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Science and Stewardship to Protect and Sustain Wilderness Values: Seventh World Wilderness Congress Symposium; 2001 November 2–8; Port Elizabeth, South Africa

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Science and Stewardship to Protect and Sustain Wilderness Values: Seventh World Wilderness Congress Symposium; 2001 November 2–8; Port Elizabeth, South Africa United States Department of Agriculture Science and Stewardship Forest Service to Protect and Sustain Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings Wilderness Values: RMRS-P-27 Seventh World Wilderness August 2003 Congress Symposium 2001 November 2–8 Port Elizabeth, South Africa Abstract Watson, Alan; Sproull, Janet, comps. 2003. Science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values: Seventh World Wilderness Congress symposium; 2001 November 2–8; Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Proc. RMRS-P-27. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 272 p. The Seventh World Wilderness Congress met in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, in 2001. The symposium on science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values was one of several symposia held in conjunction with the Congress. The papers contained in this proceedings were presented at this symposium and cover seven topics: state-of-knowledge on protected areas issues in South Africa; traditional and ecological values of nature; wilderness systems and approaches to protection; protection of coastal/marine and river/lake wilderness; spiritual benefits, religious beliefs, and new stories; personal and societal values of wilderness; and the role of science, education, and collaborative planning in wilderness protection and restoration. Keywords: biodiversity, protected areas, tourism, economics, recreation, wildlife, alien species, spiritual values Compilers Alan E. Watson is the Research Social Scientist with the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute and Executive Editor for science for the International Journal of Wilderness. The Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute is an interagency (Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey) unit administered by the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. The Leopold Institute is located on the campus of the University of Montana, Missoula. Dr. Watson’s research interests are primarily in understanding the values humans associate with wilderness, experience quality, and conflicts arising from divergent orientations toward wilderness resources. Besides national U.S. leadership in wilderness social science issues, as a Fulbright Scholar and a Senior Fulbright Protected Area Specialist, Dr. Watson has been most active in research in other Circumpolar North countries and in South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. Janet Sproull is a Project Coordinator at the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute. Ms. Sproull co-coordinated technical symposia for the 6th and 7th World Wilderness Congresses (India and South Africa) and assisted with compilation of Congress proceedings. More recently, she helped with compilation of the Wilderness in the Circumpolar North proceedings. As a dedicated conservationist, Ms. Sproull donates her time and expertise to several community organizations, including local land trust, Save Open Space (SOS); the Missoula Parks, Recreation and Urban Forestry Board; and the Mount Jumbo Advisory Committee. Grant writing efforts by Ms. Sproull have provided funding for improvements at City Wetlands Parks and for activation of an Integrated Pest Management Plan for two SOS conservation easements. She is currently developing a series of interpretive signs featuring Watchable Wildflowers of Waterworks Hill. Science and Stewardship to Protect and Sustain Wilderness Values: Seventh World Wilderness Congress Symposium 2001 November 2–8 Port Elizabeth, South Africa Compilers: Alan Watson Janet Sproull Concerning the front cover background photo of the BAOBAB tree: “It is said, briefly, that the Great Spirit had created the Universe for reasons that nobody must endeav- our to fathom. The Great Spirit used a being called the First Goddess, who worked as a tool under His directions. In answer to a request she was granted as a companion…The Tree of Life, the most revered deity throughout Bantu Africa, even today.” And from the First Goddess… “A countless number of human beings was born.” And the Tree of Life… “Bore living, snarling, howling animal fruit.” And “Birds of all kinds came flying and waddling forth.” “The earth which had hitherto been lifeless and dead, Began to live, and sounds of all kinds Resounded from the forests and the valleys.” “Birds sang their happiness loudly Towards the smiling sun. The Song of Life had begun on earth.” “The most sacred tree is the baobab With which are associated the souls of Future witchdoctors, wise women, midwives and those people Who will care for and control the lives of others.” “It is believed that the baobab is a direct descendant of the Tree of Life. It is noted with great concern that the baobab is fast disappearing over great areas And this is the basis of a belief that good people will become fewer.” Credo Mutwa, Indaba, My Children iii Preface The World Wilderness Congress returned to South Africa in The Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute and the 2001, under the banner “Wilderness & Human Communities— USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station are The Spirit of the 21st Century.” The Congress first met in South proud to cooperate in compiling and distributing this publica- Africa in 1977, followed by meetings in Australia (1980), Scot- tion. We thank the International Programs Office of the Forest land (1983), the United States of America (1987), Norway Service for strong support of this symposium and this proceed- (1993), and India (1998). While the wilderness movement in ings through contributions toward travel for U.S. managers and South Africa is heavily connected to the KwaZulu-Natal Prov- for publication expenses. The Wild Foundation of South Africa ince, in the true spirit of the 21st century, the Mayor and exhibited patience and leadership in coordinating facilities and residents of Port Elizabeth, in the Nelson Mandella Municipal- schedules. And we thank the Rocky Mountain Research Sta- ity, welcomed this world event, associated symposia, and tion Publishing Services Staff for an outstanding job, once Wilderness Summit on behalf of the South African people. again, of editing and publishing these proceedings. The papers included in this proceedings represent the knowl- We hope that the knowledge compiled here will contribute to edge brought together and shared at the symposium entitled understanding the links between wilderness places and human “Science and Stewardship to Protect and Sustain Wilderness communities around the world. Congress delegates from over Values: Seventh World Wilderness Congress Symposium on 40 countries will be forever changed by the presentations, Research, Management, and Allocation.” Every paper in this heightened cultural awareness, and the friendship shared in proceedings received peer edit by at least one of the compilers South Africa at this World Wilderness Congress. Sustainability and one other reviewer. All copyrights are released by contrib- of wilderness and human communities into the next century will uting authors except as noted on the articles. depend upon the spirit created here. The Compilers, August 2003 v Contents Page 1. State-of-Knowledge on Protected Areas Issues in South Africa ...................................................................... 1 W. D. Densham Planning and Management of the Umfolozi Wilderness Area in A. J. Conway Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa: A Model for Managing African Wilderness Areas ................................................................................................................3 N. Guy Palmer Wilderness Conservation in the Western Cape Province, South Maretha E. Shroyer Africa: Where We Are Going ............................................................................................. 13 Nigel Wessels William R. Bainbridge Establishment of Buffer Zone in the Peripheries of Wilderness Areas in the Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Republic of South Africa ........................................................... 20 M. E. Shroyer Mountain Conservation in South Africa ............................................................................. 26 P. Blignaut W. D. Densham WAG-CEAD Alliance: Commitment to Wilderness Training and R. J. Fincham Protection in South Africa .................................................................................................. 34 Stefanie Freitag-Ronaldson Wilderness, Wilderness Quality Management, and Recreational Ralf H. Kalwa Opportunities Zoning Within Kruger National Park, South Africa ...................................... 39 Jaco C. Badenhorst Jan P. Erasmus Freek J. Venter Flip J. Nel Ralf H. Kalwa Cross-Boundary Impacts in the Crocodile River Valley: A National Parks Perspective ............................................................................................ 50 2. Traditional and Ecological Values of Nature .............................................................................................. 55 Malcolm Draper In Quest of African Wilderness .......................................................................................... 57 Linda Moon Stumpff Protecting Restorative Relationships and Traditional Values: American Indian Tribes, Wildlife, and Wild Lands ............................................................. 63 T. Damu Helping “Ecosystem People” Protect Wilderness and Their ................................................. Own Welfare 72 Sandra Hinchman Endangered Species, Endangered Culture: Native
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