Buchanan 181 Buchanan vote of 60,000/. for foundling hospitals. was the second of four sons of George After this he practised some time at Sheffield, Buchanan, maltster, , one of the but returned to Edinburgh about 1766, and covenanters who fought at Bothwell Bridge, practised for some years with success. Fer- and Mary, daughter of Gabriel Maxwell, guson, the well-known popular lecturer on merchant, and was born in 1690. His name ' natural philosophy, at his death left Buchan appears in M' lire's list of the First Merchant ' his valuable apparatus. Buchan thereupon Adventurers at Sea ( View of the City of Glas- began to lecture on the subject, and drew large gow, p. 209), and by his trade Avith Virginia, classes for some years. In 1769 appeared, at where he had a tobacco plantation, he be- ' I the low price of six shillings, the first edition came one of the wealthiest citizens of his day. of his ' Domestic Medicine or the In 1735 he the estate of | Drum- ; Family purchased Physician,' the first work of its kind in this pellier, Lanarkshire, and the older portion of country. Its success was immediate and Drumpellier house was built by him in 1736. great. Nineteen large editions, amounting Adjoining Glasgow he purchased three small to at least eighty thousand copies, were sold properties in what was then known as the in Great Britain in the author's lifetime and ' the first made in ; Long Croft,' purchase being the book continues to be re-edited, as well 1719, the second in 1732, and the third in as largely copied in similar works. It was ! 1740 (Glasgow, Past and Present, ii. 196). translated into all the principal European Through his grounds he opened an avenue languages, including Kussian, and was more for gentlemen's houses, which he named universally popular on the continent and in 1 Virginia Street, and he planned a town America than even in England. The Em- house for himself called Virginia Mansion, press of Russia sent Buchan a gold medal which he did not live to complete. Along and a commendatory letter. It is said that with his three brothers he founded in 1725 Buchan sold the copyright for 700/., and that the Buchanan Society for the assistance of ap- the publishers made as much profit yearly prentices and the support of widows of the by it. Having unsuccessfully sought to suc- name of Buchanan. He was also one of the ceed the elder Gregory on his death, Buchan original partners of the Ship Bank, founded in 1778 removed to , where he gained in 1750. He was elected dean of guild in a considerable than and lord in 1740. When after practice ; less, however, 1728, provost his fame might have brought him but for his the battle of Prestonpans John Hay, quarter- convivial and social habits. He regularly master of the Pretender, arrived at Glasgow practised at the Chapter Coffee-house, near with a letter demanding a loan of 15,000/., St. Paul's, to which literary men were then Buchanan and five others were chosen com- wont to resort. Full of anecdote, of agree- missioners to treat with him, and succeeded in able manners, benevolent and compassionate, obtaining a reduction to 5,500/. (Memorabilia he was unsuited to make or keep a fortune : of Glasgow, p. 361). On account of his zeal a tale of woe always drew tears from his in raising new levies on behalf of the govern- eyes and money from his pocket. About a ment, Buchanan made himself so obnoxious year before his death his excellent constitu- to the rebels that in December 1745 a special tion began to give way, and he died at his levy of 500/. was made on him under threats son's house in Percy Street, Rathbone Place, of plundering his house, to which he replied 1 on 25 Feb. 1805, in his seventy-sixth year. they might plunder his house if they pleased, He was buried in the cloisters at Westminster but he would not pay one farthing' (Scots Abbey. Mag. viii. 30). He died 20 Dec. 1759. By l Among his minor works are Cautions his wife, Marion Montgomery, he left two concerning Cold Bathing and Drinking Mi- sons and four daughters. neral 1786 ' Observations con- Waters,' ; [Old Country Houses of the Old Glasgow cerning the Prevention and Cure of the 2nd ed. Cochrane Gentry, pp. 186-8 ; Correspon- ' Venereal 1796 ; Observations con- Past and Pre- Disease,' dence, pp. 107, 114, 132 ; Glasgow, cerning the Diet of the Common People,' sent, ii. 196; Scots Mag. viii. 30, xxi. 663.] ' 1797 ; On the Offices and Duties of a T. F. H. Mother,' 1800. SIB ANDREW (1807- [New Catalogue of Living English Authors BUCHANAN, son of James Bucha- i. 1882), diplomatist, only (1799), 352; Gent. Mag. Ixxv. pt. i. 286-8, nan of Ardinconnal, Dumbar- 378-80; European Mag. xlvii. 167.] G-. T. B. Blairvadoch, tonshire, and Janet, eldest daughter of James BUCHANAN, ANDREW (1690-1759), Sinclair, twelfth earl of Caithness, was born of Drumpellier, lord provost of Glasgow, was 7 May 1807, entered the diplomatic service descended from a branch of the old family 10 Oct. 1825, and was attached to the em- of Buchanan of Buchanan and Leny. He bassy at Constantinople. On 13 Nov. 1830 Buchanan 182 Buchanan

he was named paid attache at Rio de Janeiro, been intended for the ministry in the Scotch but he did not remain long in South Ame- church, but at the age of twenty-one he abandoned the idea rica, as he served temporarily with Sir Strat- of taking holy orders, and left ford Canning's special embassy to Constan- with the intention of travelling tinople from 31 Oct. 1831 till 18 Sept. 1832, through Europe on foot, supporting himself after which he became paid attach^ at Wash- by playing on the violin. In forming this wild ington on 9 Nov. He was with Sir Charles scheme, which he carefully withheld from the of his Vaughan's special mission to Constantinople knowledge parents, telling them that he from March 1837 to September 1838, and then had been engaged by a gentleman to travel proceeded to St. Petersburg as paid attach^ on the continent with his son, he appears to of seem to have been fired the of Goldsmith 6 Oct. the same year. Few men by example ; have gone through a greater number ofchanges but Buchanan did not get beyond London, in the service he was after for diplomatic ; secretary where, undergoing great privations of legation at Florence 24 Aug. 1841, and some months, he eventually obtained employ- charge d'affaires from July 1842 to October ment, on a very small salary, in a solicitor's 1843, and from March to May 1844. At St. office. After a residence of nearly four years Petersburg he was secretary of legation 1844, in London, he made the acquaintance of a and between that time and 1851 several times young man whose conversation revived the acted as charg6 d'affaires. He was then re- religious feelings which he had imbibed earlier warded for his various services by the appoint- in life, and shortly afterwards he introduced ment, 12 Feb. 1852, of minister plenipoten- himself to the Rev. John Newton, then rector tiary to the Swiss Confederation. In the of St. Mary Woolnoth, in the city, under following year, 9 Feb., he was named envoy whose influence a complete change in his extraordinary to the king of Denmark, and he character speedily took place. The intimacy acted as her majesty's representative at the with Mr. Newton led to his becoming ac- conference of Copenhagen in November 1855 quainted with Mr. Henry Thornton, by whose for the definite arrangement of the Sound liberality he was provided with funds, repaid dues question. He was transferred to Madrid a few years afterwards, which enabled him 31 March 1858, and then to the Hague 11 Dec. to go to Cambridge and to qualify for ordina- 1860. He became ambassador extraordinary tion. Entering Queens' College in 1791, and plenipotentiary to the king of Prussia Buchanan speedily formed an intimacy with 28 Oct. 1862, ambassador extraordinary to Charles Simeon. Buchanan's studies at Cam- Russia 15 Sept. 1864, and ambassador to Aus- bridge were chiefly theological. He did not tria from 16 Oct. 1871 to 16 Feb. 1878, when compete for university honours, but won he retired on a pension. Previously to this college prizes both in mathematics and in he had been made C.B. 23 May 1857, K.C.B. classics. He took his degree in 1795, and in 25 Feb. 1860, G.C.B. 6 July 1866, and a privy the same year was ordained a deacon of the councillor 3 Feb. 1863, He was created a , commencing his clerical baronet 14 Dec. 1878, and died at Craigend life as a curate of Mr. Newton. In the fol- Castle, Milngavie, near Glasgow, 12 Nov. lowing year he was appointed to a chaplaincy 1882. He married first, 4 April 1839, Fran- in Bengal, and, having taken priest's orders, ces Katharine, daughter of the Very Rev. sailed for Calcutta shortly afterwards. Edward Mellish, dean of Hereford (she died On his arrival at Calcutta early in 1797 4 Dec. 1854); and secondly, 27 May 1857, Buchanan was hospitably received by the Georgiana Eliza, third daughter of Robert Rev. David Brown [see BEOWN, DAVID, 1763- Walter Stuart, eleventh baron Blantyre. 1812], then presidency chaplain, and after- Office wards Buchanan's chief and colleague in the [Hertslet's Foreign List, 1882, p. 211 ; of Fort William. The exist- Times, 15 Nov. 1882, p. 8.] G. C. B. college provision ing at that time in for ministering to the BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS, D.D. (1766- religious wants of the British community was 1815), Bengal chaplain and vice-provost of extremely scanty. There was no episcopate, the college of Fort William, was born on few chaplains, and fewer churches. Bu- 12 March 1766 at , a village near chanan was sent to Barrackpur, where there Glasgow. His father, Alexander Buchanan, was no church, and, there being no British was a schoolmaster at Inverary, and here regiment quartered there, very little occupa- Claudius commenced his education. At the tion for a chaplain. He remained at Barrack- age of fourteen he became tutor in a gentle- pur for two years, passing much of his time man's later family, and two years entered the in studying the scriptures in the original , where he spent the tongues, and also the Persian and Hindustani two following years, leaving the university languages. He seems to have felt a good again to engage in private tuition. He had deal the want of congenial friends and the Buchanan 183 Buchanan

effects of the depressing climate. In 1799 his private purse, paid the salary of an Ar- he was transferred to a presidency chaplaincy, menian Christian, a native of China, who was .and shortly afterwards was appointed vice- employed for three years at the missionary provost of the college established by Lord establishment at Serampore in translating the

