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Integral and Pulse Mode Silicon Dosimetry for Dose Verification on Radiation Oncology Modalities Grigori I

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Integral and Pulse Mode Silicon Dosimetry for Dose Verification on Radiation Oncology Modalities Grigori I University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2001 Integral and pulse mode silicon dosimetry for dose verification on radiation oncology modalities Grigori I. Kaplan University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Kaplan, Grigori I., Integral and pulse mode silicon dosimetry for dose verification on radiation oncology modalities, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wollongong, 2001. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1364 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. INTEGRAL AND PULSE MODE SILICON DOSIMETRY FOR DOSE VERIFICATION ON RADIATION ONCOLOGY MODALITIES A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Grigori I. Kaplan, MSc Department of Engineering Physics 2001 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY Ill ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV PUBLICATIONS V ABSTRACT VII FIGURES IX TABLES .7.". XIV CHAPTER INTRODUCTION. PRINCIPLES OF MOSFET DOSIMETRY 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.2. RADIATION EFFECTS AND CHARGE TRAPS DM SILICON DIOXIDE 1 1.3. APPLICATION OF METAL-OXEDE-SELICON STRUCTURE FOR RADIATION DOSIMETRY 6 1.3.1. Dose enhancement. Energy dependence 16 1.3.2. MOSFET dosimetry ofhadron beams 19 1.3.3. MOSFET dosimeter applications in radiation oncology and other fields 20 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY (BNCT) AND FAST NEUTRON THERAPY (FNT) 25 2.1. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BNCT 25 2.2. EARLY TRIALS OFTHERMAL BNCT AT THE BNL AND MIT (1951 TO 1961) 31 2.3. DEVELOPMENT OF THERMAL BNCT IN JAPAN 34 2.4. CURRENT CLINICAL TRIALS OF BNCT 36 2.5. FNT AND THE POSSIBILITY OF BORON ENHANCEMENT OF FNT 38 CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND MATERIALS 42 3.1. MOSFET DETECTORS 42 3.1.1. N'-channel MOSFETs ' 42 3.1.2. P-channel MOSFETs 44 3.2. MOSFET READERS 45 3.3. FILM DOSIMETER 48 3.3.1. Film read out system 54 3.4. RADIATION SOURCES 56 3.4.1. Hospital based x-ray generators 56 3.4.2. Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor (BMRR) 57 3.4.3. The Kyoto University Reactor 59 3.4.4. The Harper Hospital Fast Neutron Therapy Cyclotron 60 3.4.5. The National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at BNL 61 3.5. PHANTOMS 63 3.5.1. The hadron therapy phantom 63 3.5.2. Micrometer jig and phantom for planar microbeam measurements 66 3.6. BORON-10 COATING OF THE RADIATION DETECTORS 67 CHAPTER 4. INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MOSFET DOSIMETER 72 4.1. AIM 72 4.2. TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE MOSFET CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC: THERMAL-STABLE CURRENT 73 4.3. ENERGY AND PACKAGE MATERIAL DEPENDENCE OF A MOSFET RESPONSE TO X-RAY RADIATION 77 4.4. PHANTOM DEPTH AND ANGULAR DEPENDENCE OF MOSFET MEASUREMENTS 83 4.5. DEPENDENCE OF MOSFET SENSITIVITY ON TOTAL ACCUMULATED DOSE 89 4.6. CONCLUSIONS 93 1 CHAPTER 5. THE MOSFET AS A DUAL ALPHA-GAMMA DETECTOR AND AS A MICRODOSIMETER 95 5.1. AIM 95 5.2. MOSFET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY TO ALPHA PARTICLE FLUENCE 96 5.3. PULSE HEIGHT SPECTRUM MEASUREMENTS BY A MOSFET SOURCE AND DRAIN P-N JUNCTIONS 103 5.4. ALPHA PARTICLE PROBE OF THE CHARGE COLLECTION OF THE BIASED DRAW-SUBSTRATE P-N JUNCTION 112 5.5. APPLICATION OF A MOSFET DETECTOR FOR SIMULTANEOUS MACRO AND MICRO DOSIMETRY AT NEUTRON RADIATION THERAPY FACJLJTJES 125 5.5.1. Basic principles of microdosimetry 125 5.5.2. Microdosimetry application of a MOSFET at a FNT facility 131 5.5.3. Application of a MOSFET as a dual dosimeter at a BNCT facility 140 5.6. CONCLUSIONS 145 CHAPTER 6. SEMICONDUCTOR PROBES FOR THERMAL NEUTRON FLUX AND DOSE MEASUREMENTS IN NEUTRON THERAPY MODALITIES 149 6.1. AIM 149 6.2. METHODS OF THERMAL NEUTRON DOSIMETRY AT NEUTRON RADIATION THERAPY FACILITIES 150 6.2.7. Foil activation method 151 6.2.2. Fission chamber 155 6.2.3. Solid state fission detector 160 6.3. ION IMPLANTED SILICON DETECTORS 163 6.3.1. Fission detector with a thick uranium-235 converter 164 6.4. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND CALIBRATION 169 6.5. EPITHERMAL BNCT 172 6.5.1. Fission detector study 172 6.5.2. MOSFET study of a relative depth dose distribution 755 6.6. THERMAL AND QUASI EPITHERMAL BNCT 189 6.7. FNT AND THE FEASIBILITY OF BNCEFTN 192 6.8. THERMAL NEUTRON DOSIMETRY IN 252CF BRACHYTHERAPY 200 6.9. CONCLUSIONS 207 CHAPTER 7. MICROBEAM RADIATION THERAPY AND RADIATION DOSIMETRY OF X-RAY MICROBEAMS 211 7.1. AIM 211 7.2. CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MRT 212 7.2.7. Radiobiology of microbeam irradiation 272 7.2.2. Radiation dosimetry of x-ray microbeams 277 7.3. THE "EDGE-ON" APPLICATION OF A MOSFET DETECTOR IN AN X-RAY MICROBEAM 221 7.4. HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION MEASUREMENTS OF DOSE PROFILES ACROSS X-RAY MICROBEAMS 227 7.4.1. Comparison of the spatial resolution of a MOSFET and Gafchromic film 232 7.4.2. MOSFET measurement of a dose distribution profile across 30 /Jm wide synchrotron microbeam 235 7.5. CONCLUSIONS 236 SUMMARY 239 ii Statement of Originality I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. G.I. Kaplan 6th December, 2001 in Acknowledgements Firstly I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Anatoly Rosenfeld, for all his valuable intellectual guidance, support and help during the past few years. His encouragement, belief in my abilities and excellent advice made this thesis possible. I am grateful to Professor Barry Allen, from the St. George Cancer Care Centre, Sydney for many fruitful discussions, valuable advice and encouragement. I would like to thank Professor Bill Zealey, Head of the Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wollongong for encouragement and for support during the course of this project. My many thanks to Mr. Peter Ihnat, from the Department of Engineering Physics, for electronic design of the MOSFET reader and to Mr. Peter Anthony, from the same Department, for assembling the reader. I also would like to thank Mr. John Burke, from the Mechanical Workshop of the Faculty of Science, for manufacturing the perspex phantoms and the detector holders. I also appreciate assistance with detector measurements by Jeremy Booth, Peter Bradley and Michael Bailey from the Centre of Medical Radiation Physics of the University of Wollongong. I am grateful to Professor Rick Kefford, Director of the Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, for support and for fostering an atmosphere of scientific research. A/Professor Christine Clarke and Dr. Graham Mann, senior scientists of the Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, for encouragement and support. I also would like to thank A/Professor Clarke for helping me to overcome a brief decrease in motivation during the writing of this manuscript. I would like to thank Dr. Patricia Mote, from the Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, for reading this manuscript. I appreciate support of the following people for assistance and use of radiation oncology facilities: Professor Peter Metcalfe, Dr. Martin Butson and Martin Carolan from the Illawarra Cancer Care Centre; Dr. Jeffey Coderre and the reactor staff, Avraham Dilmanian and the synchrotron staff at the Medical Department of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, USA; Dr. Richard Maughan, Dr. Chandrasekhar Kota and Dr. Mark Yudelev from the Gershenson Radiation Oncology Centre, Harper Hospital, Detroit, USA; Dr. Tooru Kobaysahi from the Kyoto University Research Reactor. I am grateful to SPO Detector, Kiev, Ukraine for manufacturing of MOSFET detectors and ion-implanted silicon detectors. I am very grateful and am in debt to my parents, Professor Ilya Kaplan and Dr. Lara Popova, for showing me, by their own example, the excitement of scientific endeavours, for encouraging a critical scientific thinking, and for believing in me and taking pride in my achievements. Finally I must acknowledge my wife, Elena, for her total support, interest in my study and for the input of her artistic talent in enhancing some of the illustrations in this manuscript. IV Publications 1. Kaplan, G. I., Rosenfeld, A. B., Booth, J. T., Allen, B. J., Carolan, M. G., and Holmes-Siedle, A. "Improved spatial resolution by MOSFET dosimetry of an x-ray microbeam", Medical Physycs, v. 27, pp. 239-244, (2000) 2. Kaplan, G. I., Rosenfeld, A. B., Allen, B. J., Coderre, J. A., and Liu, H. B. "Fission converter and metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor study of thermal neutron flux distribution in an epithermal neutron therapy beam", Medical Physics, v. 26, pp. 1989-1994, (1999) 3. Kaplan, G. I., Rosenfeld, A. B., Allen, B. J., Maughan, R. L., Coderre, J. A. and Kobayashi, T.,"Semiconductor detectors for in-phantom thermal neutron flux and boron dose measurements in BNCT and Fast Neutron Therapy". In: Fronties in Neutron Capture Therapy, Hawthrone (ed.), pp. 1175-1180, Kluver Publisher, (2001) 4. Rosenfeld, A. B., Kaplan, G. I., Kron, T., Allen, B. J., Dalmanian, F. A., Orion, I., Ren, B., and Holmes-Siedle, A. "MOSFET dosimetry of x-ray microbeam", IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, v. 46, pp. 1774-1780, (1999) 5. Rosenfeld, A. B., Kaplan, G. I., Carolan, M. G., Allen, B. J., Anokhin, I., Zinets, O., Khivrich, V., and Litovchenko, P. "Application of p-i-n diodes and MOSFETs for dosimetry in gamma and neutron radiation fields", Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, v.
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