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Proceedings of 2018 International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2018) SWOT Analysis Based on Community Perception and Appreciation to Support Snake Fruits (Salacca Zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss.) Conservation Strategy in East Java

Novita Kartika Indah1,a,b Serafinah Indriyani, Estri Laras Arumningtyas, Rodiyati aDepartment of Biology Azrianingsih Surabaya State University bDepartment of Biology Surabaya, Indonesia University of Brawijaya [email protected] Malang, Indonesia

Abstract—The East Java is one of centers of snake fruits such as Sentul, Enrekang snake fruits and Balinese. snake diversity in Indonesia. There are 10 districts which are centers of fruits. East Java snake fruits. Tthe diversity of snake fruits in The East Java has not been widely known by the community outside of its The East Java is one of centers of snake fruits diversity in growing place. Therefore, this study aims to identify perceptions Indonesia. However, the diversity of snake fruits in The East and appreciatio. Perception is knowledge of folklore, whereas Java is unknown because it has never been disclosed. This appreciation is the action affected by their respect. The practical province is located in the eastern part of Java, Indonesia. The aspect of the user (folklore) related their knowledge and capital city is located in Surabaya. The area is 47,922 km², and appreciation of the plant is rarely investigated. They can be used the population is 42,030,633 people (2017 census) (4). The to develop SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is used to develop conservation strategies. This research is descriptive research. East Java has the largest area among 6 provinces in Java, and Perceptions are very high value in knowledge of snake fruits and has the second largest population in Indonesia after West Java. the name snake fruits, knowledge of consumption of snake fruits There are 10 regencies which are centers of snake fruits. directly, and knowledge of the time available for snake fruits The district is Bangkalan, Banyuwangi, Bojonegoro, Jombang, while the lowest value are knowledge of other uses. Appreciation has an average value 52 % (sufficient). The highest value is Kediri, Lumajang, Malang City, Malang District, Pasuruan, government support for the potential of snake fruits (62%), while and Trenggalek. Some places in East Java have snake fruits the lowest value is transfer knowledge to next generation. Based cultivation centers that are used by the community as a source on the results, SWOT analysis such as in some snake fruits areas, of income and as a complement to religious ceremonies and it is a support for the economy, knowledge of the history of the cultural constellations to introduce regional tourism. At existence snake fruits is very lacking, and there must be a present the East Java snake fruits diversity in these places is transfer of knowledge of the maintenance of snake fruits in the not yet known throughout the East Java region itself. next generation. However, in some places snake fruits began to be evicted with pondoh snake fruits and Albizia even evicted with buildings. Keywords—appreciation; conservation; local wisdom; perception; SWOT This research tried to find out the perception and appreciation of the community around the snake fruits habitat I. INTRODUCTION and then compiled a SWOT analysis to obtain snake fruits Indonesia is an archipelago country with high biodiversity. conservation strategy. The practical aspect of the user One of the biodiversity in Indonesia is snake fruits plant. (folklore) related their knowledge and appreciation of the plant Snake fruits is a native fruit plant of Indonesia. Two species is rarely investigated. of snake fruits are cultivated i.e Salacca sumatrana and Salacca zalacca (1). Indonesia has several famous salak II. MATERIALS AND METHODS centers such as Jakarta (Condet snake fruits), Tasikmalaya, West Java (Manonjaya snake fruits), Central Java A. Study area (Banjarnegara snake fruits, Bejalen snake fruits, Saratan snake This study was conducted from September 2017 to March fruits. Njagan snake fruits), Yogyakarta (Pondoh snake fruits), 2018 at 10 snakefruits centers in The East Java. There are 10 and East Java (Kacuk snake fruits, Kersikan snake fruits, district what produce snakefruits. The snakefruits producing Pronojiwo snake fruits, and Senase snake fruits, Penjelin snake areas are Bangkalan, Banyuwangi, Bojonegoro, Jombang, fruits, (East Java) (2, 3). The name of the snake fruits often Kediri, Lumajang, Malang regency, Malang city, Pasuruan and uses the name of the place where the snake fruits is grown, Trenggalek.

Proceedings of 2018 International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2018) B. Procedures TABLE I. PERCEPTION VALUE (%)

