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Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology IDENTIFYING THE DEFICIENCIES OF LANDUSE- TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT IN DHAKA CITY By S. M. Sohel Mahmud MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (TRANSPORTATION) Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology October 2009 The thesis titled “Identifying the Deficiencies of Landuse-Transport Development in Dhaka City” submitted by S. M. Sohel Mahmud, Roll: 040404419 (F), Session April 2004, has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering (Transportation) on 28 October 2009. BOARD OF EXAMINERS Chairman Dr. Md. Shamsul Hoque Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Member Dr. Md. Zoynul Abedin Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Member Dr. Tanweer Hassan Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Member Dr. Charisma F. Choudhury Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Member Md. Nuruzzaman (External) Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh. DECLARATION I hereby certify that the research work presented in this thesis has been completely performed by me and this work or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for any other purposes except for publication. October 2009 S. M. Sohel Mahmud i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents. Their uninterrupted inspiration, support, guidance made this effort possible. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE NO. Declaration i Dedication ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables xii List of Figures xiv List of Photographs xv List of Maps xvi List of Abbreviations xvii Acknowledgement xviii Abstract xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Present Status of the Problem 1 1.2 Objectives with Specific Aims and Possible Outcomes 2 1.3 Scope of the Study 2 1.3.1 The Study Area 2 1.3.2 Field of the Study 3 1.4 Organization of the Thesis 3 1.5 Overview 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Urban Landuse 5 2.3 Interaction between Urban Landuse and Transport System 5 2.4 Interdependence of the Landuse and Traffic 6 2.5 Concept of Landuse Planning 7 2.6 Fundamental Process and Criteria of Planning 7 2.7 Major Landuse Components of A City/Town 8 2.8 Objectives of Landuse Planning and Control 8 2.9 Fringe Area Development 9 iii 2.10 Transportation Planning 9 2.11 Landuse Factors That Affect Travel 10 2.12 Systems Approach to Transport Planning 10 2.13 Stages in Transport Planning 11 2.14 Road Layout Pattern 11 2.14.1 Orthogonal 11 2.14.2 Orthogonal with Superimposed Diagonals 12 2.14.3 Concentric Street System 12 2.14.4 Radial Street System 12 2.14.5 Combination of Radial and Rectangular Street Systems 12 2.14.6 Irregular Mediaeval Street System 12 2.14.7 Topographical Street System 12 2.14.8 Combination of Rectangular and Irregular Street Systems 13 2.15 Road Network Classification 13 2.15.1 Benefits of Road Classifications 14 2.15.2 Functional Classification 15 2.15.3 Urban Functional Classification System 15 2.15.4 Other Roads 16 2.15.4.1 Through and Bypass Roads 16 2.15.4.2 Outer or Inner Ring Roads 17 2.15.4.3 Expressway 17 2.15.4.4 Freeway 17 2.16 Review of the Recent Studies on Road Classification in Dhaka City 17 2.16.1 Methodology and Approach for Proposed Road Classification 18 2.17 Transportation System Management 19 2.17.1 Travel Demand Management 19 2.17.2 Traffic Supply Management 19 2.17.2.1 One-way Streets 20 2.17.2.2 Tidal flow operation 20 2.17.2.3 Restrictions of Turning Movements 21 2.17.2.4 Closing Side-streets/Access Control 21 2.17.2.5 Exclusive Bus Lanes 22 2.17.2.6 Traffic Restraint Measures 22 2.17.2.7 Promotion of Public Transport 23 2.17.2.8 Pedestrianisation 24 2.17.2.9 Staggering of Office Hours 24 2.18 Review of Relevant Studies on Landuse and Transportation System 24 iv 2.18.1 Landuse Planning 24 2.18.1.1 Development Plans for Dhaka 24 2.18.1.2 Review of Urban Planning Related Legislations 25 2.18.1.3 Review of the Policies: 27 2.18.1.4 Review of Landuse Related Studies 27 2.18.2 Transport Planning and Road Network 30 2.18.3 Traffic Management and Operations 31 2.18.4 Institutional or Organizational Functionality, Setup, Constraints and Requirements 35 2.19 Overview 36 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Research Methodology / Experimental Design 37 3.2.1 Outline of the Research Methodology 37 3.3 Relevant Sectors and Field Selection 38 3.4 Types and Sources of Major Data 39 3.4.1 Primary Data 39 3.4.2 Secondary Data 39 3.5 Time of Data Collection 41 3.6 Detailed Methodology and Data Collection of the Study 41 3.6.1 Literature Review and Information