DOCSLIB.ORG

Increased Serotonergic Neurotransmission Is Not Responsible for the Anticompulsive Effect of Berberine in a Murine Model of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Pankaj V

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Increased Serotonergic Neurotransmission Is Not Responsible for the Anticompulsive Effect of Berberine in a Murine Model of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Pankaj V 716 Short report Increased serotonergic neurotransmission is not responsible for the anticompulsive effect of berberine in a murine model of obsessive–compulsive disorder Pankaj V. Dixit, Gaurav Parihar, Dinesh K. Jain and Pooja Jaiswal Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is being extensively p-chlorophenylamine (300 mg/kg, i.p. ¾ 3 days), a explored in several clinical trials for the treatment of tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor and serotonin-depleting metabolic disorder and cancer. It is also reported to be a agent, completely blocked the effect of fluoxetine on potent inhibitor of prolyl oligopeptidase, which makes it marble burying, whereas it failed to alter the effect of a potential candidate for the treatment of neuropsychiatric berberine. In conclusion, the findings of the present disorders. We have previously shown the potential of investigation indicate that the anticompulsive berberine in the control of seizures in various murine and/or anxiolytic effect of berberine observed in the models of epilepsy, diabetes-induced memory dysfunction, present investigation may be attributed to its effect on and ethanol-induced hyperexcitability. We have now other neurotransmitter systems, such as the nitrergic or examined the effects of acute and subchronic (7 days) the dopaminergic system rather than to increased administration of berberine on a murine model of serotonin turnover in the brain. Behavioural Pharmacology obsessive–compulsive disorder – the marble-burying 23:716–721 c 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott behavior of male mice, because berberine administration is Williams & Wilkins. reported to increase brain monoamine levels – a desirable Behavioural Pharmacology 2012, 23:716–721 endpoint in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. The studies showed that an acute administration Keywords: fluoxetine, male, marble-burying behavior, mouse, p-chlorophenylamine of berberine [1–25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] dose- dependently inhibited marble burying in male mice without Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, IPS Academy, Indore, India altering locomotor activity. This effect was retained Correspondence to Pankaj V. Dixit, Department of Pharmacology, College of after its subchronic administration. Furthermore, Pharmacy, IPS Academy, A.B. Road, Rajendrangar, Indore (MP) 452012, India E-mail: [email protected] coadministration of a subeffective dose of berberine (1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly Received 3 May 2012 Accepted as revised 10 July 2012 reduced marble burying in mice. Pretreatment with Introduction epilepsy, diabetes-induced memory dysfunction, ethanol- Berberine (5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxy-benzo[g]-1,3- induced hyperexcitability, and inhibition of the motiva- benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium) is an isoquinoline tional effects of ethanol in rodents (Bhutada et al., 2010a, alkaloid with a long history of medicinal use in both 2010b, 2011a, 2011b). These effects of berberine are Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. Berberine possesses attributed to the modulation of several neurotransmitter multiple pharmacological effects and has promising prop- systems including glutamate (Yoo et al., 2006), serotonin erties as a drug for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, (Peng et al., 2007; Kulkarni and Dhir, 2008), and nitric diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cancer, diarrhea, and Alzhei- oxide (Kulkarni and Dhir, 2007). mer’s disease (Kulkarni and Dhir, 2010; Vuddanda et al., 2010). In fact, numerous clinical trials have substantiated Obsessive–compulsive disorder is characterized by per- these claims (Zeng et al., 2003; Tarrago et al., 2007; Tang sistent thoughts (obsessions), which are ego-dystonic et al., 2009), and many more are currently underway. and associated with seemingly purposeful behaviors (compulsions) (Rasmussen and Eisen, 1992). Only There is renewed interest in berberine because of its safe potent serotonin reuptake inhibitors are consistently administration in humans and beneficial effects in various effective in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders (Kong (El Mansari and Blier, 2006). Marble-burying behavior in et al., 2004; Peng