªïAö‚îòî£ù¬õò£è¾‹ Hø¼‚° M÷‚°î™ â¡ð«î õ‹ Þ¼Šð¬î ÜPò º®Aø¶. ꣘‰î¶î£¡. õˆF¡ ãŸÁ‚ªè£œÀ, c‚°î½‹ HóFH‹ðñ£è‚ 裆C Ü®Šð¬ì¬ò„ «êîŠð´ˆî£îõ£Á ÜOŠð¬õªò™ô£‹ è¬ô꣘‰î îèõ¬ñ‚èŠð†ìF™ õƒèœ ªõOŠð£´è÷£è«õ c®ˆîˆî¡¬ñ¬òŠ ªðŸøù. ¬êõ‹, è£í‚A¬ì‚A¡øù. à‡¬ñ»‹ ¬õíõ‹, êñí‹, ªð÷ˆî‹ èŸð¬í»‹ èô‰î à¼õˆ«î£Ÿøƒèœ îƒèÀ‚°œ ºó‡ð£´è¬÷‚ ñQî êÍèˆF¡ õóô£Á ñŸÁ‹ ªè£‡®¼ŠH‹ ñ‚è¬÷ ð‡ð£†®¡ ªõOŠð£´è÷£è«õ Æ®„«ê˜ŠðF½‹, ÜFè£óˆ¬î ªè£œ÷Šð´A¡øù. àôè‹ º¿õ¶‹ º¡ªù´ŠðF½‹ ܬõˆîƒèœ Ü™ô¶ Þù‚°¿‚èO¡ Æìƒè¬÷ C¬î‰î ºèƒè¬÷ å«óÝÀ¬ñ‚°‚ W› 裆®‚ªè£œ÷M™¬ô â¡«ø 弃A¬íŠð¶‹ ãõ™ ªêŒõ¶‹ ªè£œ÷ô£‹. ðóõô£è ñQî
ÜFè£óˆ¬îŠ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ Þù‚°¿‚è¬÷‚ ã¶õ£ù‹. ÜõŸPŸ° ã¶õ£ù ¬è‚ªè£œÀîªô¡ð¶ «ð£˜èœ å¼õòŠð†ì Ü®ˆî÷‹ «î¬õò£è å¼õNò£è¾‹, ñîƒèœ àœ÷¶ ÜŠ«ð£«î ÜFè£óˆF¡ ñÁõNò£è¾‹ ªêò™ð†ìù. °Mò‹ I辋 ¸‡¬ñˆî¡¬ñ«ò£´ «ð£˜èœÜóê˜è¬÷ º¡Q¼ˆFù
è£íŠð´‹. ܬõè£ôˆî£™ c‡´ GŸè‚îò àÁFJ¡¬ñ¬ò à혉î ÜFè£ó êƒè Þô‚Aòƒ‚èO™ ܬñŠ¹ Üóê¡ õNò£èˆ
è£íŠð´‹ ܬñŠ¹‹ 𰊹‹ æ˜ îˆ¶õƒè¬÷ G¬ô 昬ñ¬ò «ï£‚A«ò ìˆî¬ôŠð†ìù. ܬõ»‹ ܬñ‰¶œ÷ùõŸ¬ø  åŠð£Œ‰¶ ñŸ«ø£˜ «ð£K™ 輈¶G¬ôJ™ ¹K‰¶ ªè£œ÷ô£‹. ÜõŸP™ âF˜õ˜‚è‹ ÜN‚è‚îò õ£ŒŠ¹‹ ð£ì™èœ c‚èŠð†ì¬õ ãŸð†ì¶. Þ¼‡ìè£ô‹ â¡Â‹ «ê˜‚èŠð†ì¬õ â¡ðù 昬ñŠ èŸHî‹ Þî¡ õNò£è«õ ¹K‰¶íó 𴈶îL¡ ñ¬øºè ÜóCò«ôò£°‹. º®Aø¶. âù«õ â‚è£ôˆF½‹
õ à¼õ‚è‹ â¡ð¶ i›ˆîº®ò£ æ˜ Ü®¬ñ à혬õ
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 109 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
î ñ‚èOì‹ «ê˜Šð I¼è õNJ™ õ‰îñQ «ð£˜èœêKò£ù b˜õ£è£¶ ÞùˆFŸ° å¼õ¬ó âF˜Šð¶‹, âù¾í˜‰«î Üøƒèœ ãŸð¶‹, îŸè£ˆ¶‚ ªè£œõ¶‹
«ð£F‚èŠð†ìù. Þò™ð£è«õ ܬñ‰î °íƒè÷£°‹. HK¾è¬÷»‹ «ðîƒè¬÷‹ ÃP ð™õ¬è Þù‚°¿‚èœ ªð‡èO¡ ÞòŸ¬è °íƒè¬÷ îƒèÀ‚è£ù àí¾, à¬ì, ªîŒõ‹, ñ£ŸP ݵ‚è£ùãõ™ êìƒ°èœ â¡Á ªè£‡®¼ˆî¬ô ªêŒðõ˜è÷£è ÜøˆF¡ õN«ò c‚A õ ªïPJ™ å«óܬñŠð£è º¡QÁˆFò¶ ÜFè£óˆF¡ Æ´î¬ô º¬ù‰¶ G¬ø«õŸPù. جñˆ¶õ õñ£°‹. ªîŒõ ÜŠ ð™«õÁõ¬èò£ù õNð£´, º¡«ù£˜õN𣴠âˆîQŠ¹è¬÷ 嚪õ£¼ ñîƒèÀ‹ ÞòŸ¬è¬òŠ «ð£ŸÁî™ â¡øðö¬ñ„ î¡ îˆ¶õˆF¡ð£Ÿ êÍèˆF¡ c‚èMòô£Š ð‡¹è¬÷ º¡Q¼ˆFù.ᇠà‡í™, à†AóAˆ¶ ÜõŸ¬ø «õŸÁ¬ñð´ˆF èœÀ‡í™, èôM. ⡪ø™ô£‹ ªêŠðI´õ¶«ð£™ 弃A¬íˆ¶ î¡ ñA›M™ Í›Aòñ‚è¬÷ ªè£™ô£¬ñ, ÜFè£óˆFŸ° à†ð´ˆFù. ªð‡¶øŠ¹ â¡Á ÞòŸ¬èðŸPò ܄ꈬî I°Mˆ¶ âFK¬ìò£ùÜøƒè¬÷ êñí‹ ÞòŸ¬èJ¡ °Pf´è¬÷ ªîŒõ º¡Q¼ˆFò¶.ªð÷ˆî«ñ£ à¼õƒèÀ‚° ªð£¼ˆF ¬õbèñîƒèœ è´‰¶ø¬õêŸÁ Þ÷‚A Ü¡¬ð ðö¬ñ„êÍè Æìƒè¬÷
º¡Q¼ˆFò¶ ¬õbèñîƒè«÷£ ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷„ ªêŒîù. Þ󇮡 CøŠ¹è¬÷»‹ â´ˆ¶‚ªè£‡´ °´‹ðõ£›¬õ»‹ õ ܬñŠH™ ¹Fò õNº¬øò£è‚ ÃPò¶. ñQî‚°¿‚è¬÷ H÷¾ð´ˆF ãŸèù«õ 弃A¬í‰î êÍèñ£è ¬õŠð¶ â¡ð¶îù‚è£ù ñ£PJ¼‰î ñ‚èœÃ†ìˆ¬î ÜFè£óˆ¬îˆ î‚è¬õˆ¶‚ ªè£œÀ‹ ªñ£Nò£½‹ õM÷‚èˆî£½‹ àˆFò£°‹. HK‚èŠð†ìð® H÷¬õ à‡ì£‚A Üõ˜è¬÷ G¬ôèO™ «ñ½œ÷ êÍè‹ å¼ƒA¬íˆî¶ ¬õbè‹. Høñî W¿œ«÷£¬ó îù‚° Ü®¬ñˆªî£N™ ÜNŠ¬ð Ü‹ñ‚è¬÷‚ ªè£‡«ì ªêŒõ¶ â¡ð¶ ݇ìõ‚°„ G¬ø«õŸPù ݬùñ¬ôJ™ àœ÷ ªêŒ»‹ ªî£‡ì£èñ£ŸPò¶. å¼ êñí„CŸðˆ¬î è™ô£™ Þ¼ŠH‹ ï‰îù£˜ «ð£¡ø Ü®ˆî£™ G¬ùˆî¶ ïì‚°‹ â¡Á è¬îèO™ ð®G¬ôèO™ «ñ«ô ñ‚èO¡ êìƒè£è Ý‚Aò¬î õ¼õ õNÃøŠð®Â‹
Ü‹ñî, Ü‹ñî õˆ¬î Þù‚èôŠ¬ð ãŸÁ‚ ªè£œ÷M™¬ô. ÜNŠðF™ ¬õbèˆFŸ° àœ÷
ÜóCò¬ôŠ ¹K‰¶ ªè£œ÷ô£‹. ªîŒõˆF¼«ñQèœ è£†´‹ õñ£ù¶ Þò™H™ ꣈Fò ñŸøñ£òH‹ðñ£è ªêò½‚°
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 110 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
ÜŠð£Ÿð†ìî£è ñ‚èœÃ†ìˆF™ â‰î‚膴Šð£´è«÷£ ñ¬øºè ÜF躜÷ W› ð®G¬ôJ™ àœ÷ åOŠðF¾‚ è¼Mè«÷£ ï¬èè«÷£ ñ‚è÷£™ ãŸèº®òM™¬ô. Üóê˜èœ èî¾èÀ‹ Þ¡P ޡ‹ ݇ìè£ôˆF™ ܬõè†ì£òñ£è W›G¬ôñ‚èÀ‚° ð‚F¬ò ãŸè¬õ‚èŠð†ìù. Þ¼ŠH‹ õöƒ°A¡øù. ªð¼ƒ‚«è£J™èO™ êùï£òèè£ôˆF™ ñ‚èœ ÜõŸ¬øŠ àœ÷ CŸðƒèœ, æMòƒèœ è£ôˆF¡ ¹ø‰îœOù˜.ÜFè£ó‹ ªê½ˆ¶‹ è‡í£® ð‡ð£†®¡ ܬìò£÷‹ «ñ†®¬ñ ñ‚èœ Ü™ô¶ â¡Á ªè£œO‹ ܬõ õLòˆ àò˜°®èO¡ ªê£ˆî£è ޡ‹ FE‚èŠð†ìô«ò î¡ «è£J™èœàœ÷ù. ܃° «è£ðˆ¬î‚ W›„êÍè‹ ÜõŸ¬ø W›G¬ôñ‚èÀ‚è£ùÜFè£ó‹ C¬îŠðî£è‚ ªè£œ÷ô£‹. ã¶ñŸøG¬ôJ™ ªð¼‰ªîŒõƒèœ ²†´‹ ¹ó CŸðƒèÀ‹èŸÚ‡èÀ‹, æMòƒèÀ‹, £íõƒèœ ðôõ¬è¬ñJ™ è¬ôŠð‡ð£†´ ªð¼¬ñè÷£è ÃøŠð®Â‹ W›G¬ô ñ‚èÀ‚° ܬõ Þ¼ŠH‹ Üõ˜èÀ‚è£ùî£è â„êôùˆ¬î»‹ ãŸð´ˆîM™¬ô. Üõ˜è÷£™ àíóº®õF™¬ô. àí¾‚°‹ à¬ì‚°‹ «è£J™èO™ â™ô£ ÞìƒèO½‹ õ£›õ£î£óˆFŸ°ñ£ù «ð£ó£†ìˆF™ õíƒ°î™ GŸø™ ¬èc†´î™ «ð£¡ø ð®G¬ô„ êÍèñ‚èœ Þ¼‚°‹ ð‚F„ ªêò™ð£´èO™ ð£Mò£è¾‹ G¬ôJ™ ݬì, M¬ôñFŠðŸø °Ÿøõ£Oò£è¾«ñ W›G¬ôJù˜ Ýðóíƒè¬÷ ÜE‰¶ Üö° ²†ìŠð´õîù£™ ñùî÷M™ ªê£†ì‚裆C  ÜšMì‹ Üõ˜èÀ‚° ªîŒõˆF¼«ñQèœ ñ‚èÀ‚°
Ü„ê͆´ð¬õò£è àœ÷ù. ã‚般î ãŸð´ˆ¶A¡øù«õ åNòð‚F¬ò»‹, õƒè¬÷»‹
ἂ°œ ÜÂñF‚èŠðì£î ܬõ Üõ˜èÀ‚° à혈îM™¬ô... è£õ™ ªîŒõƒèœ, CÁ ªîŒõƒèœ
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 111 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
