DOCSLIB.ORG

Speech Production Modelling with Particular Reference to English

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

- 1 - SPEECH PRODUCTION MODELLING WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ENGLISH by Celia Scully University College London Department of Phonetics and Linguistics A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London 1990 ProQuest Number: 10631075 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10631075 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 - 2 - ABSTRACT Many of the complexities of structure in speech signals are related to the processes of speech production. The aim of this study is to develop a better signal model in the form of a computer-implemented composite model of speech production and to apply it to some allophone sequences for British English. The stages of speech production included in the model are: articulation, aerodynamics, derivation of acoustic sources, filtering by the vocal tract acoustic tube and radiation of a sound pressure wave. The aerodynamic processes give interactions between the various acoustic sources and between the sources and filter shapes. As a result, covarying bundles of acoustic pattern features were found in the model’s outputs; these were qualitatively and, in some cases, quantitatively in agreement with corresponding patterns in natural speech. The linguistic, anatomical and acoustic frameworks of the study are set out. Speech production processes are discussed as theory and data in relation to models. The data are drawn from natural speech production and other sensori-motor skills. The actions of speech are described kinematically. The basic physical principles and equations needed to simulate aerodynamic processes are set out. Different approaches to the acoustic processes of sources and filtering are considered. The conditions needed for the sources are described. The composite model used in this study is described in terms of the basic principles, implementation methods and assessment. The modelling of some phonetic classes relevant to English speech is described. Simulations of some minimal and non-minimal articulatory - 3 - contrasts, including eight published papers, are presented, A quantitative but flexible time scheme planning framework was developed and used as an input stage for the model. The general conclusions from and limitations of the study are discussed. Future development and work are suggested. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To undertake the modelling of speech production unaided would be a futile task and I owe debts of gratitude to many colleagues. The development of the computer-implemented model from a few pages of Algol to a large number of interactive graphically oriented programs with many parameters and options was a joint effort with Mr. Ted Allwood. Ted produced good ideas for the forms of representation of the model, implemented them accurately and quickly, contributed greatly to the modelling experiments themselves and assisted with the writing of reports and papers; my debt to him is very great. I should like to thank Colleagues in the Department of Linguistics & Phonetics, University of Leeds, especially Miss Marion Shirt, Dr. Peter Roach, Mr. David Barber and Mrs. Helen Roach, who spoke into masks, made studio recordings and applied their auditory skills to synthetic sounds, often very difficult to describe. The unfailing technical help and interest of Mr. Eric Brearley, Chief Technician of the Department has been particularly important; also that of members of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and other colleagues in the University of Leeds. I should like to thank particularly Professor Alan De Pennington and Dr. Susan Bloor who saved me from batch processing and gave much encouragement and help in preparing project applications, Dr. Malcolm Bloor who advised us on aerodynamics, especially the mixed model approach, Mr. Jim Swift the Systems Manager for the VAX, Mr. Stuart Allen and Mr. Stan Cail who designed and constructed the digital hardware clock for the model*s output, Dr. Gordon Lockhart and Dr. Muhammed Zaid who helped us to design and construct the anti-aliasing filter; and from outside Leeds, Dr. Steve Terepin who advised us on the program for low-pass filtering with down-sampling and Mr. Nicholas Husband who gave us a - 5 - copy of his computer program for the reflected pressure wave method of filtering. Of the many scholars outside Leeds from whose advice I have benefitted, I should like to thank, in particular, Professor Gunnar Fant whose book provides so many answers, but who still patiently answered my questions, Professor Ken Stevens who advised me on