et al., 2004; Yoo et al., 2006; Zhu and male mice is reported to be a valid paradigm for screening Qian, 2006; Kulkarni and Dhir, 2008). Recent evidence drugs with potential anticompulsive activity (Joel, 2006), suggests that berberine-containing herbal products pro- and it is being used successfully for this purpose (Uday duce anxiolytic, analgesic, antidepressant, and antiamne- et al., 2007; Umathe et al., 2009a, 2009b). sic effects, and have great potential in the treatment of drug addiction (Kulkarni and Dhir, 2010). We have It is reported that acute as well as chronic administration recently reported its potential in the treatment of of berberine in mice increased brain serotonin levels by 0955-8810 c 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0b013e328358477c Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Anticompulsive effect of berberine Dixit et al.717 47 and 53%, respectively (Kulkarni and Dhir, 2008). berberine (0, 2, and 5 mg/kg, i.p., Â 7 days) and 30 min These observations are well supported by Peng et al. after the last dose, each mouse was subjected to the MBB (2007). In addition, berberine is also reported to block test. This was done to check whether the response to the monoamine oxidase-A isoform with IC50 values of berberine is altered after chronic dosing. More specifi- 126 mmol/l (Kong et al., 2001). Serotonergic dysfunction is cally, the aim was to check for precipitation of locomotor believed to be pivotal in obsessive–compulsive disorder toxicity, if any, after chronic dosing. and many antidepressant drugs have been found to be effective in its treatment. In experiment 3, a separate group of mice was pretreated with pCPA (300 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 consecutive days, and Hence, on the basis of the above findings, we aimed to 24 h thereafter, either fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or screen the anticompulsive activity of berberine in male berberine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered. Thirty mice using the marble-burying behavior paradigm. minutes later, each mouse was subjected to the marble- p-chlorophenylamine (pCPA), a tryptophan hydroxylase burying behavior test. In experiment 4, a group of mice inhibitor that produces a serotonin-depleted state in was treated with fluoxetine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) along with mice, was used to study the involvement of enhanced berberine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before the behavioral serotonergic transmission in this effect of berberine. tests were carried out. Finally, we tested the influence of subeffective doses of fluoxetine and berberine administration in mice, as this For each of the above treatments, there was a separate experiment may confirm the findings with the pCPA control group, which received vehicle (10 ml/kg, i.p.). treatment protocol and strengthen the hypothesis. Separate groups (n = 5) of mice were used for each set of experiments. The doses of berberine and fluoxetine were based on our preliminary observations and reports Methods (Bhutada et al., 2010a; Uday et al., 2007), whereas the Subjects dose of pCPA was based on previous reports (Chiavegatto Adult male Swiss mice (22–25 g) were used in the present et al., 2001; Uday et al., 2007). The doses of berberine for study. Mice were group housed (5 per cage, 40 Â 28 Â chronic administration were selected from the results of 1 14 cm) and maintained at 23±2 C under a 12:12 h light/ experiment 1 such that one was subeffective and the dark cycle (lights on: 08:00–20:00 h), with free access to other was effective. standard rodent diet and tap water. Each experimental group included five mice. Behavioral studies were carried out between 09:00 and 14:00 h to minimize circadian Drugs and solutions influences. All the experiments were approved by the Berberine chloride and pCPA were purchased from Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), consti- Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri, USA). Fluoxetine tuted for the purpose of control and supervision of hydrochloride was a gift from Sun Pharmaceuticals experiments on animals by the Ministry of Environment Advanced Research Center (Vadodra, India). Berberine and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, India. chloride was dissolved in distilled water and the pH was adjusted to 7.0 with a bicarbonate solution. pCPA was dissolved in 5% DMSO. All the control groups received Marble-burying behavior test appropriate vehicles. The marble-burying behavior test was carried out as described earlier (Umathe et al., 2009b). In brief, 20 small glass marbles (B10 mm) were arranged evenly spaced in Statistical analysis four rows of five in plastic cages (40 Â 28 Â 14 cm) Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance containing 5 cm thick saw dust bedding. The cage was (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett’s test for multiple covered by a transparent plastic sheet with line markings comparisons or two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni’s (2 Â 2) and the apparatus was placed 2.0 m below a video multiple comparisons test. The results are expressed as camera. The luminance on the surface of test apparatus mean±SD. P value less than 0.05 was considered to be was 60 lx. Mice were tested individually for 30 min and statistically significant. unburied marbles were counted. The total number of line crossings measured during 30 min was considered as a Results measure of locomotor activity. Effects of acute and chronic treatment with berberine on marble-burying behavior Treatments One-way ANOVA showed that acute administration of In experiment 1, berberine [0, 1.5, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and berberine significantly decreased marble-burying behavior 25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] or fluoxetine (0, 5, and [F(8, 36) = 4.52, P < 0.001] without significant alterations 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before the in locomotor activity [F(8, 36) = 1.93, P = 0.083]. Further assessment of marble-burying behavior and locomotor analysis showed that the effect of berberine increased activity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cascade Catalysis–Strategies and Challenges En Route to Preparative
    ChemComm Accepted Manuscript This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. www.rsc.org/chemcomm Page 1 of 15 ChemComm ChemComm RSCPublishing Feature article Cascade catalysis – strategies and challenges en route to preparative synthetic biology Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x Jan Muschiol,a,+ Christin Peters,a,+ Nikolin Oberleitner,b Marko D. Mihovilovic,b Uwe T. Bornscheuera and Florian Rudroffb,* Received 00th January 2012, Accepted 00th January 2012 Nature’s smartness and efficiency assembling cascade type reactions inspired biologists and chemists all around the world. Tremendous effort has been put in the understanding and DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x mimicking of such networks. In recent years considerable progress has been made in www.rsc.org/ developing multistep one-pot reactions combining either advantage of chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity of biocatalysts or promiscuity and productivity of chemocatalysts.
    [Show full text]
  • [Cu2(Mand)2(Hmt)]–MOF: a Synergetic Effect Between Cu(II)
    Article 3 1 [Cu2(mand)2(hmt)]–MOF: A Synergetic Effect between Cu(II) and Hexamethylenetetramine in the Henry Reaction 1 1 1 2 2, Horat, iu Szalad , Natalia Candu , Bogdan Cojocaru , Traian D. Păsătoiu , Marius Andruh * and Vasile I. Pârvulescu 1,* 1 Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bd. Regina Elisabeta nr. 4-12, 020462 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (N.C.); [email protected] (B.C.) 2 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, 23 Dumbrava Ro¸sie Street, sector 2, 020462 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (V.I.P.) Received: 9 January 2020; Accepted: 12 February 2020; Published: 13 February 2020 3 Abstract: [Cu2(mand)2(hmt)] H2O (where mand is totally deprotonated mandelic acid (racemic 1 · mixture) and hmt is hexamethylenetetramine) proved to be a stable metal–organic framework (MOF) structure under thermal activation and catalytic conditions, as confirmed by both the in situ PXRD (Powder X-ray diffraction) and ATR–FTIR (Attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) haracterization. The non-activated MOF was completely inert as catalyst for the Henry reaction, as the accessibility of the substrates to the channels was completely blocked by H-bonded water to the mand entities and CO2 adsorbed on the Lewis basic sites of the hmt. Heating at 140 ◦C removed these molecules. Only an insignificant change in the relative ratios of the XRD facets due to the capillary forces associated to the removal of the guest molecules from the network has been observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Method of Making 3-(Aminomethyl)-5-Methylhexanoic Acid