ATTITUDE OF HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS TOWARDS THE USE OF INTERNET FOR CAREER ORIENTATION
Dr.S.INDIRA Principal, Kongunadu College of Education, Tholur patti, Thottiyam (TK), Trichy (DT)
Abstract favorable attitude towards the use of internet This study investigates the attitude of for career orientation . the higher secondary school students towards Keywords: Attitude, internet, career the use of internet as an instrument for orientation. enhancing career orientation. Normative survey method is adopted for the present study. The Introduction sample of the study consisted of 300 higher Education is the development of an secondary school students from Trichy and individual according to his needs and demands perambalur district selected by stratified of society. A knowledge based society accepts random sampling. For measuring the attitude of new technologies and development. in the higher secondary school students towards the present digital era the development in various use of internet for career orientation, the aspects of modern technology has reached investigator constructed and standardized an beyond our imagination and expectation. attitude scale. analysis of data was done by Attitudes is the foreshadowing of what using statistical procedures mean , median, individual will likely be doing with respect to the mode standard deviation, percentage analysis, object of question. the rapid development over t-test, ANOVA. the major findings of the study the last two decades in computer and internet that boys are having more attitude towards use technology have resulted in many changes and of internet for career orientation than girls, reforms in education as well as in other sectors students of urban area was found to have of society. Twenty first century is a significantly superior attitude towards the use technology driven century which is developing a of internet for career orientation ,there is no knowledge based society, knowledge based difference in the attitude of students towards economy and technology enhanced learning and the use of internet for career orientation on career orientation. the basis of type of school, the attitude Most of the students depend on internet towards use of internet for career orientation for their study designed to prepare students to of science and commerce students do not differ have a greater understanding of educational and significantly. The means scores indicate that career opportunities and options and to assist commerce and science students have high them in making meaningful and informed career attitude towards use of internet for career choices .generally students appreciate the orientation than that of humanities students convenience, choice and flexibility that internet from the study it is clear that majority of the offers. Today’s world heavily computer driven higher secondary school students have
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 112 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
and this skill would be a tremendous value 2. There is ho significant difference addition to children. between the mean scores of attitude of higher secondary school students Need and Significance of the Study towards the use of internet for career Today the internet plays a vital role in the orientation on the basis of locality of teaching, learning process, research and career school. orientation. The internet has provided 3. There is no significant difference opportunity to introduce new ways for between the mean scores of attitude supporting individual learning styles for of higher secondary school students students and created new paradigms for towards the use of internet for career instruction. the potentials of internet can help orientation on the basis of type of the students chose a better career and make school. them more powerful to achieve excellence in 4. There is no significant difference education . internet helps to understand various between the