aerodynamics, Dr. John Holmes who advised and instructed me on many aspects of speech signals and production processes, and Professor Adrian Fourcin, the Supervisor of this work, for his wise advice and profound insights into the nature of speech communication. The Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC, formerly SRC) supported the model development and modelling, through a series of projects. This work describes attempts to capture quantitatively and in highly simplified form the behaviour of natural speech. The researchers who have published papers, sent me copies of their data and discussed the issues at conferences and in the journals are far too many to name individually, but I am grateful to them all. The inadequacies of the model, failures of understanding and actual errors, in this text and in the model, are entirely my responsibility. Professor Ingo Titze (almost verbatim): "If you are trying to model speech processes you must work as hard as you possibly can; then you may perhaps achieve a fairly good qualitative match with natural speech." Dedicated to Dr. John C. Scully who helped with his careful proof reading and found phonetics for me in the first place. - 6 - CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 CONTENTS: CHAPTERS I, II, III AND IV 6 LIST OF FIGURES 10 LIST OF TABLES 11 LIST OF APPENDICES: PUBLICATIONS 12 LIST OF UNITS AND ABBREVIATIONS 13 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE IN THE MODEL 13 WITH REPRESENTATIVE VALUES FOR PARAMETERS SPECTROGRAM AXES 16 VALUES FOR PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 16 SYMBOLS AND KEY WORDS FOR THE PHONEMES OF AN 16 RP ACCENT OF BRITISH ENGLISH CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND THE FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY 19 Introduction: aims and objectives of thestudy; 19 productive and receptive aspects of speech communication 1.1 Linguistic framework 23 1.1.1 Accent and style of English modelled 24 1.1.2 Linguistic background of the real speakers 24 1.1.3 Syllable and word structure in RP English 24 1.2 Anatomical and physiological framework 26 1.3 Acoustic framework 27 1.4 Stages of speech production 33 CHAPTER II: SPEECH PRODUCTION PROCESSES 39 Introduction 39 II. 1 Speech production as skilled sensori-motor activity 39 Introduction 39 11.1.1 Degrees of freedom, functions and the 40 concept of a schema 11.1.2 Path dynamics, costs and constraints 45 11.1.3 Accuracy and variability 49 - 7 - 11.1.4 Concepts applied to speech 55 11.1.5 Feedback and feedforward 57 11.2 Mechanical properties of the structures 61 11.3 Stages of speech production: theory and data 65 in relation to models 11.3.1 Neural and muscular processes 65 11.3.2 Articulation 69 Introduction 69 11.3.2.1 Configurations of the vocal tract 73 for vowels and diphthongs 11.3.2.2 Configurations of the vocal tract 82 for consonants 11.3.2.3 Cross-dimension to cross-section 85 area mapping 11.3.2.4 Shapes and general properties of 88 movement paths 11.3.2.5 The articulators and their 93 movement path durations 11.3.2.6 Timing, coordination and variability 111 11.3.3 Aerodynamics 112 Introduction 112 11.3.3.1 Lung volumes 113 11.3.3.2 Use of the system in breathing and speech 114 11.3.3.3 Distribution and aerodynamic properties 117 for the air in the respiratory tract 11.3.3.4 Resistance 124 11.3.3.5 Compliance 132 11.3.3.6 Inertance 133 11.3.3.7 Aerodynamic data for natural speech 135 11.3.4 Acoustic sources 137 Introduction 137 11.3.4.1 Voice: introduction 138 11.3.4.2 Theory of voicing mechanisms 141 11.3.4.3 Phonation types and registers 145 11.3.4.4 Glottal area, glottal volume flowrate 146 and vocal fold contact area during voicing 11.3.4.5 Source-filter interactions 149 11.3.4.6 Flow in the closed phase 151 11.3.4.7 Choice of a voice source model 151 11.3.4.8 The range of voice waveshapes 153 11.3.4.9 Control of sound pressure level 155 11.3.4.10 Control of fundamental frequency 157 11.3.4.11 Jitter and shimmer 162 11.3.4.12 Turbulence noise 163 11.3.4.13 Transient 167 11.3.5 Filtering 168 11.3.6 Radiation 170 II.4 Mapping across stages: stability and sensitivity 172 - 8 - II.5 Specific models of speech production 176 Introduction 176 11.5.1 Neural and muscular models 176 11.5.2 Articulatory models 177 11.5.3 Aerodynamic models 179 11.5.4 Acoustic models and electrical analogues 181 11.5.5 Composite models and the need to include 184 an aerodynamic stage CHAPTER III: A COMPOSITE MODEL OF SPEECH PRODUCTION 187 Introduction 187 III.l Principles 190 111.1.1 Inputs 190 111.1.2 Articulation 190 111.1.3 Aerodynamics 199 Introduction
Recommended publications
  • The Origin of the Peculiarities of the Vietnamese Alphabet André-Georges Haudricourt