    Europäisches Patentamt *EP000830338B1* (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 0 830 338 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.7: C07C 229/08, C07C 255/19, of the grant of the patent: C07C 255/22, C07C 227/04 12.12.2001 Bulletin 2001/50 (86) International application number: (21) Application number: 96914618.2 PCT/US96/06819 (22) Date of filing: 13.05.1996 (87) International publication number: WO 96/40617 (19.12.1996 Gazette 1996/55) (54) Method of making 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid Verfahren zur Herstellung von 3-(Aminomethyl)-5-Methylhexansäure Procédé de preparation de l’acide 3-(aminométhyl)-5-méthylhexanoique (84) Designated Contracting States: • SOBIERAY, Denis, Martin AT BE CH DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC Holland, MI 49424 (US) NL PT SE • TITUS, Robert, Daniel Designated Extension States: Indianapolis, IN 46227 (US) LT LV SI (74) Representative: Mansmann, Ivo et al (30) Priority: 07.06.1995 US 474874 Warner-Lambert Company, Legal Division, (43) Date of publication of application: Legal Department, 25.03.1998 Bulletin 1998/13 c/o Gödecke AG 79090 Freiburg (DE) (73) Proprietor: WARNER-LAMBERT COMPANY Morris Plains New Jersey 07950 (US) (56) References cited: EP-A- 0 100 019 EP-A- 0 450 577 (72) Inventors: WO-A-93/23383 • GROTE, Todd, Michel Holland, MI 49424 (US) • SYNTHESIS, no. 12, December 1989, NEW • HUCKABEE, Brian, Keith YORK, US, pages 953-5, XP002011378 R. Holland, MI 49424 (US) ANDRUSZKIEWICZ ET. AL.: "A Convenient • MULHERN, Thomas Synthesis of 3-Alkyl-4-Aminobutanioc Acids" Hudsonville, MI 49426 (US) cited in the application Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the Behaviour of Pregabalin Enantiomers Dorottya Fruzsina BÁNHEGYI and Emese PÁLOVICS
    Review Article ISSN 2689-1050 Chemical & Pharmaceutical Research Investigation of The Behaviour of Pregabalin Enantiomers Dorottya Fruzsina BÁNHEGYI and Emese PÁLOVICS *Correspondence: Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, H-1111 Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, H-1111 Budapest, Budafoki út 8., Tel.: +36-1-463-2101, Fax: +36-1- Budapest, Budafoki út 8. 463-3648 Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 29 November 2020 Citation: Bánhegyi D.F, Pálovics E. Investigation of The Behaviour of Pregabalin Enantiomers. Chem Pharm Res. 2020; 2(1): 1-5. ABSTRACT The behavior of pregabalin enantiomers obtained by resolution of the free γ-amino acid, racemic pregabalin (PGA) was investigated in the process of the resolution via diastereomeric salt formation. Various resolution methods, purification possibilities of the enantiomeric mixtures, the effect of the achiral compound, the crystallization time of the diastereomeric salt, and the effect of the solvent on the resolution were studied. Summarizing our experimental results, we can establish that the resolution of pregabalin is affected by kinetic control, and significant enantiomeric enrichment can be reached with the replenishment of the diastereomeric salt. Keywords agent mixtures to improve resolvability. Resolution, Resolution by formation of diastereomers, Optimization, Enantiomeric purity, Diastereomeric salt Studying the resolution of pregabalin according to the patent [4], replenishment. it was considered, that it would be advisable to replace one mol of (S)-mandelic acid with another aromatic achiral carboxylic acid Introduction due to the high material demand of the reaction (Figure 1) [5]. We There is a growing interest both scientifically and industrially have chosen realted molecular structured achiral additions with the in the economical separation of chiral, enantiomerically pure same chemical character such as benzoic acid (BA), salicylic acid compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Urea Activation by an External Brønsted Acid: Breaking Self-Association and Tuning Catalytic Performance
    catalysts Article Urea Activation by an External Brønsted Acid: Breaking Self-Association and Tuning Catalytic Performance Isaac G. Sonsona 1,2 ID , Eugenia Marqués-López 1 ID , Marleen Häring 2, David Díaz Díaz 2,3,* and Raquel P. Herrera 1,* ID 1 Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; [email protected] (I.G.S.); [email protected] (E.M.-L.) 2 Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; [email protected] 3 Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-Spanish National Research Council (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.D.D.); [email protected] (R.P.H.); Tel.: +49-941-943-4373 (D.D.D.); Tel.: +34-976-761-190 (R.P.H.) Received: 8 July 2018; Accepted: 25 July 2018; Published: 28 July 2018 Abstract: In this work, we hypothesize that Brønsted acids can activate urea-based catalysts by diminishing its self-assembly tendency. As a proof of concept, we used the asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroalkenes as a benchmark reaction. The resulting 3-substituted indole derivatives were obtained with better results due to cooperative effects of the chiral urea and a Brønsted acid additive. Such synergy has been rationalized in terms of disassembly of the supramolecular catalyst aggregates, affording a more acidic and rigid catalytic complex. Keywords: Brønsted acids; Friedel-Crafts; organocatalysis; self-association; synergy; urea 1.