mean scores of attitude scholarships related to higher education . of higher secondary school students internet helps to select famous colleges for towards the use of internet for career higher education. The online career aptitude orientation on the basis of stream of tests help them to select courses of their study. interest. This study investigates the attitude • Science of the students towards the use of internet as • Commerce an instrument for enhancing their career • Humanities orientation. Methodology Objective In present study normative survey To compare the attitude of higher method is adopted to find the attitude of secondary school students towards the use of higher secondary school students towards the internet for career orientation on the basis of use of internet for career with respect to gender, locality of school, type of management gender, locality of school, type of management of school and stream of study and stream of study. • Science • Commerce Sample • Humanities The sample of the study consisted of 300 higher secondary school students from Nilgiri Hypotheses of the Study and perambalur district selected by 1. There is no significant difference stratified random sampling/TAMIL NADU between the mean scores of attitude of higher secondary school students towards the use of internet for career orientation on the basis of gender.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 113 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Variables Urban 150 147.24 146 135 13.92 In the present study the variable taken in Rural 150 140.06 140.5 141 10.86 Male 156 145.97 144 133 14.27 to consideration is “the attitude towards the Female 144 141.71 145.5 147 14.71 use of internet for career orientation” Science 100 147.2 145.5 147 14.71 Commerce 100 144.19 142.5 141 11.65 Tools Humanities 100 140.39 139 135 11.26 Attitude scale:- constructed and standardized by the Investigator. The mean score obtained for the total For measuring the attitude of Higher sample of higher secondary school students is Secondary school towards the use of internet 143.93, median is 143 and mode is 147 . the DS for career orientation. for the total sample is 12.90. The values of these measures show slight variations for the Analysis and Findings sub samples. Analysis of data collected for this study 1. There is no significant difference was done to find out the attitude of higher between the mean scores of Higher secondary school students towards the use of secondary school students towards the internet for career orientation. use of internet for career orientation on the basis of gender Table-1: Statistical constants of the scores of use of internet for career orientation of Higher Secondary School students Groups N Mean Median Mode SD Total 30 143.93 143 147 12.90 Govt. 150 143.81 141.5 135 12.27 Aided 150 144.04 144 147 13.54
Table-2: Mean, Standard deviation and ‘t’ value of the attitude of Higher Secondary School students towards the use of internet for career orientation on the basis of gender Table value Level of Sample N Mean SD Calculated value .05 .01 significance Male 156 145.967 14.28 1.96 2.58 2.918 P<0.01 Female 144 141.72 1085 From the mean scores we can attitude of Higher Secondary conclude that boys are having more attitude school students towards the use of towards use of internet for career internet for career orientation on orientation than girls. the basis of locality of school 2. There is no significant difference between the mean scores of
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 114 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Table-3: Mean, Standard deviation and t- value of the attitude of Higher Secondary school students towards the use of internet for career orientation on the basis of Locality of school Table value Calculated Level of Sample N Mean SD .05 .01 value significance Urban 150 147.25 13.54 1.96 2.58 4.611 P<0.01 Rural 150 140.61 10.86 It can be concluded that the higher attitude of Higher Secondary secondary school students of Urban area school students towards the use of was found to have significantly superior internet for career orientation on attitude towards the use for career the basis of type of school orientation. 1. There is no significant difference between the mean scores of