Value of This research was exploratory descriptive research. The No. Factors of Perception method used in data collection is an explorative survey with respondence (%) Knowledge of snake fruits and the 1. 100 direct observation in the field and Participatory Rural name snake fruits Appraisal method, which is an assessment process that is Knowledge of the history of the 2. 32 oriented towards the involvement and active role of the existence of snake fruits Knowledge of consumption of community in research (5). Community involvement was 3. 100 snake fruits directly obtained through interviews with semi-structural and open- 4. Knowledge of other uses 21 ended interview techniques based on the questionnaire. The Knowledge about snake fruits 5. 41 sampling technique used was purposive sampling and supports the economy Knowledge of the time available snowball sampling (6). 6. 100 for snake fruits This study began with an interview with 304 informants. 7. Snake fruits plantation acquisition 62 The need for snake fruits is The age of informants ranged from 17 to more than 60 years. 8. 56 Questions consist of two categories. First, perception maintained Average 64 categories are 8 questions and 5 appreciation questions. An Category Sufficient open question to find out the opinion of informants about salak. This data is used to compile a SWOT analysis. The results Table I show that public knowledge is still not The steps in preparing SWOT are 1. identifying internal good or very good. The low component value is the perception factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors of the history of the existence of snake fruits, knowledge of (opportunities and threats); 2) compile a SWOT matrix; and 3) other uses, and knowledge about snake fruits supports the summarize recommendations and designs for The East Java economy are very low and low, while the value is very high on snake fruits conservation strategies to avoid extinction. knowledge of snake fruits and the name snake fruits and knowledge of consumption of snake fruits directly. C. Data Analysis The next results were about community appreciation for the continued existence of snake fruits in Table II. The questionnaire data was calculated to find out perception and appreciation. Perception is people's knowledge TABLE II. APPRECIATION VALUE (%) about snake fruits, while appreciation is an act of applying Value of community knowledge. Answer choice values according to the No. Factors of Appreciation respondence (%) level of use and level of knowledge and use of medicinal 1. Snake fruits processed foods 59 plants by respondents. The lowest value of 0 (zero) means that Replacement of snake fruits with other fruit 53 2. the respondent has the lowest knowledge and the highest score plants is 5 (five). The values are then grouped into five categories, 3. Doing activity to conserve snake fruits 60 Government support for the potential of 62 namely Very good (81-100%), Good (66-80%), Sufficient (51- 4. snake fruits 65%), Low (31-50%) and Lowest (≤ 30% ). The formula of 5. Transfer knowledge to next generation 25 perception and appreciation (7) is Average 52 Category Sufficient n x.k   (1) P =   n.k max  100% The result of appreciation is the same as the result of i   perception, namely the lowest result is the transfer of

knowledge to the generation. Because of both data results are P = Value of perception/appreciation not satisfactory or not too good, it needs to be supported by x = Number of respondents for a selected answer open interviews with informants. k = Answer weight n = Total number of respondents The results of the interview are kmax = Highest answer weight • The price is unstable, this happens when snake fruits is abundant the price of snake fruits is very low. Finally III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION snake fruits was replaced by Albizia (Pasuruan) • Government support is lacking in several districts but A. Result in other districts such as Bojonegoro, Jombang, and Perception and appreciation of the plant is rarely Lumajang government support is very high, investigated. In fact, to conserve the culture of the use of snake • Snake fruits was replaced with building houses and fruits plants, precise information about local knowledge, use shops as happened in Malang City and Bangkalan and appreciation of plants from local/indigenous people is of • There are still many people who care about snake great importance. The results of the study about perception fruits and want government support for the value (Table I). conservation of snake fruits.