    [Show full text]
  • F1y3x CHAPTER 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS VI 29-1 Notes 1
    )&f1y3X CHAPTER 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS VI 29-1 Notes 1. Except where the context otherwise requires, the headings of this chapter apply only to: (a) Separate chemically defined organic compounds, whether or not containing impurities; (b) Mixtures of two or more isomers of the same organic compound (whether or not containing impurities), except mixtures of acyclic hydrocarbon isomers (other than stereoisomers), whether or not saturated (chapter 27); (c) The products of headings 2936 to 2939 or the sugar ethers and sugar esters, and their salts, of heading 2940, or the products of heading 2941, whether or not chemically defined; (d) Products mentioned in (a), (b) or (c) above dissolved in water; (e) Products mentioned in (a), (b) or (c) above dissolved in other solvents provided that the solution constitutes a normal and necessary method of putting up these products adopted solely for reasons of safety or for transport and that the solvent does not render the product particularly suitable for specific use rather than for general use; (f) The products mentioned in (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) above with an added stabilizer necessary for their preservation or transport; (g) The products mentioned in (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f) above with an added antidusting agent or a coloring or odoriferous substance added to facilitate their identification or for safety reasons, provided that the additions do not render the product particularly suitable for specific use rather than for general use; (h) The following products, diluted to standard strengths, for the production of azo dyes: diazonium salts, couplers used for these salts and diazotizable amines and their salts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sustainable, Two-Enzyme, One-Pot Procedure
    A Sustainable, Two-Enzyme, One-Pot Procedure for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure α-Hydroxy Acids Andrzej Chmura Cover picture: Manihot esculenta (cassava), source: http://www.hear.org/starr/images/image/?q=090618-1234&o=plants SEM photograph of an Me HnL CLEA (author: Dr. Rob Schoevaart, CLEA Technologies, Delft, The Netherlands) Cover design by Andrzej Chmura A Sustainable, Two-Enzyme, One-Pot Procedure for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure α-Hydroxy Acids PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 7 december 2010 om 12.30 uur door Andrzej CHMURA Magister inŜynier in Chemical Technology, Politechnika Wrocławska, Wrocław, Polen en Ingenieur in Chemistry, Hogeschool Zeeland, Vlissingen, Nederland geboren te Łańcut, Polen Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof. dr. R.A. Sheldon Copromotor: Dr. ir. F. van Rantwijk Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus Voorzitter Prof. dr. R.A. Sheldon Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Dr. ir. F. van Rantwijk Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. dr. I.W.C.E. Arends Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. W.R. Hagen Technische Universiteit Delft em. Prof. dr. A.P.G. Kieboom Universiteit Leiden Prof. dr. A. Stolz Universität Stuttgart Prof. dr. V. Švedas Lomonosov Moscow State University Prof. dr. J.J. Heijnen Technische Universiteit Delft, reserve lid The research described in this thesis was financially supported by The Netherlands Research Council NWO under the CERC3 programme and by COST action D25. ISBN/EAN: 978-90-9025856-0 Copyright © 2010 by Andrzej Chmura All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocatalysis at Extreme Temperatures: Enantioselective Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Mandelic Acid by Transesterification