Table-4: Mean, Standard deviation and t- value of the attitude of Higher Secondary school students towards the use of internet for career orientation on the basis of type of school Table value Level of Sample N Mean SD Calculated value .05 .01 significance Aided 150 144.03 13.54 1.96 2.58 .154 P>0.05 Government 150 143.81 12.27 That is there is no significant towards the use of internet for career difference in the mean scores of attitude of orientation on the basis of stream of Higher Secondary school students towards study the use of internet for career orientation on • Science the basis of type of school • Commerce 2. There is no significant difference • Humanities between the mean scores of attitude of Higher Secondary school students
Table -5: Summery of ANOVA : Table based on stream of study Table value Source Df F Level of Significance 0.05 0.01 Between group 2 7.18 3.03 4.68 P<0.01 Within group 297 It indicates that the attitude of based on stream of study differ higher secondary school students towards significantly. the use of internet for career orientation
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 115 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Table-6: Calculate ‘t’ value of attitude towards use of internet for career orientation of higher secondary school students with respect to stream of study Subjects Mean SD Calculated Table value Level of compared M1 M2 SD1 SD2 value .05 .01 signifiance Science 147.2 144.19 14.71 11.65 1.60 P>0.05 commerce Commerce 144.19 140.39 11.65 11.26 2.35 1.96 2.58 P<0.05 humanities Science 147.2 140.39 14.71 11.26 3.68 P<0.01 Humanities It shows that the mean scores of 4. Higher secondary students attitude towards use of internet for career must be trained to handle and orientation of science and Commerce access the various service students do not differ significantly . The available in the internet means scores indicate that commerce 5. There must be special and students have high attitude towards use of separate training programmer internet for career orientation than that of in ICT for each faculty of humanities students . The means indicate higher secondary school that Science students have high attitude 6. Schools should organize towards use of internet for career vocational guidance Programme orientation than that of Humanities for higher secondary school students. students . 7. Proper guidance in school for Educational Implications using internet will facilitate In the light of the findings of the career choice present study the following suggestions for 8. Teachers should train and educational implication were made . monitor the use of internet by 1. Information technology must be the students. a compulsory subject at high 9. The teachers should encourage secondary level students top participate in the 2. Students should be always be online career discussions which in touch with the latest will give information about new development in the field of career fields. science and technology 3. Every higher secondary school Conclusion should have well equipped The objective of this study was to computers labs with internet measure the attitude of higher secondary facility irrespective of the school students towar5ds the use of nature of stream of study internet for career orientation. The findings
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 116 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
of any research work leads in developing new insights in the field of education practices . From the study it is concluded that majority of the higher secondary school students have favorable attitude towards the use of internet for career orientation.