    The Origin of the Peculiarities of the Vietnamese Alphabet André-Georges Haudricourt

    The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet André-Georges Haudricourt To cite this version: André-Georges Haudricourt. The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet. Mon-Khmer Studies, 2010, 39, pp.89-104. halshs-00918824v2 HAL Id: halshs-00918824 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00918824v2 Submitted on 17 Dec 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published in Mon-Khmer Studies 39. 89–104 (2010). The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet by André-Georges Haudricourt Translated by Alexis Michaud, LACITO-CNRS, France Originally published as: L’origine des particularités de l’alphabet vietnamien, Dân Việt Nam 3:61-68, 1949. Translator’s foreword André-Georges Haudricourt’s contribution to Southeast Asian studies is internationally acknowledged, witness the Haudricourt Festschrift (Suriya, Thomas and Suwilai 1985). However, many of Haudricourt’s works are not yet available to the English-reading public. A volume of the most important papers by André-Georges Haudricourt, translated by an international team of specialists, is currently in preparation. Its aim is to share with the English- speaking academic community Haudricourt’s seminal publications, many of which address issues in Southeast Asian languages, linguistics and social anthropology.
  • Part 2: RHYTHM – DURATION and TIMING Część 2: RYTM – ILOCZAS I WZORCE CZASOWE

    Part 2: RHYTHM – DURATION and TIMING Część 2: RYTM – ILOCZAS I WZORCE CZASOWE

    Part 2: RHYTHM – DURATION AND TIMING Część 2: RYTM – ILOCZAS I WZORCE CZASOWE From research to application: creating and applying models of British RP English rhythm and intonation Od badań do aplikacji: tworzenie i zastosowanie modeli rytmu i intonacji języka angielskiego brytyjskiego David R. Hill Department of Computer Science The University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada [email protected] ABSTRACT Wiktor Jassem’s contributions and suggestions for further work have been an essential influence on my own work. In 1977, Wiktor agreed to come to my Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory at the University of Calgary to collaborate on problems asso- ciated with British English rhythm and intonation in computer speech synthesis from text. The cooperation resulted in innovative models which were used in implementing the world’s first completely functional and still operational real-time system for arti- culatory speech synthesis by rule from plain text. The package includes the software tools needed for developing the databases required for synthesising other languages, as well as providing stimuli for psychophysical experiments in phonetics and phonology. STRESZCZENIE Pu bli ka cje Wik to ra Jas se ma i wska zów ki do dal szej pra cy w spo sób istot ny wpły nę - ły na mo ją wła sną pra cę. W 1997 ro ku Wik tor zgo dził się na przy jazd do mo je go La - bo ra to rium In te rak cji Czło wiek -Kom pu ter na Uni wer sy te cie w Cal ga ry aby wspól nie za jąć się pro ble ma mi zwią za ny mi z ryt mem w bry tyj skim an giel skim oraz in to na cją w syn te zie mo wy z tek stu.
  • SPEECH ACOUSTICS and PHONETICS Text, Speech and Language Technology VOLUME 24