Wellesley at Fort William. One of the ! scriptures into Chinese. But perhaps the earliest duties which Buchanan wr as called most services in connection with | important upon to discharge as presidency chaplain was the propagation of in India in that of preaching a sermon before the go- which Buchanan was engaged were his tours

vernor-general and the principal officers of ! through the south and west of India, under- the government on the occasion of a general taken for the purpose of investigating the state thanksgiving for the successes achieved in of superstition at the most celebrated temples the late war in For this sermon of the the churches and Mysore. | Hindus, examining Buchanan received the thanks of the gover- libraries of the Romish, Syrian, and protes- | nor-general in council, and it was directed to tant Christians, ascertaining the present state

'' . be printed and circulated throughout India. and recent history of the Eastern Jews, and During the next few years Buchanan was discovering what persons might be fit instru-

1 much occupied with his duties as vice-provost ments for the promotion of learning in their of the and with the of and for a college, question pro- ! respective countries, maintaining moting the formation of a more adequate ec- future correspondence on the subject of dis- clesiastical establishment for India. Regard- seminating the scriptures in India (Christian ing the college he appears to have entertained Researches in Asia, by the Rev. CLAUDIUS ' views assigning to it a wider scope than was BUCHANAN, D.D., ed. 1840, p. 4). The first .generally ascribed to it, although not more of these tours received the sanction of the comprehensive than that indicated in the Marquis of Wellesley just before his depar- minute of Lord Wellesley on the establish- ture from India, and an account of it and j ment of the college. His opinion was that also of the second tour was embodied in the ' it had been founded to enlighten the ori- I above-mentioned work, which Buchanan pub-

ental world, to give science, religion, and . lished shortly after his return to England in

pure morals to Asia, and to confirm in it the ! 1811. In the first tour he visited the cele- British and dominion ' and this was brated of some of the power ; i temple , the aim he continually set before him. The temples in the northern districts of Madras,

'College continued in existence for many years, .! Madras itself, and the missions in Tanjore,

but in 1807 the appointment of vice-provost . Trichinopoly, Madura, Ceylon, Travancore, was discontinued, and the staff of teachers, and Cochin, from which latter place he re- -and also the work, were reduced within turned to Calcutta in March 1807. At the narrower limits than Lord had con- | end of that he started a second Wellesley ! year on tour, templated. Although, as a chaplain of the in the course of which he revisited Ceylon company, Buchanan was in a great measure and Cochin, and touched at Goa and several debarred from engaging directly in mission- other places between Cochin and Bombay, ary operations, he laboured zealously and in whence he embarked for England in March various ways for the promotion of Christianity 1808, after a residence in India of eleven ;and education among the natives of India. years. Out of his own means, which his emoluments His account of these tours is extremely as vice-provost of the college for a time interesting, especially those parts of it which rendered comparatively easy, he offered liberal relate to his intercourse with the Syrian money prizes to the universities and to some Christians in Travancore and Cochin, and the of the public schools of the narrative of his visit to the inquisition at for essays and poetical compositions in Greek, Goa. The result of his visit to this part of l Latin, and English, on the restoration of India, in addition to the information which ' learning in the East,' on the best means of it enabled him to supply, was a translation civilising the subjects of the British empire of the New Testament into , the in India, and of diffusing the light of the language of the British district of Malabar Christian religion throughout the Eastern and of the native states of Travancore and world,' and on other similar topics. The Cochin. college had originally comprised a depart- The remaining years of Buchanan's life, ment for translating the scriptures into the after his return to England in 1808, were languages of India, and the first version of spent in active efforts to promote the objects the gospels into the Persian and Hindustani upon which he had been chiefly engaged languages, which was printed in India, had while in India. He took a prominent part issued from the college press. When this in the struggle in 1813 which resulted in department was abolished, Buchanan, from the establishment of the Indian episcopacy. Buchanan 184 Buchanan

( Among other writings which he published of about seven hundred pages, entitled His- ' on this subject was a volume entitled Co- toria Humanse Animse.' In 1638 he followed lonial Ecclesiastical Establishment, being a this up with ' L'Histoire de la Conscience, brief view of the state of the Colonies of par David Buchanan,' which was probably Great Britain and of her Asiatic Empire in printed also at Paris, though the place of respect to Religious Instruction, prefaced by publication is not mentioned. Between 1638 some considerations on the national duty of and 1644 he appears to have returned to> affording it.' While the contest was pro- his native land, and in 1644 issued an edi- ceeding he Avas vehemently attacked in par- tion of John Knox's 'Historie of the Re- liament as a calumniator of the Hindus, and formation in Scotland,' to which he prefixed as having given to the world an exaggerated a life of the author and a preface. In both ' ' ' ' statement of the cruelty and immorality of the Historic and the Life he took un- their but he was defended with usual and in the former superstitions ; liberties, interpolated A'igour by Mr. Wilberforce and other pro- a great deal of original matter, apparently moters of the new legislation. Another work with the view of adapting it to the times. f which he published about this time was An The preface, which professes to be a sketch Apology for promoting Christianity in India, of the previous history, is historically worth- containing two letters addressed to the Honor- less. In 1645 a second edition was published able concerning the idol at Edinburgh. In the same year he pub- and a memorial to the lished at London ' Truth its Manifest or a Jagannath, presented ; Bengal Government in 1807 in defence of the short and true Relation of divers main pas- Christian Missions in India. To which are sages of things in some whereof the Scots are now added, Remarks on the Letter addressed particularly concerned.' This work was an by the Bengal Government to the Court of account of the conduct of the Scotch nation Directors in reply to the Memorial with an during the civil war. It provoked consider- appendix containing various official papers, able ire in England, was voted by both chiefly extracted from the Parliamentary houses of parliament false and scandalous,, Records relating to the promulgation of and ordered to be burnt by the hangman. Christianity in India.' A scurrilous refutation appeared entitled ' Buchanan received the degree of D.D. from Manifest Truths, or an Inversion of Truths the university of Glasgow, and also from that Manifest,' London, 1646. Buchanan's pam- of Cambridge. He died in 1815 at Brox- phlet, according to Baillie's letters (to Wil- bourne in , where he was en- liam Spang, 24 April 1646), was really a gaged in revising a Syriac translation of the collection of authentic state papers edited New Testament. He was twice married, and by him, with an introduction and a preface. left two daughters by his first wife. Parliament, not being able to deny the au- of the attacked the intro- [Pearson's Memoirs of the Life and "Writings thenticity papers, and declared the editor to be an of the Kev. Claudius Buchanan, D.D., 3rd ed., duction, in The next notice of him is to be London, 1819 ; Christian Kesearches Asia, with incendiary. in the ' notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into found Scottish Historical Library/ the Oriental Languages, by the Rev. Claudius London, 1702. Here Nicolson. men- new 1840 tions that a deal of the in Buchanan, D.D., edition, London, ; great work the ' Memorandum on the Syrian Church in Malabar, Atlas of Scotland,' published in 1655, was 19 Feb. India Office A. J. A. 187S, Records.] really done by Buchanan, and that he died before he had finished all he had projected. BUCHANAN, DAVID (1595?-! 652?), Nicolson also says that he wrote 'several Scotch Sibbald writer, was, says, descended short discourses concerning the antiquities- from the same family as the famous George and chorography of Scotland,which in bundles- Buchanan. This statement is confirmed by of loose papers, Latin and English, are still William Buchanan of Auchmar in safe ' and that these ' discover (Historical custody ; and Genealogical Essay upon the Family and their author's skill in the Hebrew and Celtic Surname of Buchanan, 1723), who asserts languages.' Perhaps these are what Bu- that David was the second son of William chanan of Auchmar refers to when he says son of the first Buchanan of that David wrote a ' ' of Buchanan, large Etymologicon Arnprior, who was second cousin to George all the shires, cities, rivers, and mountains- Buchanan. A David Buchanan was ad- in Scotland, from which Sir Robert Sibbald ' mitted to St. Leonard's College at St. An- quotes some passages in his History of the drews in 1610 (IRVING, preface to Davidis Shires of Stirling and Fife.' Sibbald also ' Buchanani de Scriptonbus Scotis). He ap- states, in the Memoirs of the College of to have resided some time in that he received the pears France, Physicians,' greatest for in 1636 he published at Paris a work assistance from some manuscripts of Mr. Buchanan 185 Buchanan