References Books • Aggarwal, J.C.(1992). Essentials of Education Technology innovations in teaching Learning . New Delhi. vikas Publication Pvt. Ltd. • Hahn, H.(2001). The internet complete Reference. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Company Limited. • Peters, J.H.& Hansen, C.J.(1968) . vocational Guidance and career Development. Newyork: The Macmillan Company • Ray . K.Ajoy. & Acharya. (2009) . information Technology principles and Application . New delhi: PHL Learning Private Limited
Journals • Aytekin I. (2004). Attitude of Students towards internet . Journal of Distance Education , 5(4). • Kadijevich, D. (2000) . Gender Difference in computer Attitude among Nine –Grate Students. Journal of Educational Computing Research 22:145-154.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 117 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
PONDICHERRY FRENCH SCHOLARS AND TAMIL LITERATURE
Dr. C. Thirumurugan Department of French, Pondicherry University, Puducherry
Tamil language and literature have In the present work the author benefited much from the contributions of makes a survey of the contributions of the the foreign scholars and these scholars French scholars of Pondicherry for the served as the ambassadors of Tamil language development of Tamil Language and and literature and it is through their Literature. The paper highlights not only the contributions our rich literary heritage has translation works but also it takes into acclaimed the universal limelight. account the research works, the dictionaries These scholars owing to their etc, produced by these scholars, making the devoted passion for the Tamil language have Tamil language to be known to a larger public taken our language to their own country or and helping the language to get the acclaim to other countries through translations, of the status of Classical language. researches, criticisms, by framing theories, The first work which went from constructing grammars, creating Tamil to French was in the form of dictionaries, preparing histories of Tamil translation and it was indeed a Sanskrit literature, writing commentaries etc. work translated into French through Tamil. Starting from the Portuguese The work Bhagavatham ou Doctrine Divine, missionary Padre Henrique Henriques who Ouvrage Indien, Canonique; Sur l’Etre has created the first Tamil Portuguese Supreme, les Dieux, les Géans les Hommes, dictionary and who was the first to create les diverses parties de l’Univers & c., was the Tamil printing press and to publish books published in 1788 by an anonymous in Tamil like the Tambiran Vanakkam (1578), translator. to the contemporary foreign scholars, Tamil But the same work was republished has grown a lot thanks to the hard work of in 1921 by the priest H. Hosten at these scholars. Pondicherry by the Société de l’Historie de In this regard the contribution of l’Inde Française wherein the anonymity of the French scholars to the development of the author was revealed as the title of the Tamil language and literature is remarkable. book discloses to us: Le Bhagavatha, d’après These scholars hailing mainly from the head un texte Sen Tamoul, Nouvelle traduction de quarters of the French colony of Maridas Poullé de Pondichéry ( 1793-1795). Pondicherry have helped very much for the The same book was once again published in propagation of the Tamil language and 2004 by J. B. P. Moré, with a note “adapted literature. to modern context”. In this book the publisher Moré has recorded that Mariadoss
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 118 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Poullé has translated the Panchantantra Kamban. This translation was published stories into French and he adds that Poulle posthumously in 1972 by the members of his has translated into Tamil the play family. Gnana Diagou was also involved in the Impromptu which was staged before the translation of the other classical works of Tamil audience on the 18th April 1772. Tamil. His translation of Thirukkural was Mariadoss Poullé also translated an Indian published in 1942 . He tanslated Naladiyaar novel written in English by M. Kindersley into 1n 1946, Aassara Kovai in 1950, Ara Neri French by the name of Histoire de Nella Charam in 1955, Nanmanikadigai in 1964. Raja. This novel was based on the story of Even before the translation of Mahabaratha and the master piece of Thirukkural by Gnana Diagou a French Harsha, Naishadacharita. Scholar E. Lamairesse translated and Another Sanskrit work Cakuntala published Tirukkural in his collection came to be known to the French public Poésies Populaires du Sud de l’Inde in 1868. through the translation from Tamil by In 1845, Guerrier de Dumast Gerard Devèze, which was published in 1888. published some of the translations of Koural Devèze is a French scholar from Paris but in his book Fleurs de l’Inde and he published very little is known about his visit or his stay it again in 1854. in Pondicherry. This translation was Another French scholar Louis prepared under the direction of Julien Jaccolliot has published a translations of Vinson, a French man born and brought up in Tirukkural under the name of Livre des Karaikal where he learnt the language of devoirs de Tirouvallouva (Le divin pariah) Tamil and its literature. He learnt Tamil (The book of duties by Tiruvalluvar (The with fervor and he started to compose divine Pariah) in 1876. poems in Tamil. We will study about his Edouard Ariel published in the Le contributions at the later stage. Journal Asiatique, some chapters from Many works have been translated Tirukkural in 1847, 48, and 52. into French during this time but most of Julien Vinson, born in Karaikal in them were Sanskrit works written in Tamil 1842 to a French Magistrate left India when like Krishna-Lila ou Mystères de l’avatar de he was eighteen and he has published a lot Krishna, some episodes of Mahabaratha, etc. of translations of the works of Tamil The translation of Tamil works into literature. In 1900, he published in two French were undertaken by some of the volumes the translation of Legendes learned scholars of Pondicherry who had bouddhistes et djainas (The Legends of done their studies through the medium of Buddhism and Jainism). He introduced to French language and who have a very good the French public the abridged version of command over their mother tongue Tamil. Cintamani, Cilapathikaram et Manimekalai. At first, I would like to quote here the He also translated one of the episodes of famous lawyer Gnana Diagou. He translated Citamani (Un episode du poème épique the Sundara Kandam of the Ramayana of