    SPEECH ACOUSTICS and PHONETICS Text, Speech and Language Technology VOLUME 24

    SPEECH ACOUSTICS AND PHONETICS Text, Speech and Language Technology VOLUME 24 Series Editors Nancy Ide, Vassar College, New York Jean V´eronis, Universited´ eProvence and CNRS, France Editorial Board Harald Baayen, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Netherlands Kenneth W. Church, AT&TBell Labs, New Jersey, USA Judith Klavans, Columbia University, New York, USA David T. Barnard, University of Regina, Canada Dan Tufis, Romanian Academy of Sciences, Romania Joaquim Llisterri, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain Stig Johansson, University of Oslo, Norway Joseph Mariani, LIMSI-CNRS, France The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. Speech Acoustics and Phonetics by GUNNAR FANT Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON A C.I.P Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 1-4020-2789-3 (PB) ISBN 1-4020-2373-1 (HB) ISBN 1-4020-2790-7 (e-book) Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved C 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
  • Proposal for Generation Panel for Latin Script Label Generation Ruleset for the Root Zone

    Proposal for Generation Panel for Latin Script Label Generation Ruleset for the Root Zone

    Generation Panel for Latin Script Label Generation Ruleset for the Root Zone Proposal for Generation Panel for Latin Script Label Generation Ruleset for the Root Zone Table of Contents 1. General Information 2 1.1 Use of Latin Script characters in domain names 3 1.2 Target Script for the Proposed Generation Panel 4 1.2.1 Diacritics 5 1.3 Countries with significant user communities using Latin script 6 2. Proposed Initial Composition of the Panel and Relationship with Past Work or Working Groups 7 3. Work Plan 13 3.1 Suggested Timeline with Significant Milestones 13 3.2 Sources for funding travel and logistics 16 3.3 Need for ICANN provided advisors 17 4. References 17 1 Generation Panel for Latin Script Label Generation Ruleset for the Root Zone 1. General Information The Latin script1 or Roman script is a major writing system of the world today, and the most widely used in terms of number of languages and number of speakers, with circa 70% of the world’s readers and writers making use of this script2 (Wikipedia). Historically, it is derived from the Greek alphabet, as is the Cyrillic script. The Greek alphabet is in turn derived from the Phoenician alphabet which dates to the mid-11th century BC and is itself based on older scripts. This explains why Latin, Cyrillic and Greek share some letters, which may become relevant to the ruleset in the form of cross-script variants. The Latin alphabet itself originated in Italy in the 7th Century BC. The original alphabet contained 21 upper case only letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, Z, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V and X.
  • Estudios De I+D+I

    Estudios De I+D+I

    ESTUDIOS DE I+D+I Número 51 Proyecto SIRAU. Servicio de gestión de información remota para las actividades de la vida diaria adaptable a usuario Autor/es: Catalá Mallofré, Andreu Filiación: Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña Contacto: Fecha: 2006 Para citar este documento: CATALÁ MALLOFRÉ, Andreu (Convocatoria 2006). “Proyecto SIRAU. Servicio de gestión de información remota para las actividades de la vida diaria adaptable a usuario”. Madrid. Estudios de I+D+I, nº 51. [Fecha de publicación: 03/05/2010]. <http://www.imsersomayores.csic.es/documentos/documentos/imserso-estudiosidi-51.pdf> Una iniciativa del IMSERSO y del CSIC © 2003 Portal Mayores http://www.imsersomayores.csic.es Resumen Este proyecto se enmarca dentro de una de las líneas de investigación del Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos para Personas con Dependencia (CETDP – UPC) de la Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña que se dedica a desarrollar soluciones tecnológicas para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad. Se pretende aprovechar el gran avance que representan las nuevas tecnologías de identificación con radiofrecuencia (RFID), para su aplicación como sistema de apoyo a personas con déficit de distinta índole. En principio estaba pensado para personas con discapacidad visual, pero su uso es fácilmente extensible a personas con problemas de comprensión y memoria, o cualquier tipo de déficit cognitivo. La idea consiste en ofrecer la posibilidad de reconocer electrónicamente los objetos de la vida diaria, y que un sistema pueda presentar la información asociada mediante un canal verbal. Consta de un terminal portátil equipado con un trasmisor de corto alcance. Cuando el usuario acerca este terminal a un objeto o viceversa, lo identifica y ofrece información complementaria mediante un mensaje oral.
  • Half a Century in Phonetics and Speech Research