David Buchanan, who has written on the which attracted considerable attention. The learned men of Scotland in excellent Latin. following year he accepted an invitation to Here he probably refers to the manuscript start in Edinburgh a liberal newspaper, the l ' entitled De Scriptoribus Scotis,' preserved Weekly Register.' The paper did not live in the university library at Edinburgh, and above a year, and on its discontinuance he attributed to David Buchanan, which was for transferred his services to the ' Caledonian the first time edited by Dr. David Irving, Mercury,' which he continued to edit from and printed for the Bannatyne Club in 1837. 1810 to 1827, when he accepted the editor- ' In the appendix to this work there is inserted ship of the Edinburgh Courant.' This paper the last testament of a David Buchanan. he edited until his death at Glasgow, 13 Aug. Among the ' Miscellanies ' of the Bannatyne 1848. is a ' his editorial Club (vol. ii.) to be found Latin Urbis Amidst duties Buchanan found Edinburgi Descriptio per Davidem Bucha- time to devote his attention to a variety of nanum,' dated circa 1648. The date of his literary projects. He made political economy death can be more nearly fixed than that of his special study, and in 1814 he brought out his birth, for it appears to lie between 1652 an edition of Adam Smith's works, with life, and 1653. Most of the authorities agree in notes, and a volume of additional matter, in the first but in a note to the which some of the more assigning year ; important subjects ' ' Descriptio Edinburgi it is stated that ac- treated of by Smith were examined in the light cording to the registers of wills he must have of further progress and experience. A con- died in 1653. siderable portion of the volume was after- ( ' wards utilised him in into the [Anderson's Scottish Nation (articles Bu- by Inquiry ' ' Taxation and Commercial of Great chanan,' David Buchanan,' Sir Robert Gordon Policy with Observations on the of Straloch'); Bannatyne Club Publications, notes Britain, Principles of and of and prefaces (Descriptio Urbis Edinburgi; De Currency Exchangeable Value,' Scottish Historical in 1844. Of this book the more Scriptoribus Scotis) ; Library ; published William Buchanan's Essay on the Family and Sur- noticeable features are its arguments against name of Buchanan Baillie's B. C. S. its ; Letters.] taxes on manufactured goods, opposition to the income-tax as inconsistent with the the elder BUCHANAN, DAVID, (1745- spirit of freedom, and its attempted refuta- and a descendant of 1812), printer publisher, tion of Ricardo's theory of rent. Buchanan the ancient of Buchanan of family Buchanan, also brought out an edition of the 'Edinburgh was born at Montrose in and studied at 1745, 'Gazetteer,' in six volumes, contributed nu- the of where he university Aberdeen, gra- merous geographical and statistical articles duated M.A. He the business of ' began print- to the seventh edition of the Encyclopaedia in his native town at a time when the art ing Britannica,' and supplied a large portion of was in few of the towns ' practised provincial the letterpress for the Edinburgh Geogra- of and his as a Scotland, enterprise publisher phical Atlas,' published in 1835. was. also shown the issue of editions by good 18 1848 Anderson's [Montrose Standard, Aug. ; of the dictionaries of Johnson, Boyer, and Scottish Nation.] T. F. H. Ainsworth. He abridged Johnson's dictionary for the earliest edition ever pocket printed. BUCHANAN, DUGALD (1716-1768), his other mention Among publications special Gaelic poet, was born at the mill of Ardoch be made of his miniature series of may Eng- in the valley of Strathtyre and parish of lish also revised and corrected classics, by Balquhidder, Perthshire, in 1716. After con- himself. He died in 1812. ducting a small school in a hamlet in his native he in the [Anderson's Scottish Nation.] T. F. H. county, procured, 1755, situation of schoolmaster and catechist at BUCHANAN, DAVID, the younger Kinloch Rannoch in the parish of Fortingale, (1779-1848), journalist and author, son of on the establishment of the Society for Pro- in Scotland. David Buchanan, printer and publisher [q.v*], pagating Christian Knowledge was born at Montrose in 1779. He learned His accurate acquaintance with the Gaelic the business of his father, and, like him, also language enabled him to render essential possessed intellectual tastes and sympathies. service to the Rev. James Stewart of Killin At an early period of his life he contributed in translating the New Testament. He died ' ' to Cobbett's Political Register a reply to on 2 July 1768, and was interred at Little the editor the burial- on a question of political economy. Leny in the parish of Callander, ' He also became a contributor to the Edin- place of the Buchanans of Leny and Cam- ' burgh Review shortly after its commence- busmore. i ' ment. In 1807 he published a pamphlet on His Laoidhibh Spioradail (Spiritual the volunteer system originated by Pitt, Hymns) were first published in 1767, and Buchanan 186 Buchanan

"have been often reprinted in Gaelic. They natural and civil, and antiquities in the do- have been translated into English by A. minions of the Raja of Mysore, and the McGregor (Glasgow, 1849, 12mo), and by countries acquired by the Honorable East L. Maclean (Edinburgh, 1884, 8vo). An India Company in the late and former wars English translation of his 'Day of Judg- from Tippoo Sultan.' This report, which is ment,' by J. Sinclair, appeared at Aberdeen very voluminous and cast in the form of a in 1880, 8vo. journal, was published in England in 1807 Keid says that Buchanan's poetical genius by order of the court of directors, in three -was of the first order, and that he may be quarto volumes. A second edition, in two ' called the Cowper of the highlands.' His octavo volumes, was published at Madras in poems are admitted to be equal to any in 1870. It is full of valuable information on the Gaelic language for style, matter, and all the points which Buchanan was ordered ' the harmony of their versification. Latha to investigate, and is illustrated by explana- ' ' a' Bhreitheanis (The Day of Judgment), An tory engravings, but it would have been far ' ' Claigeann (The Skull)/' Am Bruadar (The more useful if the matter contained in it had ' ' Dream), and An Geamhradh (The Winter) been entirely recast and condensed previous are the most celebrated, and are read with to publication. Buchanan's tour in southern enthusiasm by all highlanders. India was followed by a visit to Nepal, in Besides his 'Hymns' Buchanan left a company with another British mission, in * at resulted in his a Diary,' which was published Edinburgh i 1802, which writing history in 1836, with a memoir of the author pre- of Nepal, and making large additions to his fixed. botanical collections. On his return he was j to the [Memoir prefixed to Diary; Beatha agus appointed surgeon governor-general,

Bochannain ; and Lord on his lompachadh Dhugaill (Edinb. 1844) | accompanied Wellesley Sar- Eeid's Bibl. Scotp-Celtica, 63 ; Mackenzie's to in 1806. after- j voyage England Shortly Obair namBardGaelach(1872), 167-81 ; Kogers's wards he was the court of di- j deputed by Scottish i. 323 Modern Minstrel, ; Eogers's rectors to make a statistical survey of the Monuments and Monumental in Inscriptions presidency ofBengal, an enormous work upon Scotland, ii. T. C. 151.] which he was employed for seven years, and BUCHANAN, FRANCIS HAMILTON, which then was only partially accomplished. M.D. (1762-1829), a medical officer in the The results of this survey, which were for- service of the East India Company, author warded to the East India House in 1816, do of 'A .Journey from Madras through the not appear to have been published, if we except countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar,' a geographical and statistical description of ' of a History of Nepal,' and of other works Dinajpur, published at Calcutta after Bu- on Indian subjects, Avas the third son of chanan's death. In 1814 Buchanan was ap- Thomas Buchanan of Spittal and Elizabeth pointed superintendent of the Botanical Gar- Hamilton, heiress of Bardowie. He was born den at Calcutta, but returned to England in at Branziet in the parish of Callander, Perth- the following year. His latter years were in shire, on 15 Feb. 1762. Having been educated spent principally Scotland, where, on the for the medical profession, he took his degree death of his eldest brother, he succeeded to at Edinburgh in 1783, and was shortly after- the estate which had been the property of his wards appointed a surgeon on board a man-of- mother, and took the additional name of war, but was compelled by ill-health to relin- Hamilton. He was a fellow of the Royal quish this appointment. Eventually, in 1794, Society, and a member of the Royal Asiatic he entered the East India Company's service Society. In 1826 he was appointed deputy- as a surgeon on the Bengal establishment. lieutenant of Perthshire. The same year he Shortly after reaching India he accompanied made good his claims to be regarded the chief a mission to the court of Ava, and devoted of the clan Buchanan. He died on 15 June himself to botanical researches in Ava, Pegu, 1829, in his sixty-seventh year. and the Andaman islands. On the return of [Buchanan's Mysore, Canara, and Malabar stationed at near the mission, being Lakkipur, (Madras, 1870); Men whom India has known he wrote an the mouth of the Brahmaputra, (Madras, 1871).] A. J. A. admirable description of the fishes of that river, \vhich was published in 1822. In 1800 BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506-1582), lie was deputed by Lord Wellesley, then historian and scholar, third son of Thomas ' governor-general of India, to travel through Buchanan, a son of Buchanan of Druinnakill, and and report upon the countries of Mysore, a poor laird, Agnes Heriot, was born at Canara, and Malabar, investigating the state the farm of Mid Leowen, or the Moss, in the of and commerce the re- of Killearn in in agriculture, arts, ; parish Stirlingshire, February lost ligion, manners and customs; the history, 1506. At an early age he his father. Buchanan 187 Buchanan