Proceedings of 2018 International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2018) Based on the data Table I and Table II, a SWOT matrix for B. Discussion snake fruit is prepared. Based on table 1 it can be seen that the average perception of the community towards snake fruits is as much as 64 % TABLE III. SWOT ANALYSIS MATRIX (sufficient). Three perception factors get absolute value. These Internal Factors Strength (S) Weakness (W) three factors are knowledge of snake fruits and the name 1. Each district has a 1. Promotion of snake snake fruits, knowledge of consumption of snake fruits distinctive taste fruits in The East 2. In some snake fruits Java is lacking directly, and knowledge of the time available for snake fruits. The community around the place where snake fruits grows is areas, it is a support for 2. Introduction of the economy snake fruits through very familiar with snake fruits of the area. Local names have 3. Snake fruits is processed food is differences and the community is very familiar with the introduced to support very lacking tourist destinations 3. Transfer of uniqueness of snake fruits in the area. They really understand such as Jombang knowledge to the the existence of snake fruits in their area. 4. The mode of next generation is transportation is very lacking However, most people do not know the history of the easy to support the 4. The introduction of existence of snake fruits . People who understand the history snake fruits trade. the history of the of snake fruits are Bojonegoro, Jombang, KediriL Lumajang 5. Community knows the existence of snake and Trenggalek. Even in some of these areas the existence of local name of snake fruits is very lacking External fruits. 5. Public transportation snake fruits s commemorated as a historical day as happened Factors 6. Snake fruits plantation facilities are lacking in the Bojonegoro area. Wedi snake fruits Bojonegoro was still extensive and 6. The fast decay of brought by K.H Basyir Mutjaba. Kyai brought snake fruits many in some areas snake fruits in East seeds from the Bangkalan Kramat area. The Wedi village 7. snake fruits does not Java makes it less know the fruiting desirable community knows the history. season from good care Opportunities (O) S-O Strategy W-O Strategy Many people don’t know of other uses of snake fruit. For 1. Progress in techno- 1. Introducing the 1. Support and improve many years in several districts, snake fruits is used in logy information distinctive taste of The promotion religious ceremonies. The people of the Kediri region, Malang 2. Integration of East Java snake fruits 2. There must be a and Banyuwangi districts use snake fruits in religious tourism with through a food transfer of souvenirs exhibition knowledge of the ceremonies. The symbolic meaning is as an expression of 3. Modifying snake 2. Stabilizing snake fruits maintenance of gratitude for the abundance of snake fruits in the area. fruits as processed prices snake fruits in the Likewise in the Bojonegoro and Jombang areas a Salak food 3. Integrate potential next generation festival was held. tourism with fruits 3. Developing 4. Targeting the snake processed foods Another low perception value is snake fruits plants in fruits on potential 4. History of the snake some areas are used to support the economy. However, the market fruits’ existence 5. Cooperate with 5. Improving the abundance of snake fruits makes the price of snake fruits relevant agencies to quality and quantity cheap, so the snake fruits plants begin to be replaced with improve promotion and of snake fruits other plants such as Albizia. marketing festivals and 6. Cooperate with religious ceremonies Appreciation value is 52 % (sufficient). Appreciation relevant agencies for 6. Cooperation and factor that has a high value, that is government support for the the development of coordination with East Java superior related agencies potential of snake fruits, whereas that which has a low value is snake fruits production 7. Improve information transfer knowledge to next generation. Knowledge transfer is technology-based very low, even though the snake fruits plantation have had promotion strategies for generations. This is because the maintenance and 8. Improve the ability of foreign languages management of snake fruits is very easy. The snake fruits is 9. Developing snake a plant that is easy to grow and easy to maintain (8, 9). fruits plantation tours Threat (T) S-T Strategy W-T Strategy In so snake fruits me places abundance of snake fruits is 1. Limited written 1. Improve writing and 1. Improve promotion used for food such as dates, snake fruits syrup, and snake documentation documentation and marketing fruits chips. Farmers through farmer groups and cooperatives 2. Easy trading of 2. Increase the strategies must be creative. pondoh snake fruits production of The East 2. Improve public 3. The vast market Java snake fruits transportation Based on the perception and appreciation, a SWOT share of pondoh 3. Improve the market for facilities snake fruits processed foods analysis matrix is prepared. SWOT analysis in this study was 4. Transfer of conducted with the aim of knowing the strengths, weaknesses, knowledge about opportunities and threats that already exist and will occur for processed snake the conservation of snake fruits plants. We have always been fruits food is lacking the discussion of the 10 district communities include expectations, complaints, and satisfaction.