    Half a Century in Phonetics and Speech Research

    Fonetik 2000, Swedish phonetics meeting in Skövde, May 24-26, 2000 (Expanded version, internal TMH report) Half a century in phonetics and speech research Gunnar Fant Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, KTH, Stockholm, 10044 Abstract This is a brief outlook of experiences during more than 50 years in phonetics and speech research. I will have something to say about my own scientific carrier, the growth of our department at KTH, and I will end up with an overview of research objectives in phonetics and a summary of my present activities. Introduction As you are all aware of, phonetics and speech research are highly interrelated and integrated in many branches of humanities and technology. In Sweden by tradition, phonetics and linguistics have had a strong position and speech technology is well developed and internationally respected. This is indeed an exciting field of growing importance which still keeps me busy. What have we been up to during half a century? Where do we stand today and how do we look ahead? I am not attempting a deep, thorough study, my presentation will in part be anecdotal, but I hope that it will add to the perspective, supplementing the brief account presented in Fant (1998) The early period 1945-1966 KTH and Ericsson 1945-1949 I graduated from the department of Telegraphy and Telephony of the KTH in May 1945. My supervisor, professor Torbern Laurent, a specialist in transmission line theory and electrical filters had an open mind for interdisciplinary studies. My thesis was concerned with theoretical matters of relations between speech intelligibility and reduction of overall system bandwidth, incorporating the effects of different types of hearing loss.
  • Proposal for Superscript Diacritics for Prenasalization, Preglottalization, and Preaspiration

    Proposal for Superscript Diacritics for Prenasalization, Preglottalization, and Preaspiration

    1 Proposal for superscript diacritics for prenasalization, preglottalization, and preaspiration Patricia Keating Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] Daniel Wymark Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] Ryan Sharif Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] ABSTRACT The IPA currently does not specify how to represent prenasalization, preglottalization, or preaspiration. We first review some current transcription practices, and phonetic and phonological literature bearing on the unitary status of prenasalized, preglottalized and preaspirated segments. We then propose that the IPA adopt superscript diacritics placed before a base symbol for these three phenomena. We also suggest how the current IPA Diacritics chart can be modified to allow these diacritics to be fit within the chart. 2 1 Introduction The IPA provides a variety of diacritics which can be added to base symbols in various positions: above ([a͂ ]), below ([n̥ ]), through ([ɫ]), superscript after ([tʰ]), or centered after ([a˞]). Currently, IPA diacritics which modify base symbols are never shown preceding them; the only diacritics which precede are the stress marks, i.e. primary ([ˈ]) and secondary ([ˌ]) stress. Yet, in practice, superscript diacritics are often used preceding base symbols; specifically, they are often used to notate prenasalization, preglottalization and preaspiration. These terms are very common in phonetics and phonology, each having thousands of Google hits. However, none of these phonetic phenomena is included on the IPA chart or mentioned in Part I of the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (IPA 1999), and thus there is currently no guidance given to users about transcribing them. In this note we review these phenomena, and propose that the Association’s alphabet include superscript diacritics preceding the base symbol for prenasalization, preglottalization and preaspiration, in accord with one common way of transcribing them.
  • Glottal and Epiglottal Stop in Wakashan, Salish, and Semitic

