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GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 COMPILE NOTES Significance Of The Satavahanas Saka Satavahana Conflict Sanskrit Prakrit Tamil Mahayana Buddhism Theistic Cults Bhagvatism Bhagvatism Facts Saivism Saivism Pasupata Sect More about Saivism Virasaiva or Lingayat Saivism Kashmir Saivism Kapala Kalamukha Sects Mauryan Art Gandhara-Mathura Schools Other School of Mauryan Period Gupta Age Chandragupta I & Samudragupta Samudragupta War With Sakas Eastern Bengal And Balkh Decline of the Gupta Empire The Vakatakas Gupta Administration Gupta Society Gupta Economy Gupta Literature Gupta Art Gupta Religion Gupta Efflorescence Sanskrit Literature Post Gupta Period The House Of Pushyabhuti History Of Harsha Administration of Harsha Exaggerations of Bana And Hueun-Tsang Harshavardhana And His Times THANKS FOR READING – VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.educatererindia.com GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 Maukharts The Later Guptas Pallavas Political History Of Pallavas Pallava Society Pallava Administration Pallava Art Chalukyas of Badami or Early/Western,Chalukyas,Badami The Arab Conquest India's Impact on Southeast Asia: Causes and Consequences India's Impact on Southeast Asia: The Dynamics of Cultural Borrowings The Contribution Of The Buddhist Monks The Link Between Southeast Asia And South India Indian Impact On Ancient South-east Asia General Preview Of Science & Technology And Learning & Education Learning And Education Note On Places And Areas In Ancient India Note On Places And Areas In Ancient India Note On Places And Areas In Ancient India Note On Places And Areas In Ancient India Making Use Of The Maps And The Accompanying Notes Index of Ancient Place Names And Historic Sites Contacts With South-east Asia : Additional Notes History Of Funan And Cambodia Reasons For Collapse&Contacts With Central Asia Additional Notes Significance Of The Satavahanas Saka Satavahana Conflict Sanskrit Prakrit Tamil Mahayana Buddhism Theistic Cults Bhagvatism Bhagvatism Facts Saivism Saivism Pasupata Sect More about Saivism Virasaiva or Lingayat Saivism Kashmir Saivism THANKS FOR READING – VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.educatererindia.com GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 Kapala Kalamukha Sects Mauryan Art Gandhara-Mathura Schools Other School of Mauryan Period Gupta Age Chandragupta I & Samudragupta Samudragupta War With Sakas Eastern Bengal And Balkh Decline of the Gupta Empire The Vakatakas Gupta Administration Gupta Society Gupta Economy Gupta Literature Gupta Art Gupta Religion Gupta Efflorescence Sanskrit Literature Post Gupta Period The House Of Pushyabhuti History Of Harsha Administration of Harsha Exaggerations of Bana And Hueun-Tsang Harshavardhana And His Times Maukharts The Later Guptas Pallavas Political History Of Pallavas Pallava Society Pallava Administration Pallava Art Chalukyas of Badami or Early/Western,Chalukyas,Badami The Arab Conquest India's Impact on Southeast Asia: Causes and Consequences India's Impact on Southeast Asia: The Dynamics of Cultural Borrowings The Contribution Of The Buddhist Monks The Link Between Southeast Asia And South India Indian Impact On Ancient South-east Asia General Preview Of Science & Technology And Learning & Education THANKS FOR READING – VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.educatererindia.com GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 Learning And Education Note On Places And Areas In Ancient India Note On Places And Areas In Ancient India Note On Places And Areas In Ancient India Note On Places And Areas In Ancient India Making Use Of The Maps And The Accompanying Notes Index of Ancient Place Names And Historic Sites Contacts With South-east Asia : Additional Notes History Of Funan And Cambodia Reasons For Collapse&Contacts With Central Asia Additional Notes THANKS FOR READING – VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.educatererindia.com GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 Significance Of The Satavahanas (1) It was the emergence of Vakataka power in the Vindhya area some where about the middle of the third century that brought about the downfall of the Satavahanas. But an empire so firely established in its home domains does not break down with the fall of a dynasty. The Rastrakutas and the Chalukyas in the (2) Godavari valley and the Pallavas in the south originally the viceroys of the Satavahanas, claimed successtion to the empire with in their own territorial limits as the Vakatakas claimed it to the north of the Vindhyas. The Gangas and the Kadambas were also the inheritors of the tradition and as the Vijayanagar emperors claimed in time to be Chalukya Chudamanis, or the crest jewels of the Chalukya dynasty and as the great kings of Gujarat equally claimed succession from the Chalukyas, the imperial tradition of the Satavahanas may be said to have been carried forward at least to the beginning of the seventeenth century. (2) The rise of the Satavahanas signified that the economic revolution of the Gangetic region was repeated allover India. Added to this because of the peculiar geographical terrain of the Deccan peninsula a number of small kingdoms came into existence but not any big empire. (3) Since the Satavahanas had controlled part of the Deccan and part of northern India, they acted as the couriers of Aryanism to southern India. (4) It is intriguing to note that the Satavahana inscriptions were primarily in pali but not in Sanskrit indicating it look long time to establish Sanskrit language as the language of the elite although people professed Aryanism much earlier. (5) The administrative structure of the