Giving promise of scholarship, he was at the whom the pope conferred the abbacies of age of fourteen sent by his uncle, James Melrose and Kelso. About this time the Heriot, from the parish school of Killearn king gave Buchanan a commission to write to Paris, where he studied chiefly Latin. In a sharper satire against the friars, a dangerous * less than two years he was forced to come task he tried to evade by the Palinodia,' home by the death of his uncle and the which pleased neither his patron nor his ad- poverty of his mother. His health was restored versaries. The king having again applied to i by residence in the country, and when only him he produced his Franciscanus etFratres.' seventeen he served with the French troops Sir David Lindsay appealed to the people in to and was the vernacular Buchanan addressed the brought by Albany Scotland, ; the sacer- present at the siege of Werk in October 1523. learned, and both struck Roman Campaigning hardships brought on an illness dotal system in its most vulnerable point the which kept him in bed for the rest of the morals of the clergy and hastened the Scot- winter. In 1524 he went to St. Andrews to tish reformation. But James, who urged the attend the lectures of John Mair, or Major, literary attack for political ends, did not em- a man of acute intellect, who, like Erasmus, brace the new doctrines, and allowed Cardinal did not embrace the reformed doctrine, but Beaton to persecute those who did so. In and prepared the way for it. His pupils did not 1539 five Scottish reformers were burnt stop where their master did, and Buchanan many driven into exile. Buchanan escaped ungratefully refers to him in the epigram from a window of his prison at St. Andrews to London, where he found Henry VIII in- Cum scateat nugis solo cognomine Major, tent on his own ends rather than on the purity Nee sit in immenso pagina sana libro, of Buchanan, men of Non mirum titulis quod se veracibus ornat: religion, burning, says at the same stake. Old Nee semper rnenclax fingere Greta solet. opposite opinions habit and the toleration of religion in France Mair went to Paris in 1525, whither Bucha- drew him to Paris. Here his implacable nan, after taking his degree of B.A. at St. enemy, Beaton, who had already tried, he Andrews on 3 Oct. of that year, followed him says, to purchase his life from James V, was in 1526, and was admitted B.A. in the Scot- employed in an embassy, and to escape him tish College on 10 Oct. 1527. His elegy, Buchanan went to Bordeaux on the invitation * Quam misera est conditio docentium literas of Andrew Govea, principal of the college of humaniores Lutetise,' bears the mark of per- Guienne. The scholarship of which he gave sonal experience. He describes the spare diet proof in a poem addressed to Charles V on and frequent fasts, the midnight oil, the his visit to that town gained him speedy em- shabby dress, the perpetual round of studies. ployment, and he taught Latin in the newly Marriage is forbidden to the scholar who can founded college for three years. In Bor- ' afford no dowry. Old age comes swiftly and deaux he composed four tragedies, Baptistes,' ' mourns a youth wasted in studies. He ends 'Medea,' 'Jephthes/ and Alcestis,' 'which with a farewell to the muses. In March 1528 were acted by the students, whom he desired he became M.A., and though defeated in a to withdraw from the allegories then in ' ' contest for the office of procurator of the Ger- fashion to classic models. In the Baptistes man nation by Robert Wauchope, afterwards especially the virtue of liberty, the fear of bishop of Armagh, on 3 June 1529, he was God rather than of man, and the infamy of the * elected to this coveted distinction. About tyrant, are the themes. Let each judge for l the same time he began to teach grammar in himself,' he* says in the prologue, whether the college of St. Barbe, and became tutor of this is an old or a new story.' Among the Gilbert, earl of Cassilis, with whom he re- pupils who took part in acting these trage- mained for five years in Paris and its neigh- dies was Montaigne, in whose essays there bourhood. are several notices of his old tutor While thus engaged he published kindly ; ' a Latin version of Linacre's Rudiments of among his colleagues Govea, Muretus, Tevius, Latin Grammar ' at the of Robert Ste- and Tarteeus his friends the press ; among leading phen, which he inscribed to his pupil, and lawyers and magistrates of Bordeaux. At wrote his poem entitled * Somnium,' an imi- Agen, where he and some of his brother pro- ' tation of Dunbar's Visitation of St. Francis,' fessors spent vacation, he gained the friend- directed like it against the Franciscans. Bu- ship of the elder Scaliger. To this period chanan returned to Scotland in 1536, and belong his verses, which are open to the various to censure of not excusable in a cen- gifts him as servant (i.e. tutor) to a license ' Lord James' occur in the treasurer's accounts sor of the morals of the clergy. The Ama- ' between 16 Feb. 1536 and July 1538. This ryllis of his poem, Desideriuin Lutetiae,' was * Lord James ' was not the future not a but the hard-hearted regent, but Paris, lady ; another of King James's natural sons, on 'Neaera' and the meretricious 'Leonora,' Buchanan 188 Buchanan names borrowed from classical masters, are that he was sometimes admitted to the coun- realistic, probably real. It is possible that cil of war. During this period several of his ' ' Milton's lines, works were first published; his Alcestis and a specimen of his version of the Psalms, Were it not better done, as others use, which Henry Stephen brought out without To .sport with Amaryllis in the shade, his consent, with four other versions Or with the tangles of Nesera's hair ? along scholars of different (Lycidas, 67) by countries, among whom he gave Buchanan the palm, and his glanced at Buchanan as well as at the classic own Greek version. At this time he wrote ' ' elegiacs. Between 1544 and 1547 Buchanan new poems on the Taking of Calais and the ' returned to Paris and taught in the college Epithalamium of the Dauphin and Mary of Cardinal le Moine, where the loss of his Stuart.' He also studied the that he Bordeaux friends was compensated by the might form an opinion on religious contro- companionship of another circle of scholars, versies. The date of his return to Scotland Turnebus, the great Grecian, Charles Stephen, is not certain, but he was there in 1562, and ' the physician and printer of the family which in April Randolph writes to Cecil : The queen gave its chief fame to the press of Paris, and readeth daily after her dinner, instructed by Groscollius, and Gelida, less known scholars. a learned man, Mr. George Buchanan, some- Buchanan here became a victim of the gout, what of Lyvie.' He now openly embraced which never left him, and aggravated a tem- the- doctrines of the reformed church, and per naturally hasty. Govea, the principal at at once took part in its government. He Bordeaux, was a Portuguese, and was sum- was a member of the general assembly at moned by John III of Portugal to preside Edinburgh on 25 Dec. 1563, and of a com- ' over the newly founded college at Coimbra. mission for revising the Book of Discipline/ He brought to his aid some of his learned He sat in the assemblies of 1564-7, and friends, and among them Buchanan and his served on their judicial committee. In that brother Patrick. John of Portugal, the friend of June 1567 he was moderator, one of the of learning, though not of the Reformation, few laymen who have held that office. The had already admitted the inquisition into his year before he had been appointed by Moray dominions, and on the death of Govea in 1548 principal of the college of St. Leonard's, and Buchanan was accused of the use of flesh in in that, as well as the following year, his Lent, of writing against the Franciscans, and name occurs among the electors, assessors, of the remark that Augustine would have and deputies of the rector. In the register favoured those whom the Roman church con- he receives the epithet already given him by l demned. Two secret witnesses reported that foreign scholars, Hujus sseculi poetarum he thought ill of Roman doctrine, and he was facile princeps.' He also appears as auditor immured in a monastery for some months, in of the accounts of the quaestor for the year the hope that seclusion and the monks might 1566-7, and as assessor of the dean of the reclaim him. He occupied himself instead faculty of arts in 1567-9. In the parliament with translating the Psalms into Latin. On of 1563 Buchanan was appointed one of the his release he was invited to remain in Por- commissioners to inquire into the foundations tugal, but sailed for England in 1552. There of St. Andrews and other universities. No he remained only a short time, and returned report of this committee is extant, but a in the solici- in to Paris the following year. At sketch for it, of which a copy exists the tation of his friends he composed a poem on Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, is credited the raising of the siege of Metz, though with to Buchanan. It differs from the scheme in a ' some reluctance, as Melinde de St. Gelais, the Book of Discipline,' but, like it, aimed poet ofthe school ofMarot,had already written at an organisation of the separate colleges on the subject. A graceful elegy on his return of St. Salvator, St. Leonard, and St. Mary, to France, 'Adventus in Galliam,' celebrates which overlapped each other. According to its praises in contrast with Portugal. After his plan there was to be a college of huma- teaching a short time in the college of Bon- nity, with a principal, public reader, and six court he was engaged by Marechal de Brissac, regents, for the teaching of languages on the of the French on the Italian model of the of Geneva a governor territory academy ; college coast, as tutor for his son, Timoleon de Cosse, for philosophy with a principal, a reader in an office he held for five years, residing partly medicine, and four regents : and a college of in Italy and partly in France. He was for- divinity, with a principal who was to read tunate in his pupil, who, short as his life was, Hebrew, and a reader in law. This inadequate acquired credit in letters as well as a place scheme, in which languages were given too among Brantome's great captains of France. great preponderance, was much improved by Brissac's confidence in Buchanan was so great the reform projected and in part effected by Buchanan 189 Buchanan

