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Big Game, Small Town Clientelism and Democracy in the Modern Politics of Belize (1954 to 2011)
Big Game, Small Town Clientelism and Democracy in the Modern Politics of Belize (1954 to 2011) Dylan Gregory Vernon A thesis submitted to University College London in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Caribbean and Latin American Politics from the Institute of the Americas, University College London 2013 Declaration I, Dylan Gregory Vernon, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in my thesis. Dylan Gregory Vernon 2 Abstract Presenting Belize as an illustrative and critical case of clientelist democracy in the Commonwealth Caribbean, this thesis explores the origins of clientelist politics alongside the pre-independence birth of political parties, analyses its rapid expansion after independence in 1981 and assesses its implications for democratic governance. Based on qualitative research, including interviews with major political leaders, the thesis contends that, despite Belize’s positive post- colonial reputation for consolidating formal democracy, the concurrent expansion of clientelism, as both an electoral strategy and a mode of participation, ranks high among the worrying challenges affecting the quality of its democracy. Although intense party competition in a context of persistent poverty is central to explaining the trajectory of clientelism in Belize, the Westminster model of governance, the disappearance of substantive policy distinctions among parties and the embrace of neoliberal economic policies fuelled its expansion. Small- state size and multi-ethnicity have also been contributing factors. Even though the thousands of monthly dyadic transactions in constituencies are largely rational individual choices with short-term distributive benefits, the thesis concludes that, collectively, these practices lead to irrational governance behaviour and damaging macro-political consequences. -
A Political and Economic Dictionary of Latin America
A POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DICTIONARY OF LATIN AMERICA A POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DICTIONARY OF LATIN AMERICA Peter Calvert FIRST EDITION LONDON AND NEW YORK First Edition 2004 Europa Publications 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, England (A member of the Taylor & Francis Group) This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” © Peter Calvert 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be photocopied, recorded, or otherwise reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN 0-203-40378-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-41027-0 (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 1 85743 211 8 (Print Edition) Development Editor: Cathy Hartley Copy Editor and Proof-reader: Simon Chapman The publishers make no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may take place. FOREWORD Latin America, in the first decade of the 21st century, remains as exciting, interesting and unpredictable as ever. In 2004 Haiti, the first Latin American country to gain its independence, celebrated its second centenary. But although the structure and organization of government, politics, production, international relations and trade in the region are by now well established, important changes are under way, and the Latin American countries are becoming more important than ever before in world politics as a bridge between the USA and the rest of the world. -
Sunday, November 22, 2020 Vol. 23 No. 47
Vol. 23 No. 47 Sunday, November 22, 2020 Page 2 THE GUARDIAN Sunday, November 22, 2020 Same old… Same old Belizeans ask for resignation of newly appointed CEO’s On Tuesday, November greatest attention. For younger Another CEO appointment much more to these two CEO’s, 17, there were announcements readers who do not know of that has raised eyebrows is that we must also remember Marco made of new CEO’s in various the history of these two, we of Amalia Mai. She was at the Tulio Mendez who was involved ministries. Those that caught can simply ask them to Google Ministry of Foreign affairs and in some serious allegations of our attention were the naming of their names and their infamy signed on behalf of the government sexual misconduct against some Narda Garcia as the CEO in the will pop right up. Garcia had to of Belize for 40 million dollars young girls who were under Ministry of Finance under Johnny resign from the Social Security granted to the people of Belize his care. Then we have Servulo Briceño, Amalia Mai as the CEO Board after scandal after scandal by the Venezuelan Government. Baeza, who once was the Minister in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs broke where the poor people’s The sum total of the grant was of Health and who had a lot to be under Eamon Courtenay, Servulo contributions to the system was not known until after the general desired in the running of that Baeza as CEO in the Ministry being used to finance private elections of 2008 when the ministry. -
Nationality Immigration and Nationality Department
OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR GENERAL OF BELIZE SPECIAL AUDIT - NATIONALTY IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DEPARTMENT FOR THE PERIOD 2011 - 2013 Office of the Auditor General Second Floor Garden City Building Almond Drive Belmopan City Belize, C.A. P.O. Box 7 Tel. No. 822-2850/0208/0214 (General Office) 828-4362 (Auditor General) Fax No. 501-822-1041 Email: [email protected] May 31, 2016 Honourable Dean O. Barrow Prime Minister Minister of Finance Office of the Prime Minister Sir Edney Cain Building Belmopan Dear Prime Minister: In Accordance with Section 120 (4) of the Belize Constitution 1981, and Section 16(3) of the Finance and Audit (Reform) Act No 12 of 2005, I hereby present a Special Nationality Report on the Immigration and Nationality Department for period January1, 2012 – September 30, 2013. I shall be grateful if you would cause the report to be laid before the House of Representatives and the Senate in due course. Respectfully submitted, DOROTHY A. BRADLEY (MRS) Auditor General TABLE OF CONTENTS NATIONALITY SECTION II Acronyms..........................................................................................................................page i Executive Summary..........................................................................................................page iii Audit Mandate .................................................................................................................page 1 Background/Reason for Audit..........................................................................................page -
Passport Immigration and Nationality Department (2011 – 2013)
OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR GENERAL OF BELIZE SPECIAL AUDIT - PASSPORT IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DEPARTMENT FOR THE PERIOD 2011 - 2013 Office of the Auditor General Second Floor Garden City Building Almond Drive Belmopan City Belize, C.A. P.O. Box 7 Tel. No. 822-2850/0208/0214 (General Office) 828-4362 (Auditor General) Fax No. 501-822-1041 Email: [email protected] May 31, 2016 Honourable Dean O. Barrow Prime Minister Minister of Finance Office of the Prime Minister Sir Edney Cain Building Belmopan Dear Prime Minister: In Accordance with Section 120 (4) of the Belize Constitution 1981, and Section 16(3) of the Finance and Audit (Reform) Act No 12 of 2005, I hereby present a Special Passport Report on the Immigration and Nationality Department for period January1, 2012 – September 30, 2013. I shall be grateful if you would cause the report to be laid before the House of Representatives and the Senate in due course. Respectfully submitted, DOROTHY A. BRADLEY (MRS) Auditor General TABLE OF CONTENTS PASSPORT SECTION III Acronyms..........................................................................................................................page i Executive Summary..........................................................................................................page iii Audit Mandate .................................................................................................................page 1 Background/Reason for Audit..........................................................................................page -
Is PM Barrow Getting Ready to Roll the Dice?
Thursday, December 1, 2011 Capital Weekly Page 1 Capital FromWeekly the Heart of the Nation to the Soul of the People No. 013 Thursday, December 1, 2011 Price: $1.00 Early Elections Is PM Barrow Getting Ready to Roll the Dice? t’s been ru- again our democratic moured for instincts prevent us from Isome time now, calling the election now. that with the chronic I say, we are not going to leadership crisis in the call it now, I never said Opposition PUP and the we will not call it next wave of populist support month, or the month af- Prime Minister Dean Bar- ter, or the month after.” row and his UDP Gov- In addition to ernment appear to be the PM’s public hint, there riding as a result of its were countless corrobo- nationalist stance, the rating reports, allegedly, PM has been contem- from members of Cabi- plating early elections. net and the ‘inner circle’ But the first hint claiming to be privy to the from the PM himself PM’s private thoughts on came just over a month the matter, and they were ago on October 21, 2011 all vouching that, as one in the National Assem- person put it, “the man bly during his wrap up is dead serious about of the debate on the calling this thing early.” Constitutional Amend- If such was the ment placing majority case, the PM clearly had ownership and control (Continued on Page 2) of public utilities in the Prime Minister Dean Barrow hands of the Government Meet ‘Santino’ and People of Belize. -
Sunday, November 1, 2020 Page 2 the Guardian Sunday, November 1, 2020 Orange Walk Councilor Has No Regard for Safety
Vol. 23 No. 44 Sunday, November 1, 2020 Page 2 THE GUARDIAN Sunday, November 1, 2020 Orange Walk Councilor has no regard for safety Haresh Vaswani and friends Time stamp of the photo uploaded on October 12, 2020 Haresh Vaswani is a notable Orange Walk. received at The Guardian show claiming that the images pre- PUP councilor in Orange Walk. One would have thought the councilor disregarding all date the pandemic. While they He is notable not for any good that the experience would have manner of Covid-19 protocols. He state this, at The Guardian we deeds he has done. Quite the caused Vaswani to be more careful is seen having social gatherings in have also received images with a opposite, he is notable because about his actions and in particular excess of 10 persons, not adhering time-stamp on it and the pictures at the end of April of this year because Orange Walk, where he to social distance as well as not were uploaded on October 12, he was arrested and charged for is a councilor, is an area with the wearing masks. 2020 at 2:40a.m., well within the being out after curfew hours. He highest incident rates of Covid- The irresponsible Orange time when he was in breach of the has since been found guilty at 19. Truth is, he is being anything Walk Town Council has dismissed regulations. What is more is that the Magistrate’s Court level in but careful. Images we have the images as cyber bullying we have audio files in which there is a coordinated effort to come up with a story to tell the people.