Satavahana is a revealing one because it was not a highly centralized administration and it conceded the emergence of feudalism. Feudal chiefs like Mahara this mahasenapatis and mahabhojas issued their own coins. (6) The artistic excellence that was achieved under the aegis of the Satavahanas had a tremendous significance. Buddhist mouments came into existence at Nasik, Vidisha, Bhattiprolu, Goli, Ghantasala and amaravati. Most probably human figure was first carved out at Amaravati and Amaravati's sculptures influenced South-east Asian sculptures. (7) Under the aegis of the Satavahanas trade was given a boost. The important pores were Koddura and Chinnaganjam on the east and Kalyan, Sopara, Goa and Pigeon islands on the West coast. And some of the important commercial centers were Tagara, Pratishthana, Nasik, Junnar and Dhanyakataka. THANKS FOR READING – VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.educatererindia.com GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 Saka-satavahana Conflict 1. There is controversy about the name 'Sakas'. Some hold the view that they were probably. One branch of them was known as kshabaratas. Some say Nahapana was a pahlava and Ghasmotika the father of Chashtana was Scythian. It was from the Gupta period that the name 'saka' came to be applied to this family of people. 2. The one reason that was responsible for the southward thrust of the sakas was the Kushan pressure from the north. 3. To begin with they established themselves in western Rajputana, Gujarat and Kathiawad. Then they took malva and even northern Maharashtra from the Satavahanas. At one time they even got southern Maharashtra as far as Vijayanti from the Satavahanas. 4. The earliest known king of the Kshaharatas, a branch of the Sakas, was Bhumaka. He ruled over Gujarat, Kathiawad and north Konkancoins belonging to him are found. 5. His successor was Nahapana-title Raja-numerous coins-advanced at the expense of Satavahanas-this advance began five years before the end of Nahapana's rule. After Nahapana defeated the Satavahana he assumed the title of Maha Kshatrapa. A Jaina work mentions Broach as the capital of Nahapana. 6. Ushavadata was the general and son-in-law of Nahapana and he succeeded him as the Saka ruler. He took western deccan including Malva. It is not known whether Paithan, the capital of Satavahanas was lost or not. He defeated Satavahana rulers were Sundara Satakarni, Chakora Satakarni and Siva sati. It is interesting to note that Ushavadata following Puranic Hinduism gve cows to brahmins - visited Pushiar - gave religious benefactions - also gave viallages to Buddhists - Saka country was divided into districts. 7. It was Gautamiputra Satakarni who revived the glories of Satavahanas. He defeated the successor of Nahapana, Ushavadata was killed. Some say that he defeated Nahapana. Also a Jaina work speaks of Nahapana's defeat and death at the hands of Satavahanas. The coins of Nahapana were re-issued by Gautamiputra Satakarni. Some land grants also confirm this victory. It is said that the Satavahana king made preparations for 16 years to defeat the Sakas. 8. The coflict was re-opened during the days of Pulumayi II, the king after Gautamiputra Satakarni, as well as, Sri Pulumayi. 9. After this Ghamotika appeared on the stage who ruled over Kathiwad. His successor, Ghashtana also infliceted defeats on the Satavahanas. Rudraman too defeated the Satavahanas. The victory of Rudraman and Ghastana around 150 A.D. (cofirmed by Junagarh inscription) mad the Patavahanas lose all their northern conquests. THANKS FOR READING – VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.educatererindia.com GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 Significance:- (1) The conflict between the Sakas and Satavahanas was inevitable as such conflicts were natural in feudal times. Probably the Sakas
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  • Language and Legend in Early Kushan Coinage: Progression and Transformation Razieh Taasob Princeton University

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    2018, No. 5 © Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture, University of California, Irvine ISSN: 2470 - 4040 Language and Legend in Early Kushan Coinage: Progression and Transformation Razieh Taasob Princeton University 71 Introdu' ion: arly Kushan coinage displays its aff iliation and syncretism with former coin pra9 ices not only in the Erepresentation of royal and religious imagery, but also in the language, legends and the execution of inscriptions. The Kushans continued the traditional Greek pra9 ices that had already been adopted by the Greco-Ba9 rians, specifically the use of the Greek language on their coinage as seen frequently in Ba9 ria. In conformity with other former traditions, the Kushans also maintained the Indo-Greek prac- tices employed south of the Hindu Kush by using bilingual inscriptions on their coinage. The languages used south of the Hindu Kush were predominantly Greek for the obverse type and PrakritH (wriJ en in Brahmi and Kharoshthi script) for the reverse. The Indo-Greeks introduced the use of the Kharoshthi script for coinage, and it was subsequently applied by the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians in their respe9 ive regions. This script was used in the area of the Indus, Swat, and Kabul valleys and in a wide area of northern India and the surrounding regions. Evidence of this can be seen on the coinage of the H- “The language of Indic inscription”. The Prakrit or middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) language was the only inscriptional language from the third to firQ century BC, which endured as a common language for coinage for more than two centuries.