Capture 41 3.6.2 Familiarity with the Concepts of Landuse and Integrated Transport Planning 42 3.6.3 Formulation of Objectives 42 3.6.4 Collection of Map/Satellite Image 42 3.6.5 Special Data Collection 43 3.6.5.1 Primary Source 43 3.6.5.2 Collection of Data from Secondary Sources 45 3.6.6 Data Analysis 46 3.6.7 Preparation of GIS Data Base and Interpretation 46 3.6.8 Evaluation of Inherent Weakness of Landuse and Transport System 46 3.6.9 Identification of Potentialities of Integrating Landuse and Transport Planning 47 3.6.10 Suggestions and Recommendations for Future Intervention: 47 3.7 Limitations of the Data Collection 47 3.8 Pain and Sufferings of Data Collection 47 3.9 Overview 48 v CHAPTER 4: PROFILE OF DHAKA METROPOLITAN CITY 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 History of Physical and Demographic Development of Dhaka 49 4.2.1 Pre-Mughal Period (before 1604) 49 4.2.2 Mughal Period (1604-1764) 50 4.2.3 British Period (1764-1947) 51 4.2.4 Pakistan (1947-1971) 51 4.2.5 Bangladesh (1971 onward) 53 4.2.6 Physical Growth of Dhaka City (1850-2015) 53 4.3 Development of Fringe Area of Dhaka City 54 4.3.1 Nature and Trends of Fringe Development during 1950's to 1970's 55 4.3.2 Development through Private Initiatives 55 4.3.3 Nature and Trends of Fringe Development during 1980's and onwards 56 4.4 Landuse Scenario of Dhaka 57 4.4.1 Housing Project 5 4.5 Prevailing Transport and Traveling Scenario in Dhaka Metropolitan City 59 4.6 Existing Modes of Travel in Dhaka Metropolitan City 60 4.6.1 Vehicle Ownership 60 4.6.2 Purpose of Trips 60 4.6.3 Travel Modes Used 60 4.6.4 Variation of trip composition between STP and DITS 60 4.6.5 Growth of Transport Demand 60 4.6.6 Growth of Travel Trips 60 4.6.7 Growth of Vehicle Fleet 61 4.6.8 Congestion Cost 61 4.7 Modes of Public Transport Used Other than Mass Transit/Bus 61 4.7.1 Rickshaw 61 4.7.1.1 Profile of Rickshaw Puller 61 4.7.2 Auto Rickshaw 63 4.7.3 Auto Tempo 63 4.7.4 Taxi Cab 63 4.7.5 Percent Modal Split 64 4.8 Existing Mass Transit System Operation in Metropolitan Dhaka 64 4.8.1 Large Bus 64 4.8.2 Mini Buses 64 4.8.3 Human Haulers/Auto-Tempo 65 4.8.4 Use of Bus as Public Transit 65 vi 4.8.5 Average Trip Length, Travel Time, Speed and Carrying Capacity of Existing Mass Transit System 65 4.8.6 Vehicles in Greater Dhaka 66 4.9 Overview 67 CHAPTER 5: LANDUSE AND TRANSPORT PLANNING DEFICIENCIES 5.1 Introduction 68 5.2 Growth of Population 68 5.3 Urbanization in Dhaka: Legislation and Control 70 5.4 Fringe Area Development 72 5.5 Development of Road Network 73 5.6 Topography of the City 75 5.6.1 Lack of Build able Land 76 5.6.2 Possibility of Pre-planning 77 5.6.3 Uneven City Size 79 5.6.4 Excessive Flooding of the City 79 5.6.5 Huge Water Logging of the City 80 5.7 Landuse Pattern of the City 83 5.7.1 Unplanned and Haphazard Road Network 86 5.7.2 Conversion of Planned Residential area 88 5.7.3 The Death of Dhaka's Posh Spots 89 5.7.4 Indiscriminate and Unexpected Road Side Garments Industries 89 5.7.5 Loss of Open Space, Greeneries in City Areas 91 5.7.6 Loses of Wet Land of the City and Encroachment of Drainage Channels and Retention Ponds 92 5.7.7 Disappearance of Natural Drainage System 95 5.7.8 Decrease of Ground Water Recharge Area and Ground Water Level 96 5.7.9 Pollution of Water 96 5.7.10 Losses of Water Runoff Area 97 5.7.11 Shrinking of Retention Pond 98 5.8 Road Side Development 98 5.8.1 Uncontrolled Access 98 5.8.2 Set Back Problem 100 5.8.3 Frontage Development (road side base development) 101 5.8.4 Rear Side Accessibility 101 5.8.5 Road Side Multi Stored Series Building 102 5.8.6 Road Side Series Market 102 vii 5.8.7 Junction Corner Point Development 103 5.8.8 Unacceptable Railway Level Crossings 104 5.9 Lack of Functional Efficiency 106 5.10 Overview 106 CHAPTER 6: ROAD NETWORK DEFICIENCIES 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Evaluation and Justification of Road Quantity of the City 107 6.2.1 Total Road Network of the City 107 6.2.2 Road in Different Zones 109 6.2.3 Road in Different Widths 111 6.2.4 Road Area of Different width of Road in Different Zone 115 6.2.5 Lack of Accessible Road: 116 6.2.6 High Quantity of Unproductive Narrow Road 118 6.3 Road after Implementation of STP: 119 6.4 Road Alignment/Layout in the City 120 6.4.1 Alignment or Pattern of the City Road Network 120 6.4.2 Road Orientation at Micro/Local level 121 6.4.3 Un-Organization and Non-Integration of Road Network 124 6.4.4 No Through and By-Pass Road 126 6.4.5 No Ring or Distributor Road 127 6.4.6 No through Principle Arterial for Inter District through Traffic 128 6.4.7 No Alternative Corridor to Connect the Other Parts
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