Buchanan's pupil, Andrew Melville, under rant as to her handwriting. The result of a subsequent commission in 1578. While this disclosure was to lead Elizabeth and chiefly engaged in the affairs of the church Cecil to transfer the conference to Westmin- and education Buchanan was employed by ster. Buchanan went with the Scottish com- the privy council to translate Spanish state missioners. A tortuous diplomacy delayed papers for the use of the council. He still the production of the proofs, whose existence for continued to exercise his talent Latin must now have been known to all the prin- verses, celebrated the marriage of Mary and cipal parties, but Cecil and Moray desired to ' Darnley in Strenae and Pompse,' dedicated his use the letters so as to force Mary to a com- version of the Psalms to the queen, composed promise rather than to close the door to it. valentines in honour of the ladies Beaton and At last, however, all reluctance was over- ' Fleming, two of the queen's Maries, and the come, and on 6 Dec. Moray gave in the Book verses spoken by the satyrs in the masque after of Articles,' in which the charge against Mary the baptism of the young prince at Stirling. was first formulated. This was long supposed In reward for these services he received a pen- to be the same document as the ' Detection ' sion of 500/. a year out of the revenues of the which Buchanan afterwards published. A of abbey of Crossraguel ; but the resistance copy recently found among Lord Hopetoun's the savage Earl of Cassilis, son of his old manuscripts proves it to have been different, pupil, made it impossible to obtain payment though many passages are in almost the same of this pension, his chief livelihood, without words, and the proof is the same as in the 1 recourse both to the privy council and the Detection.' Two days after, with a renewed courts. Buchanan was probably at St. An- protest, the casket and a portion of its contents drews during the months between Darnley's were brought forward. The queen's commis- murder (10 Feb.) and Bothwell's marriage sioners lodged in her name an answer to the and when he came to and his (15 May) ; Edinburgh accusation, charging Moray party with for the June assembly (25 June) Mary was a being the real authors of the murder. Eliza- captive in Lochleven, and Bothwell in full beth's counsellors now gave their opinion that flight to the north. The assembly over which she ought not to admit Mary to her presence. Buchanan presided issued a missive summon- Finally on 11 Jan. 1568-9 the commissioners ing the nobility and others to a meeting on on both sides, of whom Buchanan is named 20 July, but transacted no other business of as one, met for the last time face to face at importance. It was only five days before Hampton Court, when Mary's commissioners the June assembly that the famous casket repeated the accusation against Moray, but with the letters alleged to be written by declined to take the responsibility of it on the queen is said to have been found, and themselves, and Moray offered to go to Bow- taken of Morton but there is ton to see whether would stand her possession by ; Mary by no proof that Buchanan at this time knew accusation, an offer which her commissioners their contents. On 16 Sept. the casket was declined. Elizabeth had already on the 10th delivered by Morton to Moray, who was then stated her decision through Cecil, refusing to preparing to go to the conference at York condemn either Moray or Mary, and giving which Queen Elizabeth had summoned. Bu- the former license to return to Scotland. chanan went as the secretary of the commis- Mary's commissioners were some weeks later sion. At the conference, if not before he left allowed to return. Such was the impotent Scotland, he must have become cognisant of conclusion of these long conferences. The the letters. On 27 Sept. the commissioners unfairness to Mary, who was not allowed and Buchanan started for England, with a either personally or by her commissioners to guard of a hundred horse. Narrowly escap- see the principal documents brought forward ing being waylaid by the Earl of Westmor- against her, is palpable. Buchanan must bear land, they arrived at York in the beginning of his share in the discredit of these transac- October. The real debate began on 8 Oct., tions. What that share is it is not so easy when Mary's commissioners gave in her to determine. At best Buchanan's conduct complaint. On 10 Oct. Lethington, Mac- must be regarded as that of a willing agent gill, Balnavis, and Buchanan were sent to of Moray's policy. But Mary's vindicators the English commissioners, and protesting brought against him a much graver charge they did not appear before them as commis- the forgery of the documents produced from sioners, but only for their instruction, ex- the casket. His life and character as re- hibited a portion of the contents of the casket. presented by the closest observers do not Lethington, who had been her secretary, and warrant this, nor are the best judges inclined Buchanan, who had been her tutor, declared to see his style in their composition. A letter that the letters were written by the queen. written from London, it is supposed at the It is difficult to believe that either was igno- instigation of Cecil after the publication ot Buchanan 190 Buchanan

' Buchanan's Detection/ expressly says that tion to the true lords to support the cause of ' the book was written by him, not as of him- the young king, on which the great issue of self nor in his own name, but according to protestantism against papacy depended. The ' ' the instructions to him given by common Chamseleon is a curious sample of the sudden conference of the privie counsel of Scotland, changes of this age of intrigues, as little more by him only for his learning penned, but by than a year before the satirist and the object of them the matter ministered/ and this, though his satire had acted together in the accusation coming from a source not beyond suspicion, of Mary. Shortly after the assassination of appears probable. As to the letters them- Moray, Buchanan, by an act of council dated selves, the preponderating opinion of im- August 1569 (Lord Haddingtoris MS., Ad- partial writers now is against their genuine- vocates' Library), was appointed tutor to Mr. Hosack's the then in his fourth and as ness, though ingenious theory king, year ; suggested by Miss Strickland that some it was necessary that he should reside at are letters to Darnley is not more than a Stirling, where James was kept under the- said to of the Earl of conjecture. The mystery cannot be guardianship Mar, he resigned be solved until the forger is discovered. his office of principal. In the following year it is difficult the 'Detection' in Assuming their falsity, to stop was published London, short of the further conclusion, that Buchanan first in Latin and then in the Scottish dialect. ' must have shut his eyes to the inquiry which In it the charges against Mary in the Book know- of in the form of a would have produced the necessary | Articles/ judicial paper, are to ledge. He returned to Scotland with Moray reiterated and adapted the purposes of of early in January 1568-9, and at once resumed a polemic. The date the English edition is a of his position as principal of St. Andrews. fixed by letter Cecil of 1 Nov. 1571, ' ' Buchanan does not refer either in his De- which states that it is newly printed in ' ' tection or in his ( History to the examina- Latin, and I hear is to be translated into- tion at St. Andrews, on 9 and 10 Aug., of English, with many supplements of like Nicholas Hubert, commonly called French condition.' Next year it was reprinted in Paris, which attributes to Mary full know- Scotch at St. Andrews by Lekprevik, and a ledge of the conspiracy to murder her hus- French edition was put out, purporting to be ' band, and even of the particular mode devised printed a Edinburg, ville capitale d'Ecosse, I It le 13 for carrying it out. cannot, however, ! Fevrier 1572, par moi Thomas Watters/' the omission a fictitious for in it be reasonably concluded from | name, reality was pub- that he disbelieved it; for it was not the i lished at Rochelle by a Huguenot editor. After to be in the all allowance for the well- method of either work precise j party spirit and the Latin edition founded belief of the reformers that citation of authorities, and j Mary was r of the * first in 1571, was a subtle and the ' Detection Detection/ printed I dangerous enemy, Paris was be deemed a calumnious not probably written before examined, ! must work, which ' as the ' Book of Articles on which it is out doubtful and trivial incidents j only sought founded was. Before that to blacken her but invented others certainly publi- | character, cation events occurred which heightened if for which there was no warrant. Buchanan the of with an to possible the virulence of war parties, charges Mary attempt make both in Scotland and in England. On 23 Jan. Darnley and Moray quarrel, in the hope of 1570 the regent Moray, Buchanan's patron ridding herself of both; with encouraging shot at Hamil- to seduce wife with shame- and friend, was Linlithgowby Darnley Moray's ; ton of Bothwellhaugh. Shortly before this less adultery with Bothwell, both in Edin- for the of to the and at with a to the plot marriage Mary burgh Jedburgh ; design Duke of Norfolk, and the rising in the north poison Darnley, and with the intention, gra- of England for her liberation, had been dis- dually formed, to murder not only Darnley covered, and Norfolk had been sent to the but her own child. For these charges there Tower. It was at this juncture that Bu- is no evidence, and they have been silently chanan produced his only writings in the dropped even by historians who believe her be as of wickedness. cannot vernacular. These must regarded party) capable any We wonder l admoni- that she describes this pamphlets. One was entitled Ane work, when Elizabeth,, tion direct to the tre Lordis Maintenaris of with peculiar spite, sent her a copy of the- ' ' Justice and obedience to the Kingis Grace/ Detection instead of the priest she asked l and the other Chamseleon/ a satire against for, as 'a defamatory book by an atheist, Bu- Maitland of Lethington, who had now openly chanan, the knowledge of whose impiety had ' ' gone over to Mary's side. The Admonition made her request a year before that he should is an invective against the house of Hamilton, not be left near her son, to whom she heard the late one he had been as the principal opponents of regent, given preceptor' (Letter of whom was his murderer, and an exhorta- from Sheffield to La Mothe Fenelon, 22 Nov.. Buchanan 191 Buchanan

* 1571, LABANOFF, iv. 5). The post of tutor 3 May 1578, a new ordour of the ' keeping suited Buchanan better than that of a poli- of the king was framed, to which his own tical writer, and there can be little doubt that signature is attached. John, earl of Mar, he devoted himself with diligence and zeal was given the custody of his person, with I to the of his office. Melville writes an that he was not to be re- discharge I injunction ' ' of in his Memoirs that Buchanan was one moved from the castle of Stirling, and his ' i ' James's four principal masters,' and that he \ instruction was still committed to Masteris held the king in great awe,' that unlike an- ! George Buchanan and Peter Young, his ' other of these masters who carried himself present pedagoguis, or sic as sail be here- warily, as a man who had a mind to his own after electit by his Hiness ... of his said weal, by keeping of his majesty's favour, Mr. counsale to that charge, aggreing in religion George was a Stoick philosopher, who looked with the saidis Maisteris George and Peter/ not far before him. A man of notable endow- But though Buchanan still nominally held ments for his learning and knowledge of Latin this office, to which he refers in the dedica- * ' poesie. Much honoured in other countries, tions of the De Jure Regni and of his ' pleasant in conversation, rehearsing on all Historia Scotorum,' James was allowed to occasions moralities short and instructive, leave Stirling in the following year, and grow- whereof he had abundance, inventing where ing age and infirmity prevented Buchanan he wanted. He was also of good religion for from acting personally as the king's tutor. a but he was and so facill His active did not confine itself at poet ; easily abused, spirit any that he was led with any company that he time to the education of the king. He had haunted for the tym, quhilk maid him factious been rewarded for his services by the post of in his old for he and writ as director of in which he dayis ; spoke they chancery 1570, seems that were about him for the tym informed to have held only for a short time, since in him; for he was become sliperie and care- the same year he was appointed to the higher less, and followed in many things the vulgar office of keeper of the privy seal, which he for he was and held till when he in favour of oppinions ; naturally populair 1578, resigned extreme vengeable against any man that had his nephew Thomas. This office gave him a offendit him, quhilk was his gratest fault.' seat both in the privy council and in parlia- James entertained a lively recollection of ment, and he acted on commissions for the- the discipline of his tutor, and when a person digest of the laws, for the reform of the in high office whom he disliked came near universities, and for the compilation of a ' him he used to say he trembled at his ap- Latin grammar, over which he presided, and proach, it reminded him so of his pedagogue.' for which he compiled a short prosody, Yet his references to Buchanan are not so printed in his works. He was also one of severe as might have been anticipated. He the commission appointed by parliament in ' ' denounced his History,' indeed, as well as 1578 to examine a book on the Policy of that of Knox, as an infamous invective, and the Kirk.' In 1574 the general assembly ' coins for the authors the epithet Archibel- placed under his revision, along with Peter * lonses of Rebellion.' But on the De Jure Young, Andrew Melville, and James Lawson, ' Regni he pronounces the curious judgment : Adamsoii's Latin version of the Book of Job, 1 Buchanan I reckon and rank among poets, which was to be published if found agreeable not among divines, classical or common. If to God's Word. the man hath burst out here and there into So busy a life probably left little time for some traces of excess or speech of bad temper, correspondence, and few of Buchanan's letters that must be to the violence of his have been but those of his corre- imputed preserved ; humour and heat of his spirit, not in any spondents are of considerable interest from wise to the rules of treu religion rightly their various nationalities, and the light they by him conceived before.' In his speech at throw on the literary commerce of the six- Stirling to the university of Edinburgh James teenth century. They were the leading scho- ' praised his Latin learning. All the world lars who had embraced the reformed doctrines knows,' he said, 'that my master, George in England and the Low Countries, France, Buchanan, was a great master in that faculty. and Switzerland. All express the greatest in- I follow his pronunciation, both of his Latin terest in Buchanan's writings, and request him and Greek, and am sorry that my people of to publish or revise them. Randolph presses do not the like for their him to write his own life but all that came England ; certainly ; pronunciation utterly fails the grace of these of this request was the brief fragment prefixed two learned languages/ to his works, written in 1580, which unfortu- The death of Morton in 1578, and the nately stops short at his return to Scotland. emancipation of the king from any regency, Among his friends whose letters have been also emancipated him from his tutors On preserved are Theodore Beza, Elias Vinet,, Buchanan 192 Buchanan