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 119 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Cintamani) and he published it in French in Attisoudi of Barathiyar and the traditional 1883. Attisoudi were translated into French by Julien Vinson was also involved in him. He translated the devotional songs of the translation of some parts of the Diary Karaikalammaiyar in 1956 under the title of Anandaranapoulle, and he is the first to Chants devotionnels tamouls de translate directly from Tamil to French. Karaikalammaiyar. This book entitled Les Français dans l’Inde, Francois Gros has played a Dupleix et Labourdonnais was published in remarkable role in taking the Tamil 1894. literature to new heights by translating Mootoocoumaren Sangeelee, a Tamil them in his mother tongue French. His Le by origin, migrated to the then French Paripadal, Texte tamoul, was the first work colony of Mauritius has translated and to be translated integrally in a European published from there yet another version of language. This translation won him the Prix Thirukkural in 1985. He has also translated Saintour in 1969. Tirukkural was also many of the Tamil Classical literatures and translated by him in the name of Le livre de particularly the ethical literature. He was l’Amour, in 1992. He Alos translated some of involved in the translation of the works of the canstos of Cilapatigaram. Avaiyar, Sivapragasar, Vetri Verkkai, Jean Filliozat has done lot of Moudurai, Kumarakuruparar, Thayumanavar, translations from Tamil to French. The Ramalinga Swami, Suddhanandha Barathi etc. translation of Kandapuranam is an important An abridged version of Kamba one. He joined with R. Dessigane and P. Z. Ramayanam was also prepared by Paranjody Pattabiramane to translate the same with Rollin in 2000 with the preface of David the title La legende de Skanda selon le Annoussamy. Kandapuranam tamoul et l’iconographie, in The scholars of Pondicherry were 1967. Filliozat also translates Tiruppavai very much attracted by the ethical into French in 1972. (Un texte tamoul de literature rather than going for the devotion vishnouite. Le Tiruppavai d’Andal). translation of the great classics of Tamil In 1973, J. Filliozat translated literature. Tirumurukarrupadai. ( Un texte de religion J. B Adam, a judge, translated the Kaumara. Le Tirumurukarruppatai.) moral works like Attisoudi, Konraivendan, Manimekalai and Silapathigaram Vettiverkai, Moudurai, Nalvazhi, and were translated by Alain Daniélou. In 1961 Nannerivilakkam under the broader title of Alain Danielou and R. S. Desikan translated Les petits poetes tamouls and this work was Cilapathikaram by the title Le roman de published by C. Doressamypoulle of Karaikal l’anneau. Manimekalai ou le scandale de la in 1880. vertu was translated by Danielou with the Leon Saint-Jean, who is famously support of T. V. Gopa Iyer in 1987. called as Karavelane, has translated many In 1996, Paul Mirabile of Auroville poems in the same lines. The modern has translated Siruthondar puranam – La
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 120 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
légende de Saint Siruthindar ou le Petit In 2001, Prof R. Kichenamouthy, Serviteur dans la Periyapuranam La Grande former Dean, School of Humainites along Epopée Tamoule Médiévale. The previous with Prof. K. Madanagobalane, former Head, year he translated Periyapuranam – Dept. of French, Madras University, Periyapuranam ou l’Eternel Moyen Age. published a collection of the translation of Apart from these French scholars, the Tamil short stories into French with the many of the native French scholars have title L’epreuve du feu, Nouvells tamoules contributed to the development of Tamil contemporaines. literature. In 2002, a similar collection of A. Vaithilingam translated some of short stories was published by Francois Gros the poems of Ramalinga Swami: La pensee and M. Kannan. The title of the collection is tamoule dans l’oeuvre du Swami Ramalingam L’arbre nagalinga, Nouvelles d’Inde du Sud. et d’autres sittars in 2003 and the work was Prof R. Kichenamourthy has published in France. translated some of the interesting French The Government of Pondicherry short stories into Tamil in the year 1986 released a translation work of the important with the title French Mozhi Kathaigal. poems of Subbramanya Brathiyar during his Apart from this collection he has translated birth centenary celebrations in 1982. from Tamil to French two of the short S. Madanakalliany collected some of storied of Ki Rajanarayanan. The short the folk songs of Puducherry region and she story Purappadu ( Le grand depart) was published a translated version of the songs published in the Trait d’Union in 1993 was under the title Les chansons folk-loriques de included in the program of the Sorbonne Pondicherry in 1995. In the same manner, in University of Paris and in the Program of the 2003, she also translated the folktales of Lycée in the Reunion islands. Another short Pondicherry – Contes de Pondicherry, Inde story of Ki. Rajanarayanan Minnal (L’éclair) du Sud. The famous Tamil novelist Sujatha’s was published in the Rencontre avec l’Inde, Karaiyellam Senbagapoo was translated into a French journal published from India. In French by Madanakaliyanny (Fleurs the same journal he published the campagams sur toute la rive) translations of the short story of Rajam Leonce Cadelis of Pondicherry Krishnan Manalur Maniamma and Ambai’s translated two of the famous works of Kaatttil Oru Maan ( Une biche dans la Barathidassan : Picirandear and L’ecume de foret). In 1994 he published the translation la mer, in 1789. He also translated the of Paul Feval’s short story in Subamangala famous work of C. N. Annadurai, Rangoon with the title Eludada Kadidam. He has also Radha (Rada de Rangoon) in 1985. translated a short story by Jean Giono Another work of Barathidassan, L’homme qui plantait des arbres with the Candi, was translated into French by G. title Marathirkku vitthitta Maamanidan. David of Pondicherry in 1991. The modern master pieces of the French Canadian Literature were brought to