    catalysts Article Biocatalysis at Extreme Temperatures: Enantioselective Synthesis of both Enantiomers of Mandelic Acid by Transesterification Catalyzed by a ◦ Thermophilic Lipase in Ionic Liquids at 120 C Jesús Ramos-Martín, Oussama Khiari, Andrés R. Alcántara * and Jose María Sánchez-Montero * Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Ciudad Universitaria, Plaza de Ramon y Cajal, s/n., 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (J.R.-M.); [email protected] (O.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.R.A.); [email protected] (J.M.S.-M.); Tel.: +34-91-394-1820 (A.R.A.); +34-91-394-1839 (J.M.S.-M.) Received: 15 August 2020; Accepted: 11 September 2020; Published: 14 September 2020 Abstract: The use of biocatalysts in organic chemistry for catalyzing chemo-, regio- and stereoselective transformations has become an usual tool in the last years, both at lab and industrial scale. This is not only because of their exquisite precision, but also due to the inherent increase in the process sustainability. Nevertheless, most of the interesting industrial reactions involve water-insoluble substrates, so the use of (generally not green) organic solvents is generally required. Although lipases are capable of maintaining their catalytic precision working in those solvents, reactions are usually very slow and consequently not very appropriate for industrial purposes. Increasing reaction temperature would accelerate the reaction rate, but this should require the use of lipases from thermophiles, which tend to be more enantioselective at lower temperatures, as they are more rigid than those from mesophiles. Therefore, the ideal scenario would require a thermophilic lipase capable of retaining high enantioselectivity at high temperatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Report on Antimicrobials Dispensed in Public Hospitals
    Summary Report on Antimicrobials Dispensed in Public Hospitals Year 2014 - 2016 Infection Control Branch Centre for Health Protection Department of Health October 2019 (Version as at 08 October 2019) Summary Report on Antimicrobial Dispensed CONTENTS in Public Hospitals (2014 - 2016) Contents Executive Summary i 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 1 2.1 Healthcare system of Hong Kong ......................... 2 3 Data Sources and Methodology 2 3.1 Data sources .................................... 2 3.2 Methodology ................................... 3 3.3 Antimicrobial names ............................... 4 4 Results 5 4.1 Overall annual dispensed quantities and percentage changes in all HA services . 5 4.1.1 Five most dispensed antimicrobial groups in all HA services . 5 4.1.2 Ten most dispensed antimicrobials in all HA services . 6 4.2 Overall annual dispensed quantities and percentage changes in HA non-inpatient service ....................................... 8 4.2.1 Five most dispensed antimicrobial groups in HA non-inpatient service . 10 4.2.2 Ten most dispensed antimicrobials in HA non-inpatient service . 10 4.2.3 Antimicrobial dispensed in HA non-inpatient service, stratified by service type ................................ 11 4.3 Overall annual dispensed quantities and percentage changes in HA inpatient service ....................................... 12 4.3.1 Five most dispensed antimicrobial groups in HA inpatient service . 13 4.3.2 Ten most dispensed antimicrobials in HA inpatient service . 14 4.3.3 Ten most dispensed antimicrobials in HA inpatient service, stratified by specialty ................................. 15 4.4 Overall annual dispensed quantities and percentage change of locally-important broad-spectrum antimicrobials in all HA services . 16 4.4.1 Locally-important broad-spectrum antimicrobial dispensed in HA inpatient service, stratified by specialty .