    Glottal and Epiglottal Stop in Wakashan, Salish, and Semitic

    Glottal and Epiglottal Stop in Wakashan, Salish, and Semitic John H. Esling Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria, Canada E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT 2. RESEARCH APPROACH Direct laryngoscopic articulatory evidence from four We have examined the laryngeal physiology involved in languages in three unrelated families demonstrates the the production of glottal, glottalized, and pharyngeal existence of epiglottal stop in the pharyngeal series. In consonants in Nuuchahnulth (Wakashan), Nlaka’pamux each language, Nuuchahnulth (Wakashan), Nlaka’pamux (Salish), Arabic (Semitic), and Tigrinya (Semitic) to (Salish), Arabic (Semitic), and Tigrinya (Semitic), glottal identify the role of the aryepiglottic sphincter mechanism. stop also exists in the glottal series as a complement to In general, we wish to discover how sounds originating in epiglottal stop, and in three of the languages, a voiceless the lower pharynx are produced and how they are related glottal fricative and a voiceless pharyngeal fricative are to each other articulatorily. Specifically, we wish to also found. In Nlaka’pamux, a pair of voiced pharyngeal demonstrate how stop articulations in the laryngeal and approximants (sometimes realized as pharyngealized pharyngeal regions are produced and to document the uvulars) is found instead of the voiceless pharyngeal production of epiglottal stop. The key element in this fricative. As the most extreme stricture in either the glottal research is to document linguistic examples from native or the pharyngeal series, epiglottal stop is a product of full speakers of the cardinal consonantal categories predicted constriction of the aryepiglottic laryngeal sphincter and in prior studies of laryngeal and pharyngeal articulatory functions as the physiological mechanism for optimally possibilities [15,16].
  • Title Glottal Stop in Cleft Palate Speech Author(S)

    Title Glottal Stop in Cleft Palate Speech Author(S)

    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository Title Glottal Stop in Cleft Palate Speech Kido, Naohiro; Kawano, Michio; Tanokuchi, Fumiko; Author(s) Fujiwara, Yuri; Honjo, Iwao; Kojima, Hisayoshi Citation 音声科学研究 = Studia phonologica (1992), 26: 34-41 Issue Date 1992 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/52465 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University STUDIA PHONOLOGICA XXVI (1992) Glottal Stop in Cleft Palate Speech Naohiro Kmo, Michio KAWANO, Fumiko TANOKUCHI, Yuri FUJIWARA, Iwao HONJO AND Hisayoshi KOJIMA INTRODUCTION There is a great deal of literature that deals with the glottal stop, one of the abnormal articulations found in cleft palate speech. Except for some earlier research by Kawano,l) very few descriptions of the articulatory movements involved in these glottal stops is available in the literature. The present study expands upon that ear­ lier research and examines two cases in order to illustrate the process by which glot­ tal stop production is corrected. METHOD The subjects were 26 cleft palate patients who were seen at our clinic during the 5 years from 1984 to 1988. Their productions ofJapanese voiceless stops were auditorilly judged to be glottal stops which were confirmed by fiberscopic assessment of their laryngeal behavior. Age at the time of fiberscopic evaluation ranged from 5 to 53 years, with the mean age being 23.6. Eighteen of the subjects were judged to exhibit significant velopharyngeal insufficiency while 8 demonstrated slight velo­ pharyngeal insufficiency. Individuals with mental retardation or bilateral hearing loss were excluded from the study (see Table 1).
  • Spoken Language Generation and Un- Derstanding by Machine: a Problems and Applications-Oriented Overview

    Spoken Language Generation and Un- Derstanding by Machine: a Problems and Applications-Oriented Overview