' Hubert Languet, Roger Ascliam, and Walter me unfit,' he says, to discharge in person to Haddon. The greatest name in the list is the care of your instructions committed that of Tycho Brahe, whom Buchanan thanks me, I thought that sort of writing which for his present of his book on the new star, tends to inform the mind would best supply and mentions that ill-health has prevented the want of my attendance, and resolved to him from completing his astronomical poem send to you faithful narratives from history on the Sphere, which was only published that you might make use of trew advice in after his death. A portrait of Buchanan, your deliberations, and imitate trew virtue

! in at once presented probably by King James to Brahe, your actions.' This book was was seen him when he visited the astro- translated into the continental languages, by | nomer at Uranienberg on the occasion of his and was long the chief, almost the only the his- marriage. In the beginning of 1579 Bu- source from which foreigners knew ' chanan published his tract I)e Jure Regni,' tory of Scotland. Nineteen editions attest the at- the most important of his political writings. value which succeeding generations it is last The contents of this work in the form of a tached to it, but significant that the a dialogue between Buchanan and Thomas was published in 1762. Judged by modern Maitland, brother of Lethington are a de- standard, the history of Buchanan is anti- of its fence of legitimate or limited monarchy, a quated not merely on account Latin, statement of the duty of monarchs and but from the absence of criticism in the ex- amination of authorities. Its different subjects to each other, in which he lays parts are of because stress chiefly on the former, and a plea for unequal merit, probably they were at different times. The first the right of popular election of kings, and composed contain its best of the responsibility of bad kings, in treat- three of its twenty books the cha- ing which he does not shrink from uphold- portions, a description of physical and an erudite ing tyrannicide in cases of extreme wicked- racteristics of the country, had an immense collection of from Greek and Latin ness. The book popularity ; passages three editions were published in three years. writers relating to Britain. Buchanan pro- Similar doctrine was then in the air of Europe. ceeds, in the steps of Hector Boece, to narrate 1 the to The three great sources of a free spirit in reigns of the eighty-five kings down remarks Hallam, ' admiration of an- Malcolm Canmore, in a manner not more de- politics,' j of credit than their tiquity, zeal for religion, and persuasion of serving portraits, painted to the order of Charles which in the positive right, which animated separately La II, hang Boetie, Languet, and Hottoman, united their gallery of Holyrood. But from Malcolm stream to produce the treatise of George Bu- the history improves. The characters of the the chanan, a scholar, a protestant, and the subject kings are well drawn, though publicat ion of a very limited monarchy.' Suppressed by of the original records has enabled modern ' an act of parliament in 1584, the De Jure historians to present a larger and more exact ' Regni was a standard work in the hands picture of their reigns. From the middle of of the men of the Long parliament, and the the thirteenth book to the close Buchanan's still retains a certain value. This writer possesses a copy carefully indexed by history Sir Roger Twysden. As might be expected, portion from James V to the death of Lennox, Buchanan's work was not allowed to pass where it somewhat abruptly stops, is prac- without criticism. It was answered in his tically the work of a contemporary, and Black- it is that of a who vilifies own time by his catholic countrymen, | though partisan

and the . hates all the wood, Wynzet, Barclay ; by lawyers Mary, panegyrises Moray, dislikes no future of the Restoration, Craig, Stewart, and Mac- Hamiltons, and Morton, kenzie and Sir James Turner in an un- ' historian can the view of ; by safely neglect

work but the writers ! Scottish which such an published ; English history impressed who have formed the theory of the constitu- intellect, and was the popular opinion, not in his but for two centuries tion now accepted, Milton and Sidney, Locke, merely own time, Hallam, and Mackintosh, acknowledge most after. Of literary style Buchanan is an ac- master. It has even been of its positions as well founded. Buchanan knowledged rashly now addressed himself to his last, and in contended by his admirers that he surpassed of More than mere is the some respects greatest work, the history Livy. important style of his which his own country. This had been in his clearness narrative, dispenses with the rhetorical he thoughts for more than twenty years, and art, though was was mainly composed several years before. capable of using it. His friends had often urged him to complete In September 1581, when his work was in last in 1582. He the Andrew and James who it, and it was at published press, Melville, had his at St. and his again addressed himself to James in the de- been pupils Andrews, dication. ' An incurable illness having made cousin Thomas Buchanan, came to see him Buchanan 193 Buchanan in Edinburgh. They found him teaching college founded by his royal pupil at Edin- his servant to read, and after they had spoken burgh on its three hundredth anniversary, of his industry he showed them his epistle many of them recalled his memory. While of dedication to the king. Andrew Melville his title to learning is thus beyond dispute, the ' pointed out some defects in it. Sayes he,' rest of his character has been the subject of ' " James Melville writes in his diary, I may vehement controversy. Nor is it a character do na mair for thinking on another mater." easy to read. Some points will be generally " " " What is that ? sayes Mr. Andro. To allowed. With him the love of education " die," quoth he, but I leave that and many was not merely a virtue but a passion, early ma things for you to helpe." We went conceived and never abandoned. But he was from him to the printars' wark hous, whom not only a professor but a man of the world. we fand at the end of the 17 Buik of his The world in which he lived was distracted by Cornicle, at a place quhilk we thought the deepest and widest controversy in modern verie hard for the be an between tradition and the new learn- tyme, quhilk might history ; occasion of steying the haill werk onent the ing, between absolute and constitutional buriall ofDavie. Therefor steying the printer government, between the romanist and the from proceiding, we cam to Mr. George again reformed doctrines and discipline. In this and fund him bedfast by his custome, and controversy, not only in the field of literature, " asking him how he did, Even going the but of action, Buchanan took a prominent way of weilfare," says he. Mr. Thomas his part on the side of the reformers. He is still cusing schawes him of the hardness of that deemed a traitor, a slanderer, and an atheist part of his Storie, that the king wald be of- by some, while to others he is a champion it all fendit with it, and might stey the wark. of the cause of liberty and religion, and one " " Tell me man," sayes he, giff I have tauld of its most honoured names. His character " " the treuthe ? Yes," sayes Mr. Thomas, may perhaps be more justly represented as " " I think sa." I will his fead and of contradictions he was sir, byd combined strange ; " all his kins then," quoth he. Pray to God at the same time humane and vindictive, for me, and let him direct all." Sa be the mirthful and morose, cultured and coarse, printing of his Cornicle was endit that maist fond of truth, but full of prejudices. It is lerned, wyse, and godlie man endit this mor- these contradictions and his great learning ' so strik- tall lyff." and literary power which make him The history of Buchanan has not escaped ing a figure in the history of Scotland and severe criticism, but the most acute of his of literature. critics, Father Innes, while successful in contains [Irving's Life, 2nd edition, 1817, one the earlier as impugning portions wanting of the best literary histories of the time, and in research and fails to establish accuracy, portraits of Buchanan, his contemporaries, and the point of his attack, that the whole was friends. It is ungrateful to criticise a work of so written to support a republican theory of much learning, but it is necessary to supplement government. Buchanan did not survive the this memoir from records published since Irving Buchanan's cha- publication of this work, and the death which wrote, and to correct his view of best editions of his works are those he had long calmly anticipated came on racter. The of 1715, Burman, Lug- 29 Sept. 1582, about five months before his Ruddiman, reprinted by died duni Batavorum, 1735, where afujl bibliography seventy-seventh birthday. He poor ; will be found. a list a sum of 100Z. due to him from his of Buchanan Irving gives pension to of the chief relating him, p. 427 ; of is the whole of his means in publications Crossraguel Chalmers's Life of Ruddiman contains a sketch the of his testament. He was inventory the brief of a life of some value ; fragment by buried in the of Friars in churchyard Grey Buchanan himself, often printed, should also be but the his is un- Edinburgh, place of tomb there is an but too favourable referred to ; able, known. Tradition dating from a short period sketch of Buchanan in the North British Review, after his death ascribes to him the skull an account of his pre- No. xlii., by Hannay; portraits served in the of the univer- on the Por- Anatomy Museum is given in Drummond's monograph M. sity, of which there is a print in Irving's life, traits of Knox and Buchanan, 1875.] M. and which certainly resembles the best au- thenticated portraits of him which have been BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1790 P-1852), third son of preserved, that by Boinard, engraved in civil engineer of Edinburgh, ' a and Beza's Irenes,' and of which a copy is in the David Buchanan, printer publisher was born university of Edinburgh. On the continent at Montrose (1745-1812) [q. v.], his name is mentioned with for his about 1790. His father was a Glasite and an respect who learning, and the epitaph of the younger accomplished classical scholar, published the Latin which Scaliger has been often quoted. When the numerous editions of classics, for their universities of foreign countries greeted the were in high repute accuracy. George VOL. VII. Buchanan 194 Buchanan