Proceedings of 2018 International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2018) The first strategy is a combination of strengths and • Improve information technology-based promotion opportunities (S-O). The S-O strategy can develop the strategies. The use of the internet can be done in the presence of snake fruits. The S-O strategy are industrial era 4.0. For example by creating an internet site about potential tourism or promotional events and • Introducing the distinctive taste of The East Java snake dissemination of information through social media. fruits through a food exhibition. For example zalacca- • Improve the ability of foreign languages. Communities producing regions recognize snake fruits as a regional must be able to use foreign languages, especially commodity. Related services can introduce local English, so that if there are foreign tourists, they can products. Agricultural exhibitions must be done easily communicate with foreign. frequently. These activities can be held in public crowds such as malls or plaza. • Developing snake fruits plantation tours. Snake fruits farmers can imitate apple farmers in Batu city. Apple • Stabilizing snake fruits prices. The prices are very low. farmers hold apple garden tours. Snake fruits farmers The average price of snake fruits is Rp. 2000, - Rp. can do snake fruits plantation tours. 4000, -. Low prices make farmers like Pasuruan replace The third strategy is S-T (Strength-Threats). This strategy snake fruits plants with Albizia. If the price snake fruits seeks to use force to anticipate and minimize threats in the is stable and high, the farmer will not replace snake cultivation and development of snake fruits. The S-T strategy fruits with other plants. is • Integrate potential tourism with fruits. Tourism • Improve writing and documentation. Local potential can be optimized and salak can be used as a governments or regional writers can reproduce written souvenir. This is a way to introduce the potential of publications and documentation. This is an effort to regional snake fruits. promote and introduce the potential of snake fruits. • Targeting the snake fruits on potential market. Local • Increase the production of the East Java snake fruits. governments can increase the promotion and marketing Snake fruits production which increases in quality and of snake fruits in potential markets. As for how to: quantity can reduce the entry of f snake fruits rom areas • local governments and snake fruits farmers outside East Java. participate in festivals, exhibitions and events both • Improve the market for processed foods. Snake fruits regionally and nationally processed foods must be improved. Then the marketing • improve the quality of exhibitions on the local and of processed food can be expanded regional scale The last strategy is W-T (Weaknesses-Threats). This • increase the intensity of promotion strategy seeks to minimize weaknesses to overcome threats in • collaborating with hotels and restaurants to be able supporting the development of snake fruits cultivation. The W- to use snake fruits as processed food T strategy is • Cooperate with relevant agencies to improve promotion • Improve promotion and marketing strategies. This and marketing improvement can be done through the use of • Cooperate with relevant agencies for the development information technology advances, participation in of East Java superior snake fruits production. The events, and innovation in snake fruits production. agriculture service can choose the superior snake fruits • Improve public transportation facilities. In some areas it from each region. is still difficult to get public transportation such as The next strategy is W-O strategy (Weaknesses- buses or other vehicles. Propagation and the opportunities). This strategy is minimizes or corrects development of transportation facilities is very weaknesses to achieve opportunities to support the necessary. development of snake fruits. The W-O strategy: The SWOT analysis carried out on this research in the • Support and improve promotion. Promotional events development and improvement of East Java salak is very are organized as annual agendas to promote snake fruits potential. • There must be a transfer of knowledge of the maintenance of snake fruits in the next generation IV. CONCLUSION • Developing processed foods. snake fruits has very fast The practical aspect of the user (folklore) related their fruit time so farmers must find ways to keep snake knowledge and appreciation of the plant is rarely investigated. fruits can be used. The results of a number of perceptions is 64% (suffient). • History of the existence of snake fruits. The young Perceptions are very high value in knowledge of snake fruits generation must know the history of the existence of and the name snake fruits, knowledge of consumption of snake fruits. This knowledge is useful for maintaining snake fruits directly, and knowledge of the time available for snake fruits in the area. snake fruits while the lowest value are knowledge of other • Improving the quality and quantity of snake fruits uses. Appreciation has an average value 52 % (sufficient). The festivals and religious ceremonies highest value is government support for the potential of snake • Cooperation and coordination with related agencies fruits (62%), while the lowest value is transfer knowledge to

Proceedings of 2018 International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2018) next generation. Using this method of analysis of perception REFERENCES and appreciation within a community could be effective to [1] C.T. Zumaidar, and A.S. Hartana, “Keanekaragaman genetik Salacca determine whether the existence of knowledge and cultural zalacca berdasarkan penanda AFLP,” Floribunda, vol. 5, pp. 60-70, practices in folklore still exist, in order to determine the 2015. [2] T. Sudaryono, P.E.R. Prahardini, S. Purnomo, and M. Soleh. “Distribusi SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis can be used to develop snake varietas pengumpulan plasma nutfah dan pengelompokkan salak fruits conservation strategies to avoid extinction. berdasarkan analisis isozim”. Malang: Laporan Proyek A.R.M. Sub Balai Penelitian Hortikultura. 1992. [3] Nandariyah. “Morphology and RAPD (random amplification of ACKNOWLEDGMENT polymorphic DNA) based classification of genetic variability of Java Salacca (Salacca zalacca(Gaertner). Voss),” J. of Biotechnol. and The first authors would like to thank the Biology Biodiv., vol. 1, pp. 8-13, April 2010. Department, Brawijaya University and Biology Department, [4] BPS, “Jumlah penduduk dan laju pertumbuhan penduduk Jawa Timur,” Surabaya State University for the opportunity given to the [Online], Available: http://jatim.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/330. authors to do research in ethnobotany of snake fruits in The [Accessed: 5-Aug-2018]. East Java. Researchers would like to thank to LPDP through [5] G.J. Martin, Ethnobotany. A “People and Plants” Conservation Manual Word Wide Fund for Nature, London: Chapman & Hall, 1995. BUDI scholarship that BUDI has funded this research. [6] C.F.C.B.R. Almeida, E.L.C. Amorim, U.P. Albuquerque, M.B.S. Maia, This research was also assisted by some students as field “Medical plants popularly used in the Xingó region – a semi-arid executors. The student among others Gilang Noval A., Anisah location in northeastern Brazil,” J. of Ethnobio. and Ethnomed., vol. 2, F., Hanif F., and Eka S. pp. 1-6, 2006. [7] Azrianingsih R, Kusumahati A. 2019. Perception and appreciation of Tenggerese of medicinal plants in Wonokitri Village, Tosari subdistrict, Pasuruan Regency. Proceeding International Conference on Global Resource Conservation. AIP Conference Proceedings 2019: 020016. [8] Anonim. “Budidaya pertanian salak (Salacca edulis),” [Online], Available: www.pakkatnews.com. [Accessed: 24-Mar-2009]. [9] S. Ashari, Salak The Snake Fruit, Malang: Universitas Brawijaya Press, 2013.