    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256982222 Spoken Language Generation and Understanding by Machine: A Problems and Applications Oriented Overview Chapter · January 1980 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9091-3_1 CITATIONS READS 6 826 1 author: David Hill The University of Calgary 58 PUBLICATIONS 489 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Computer-Human Interaction View project Animating speech View project All content following this page was uploaded by David Hill on 03 December 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Spoken Language Generation and Un- derstanding by Machine: a Problems and Applications-Oriented Overview David R. Hill Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, AB, Canada © 1979, 2015 David R. Hill Summary Speech offers humans a means of spontaneous, convenient and effective communication for which neither preparation nor tools are required, and which may be adapted to suit the developing requirements of a communication situation. Although machines lack the feedback, based on understanding and shared experience that is essential to this form of communication in general, speech is so fundamental to the psychol- ogy of the human, and offers such a range of practical advantages, that it is profitable to develop and apply means of speech communication with machines under constraints that allow the provision of adequate dialog and feedback. The paper details the advantages of speech com- munication and outlines speech production and perception in terms relevant to understanding the rest of the paper. The hierarchy/heterar- chy of processes involved in both automatic speech understanding and the machine generation of speech is examined from a variety of points of view and the current capabilities in terms of viable applications are noted.
  • Proposal to Encode Orthographic Glottal Stops in the UCS

    Proposal to Encode Orthographic Glottal Stops in the UCS

    L2/04-065 Proposal to Encode Orthographic Glottal Stops in the UCS Date: 2004-02-01 Author: Peter Constable, Microsoft Address: One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 USA Tel: +1 425 722 1867 Email: [email protected] A. Administrative 1. Title Proposal to Encode Orthographic Glottal Stops in the UCS 2. Requester’s name SIL International (contact: Jonathan Kew), Peter Constable 3. Requester type Expert contribution 4. Submission date 2004-02-01 5. Requester’s reference 6a. Completion This is a complete proposal 6b. More information to Only as required for clarification. be provided? B. Technical—General 1a. New Script? Name? No 1b. Addition of characters to existing Yes — Latin Extended B is suggested block? Name? 2. Number of characters in proposal 2 3. Proposed category A 4. Proposed level of implementation and 1 (no combining marks) rationale 5a. Character names included in Yes proposal? 5b. Character names in accordance with Yes guidelines? 5c. Character shapes reviewable? Yes 6a. Who will provide computerized font? SIL International Proposal to Encode Orthographic Glottal Stops in the UCS Page 1 of 6 Peter G. Constable February 01, 2004 Rev: 7 6b. Font currently available? Yes 6c. Font format? TrueType 7a. Are references (to other character sets, Yes dictionaries, descriptive texts, etc.) provided? 7b. Are published examples (such as Yes samples from newspapers, magazines, or other sources) of use of proposed characters attached? 8. Does the proposal address other Yes, suggested character properties are included (see aspects of character data processing? section D). C. Technical—Justification 1. Has this proposal for addition of No character(s) been submitted before? 2a.
  • The Damascus Psalm Fragment Oi.Uchicago.Edu

    The Damascus Psalm Fragment Oi.Uchicago.Edu

    oi.uchicago.edu The Damascus Psalm Fragment oi.uchicago.edu ********** Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East (LAMINE) The new Oriental Institute series LAMINE aims to publish a variety of scholarly works, including monographs, edited volumes, critical text editions, translations, studies of corpora of documents—in short, any work that offers a significant contribution to understanding the Near East between roughly 200 and 1000 CE ********** oi.uchicago.edu The Damascus Psalm Fragment Middle Arabic and the Legacy of Old Ḥigāzī by Ahmad Al-Jallad with a contribution by Ronny Vollandt 2020 LAMINE 2 LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NEAR EAST • NUMBER 2 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO, ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2020937108 ISBN: 978-1-61491-052-7 © 2020 by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2020. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NEAR EAST • NUMBER 2 Series Editors Charissa Johnson and Steven Townshend with the assistance of Rebecca Cain Printed by M & G Graphics, Chicago, IL Cover design by Steven Townshend The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ∞ oi.uchicago.edu For Victor “Suggs” Jallad my happy thought oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Table of Contents Preface............................................................................... ix Abbreviations......................................................................... xi List of Tables and Figures ............................................................... xiii Bibliography.......................................................................... xv Contributions 1. The History of Arabic through Its Texts .......................................... 1 Ahmad Al-Jallad 2.