Buchanan was educated at Edinburgh Uni- 1847-8. He died of lung disease on 30 Oct. where he was a favourite of 1852. versity, pupil David Buchanan (1779-1848) [q. v.l Sir John Leslie. About 1812 he busi- began and William Buchanan (1781-1863) [q. v.J ness as a land surveyor, but his strong scien- were Buchanan's elder brothers. tific bent soon led him to devote himself [Scotsman, November 1852 ; Courant, 19 June to the of a civil In this profession engineer. 1851 Scot. ; Proceedings Eoy. 3oc. of Arts.] capacity he was engaged upon several public E. H. works of importance, in the construction of harbours and bridges, and made a consider- BUCHANAN, JAMES, D.D., LL.D, able local reputation. In 1822, on the in- (1804-1870), preacher and theological writer, vitation of the directors of the School of was born in 1804 at Paisley, and studied at Arts, he delivered a course of lectures on the university of Glasgow. In 1827 he was mechanical philosophy in the Freemasons' ordained minister of Roslin, near Edinburgh, Hall, remarkable for the original and striking and in 1828 he was translated to the large and experiments. Buchanan afterwards gave important charge of North Leith. In this one or two courses of lectures on natural charge he attained great fame as a preacher, philosophy, but his increasing business as being remarkable for a clear, vigorous, and an engineer interfered with any further edu- flowing style, a graceful manner, a vein of cational work. In 1827 he drew up a re- thrilling tenderness, broken from time to port on the South Esk estuary at Montrose time by passionate appeals, all in the most in relation to a question then in dispute pronounced evangelical strain. Most of his concerning salmon fishing. This report at- parochial duties being discharged by assis- tracted the attention and gained the marked tants, he read and wrote much in his study. at * commendation of Lord-justice-clerk Hope, While North Leith he wrote : 1. Com- then solicitor-general, who afterwards, as fort in Affliction,' a series of meditations, long as he remained at the bar, always gave of which between 20,000 and 30,000 copies ' the advice in any case involving scientific were issued. 2. Improvement of Affliction.' ' < evidence to secure Buchanan.' Subsequently 3. The Office and Work of the Holy Spirit/ in all the important salmon-fishing questions In 1840 Buchanan was translated to the which arose, and which embraced nearly High Church (St. Giles'), Edinburgh, and in every estuary in Scotland, Buchanan's ser- 1843, after the disruption, he became first vices were enlisted, the point being generally minister of St. Stephen's Free Church. In to determine where the river ended and the 1845 he was appointed professor of apolo- sea began. When the tunnel of the Edin- gies in the New College (Free church), burgh and Granton railway was being con- dinburgh, and in 1847, on the death of structed under the new town, and the ad- Dr. Chalmers, he was transferred to the chair were considered in imminent of there till jacent buildings systematic , "continuing danger, Buchanan was commissioned by the his resignation in 1868. During this time he ' sheriff of Edinburgh to supervise the works published : 4. On the Tracts for the Times.' ' in on behalf of the city. In 1848 he began 5. Faith God and Modern Atheism com- the work of erecting the huge chimney, pared,' 2 vols. 8vo, 1855. 6. 'Analogy: nearly 400 feet in height, of the Edinburgh considered as a Guide to Truth, and applied Gasworks, and carried out an exhaustive as an Aid to Faith,' 2nd edit. 1867. 7. ' The series of experiments to assure its stability. Doctrine of Justification,' being the Cunning- He communicated an account of this work ham Lectures for 1866. In 1844 the degree in detail in two papers read before the Eoyal of D.D. was conferred on him by Princeton Scottish Society of Arts. Buchanan was the College, New Jersey, and some time after author of several scientific treatises. He that of LL.D. by the university of Glasgow. ' published a Report on the Theory and Ap- Though not eminent for his powers of origi- plication of Leslie's Photometer' (Edinburgh, nal thought, Buchanan had a remarkable 1824, 8vo). He communicated a series of faculty of collecting what was valuable in ' ' papers in 1851 to the Courant newspaper the researches and arguments of others, and upon pendulum experiments relating to the presenting it in clear form and lucid language. t ' earth's rotation, and was a constant con- His work on Faith in God is a very valu- l tributor to the Transactions of the Royal able summary of facts and reasonings appli- Scottish Society of Arts.' He also contributed cable to the- state of the apologetic question, l ' the article on Furnaces to the eighth edition both in natural and revealed religion, some ' ' y of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.' He was thirty years ago. The book on Analogy a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, follows so far the lines of Butler, but makes and was elected president of the Royal much wider application of the principle than Scottish Society of Arts for the session Butler's purpose required. Owing to delicate Buchanan 195 Buchanan

( healthheal and a retiring disposition, Buchanan editions. 4. Concise History of Modern did not enter much into the public business Priestcraft, from the time of Henry VIII of the church. He threw himself cor- until the very present period,' Manchester, 1840 ; into the contro- this is a bitter attack on the dially, however, disruption church of Eng- land. ' versy. On the question of union between A chapter is devoted to the persecu- the Free church and the United Presbyterian tion of the socialists,' and another sets forth ' ' his views were against the proposal. He the crimes of the clergy.' 5. The Past, the died in 1870. Present, and the Future,' Manchester, 1840. 1881 Calen- In the to this work the author dis- [Disruption Worthies, ; College preface claims ' dar of the Free Church, 1870-1; Kecords of pretensions to the character of poet,' General Assembly of the Free Church, 1871.] but adopts blank verse, from a strong natural G. B. of W. love poetry and a belief in its superiority as a vehicle for instruction. 'The of BUCHANAN, JOHNLANNE (JI.I780- object the writer is . . to contrast the evils of the author, was a native of Menteith, 1816), old world with of the new moral and was educated at the advantages Perthshire, gram- * world of Robert Owen.' 6. Socialism Vin- the mar school of Callander and university ' dicated is a to a sermon of For some he was assis- reply preached by

Glasgow. years j the Rev. W. J. Kidd, Manchester, 1840. tant to Robert Menzies, minister of Comrie, Mr. Kidd was the rector of St. his death in he went as mis- Matthew's, and on 1780 ' ' which was opposite to the Hall of Science sionary of the church of Scotland to the built the Owenites in 1839. The social- Western Isles. He afterwards resided in by l ists were for lectures on London. He was the author of Travels in prosecuted having Sunday and charging for admission, the Western Hebrides from 1782 to 1790,' contrary to the statute of Geo. c. 79. were 1793 ' A Defence of the Scots Ill, They ; Highlanders ' ' to show that the collection had in and some learned characters in prepared general, been a ' voluntary one, but as their witnesses 1794 and a General View of I particular,' ; declined to take the oath there was no legal the Fishery of Great Britain,' 1794. Having ' and fined. ' defence, they were The entrusted his Travels in the Highlands to building was as the of a so- the editorial care of Dr. William registered meeting-house Thomson, ' ciety of dissenters by the name of Rational the latter without his knowledge inserted Mr. aided Mr. T. P. some severe criticisms of the Scotch Religionists.' Kidd, by clergy the son of the well-known ' Bunting, Wesleyan and others, which Buchanan in his General ' minister, the Rev. Jabez Bunting, D.D., in- View of the Fishery of Great Britain indig- duced the stipendiary magistrate to tender to nantly disclaimed. Buchanan the oaths which statute were Diet, of Authors 44 by [Biog. Living (1816), p. ; required from dissenting ministers. Mr. Notes and Queries, 2nd series, x. 412-13.] then to elicit from him a T. F. H. Bunting managed declaration that he did not believe in the BUCHANAN, ROBERT (1813-1866), orthodox doctrines of damnation. This was socialist, was born at Ayr in 1813. He was a fatal objection, and after several adjourn- a successively a schoolmaster, lecturer advo- ments Buchanan was fined 50s. for refusing cating the socialistic views of Robert Owen, to take the oaths of supremacy, &c. After and a journalist. Manchester was an impor- the decline of Owenism, Buchanan, who was tant centre of Owenism, and Buchanan set- a contributor to the 'Northern Star,' the tled in that town, where his small books were organ of the chartist movement, but never published. These are: 1. 'The Religion of joined its physical force section, removed to the Past and Present Society, founded upon Glasgow, where he engaged in literary work a false fundamental principle inimical to the as the editor of a newspaper, and there his extension of real knowledge opposed to human son Robert, who has since attained distinc- ' happiness,' Manchester, 1839. 2. The Origin tion as a poet and dramatist, was born. and Nature of Ghosts, Demons, and Spectral Buchanan died at this son's house at Bexhill, Illusions generally, fully and familiarly ex- Sussex, 4 March 1866. and plained illustrated,' Manchester, 1840; List of Lancashire Authors infor- [Sutton's ; this is a sensible in which some of pamphlet, mation supplied by Mr. Abel Heywood, J.P., the of ex- commoner causes hallucination are Manchester; Manchester Guardian, June and 3. ' An ofthe Ca- posed. Exposure Falsehoods, July 1840.] W. E. A. A. lumnies, and Misrepresentations of a Pamph- " let entitled The Abominations of Socialism BUCHANAN, ROBERT (1785-1873), Exposed," being a refutation of the charges professor of logic in the university of Glas- and statements of the Rev. Joseph Barker,' gow, was a cadet of the clan Buchanan, and Manchester, 1840; this went through two a native of Callander, where he was born in o 2 Buchanan 196 Buchanan