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 121 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Tamil through translation by the Professors The list of the contributors of of the Dept of French of Pondicherry Pondicherry to the development of Tamil University under the direction of Prof. R. Language and Literature is incomplete as Kichenamourty. I would like to quote a few many of the records, publications and here. Gerard Bessette’ s novel Puthaga references are available in France, mainly in kadaikkaran ( Le Libraire), the play of the National Library of Paris. In addition to Francoise Loranger, Enakkaga Ainthu this many freelance works which are lying Nimidangal ( Encore Cinq Minutes), Denis in personal libraries and in darkness are yet Belager’s Short story collection Vazhkaiyin to be compiled to be presented to the world Vilimbil ( La vie en fuite), the play of Michel to complete the contributions of the French Tremblay, Nizhal Uravugal ( Les belles Scholars of Pondicherry to the development Soeurs), The novel of Larry Tremblay, of Tamil Literature. Urangatha Ul manathu ( Leçon d’Anatomie). These translations were followed by the release of an anthology of the extracts from the master pieces of French Canadian literature: Quebec Ilakkiyam: Oru Arimugam The French scholars of Pondicherry have also tried to bring out the History of French Literature in Tamil. The first History of French Literature was written by S. Gnanasambandan in 2003. This is a concise work covering all the centuries. Rajagopal, a scholar from Pondicherry has worked in the preparation of the History of French Literature in Tamil. He has released the history, century wise starting from the Middle Ages up to the 19th century. The French missionary Mousset et Dupuis from the Congregation des Missions Etrangeres who worked in Pondicherry, prepared the first ever Tamil French, French Tamil dictionary, the Tamil- French Agarathi in two volumes and the French- Tamil agarathi. They published them first in 1895 and we do not have any other dictionaries to replace them till now.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 122 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
IMPACT OF DIGITALMEDIA ON SOUTH INDIA
K. Thuyavarman Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Performing Arts, Pondicherry University, Puducherry
Introduction Indian MediaHistory DigitalMedia can be described as Indian Media consist of several the extensive phrase describing television, different types of communications: radio, film, internet, newspapers and television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines. It is not just the journalistic magazines, and Internet-based Web aspects of the apparatus of popular sites/portals. Indian media was active since communication. The digital media often the late 18th century with print media perform as the focal point of social control started in 1780, radio broadcasting initiated and the source of popular culture. Media in 1927, and the screening of Auguste and help preserve historical events, and teach Louis Lumiere moving pictures in Bombay morals. Basically the commercial enterprises initiated during the July of 1895. It is among media can represent, frequently effect how the oldest and largest media of the world. we dress, what we buy, and how our society Media in India has been free and functions. independent throughout most of its history, Digital media consists of the various even before establishment of Indian empire means by which information reaches large by Ashoka the Great on the foundation of numbers of people, such as television, radio, righteousness, openness, morality and movies, newspapers, and new media. spirituality. The period of emergency (1975– Sociologists study digital media especially to 1977), declared by Prime Minister Indira see how it shapes people's values, beliefs, Gandhi, was the brief period when India's perceptions, and behavior. For example, media was faced with potential government digital media contributes to socialization, retribution. including gender socialization, as when movies implicitly teach young people that it South Indian Media is wrong for females to have many sexual The South Indian Media industry is partners. Digital media also affects social growing in size, driven by the popularity of movements the relation between media and vernacular content among the region’s social power. For example, if digital media populace. While the popularity of film stars powerfully influences beliefs and behavior, remains the most powerful trigger for films, and it is controlled by relatively few digitization in the television sector is individuals, those individuals have significant providing consumers access to a higher power even in democratic societies. number of TV channels, a better viewing experience, and other value added services.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 123 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Print, both in its English and vernacular the market is expected togrow at a CAGR of forms, is widening its portfolio and markets 16% to reach INR 43,600 Crore byFY to capitalize on the readership base in South 2017.Television constitutes the largest India. segment of the South Indian Mediaindustry As listeners become more selective, and is currently estimated at INR 13,470 the radio industryin the South is tuning its Crore accounting for the largest share of programming towards localpreferences, thus the overall market at 56%. The medium is becoming a more integral part of lifein expected to grow at a CAGR of 20% over South India. In fact, listeners in South India the next four years due to benefits of spend more time on radio as compared to digitization being realized. Print is the those in other parts of the country. With a second largest segment accounting for 28% rich M&E industry driven by strong local of the overall market in FY 2013 at INR demand, South India is poised to attain a 6,680 Crore. With players identifying greater position of strength in the coming innovative ways to reach out to their years. Converting this potential into reality readers, Print industry is also expected to depends on the industry’s ability to continue see steady growth going forward. Film, to develop quality content as well as to buoyed by an ardent fan following in the deliver it through best-in-class platforms, South, is the third largest segment at INR both within India and abroad. 2,680 Crore. Radio, with the upcoming Phase III auction and New Media, propelled by the Overview of the South Indian market consumer’s demand to access content In FY 2013, the overall South India Media ‘anytime, anywhere’, are expected to grow at industry waspegged at INR 23,900 Crore. a CAGR of 19% and 23% respectively, over Owing to the evolvingecosystem and demand, the next two years.