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Mandelic Acid for the Improvement of Skin Conditions
    Summary of Mandelic Acid for the Improvement of Skin Conditions ver the past 3 years, mandelic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) named after the German mandel (“almond”) and derived from the hydrolysis of an extract of bitter almonds,1 has been studied extensively for its possible uses in treating common skin problems such as photoaging, irregular pigmentation, and acne. An open-trial investigation conducted at the Gateway Aesthetic Institute and Laser Center in Salt Lake City, Utah, has shown that mandelic acid is useful in suppressing pigmentation, treating inflammatory noncystic acne, and rejuvenating photoaged skin. Moreover, it has proven useful in preparing the skin for laser peeling and in helping the skin heal after laser Fig. 1: Melasma in 45-year-old female (left) with hyperpigmen- surgery. This article discusses the characteristics of tation caused by glycolic acid plus hydroquinone, and same mandelic acid, its efficacy in the treatment of wrinkles, patient (right) 9 months after use of mandelic acid BID. pigmentation, and acne, and its role in recovery following laser surgery. MEDICAL USES Mandelic acid has been used in medicine for many years as a urinary antiseptic. Methenamine mandelate CHEMISTRY (Mandelamine®, Parke-Davis, Morris Plains, NJ) has the Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an urinary antiseptic action of both methenamine and 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid with the chemical formula mandelic acid. In concentrations of 35g to 50g/100L of 2 HOCH(C6H5)COOH and structure : urine, it inhibits Staphylococcus aureus, bacillus proteus, escherichia coli, and aerobacter aerogenes. Chemically, mandelic acid has a structure similar to that of other well-known antibiotics.4 It is a nontoxic substance that, after being ingested orally, is excreted in the urine.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinetic Study of Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Halo Chromates
    ISSN: 2319-8753 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, Issue 1, November 2012 Kinetic Study of Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Halo Chromates Dr. Neeta Garg1, Dr. Rekha Kalani2, Dr. Kakuli Choudhary3 Associate Professor, Dept. of Chemistry, SK Govt. College, Sikar, Rajasthan, India1 Dept. of Chemistry, JDB Govt. Girls College, Kota, Rajasthan, India2 Dept. of Chemistry, LBS Govt. College, Kotputli, Rajasthan, India3 ABSTRACT: The kinetics and oxidation of different organic compounds by halochromates in DMSO leads to the formation of corresponding oxoacids. The reaction was found to be of first order .The reaction followed Michaelis-Menten type of kinetics with respect to the hydroxy acids. Polymerization of acrylonitrile showed no effect on the rate of the - reaction. Primary kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD= 6.83 at 25ºC) was observed due to the oxidation of organic compounds. The solvent isotope effect was not observed. The reaction was catalyzed by the hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ion dependence has the following form: kobs= a + b [H+ ].Reaction was analysed by using Kamlet’s and Swain’s multiparametric equations. We have tried to propose a suitable mechanism for the reaction. I.INTRODUCTION Varied class of organic compounds in which a hydroxyl group and a carboxylic group is present can be oxidised. Some of the important members are glycolic acid obtained from sugarcane, lactic acid obtained from milk, malic acid obtained from apple, citric acid obtained from citrus fruits like lemon and orange), tartaric acid obtained from grape wine and mandelic acid obtained from bitter almonds. These AHA (alpha hydroxy acids) and their derivatives have a wide application in various fields like biological, vital, cosmetic and organic synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Study Protocol for Observational Database Studies WP5 – Analytic Database Studies
    Arrhythmogenic potential of drugs FP7-HEALTH-241679 http://www.aritmo-project.org/ Common Study Protocol for Observational Database Studies WP5 – Analytic Database Studies V 1.3 Draft Lead beneficiary: EMC Date: 03/01/2010 Nature: Report Dissemination level: D5.2 Report on Common Study Protocol for Observational Database Studies WP5: Conduct of Additional Observational Security: Studies. Author(s): Gianluca Trifiro’ (EMC), Giampiero Version: v1.1– 2/85 Mazzaglia (F-SIMG) Draft TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENT INFOOMATION AND HISTORY ...........................................................................4 DEFINITIONS .................................................... ERRORE. IL SEGNALIBRO NON È DEFINITO. ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................6 1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................7 2. STUDY OBJECTIVES................................ ERRORE. IL SEGNALIBRO NON È DEFINITO. 3. METHODS ..........................................................................................................................8 3.1.STUDY DESIGN ....................................................................................................................8 3.2.DATA SOURCES ..................................................................................................................9 3.2.1. IPCI Database .....................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]