in- 1785. At the university of Glasgow he spe- of public business, in which he became of his most cially distinguished himself in the philosophy volved at an early period, some classes. After completing his divinity course, important plans for the good of the parish he was in 1812 licensed as a preacher of the ! had to be postponed. Later in life, when from church of Scotland by the presbytery of Had- the disruption of 1843 had brought rest dington, and in 1813 was presented to the public controversy, he carried most success- j parish of Peebles. In 1824 he was appointed i fully into effect a project for a territorial assistant and successor to Professor Jardine church and schools in connection with the ' in the chair of logic in Glasgow University, Free church, in the district of The Wynds,' of the and becoming sole professor in 1827, he held probably the most degraded portion the office till 1864, when he retired to city of Glasgow. The ideas of Dr. Chalmers there carried Ardfillayne, Dunoon. He died on 2 March as to home mission work were 1873. lie was the author of 'Fragments out with remarkable success. By-and-bye, Table 1860 ' of Glen- a of the ' ' of the Round/ ; Vow portion Wynds congregation pro- 1862 < ceeded to form a new church a treuil, and other Poems,' ; Wallace, ; and, by widely a 1856 and ' Dramas from extended of ecclesiastical colonisa- Tragedy,' ; Tragic system < districts were Scottish History,' 1868, containing The Bri- tion, many of the most needy ' and tish Brothers,' a tragic drama, Gaston Phoe- supplied with churches and ministers, ' and earnest bus,' a tragic drama, Edinburga,' a tragic with bands of energetic spiritual ' ' drama, and the tragedies of Wallace and labourers. * King James the First.' He also published The conflict between the church and the * anonymously, in 1868, Canute's Birthday in civil courts of Scotland began to get very in Ireland, a Drama in Five Acts.' His tragedy serious about the year 1838. A decision ' ' ' ' Wallace was performed twice for a chari- the Auchterarder case having been given, a table object at the Prince's Theatre, Glasgow, in which the civil courts claimed jurisdic- in the in March 1862, the principal characters being tion to which the evangelical majority ' Inde- personated by students of the divinity and church could not agree, a celebrated ' art classes. Though averse to independent pendence resolution was moved by Dr. Bu- in and original speculations, he had a thorough chanan, and carried the general assembly mastery of the Scottish philosophy, and his of 1838, in which the position was denned highly cultivated taste was manifested not which the church proposed to occupy in the only in his verse, but in the correct and conflict with the civil courts, which con- resolu- chaste style of his lectures. In commemora- tinued for the next five years. The tion of his services while occupant of the tion declared the readiness of the church to in all logic chair for forty years, the Buchanan defer to the civil courts civil matters, in of prizes were instituted in 1866, consisting of but its firm determination the strength in the interest of 314/. for students of the logic, God to maintain the jurisdiction spiritual moral philosophy, and English literature things which had been conferred on it by its classes. By his will he bequeathed 10,000/. great Head. From this time Dr. Buchanan for the founding of Buchanan bursaries in came to stand in the front rank of his party, connection with the arts classes of the uni- and till his death, thirty-seven years after- of the of versity. wards, he was one guiding spirits the movement. In counsel, in debate, as Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot. i. Glas- [Hew 237 ; to on the and 3 March Kalston a deputy London, platform gow Herald, 1873 ; Inglis's Writers of 128 from the press, he maintained the principles Dramatic Scotland, pp. 24, 25, ; which he had and strove to Glasgow University Calendar.] T. F. H. announced, get them acknowledged. On 18 May 1843, BUCHANAN, ROBERT, D.D. (1802- when the disruption took place, he was one 1875), church leader and theological writer, of the speakers on the platform at Canon- was born in 1802 at St. Ninian's, near Stirling, mills who, standing round Dr. Chalmers, en- and educated at the university of Glasgow. He couraged the Free church to grapple with was licensed as a probationer by the presby- the difficulties of her position, and to proceed tery of Dunblane, ordained in 1826 minister energetically with the work of reconstruc- of Gargunnock, and translated thence in 1829 tion. to Salton in East Lothian, the parish of which The thirty-two years that followed were Dr. Gilbert Burnet had been minister. In crowded with important services rendered 1833, on a vacancy occurring in Tron parish, by Buchanan to his church. Pre-eminent Glasgow (where Dr. Chalmers had begun his among these were: 1. His presiding over the Glasgow ministry), Buchanan was called to sustentation fund committee from 1847 to < fill the charge. He proved an earnest and 1875. 2. His History of the Ten Years' like-minded minister, but owing to the calls Conflict,' an elaborate work in 2 vols. 8vo, Buchanan 197 Buchanan where, with great care, the whole move- BUCHANAN, ROBERTSON (1770- ment was traced from its beginning, and 1816), civil engineer of Glasgow, was the ' ample extracts given from all the authorita- author of Essays on the Economy of Fuel documents in the case. 3. His and of 1810 ' A tive presiding Management Heat,' 8vo, ; ' over the t Union committee, and guiding Practical Treatise on Propelling Vessels by and discus- 1816 and of i Prac- the long-continued negotiations Steam,' 8vo, Glasgow, ; sions as to a proposed union of the Free tical Essays on Millwork and other Ma- church, the United Presbyterian, the Re- chinery, Mechanical and Descriptive,' 3 vols. and the in 1814 edition formed Presbyterian, Presbyterian 8vo, published ; by Tredgold, of In this case his efforts with atlas in 1841 church England. roy. 8vo, folio, ; supple- proved unsuccessful, owing to the opposition ment to third edition by Rennie, roy. 8vo, of Dr. Begg and others. In the business 1842. He also contributed various papers * ' of the general assembly Buchanan always to the Philosophical Magazine and to the ' 22 took a leading part. While thus active in Edinburgh Encyclopaedia.' He died, July the affairs of his church, he was a useful 1816, at the house of his uncle, Dr. Innes, of citizen of Glasgow, and was deeply interested Creech St. Michael, near Taunton, in his forty- in all that concerned its prosperity. He was sixth year. elected a member of the first school board, [Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxvi. pt. ii. p. 188.] and laboured unweariedly to the last day of R. H. his residence in Glasgow in that and other undertakings for the good of the city. BUCHANAN, WILLIAM (1781-1863), Buchanan promptly received from time Scotch advocate, born in 1781 at Montrose, to time whatever honours were suitable to a was the son of David Buchanan, printer and man in his position. In 1840 the university publisher (1745-1812) [q. v.]. and brother of of Glasgow conferred on him the degree of David Buchanan, editor of the ' Edinburgh ' D.D. In 1860 he was appointed moderator Courant (1779-1848) [q. v.], and of George of the general assembly. In 1864 a pre- Buchanan, civil engineer (1790? -1852) sentation of four thousand guineas was made [q. v.] He was educated at Edinburgh Uni- to him his in token of their he studied law and was called to by friends, ap- versity ; preciation of his services. And in 1875, if the bar in 1806. At the outset of his career death had not intervened, he would have he showed a strong leaning to whig principles, been appointed by acclamation principal of but he never made politics a profession, and the Free Church College of Glasgow. devoted himself simply to the bar. In 1813 ' Though not much of a literary man, he published Reports of certain Remark- Buchanan published several volumes besides able Cases in the Court of Session and Trials his ' of the Ten Years' Conflict.' in the Court of These History High Justiciary.' ' Among those may be mentioned his Clerical reports are marked by purity of diction and Furlough,' being an account of a holiday methodical arrangement. In 1856 he was trip to the Holy Land and other countries of appointed queen's advocate and solicitor of the East and a on the book of or on the death of Sir William ; commentary teinds, tithes, Ecclesiastes. Hamilton. He was now the oldest member of He had been appointed to conduct the the Scottish bar, and peculiarly fitted for his services in the Scotch Free church in Rome office by his antiquarian bent. He published ' in the spring of 1875, and with his family in November 1862 a Treatise on the Law of reached that city on 4 Feb. He was greatly Scotland on the subject of Teinds,' imme- interested in all the wonderful sights in diately recognised by the whole profession Rome, and entered very cordially into the as the standard authority on the subject. work which he had been requested to under- Towards the end of his career his infirmity take. A slight but not alarming illness con- compelled him to withdraw in a great mea- fined him to the house for a few days in the sure from active work. In the autumn of end of March on the of the 31st 1863 his health to and he ; morning began give way, it was found that during the night he had expired after a lingering illness on 18 Dec. quietly expired. The body was taken to For the last forty years of his life he was Glasgow, and a great public funeral testified one of the elders of the Glasite church. He to the esteem in which he was universally married Elizabeth, daughter ofthe Rev. James held. Gregory, minister of the parish of Banchory, whom he had numerous children. [Robert Buchanan, D.D., an ecclesiastical by Rev. N. L. Dis- new ser. xvi. Edin- biography, by Walker, 1877 ; [Gent. Mag. 1864, 392;

Worthies ; Records of the General As- Courant Buchanan's Remarkable Cases ruption burgh ; of the Free Scott's in the Court of Session Brit. Mus. sembly Church, 1875 ; Fasti.] ; Cat.] W. G. B. B. C. S.