South India Media market 2013-2017 – Media wise; E: Estimated (INR Crore) readership base (30% of total readership in Key Emerging Trends India) is one of the strongholds of the Print Indian print industry. Amongst the four South India, driven by a high regional states, Tamil Nadu and Andhra literacy rate and a sizable vernacular Pradesh account for ~58% of the total
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 124 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
revenue. Most of the markets in the region which content is being offered, so as to are dominated by English print in terms of attract and retain audiences in a revenue except Kerala, where vernacular marketplace which is increasingly becoming prints accounts for nearly 90% of the crowded. Increasing presence of radio on revenue. However, the advertising revenue the digital medium is also enabling it to from vernacular print in the region is reach listeners across the globe. With Phase estimated to grow at twice the pace of that III auction expected in FY 2014, the of English, largely driven by local advertisers industry’s horizon will continue to expand. and increasing focus of national advertiser’s 229 of the 839 frequencies being auctioned beyond Tier 1 cities. Hence, some of the are in 83 cities of the four Southern states. English players are now launching vernacular Phase III is expected to result in 294 dailies to not only consolidate their presence frequencies (existing plus planned) in South in South India but also partake in vernacular India alone. growth. The industry is testing various Television business models to identify the right The Television industry in South monetization opportunities in online space by India is on a transformation path, driven by developing mobile applications and mobile the Government’s digitization mandate. It is optimized websites. However, the future one of the most flourishing regional media depends on how well the industry deals with segment in terms of availability of content, the weak economic environment as well as reach and distribution. Over the years, it the key issues of sustaining subscription has seen increased action from regional as revenues, monetizing online content and well as national advertisers. In fact, regional giving advertisers innovative ways to reach advertisers now contribute almost 40% of out to the readers. the TV industry’s advertisement revenues in states such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Radio The industry is also leveraging The radio industry enjoys greater technology to enable multi-screen viewership acceptance in the South than in the rest of of television content for viewers who are the country and thus stands out amongst its constantly on the move. Producers and peers. This is indicated by relatively higher broadcasters are looking to shoot as well as average radio listenership in cities like telecast content in high definition (HD) Bengaluru where people spend about formats. Going forward, developing 20 hours / week on radio while those in Delhi innovative programming content, identifying and Mumbai spend 13-14 hours / week. niche genres and expanding markets through The cultural diversity of cities in new content delivery platforms, is expected the South has fueled demand for localized to drive the South India TV industry. content on radio. This has led to innovations in the type of content as well as the way in
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 125 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
Film currently. Utilization of existing bank of The South Indian film industry with vernacular content, development of 831 films,accounted for over 50% of total vernacular apps and improvement in films certified acrossIndia1. The number of connectivity infrastructure would define the films certified increased by 36%over 2011, growth trajectory of new media in South. primarily driven by a spike in Cable The shift of users to web and mobile &Satellite (C&S) rights’ prices. However, the platforms for media consumption is expected number offilms released increased by only to have a direct impact on growth of digital 8%2 during the sameperiod as some advertising as well. This is expected to grow producers chose not to release theirfilms at a CAGR of about 23% over the next two due to the high marketing costs associated, years. It would be exciting to see how and asa result of a correction in the C&S players across Mediasectors experiment and rights’ prices in someof the markets. innovate to effectively utilize and monetize With over 90% of exhibitors using digital new media platforms. projection, filmmakers are more inclined to shoot their filmsdigitally. The industry Conclusion continues to embrace technology in other The Digital Media industry parts of the ecosystem as well, beit continues to grow and innovate, owing to the experimenting with scouting talent through demands of its consumers. All media socialmedia, adopting newer film making platforms viz. films, TV, new media, print and technologies interms of sound and filming, radio are pushing content on the digital distributing films digitallyor embracing medium so as to enhance reach. The e-ticketing platforms. Furthermore, withthe Government’s digitization mandate for the onset of digital prints, increase in C&S and TV industry and the upcoming Phase III of remakerights’ revenue, the producers are radio frequency auctions will aid further getting opportunitiesto recoup their costs in penetration of the media along with an a shorter duration. enhanced consumer experience. The film industry in South India accounts for over New Media 50%of total films certified in India. The internet continues to have a The industry continues to embrace profound effect on consumers’ viewing technology across the value chain with habits and the proliferation of devices is increasing number of filmmakers as well as altering their media consumption behavior. exhibitors going the digital way. The TV With the increasing popularity of mobile industry is also adopting high-definition broadband (3G) and the impending launch of technology while enabling multi-screen 4G LTE services, mobile phones are viewership of content so as to cater to its expected to emerge as the preferred consumers. Print and Radio are not far platform for consuming content. India behind in their quest to entertain consumers already has over 65 Million smartphone users through the digital medium.
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 126 Vol.1 No.2 November 2014 ISSN: 2349-8684
The success of New Media not only depends on accessibility and devices, but also on the development of a viable online eco-system. South Indian media industry holds great potential in leveraging the availability of quality vernacular content to create this eco-system. As the penetration of internet expands beyond key cities in the region, it will be interesting to see how the players in other media take advantage of the New Media platform.
References: 1. http://www.chegg.com/homework- help/definitions/mass-media-49 2. www.deloitte.com/in 3. http://wisepoint.org/node/40 4. www.bihartimes.in/viewersvoice/2009/ May/vv165.html 5. http://www.slideshare.net/ika_2507/pri nt-media-in-india 6. http://revathikumaran.wordpress.com/s tray-thoughts-and-ideas-on- education/on-the-role-of-culture-and- media-in-creating-indian-publics/ 7. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Role -Of-Media-506587.html
Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches 127